Category: 1st PUC

Students can Download 1st PUC Economics Previous Year Question Paper March 2019 (South), Karnataka 1st PUC Economics Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Economics Previous Year Question Paper March 2019 (South)

Time: 3.15 Hours
Max Marks: 100

Instructions:

1. Write the question numbers legibly in the margin.
2. Answer for a question should be continuous.

Section – A

I. Choose the correct answer: ( 1 × 5 = 5 )

Question 1.
Scarcity is the root of
(a) All economic problems
(b) Social problems
(c) Political problems
(d) All problems
Answer:
(a) All economic problems.

Question 2.
Which method of collection of data gives better results?
(a) Census
(b) Innovation
(c) Sample Survey
(d) Distribution
Answer:
(c) Sample Survey

Question 3.
The present life expectancy of India is
(a) 32.4 years
(b) 63.5 years
(c) 64.8 years
(d) 66.9 years.
Answer:
(d) 66.9 years

Question 4.
Which is not the goal of five year plan
(a) Growth
(b) Modernisation
(c) Self-efficiency
(d) Self-reliance
Answer:
(c) Self-efficiency

Question 5.
The, act provides guaranteed wage employment to every poor house hold for minimum of 100 days in a year is called
(a) PMRY
(b) SJSRY
(c) MGNREGA
(d) SGSY
Answer:
(c) MGNREGA

II. Fill in the blanks: ( 1 × 5 = 5 )

Question 6.
Two ends of a class are called __________.
Answer:
Class limits.

Question 7.
Body of the table contains __________.
Answer:
Actual data.

Question 8.
RBI regulates __________ sector.
Answer:
Financial.

Question 9.
Infrastructure facilities can be classified into __________ types.
Answer:
Two.

Question 10.
The construction workers are known as __________.
Answer:
Casual wage labourers.

III. Match the following: ( 1 × 5 = 5 )

Question 11.

Answers:
1 – (e)
2 – (a)
3 – (b)
4 – (c)
5 – (d)

IV. Answer the following questions in a word sentence: ( 1 × 5 = 5 )

Question 12.
What is dispersion?
Answer:
Dispersion refers to the extent to which values in a distribution differ from the average of the distribution.

Question 13.
Mention the last step in developing project.
Answer:
The last step in developing a project is to draw meaningful conclusions after analyzing and interpreting the results.

Question 14.
ILO – Expand.
Answer:
International Labour Organisation.

Question 15.
Which country has the highest life expectancy?
Answer:
China.

Question 16.
What type of economic system is followed in Pakistan?
Answer:
Mixed economy.

Section – B

V. Answer any four of the following questions in four sentence each. ( 2 × 4 = 8 )

Question 17.
Mention any two modes or ways of collecting data.
Answer:
The two modes of collecting data are personal interview and mailing questionnaires.

Question 18.
Write a note on classification of data.
Answer:
The raw data is classified in various ways depending on the purpose. Generally data can be classified as follows:

• Chronological classification: When the data is grouped according to time, it is called as chronological classification. In such a classification, data are classified either in ascending or in descending order with reference to time such as years, quarters, months weeks days, etc.
• Spatial classification: If the data are classified with reference to geographical locations such as countries, states, cities, districts, etc., it is called spatial classification.
• Qualitative classification: When the data are classified on the basis of certain attributes or qualities like literacy, religion, gender, marital status etc., then it is called qualitative classification. These attributes can be classified on the basis of either the presence or the absence of a qualitative characteristic.
• Quantitative classification: If the classification of data is done on the basis of certain characteristics like height, weight, age, income, marks of students etc., it is called as quantitative classification.

Question 19.
What is quantitative classification? Given an example.
Answer:
When the data is classified on the basis of certain characteristics like height, age, income etc., it is called as quantitative classification of data.

Question 20.
What are the types of measures of central tendency?
Answer:
There are three types of measures of central tendency viz., mean, median and mode.

Question 21.
What is negative correlation? Give example.
Answer:
The correlation is said be negative the variables move in opposite directions.
Example:

• When the price of tomato increases, the demand for tomato decreases.
• More is the time spent for studies, less are the chances of failure.

Question 22.
Mention the name of any four statistical tools.
Answer:
The most important statistical tools are the measures of central tendency dispersion, correlation, bar diagrams, pie chart, histogram, etc.

VI. Answer any five of the following questions in four sentence each. ( 2 × 5 = 10 )

Question 23.
List out the important export goods of India before independence.
Answer:
The important export goods of India before independence were raw silk, cotton, wool, sugar, indigo, jute, etc.

Question 24.
Name the states where poverty level is for above the national poverty level.
Answer:
The states where poverty level is far above the national poverty level are:
Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.

Question 25.
What factor contributes to human capital formation?
Answer:
The factors which contribute to human capital formation are as follows:

• Expenditure on education
• Expenditure on health
• Expenditure on training
• Expenditure on information
• Migration

Question 26.
Name the institutional sources of rural credit.
Answer:
The institutional sources of rural credit are as follows:

• Commercial Banks
• Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)
• Cooperative Societies
• Land Development Banks.

Question 27.
Name any four kinds of unemployment.
Answer:
The kinds of unemployment are as follows:

1. Open unemployment
2. Disguised unemployment
3. Seasonal unemployment
4. Underemployment
5. Technical unemployment
6. Frictional unemployment

Question 28.
Which are the components of Indian systems of medicine?
Answer:
The components of Indian systems of medicine (AYUSH) are as follows:

• Ayurveda
• Yoga
• Unani
• Siddha
• Naturopathy
• Homeopathy

Question 29.
List out any four biotic factors of environment.
Answer:
The four biotic factors of environment are birds, animals, plants, forests.

Section – C

VII. Answer any three of the following questions in twelve sentence each. ( 3 × 4 = 12 )

Question 30.
Briefly explain how statistics helps to study economics.
Answer:
Statistics plays a very important role in the field of economics. It helps in study of economics in many ways:
1. It helps to understand economic problems: By using various statistical tools, effort is being made to find the causes behind the economic problems with the help of qualitative and the quantitative facts. Once the causes of a problem are identified. it is easier to formulate certain policies to tackle them.

2. It enables an economist to present economic facts in a precise and definite form: Statistics help the economists to present economic facts with accuracy. It also helps in proper comprehension of that is stated in the subject matter. When economic facts are expressed in statistical terms. they become exact. Exact facts are more convincing than vague statements. For instance, saying 350 people have died in Kashmir unrest since 2000, is more accurate than saying that a lot of people have died in the unrest.

3. Helps in condensing mass data into a few numerical measures: Statistics condenses the mass data into a few numerical measures like mean, variance, correlation, etc. These numerical measures help to summarise data. For example, it would be impossible to remember the income of all the people of a country. But we can remember average income i.e., per capita income.

4. It is used to find relationships between different economic factors: An economist may be interested in finding out what happens to the demand for a commodity when its price changes or what will be impact on inflation, when the government has more budget deficits. Such situations can be dealt, if any relationship exists between the various economic factors. Here, the nature of relationship can be studied with the help of statistical tools.

5. It helps in formulation of plans and policies: Sometimes, formulating plans and policies require the knowledge of future trends. For instance, an economic planner has to decide in 2010 how much the economy should produce in 2016-17. In other words, one must know what could be the expected level of consumption in 2016-17. So, the statistical tools to predict consumption in 2016-17 could be based on the data of consumption of past years obtained by surveys.

Question 31.
What is Random sampling? Explain briefly.
Answer:
Sampling error refers to the differences between the sample estimate and the actual value of a characteristic of the population. It is the error that occurs when you make an observation from the samples taken from the population.

Thus, the difference between the actual value of a parameter of the population and its estimate is the sampling error. It is possible to reduce the magnitude of sampling error by taking a larger sample.

For example, suppose the height of 5 students (in inches) are 50, 55, 60, 65, 70. Now, the average height will be calculated by adding all these observations and dividing the sum by 5 . then we get 60 inches. If we select a sample of two students with height of 50 and 60 inches, then average height of sample will be 50 + 60 divided by 2, we get 55 inches. Here the sampling error of the estimate will be 60 (true value) minus 55 (estimate) = 5.

Question 32.
Briefly explain loss of information in classified data.
Answer:
In classification of data, summarizing the raw data, making it concise and comprehensible, does not show the details that are found in a raw data. There is a loss of information in classifying raw data though much is gained by summarizing it as a classified data. Once the data are grouped into classes, an individual observation has no significance in further statistical calculations. This is known as loss of information in classified data.

For example, suppose class 100-200 contains 6 values viz., 120,150,160,140,180, 190. When such data is grouped as a class 100-200, then individual values have no significance and only frequency i.e., 6 is recorded and not their actual values. All values in this class are assumed to be equal to the middle value of the class-interval or class mark. Statistical calculations are based only on the values of class mark instead of the actual values. As a result, it leads to considerable loss of information.

Question 33.
The yield of wheat per acre for 10 districts of a state is under:

Calculate quartile deviation:
Answer:
QD for rice: Arrange the given observations in the ascending order.
X: 12 12 12 15 18 18 22 23 29 34
Calculation of lower quartile (Q₁):

Calculation of Upper quartile(Q₃):

The size of 8.25^th item = size of 8^th item + 0.25 items
(0.025 item = size of 9^th item – size of 8^th item)
∴Q₃ = size of 8.25^th item
Q₃ = 23 + 0.25 (29 – 23) = 23 + 0.25 (6) = 23 + 1.5
Q₃ = 24.5

Question 34.
Mention the properties of correlation coefficient.
Answer:

• Correlation ‘r’ has no unit, it is a pure number. It means units of measurement are not part of ‘r’.
• A negative value of ‘r’ indicates an inverse relation. A change in one variable is associated with change in the other variable in the opposite direction. For instance, when price of tomato increases, its demand decreases.
• If ‘r’ is positive the two variables move in the same direction. When the price of coffee rises, a substitute of tea, the demand for tea increases.
• The value of the correlation coefficient lies between minus one and plus one. (-1 ≤ r ≤ 1).
• If r = 0, the two variables are uncorrelated. There is no linear relation between them. However, other types of relations may be there.
• If r =1 or r = -1, the correlation is perfect. The relation between them is exact.
• A low value of ‘r’ indicates a weak linear relation. Its value is said to be low when it is close to zero.
• The magnitude of ‘r’ is unaffected by the change of origin and change of scale.

VIII. Answer any four of the following questions in twelve sentence each. ( 4 × 4 = 16 )

Question 35.
The traditional handicraft industries were ruined under. British Rule. Justify this statement.
Answer:
Yes, the traditional handicrafts industries were ruined under the British rule. The decline of the indigenous handicraft industries created not only massive unemployment in India but also a new demand in the Indian consumer market, which was now deprived of the supply of locally made goods.

The British imposed heavy duties on Indian handicrafts, so that they became more expensive than British woolen and silk manufacturers. They followed a policy of duty free export of raw materials and import of finished goods. Apart from these, Indian handicrafts had to face competition from machine made goods from Britain.

India could not develop a sound industrial base under the colonial rule. Even as the country’s world famous handicraft industries declined, no corresponding modern industrial base was allowed to come up to take pride of place so long enjoyed by the Indians.

The intention of British was to reduce India to the status of a mere exporter of important raw materials for the upcoming modem industries in Britain and to turn India into a market for their finished products of those industries, so that their continued expansion could be ensured to the maximum advantage of their home country.

Question 36.
Give the meaning and the importance of small scale industries.
Answer:
A small scale industry is defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assets of a production unit. A small scale industry is one where the investment is less than one crore rupees.

Small scale industries play a very important role in the economic development of India. It is a known fact that small scale industries are more labour intensive i.e., they use more labour than the large scale industries and therefore, generate more employment.

Apart from the above, the small scale industries require less capital as they are small units. They are free from industrial unrest. They also depend on indigenous resources and need not depend on foreign resources. Small scale industries were also given concessions like lower excise duty and bank loans at lower interest rates.

Question 37.
Write a note on WTO.
Answer:
The World Trade Organisation was founded in 1995 as the successor organization to the General Agreement on Trade and Tariff which was established in 1948.
The main objectives of WTO are as follows:

• To establish a rule based trading system in which nations cannot place arbitrary restrictions on trade.
• To enlarge production and trade of services.
• To ensure optimum utilisation of world resources.
• To protect the environment.

The various WTO agreements cover trade in goods and services to facilitate international trade i.e., both bilateral and multilateral, through removal of tariff and non-tariff barriers and providing greater market access to all the member countries.

India, being a founder member, has been in the main frame in framing fair global rules, regulations and safeguards and advocating the interests of the developing world. India has kept its commitments towards liberalization of trade, made in the WTO, by removing quantitative restrictions on imports and reducing tariff rates.

But, some economists argue that the usefulness of WTO to India is not much when compared to developed countries. The major portions of benefits are enjoyed by the rich countries. They also say that while developed countries file complaints over agricultural subsidies given in their countries, developing countries feel cheated as they are forced to open up their markets for developed countries but are not allowed to access the markets of developed countries, which is totally unfair to Indian producers.

Question 38.
Explain the drawbacks of Agricultural Market.
Answer:
Agricultural marketing is a process that involves the assembling, storage, processing, transportation, packaging, grading and distribution of different agricultural commodities across the country. The major drawbacks of agriculture marketing in India are as follows;

• Long chain of middlemen taking away the profit of farmers.
• No proper storage facilities to protect the agricultural products.
• Faulty methods of weighing/measuring agricultural crops.
• Manipulation of accounts.
• Farmers are forced to sell their products at low prices due to lack of information.

Question 39.
Explain the consumption pattern of commercial energy in India.
Answer:
In India, commercial energy consumption makes up about 65% of the total energy consumed. This includes coal with 55% of shares which is the largest one. The coal is followed by petroleum products at 31%, natural gas at 11%, hydroelectricity at 3%.

The non-commercial energy sources consisting of firewood, cow dung and agricultural wastes account for 30% of the total energy consumption.

In the sectoral pattern of consumption of commercial energy, the transport sector was the largest consumer of commercial energy. But now. there is a fall in the share of transport sector and the share of industrial sector is increasing. The share of petroleum and natural gas is the highest among all commercial energy consumption.

Question 40.
What are the various indicators of human development?
Answer:
The various indicators of human development are as follows:

•  Human development index: It consists of standard of living index, life expectancy at birth and educational attainment. If the HDI is high it is good indicator of human development.
• Life expectancy at birth: It is the average number of years a person is expected to live. In other words, it is the longevity of life. A high value of life expectancy better indicates a quality human development.
• Adult literacy rate: It is the average number of persons who have reading and writing skills with basic local knowledge. It is expressed in percentages. The high literacy rate shows high human development.
• GDP per capita: The gross domestic product per head is also one of the indicators of human development. The high value of GDP per capita indicates a better human development.
• Infant mortality rate: It means the death of babies per thousand live births. If the IMR is high it indicates low human development.
• Maternal mortality rate: It shows the death of mothers per 1 lakh live births. If MMR is low, it indicates a better human development.
• Population using improved sanitation: If the percentage of population using improved sanitation is more, it is a good indicator of human development.
• Population with sustainable access to improved water sources: If the percentage of population using sustainable access to improved water source is high, it is a good indicator of human development.
• People living below poverty line: If less people are living below poverty line, then it is a good indicator of human development .
• Percentage of children undernourished: If the number of undernourished children is diminishing, then it is a good indicator of human development.

Section – D

IX. Answer any two of the following questions in about twenty sentence each. ( 2 × 6 = 12 )

Question 41.
What is tabulation? What are the parts of a table? Explain.
Answer:
When data is represented in rows and columns, it is called tabulation. To construct a table, it is important to know the different components of a good statistical table. When all the components are put together systematically, they form a table.

Tabulation can be done using one way, two way or three way classification depending upon the number of characteristics involved. A good table should have the following parts:

• Table number: Table number is given to a table for identification purpose. If more than one table is presented, it is the table number that distinguishes one table from another. It is given at the top or at the beginning of the title of the table.
• Title: The title of the table gives about the contents of the table. It has to be very clear, brief and carefully worded, so information interpretations made from the table are clear and free from any confusion.
• Captions: These are the column headings given as designations to explain the figures of the column.
• Stubs: These are headings given to rows of the table. The designations of the rows are also called stubs or stub items and the left column is known as stub column.
• Body of the table: It is the main part and it contains the actual data. Location of any one data in the table is fixed and determined by the row and column of the table.
• Head note/Unit of measurement: The units of measurement of the figures in the table should always be stated along with the title. If figures are large, they should be rounded off and the method of rounding should be indicated.
• Source: It is a brief statement or phrase indicating the source of data presented in the table. If more than one source is there, all the sources are to be mentioned.
• Note: It is the last part of the table, It explains the specific feature of the data content of the table which is not self explanatory and has not been explained earlier.

Question 42.
Calculate Arithmetic mean by direct, Assumed mean and step deviation methods for the following data. 40, 50, 55, 78, 58.
Answer:

Question 43.
The yield of wheat per acre for 10 districts of a state is as under.

Calculate Standard Deviation and Coefficient Variation.
Answer:

Question 44.
Calculate the SD of the following frequency distribution of heights of 30 persons by direct method.

Answer:


X. Answer any two of the following questions in about twenty sentence each. ( 2 × 6 = 12 )

Question 45.
Briefly explain the effects of reforms on agriculture sector.
Answer:
The economic reforms of 1991 have not been able to benefit agriculture, where the growth rate is not up to the expected level.

The public sector investment in agricultural sector, particularly in infrastructural development like irrigation, power, roads, market linkages and research and extension has fallen during in the reform period.
The removal of fertilizer subsidy has led to an increase in the cost of production, which has severely affected the small and marginal farmers.

This sector has been experiencing a number of policy changes such as reduction in import duties on agricultural products, removal of minimum support price and lifting of quantitative restrictions on agricultural products. These have adversely affected Indian farmers as they now have to face increased international competition.

Further, due to export oriented policy strategies in agriculture, there has been a shift from production for the domestic market towards production for the export market focusing on cash crops in steel of production of food grains. This has resulted in increase in an prices of food grains.

Question 46.
Examine the role of education in the economic development of a nation.
Answer:
The education plays a predominant role in economic development of India in the following ways:
1. It modernizes the attitude and behaviour of the people: Education brings favourable changes in the attitude and behaviour of people. It gives inputs like what is right and what is wrong and contributes for taking sound and valuable judgments.

2. Promotes science and technology: Education always provides the knowledge about latest technology to people who know reading and writing. It explains the new methods of production through innovations in various sectors of the economy. By providing scope for latest techniques of production, it develops agriculture, industry, transport, power, etc.

3. Increases mobility of labours: Education helps the labourers to search for more re¬warding employment opportunities all over the world. It helps to chooses a suitable career according to one’s educational qualifications. It makes them to move from country to country or state to state as and when required.

4. Creates national and developmental consciousness: Education creates civic, national and developmental consciousness among the literates. It provides information about the past events in History and tells about the freedom struggle of great national leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Bhagath Singh, Subhas Chandra Bose and others. It makes people to develop a sense of patriotism and helps them to adopt strategies of progress in life.

5. Contributes to skilled and trained workers: Education generates skilled and trained labour force needed for the development of the country. Education includes both general and technical education. The general education includes Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Commerce, Bachelor in Business Administration, etc. at the degree level and technical education includes Bachelor in Engineering in different streams like mechanical, civil, electronic, electrical, computer, etc. All these contribute for the supply of skilled labour for the overall development of the country.

6. Act as source of knowledge: Education is a house of knowledge for all purposes. Anything to know we need to be literate. It helps people to take decisions on the basis of their knowledge gained in different stages while getting education .

7. Develops moral values: As education provides number of stories and incidents people’s lives, people can definitely develop moral values. These moral values are included in their daily life. Some of the moral values are not to sell adulterated products, in case of seller and in case of buyer, not to create inconvenience for others in their routine life and so on.

8. Creates awareness about culture and politics: Education always provides complete information about cultural heritage of any nation. It explains how they are constructed with the investment of money and human capital. It helps them to preserve the historical monuments, inscriptions and other valuable items. It also provides day-to-day information about politics when the person is literate.

Question 47.
What are the main causes of unemployment in India?

XI. Answer any two of the following project oriented questions. ( 2 × 5 = 10 )

Question 48.
Record the daily expenditure quantities bought and prices paid per unit of the daily purchases such as Rice, Toordal, tomato, Onion and milk of your family for two weeks. How has the price, change affected your family?
Answer:

Now we need to calculate CPI by calculating price relative with the help of formulae.

Calculation of Living Index or Consumer Prise Index is calculated as follows:
\(\mathrm{CPI}=\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{WP}}{\Sigma \mathrm{W}}=\frac{1600}{15}=106.66\)
CPI = 106.66
Comment: It shows that there is an increase in price by 6.66%, which has a little effect on standard of living.

Question 49.
Suppose you are a resident of a village, suggest a few measures to tackle the problem of poverty.
Answer:

1. Swamajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
2. Swamajayanthi Shahari RozgarYojana (SJSRY)
3. Pradhana Manthri Rozgar Yojana (PMRY)
4. National Food for Work Programme (NFWP)
5. Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana ( SGRY)
6. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (MGNREGP)
7. Public Distribution System (PDS)
8. Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)
9. Mid-day Meals Scheme
10. Pradhana Manthri Gram Sadak Yojana
11. Indira Awas Yojana
12. Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana.

Question 50.
Prepare a list of causes of land degradation in India.
Answer:
Land in India suffers from varying degrees and types of degradation. These are increasing mainly due to the factors mentioned below :

• Deforestation, i.e. reckless cutting down of trees resulting in loss of vegetation.
• Indiscriminate and over exploitation of forest products such as fuel wood and over grazing.
• Conversion of forest lands into agricultural lands.
• Forest fire and faulty methods of cultivation.
• Excessive application of pesticides and insecticides.
• Disproportionate and excessive use of chemical fertilizers in Indian agriculture.
• The irrigation systems in India are not properly planned and managed.
• Over exploitation of ground water for various competing utilities like human settlement, industrialization, etc.
• No proper introduction of crop rotation techniques and organic farming.
• Illiteracy and ignorance of rural population in respect of causes and effects of land degradation.

Land is indispensable for human settlement. If proper care is not taken for the conservation of land and water, there shall be severe scarcity of water and natural resources in future which may lead to conflict among the countries.

Students can Download 1st PUC Economics Model Question Paper 4 with Answers, Karnataka 1st PUC Economics Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Economics Model Question Paper 4 with Answers

Time: 3.15 Hours
Max Marks: 100

Instructions:

1. Write the question numbers legibly in the margin.
2. Answer for a question should be continuous.

Section – A

I. Choose the correct answer: ( 1 × 5 = 5 )

Question 1.
Scarcity is the root of
(a) All economic problems
(b) Social problems
(c) Political problems
(d) All problems
Answer:
(a) All economic problems.

Question 2.
A histogram is a
(a) One dimensional diagram
(b) Three dimensional diagram
(c) Two dimensional diagram
(d) Four dimensional diagram
Answer:
(c) Two dimensional diagram

Question 3.
In India, Census is carried out once in _________.
(a) 5 years
(b) 1 year
(c) 10 years
(d) 2 years
Answer:
(c) 10 years.

Question 4.
Poverty line separates
(a) Poor and non-poor
(b) Poor and weak
(c) Rich and non-rich
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(a) Poor and non-poor.

Question 5.
Workers who own and operate an enterprises to earn their livelihood is called
(a) Ministers
(b) Self-employees
(c) Public servant
(d) Government doctor
Answer:
(b) Self-employees.

II. Fill in the blanks: ( 1 × 5 = 5 )

Question 6.
Body of the table contains _________.
Answer:
actual data.

Question 7.
Index numbers are expressed in _________.
Answer:
percentage.

Question 8.
RBI regulates _________ sector.
Answer:
financial.

Question 9.
Indian system of medicines includes _________ systems.
Answer:
Six.

Question 10.
Thermal power plants emit large quantities of _________.
Answer:
carbon dioxide.

III. Match the following: ( 1 × 5 = 5 )

Question 11.

Answers:
1 – c
2 – e
3 – d
4 – a
5 – b

IV. Answer the following questions in a word sentence: ( 1 × 5 = 5 )

Question 12.
What is dispersion?
Answer:
Dispersion refers to the extent to which values in a distribution differ from the average of the distribution.

Question 13.
Why do we need statistical tools?
Answer:
Statistical tools are needed in our daily life and are used in the analysis of data pertaining to economic activities such as production, consumption, distribution, banking and insurance, trade, transport, etc.

Question 14.
Who introduced the great Proletarian Cultural Revolution?
Answer:
The Chinese Leader Mao introduced the great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.

Question 15.
What is seasonal unemployment?
Answer:
Seasonal unemployment is a situation where people get employment only during a particular season. For example, agricultural workers get jobs only during the rainy season.

Question 16.
What type of economic system is followed in Pakistan?
Answer:
Mixed economic system is being followed in Pakistan.

Section – B

V. Answer any four of the following questions in four sentence each. ( 2 × 4 = 8 )

Question 17.
Write any two qualities of a good questionnaire.
Answer:

• Questionnaire should not be too long
• Questionnaire should be precise and clear

Question 18.
Differentiate between inclusive and exclusive methods of classification.
Answer:
Exclusive method: Under this method. the classes are formed in such a way that the upper class limit of one class will be equal to the lower class limit of the next class. Here the continuity of the data is maintained. This method is most suitable in case of data of a continuous variable. For example, among class intervals 10-20 and 20-30, 20 is included in the next class interval i.e., 20-30 and not in 10-20.

Inclusive method: Under this method, upper class limit is included in a class interval. So here, both upper class limit and lower class limit are parts of the class interval.

In the above example, if we take the class interval 10-19, the lower limit, 10 and the upper 19 are included in the class interval 10-19. If we consider the class intervals as marks of students, the marks scored by students between 10 and 19 falls in this class interval. If a student secures 20, it falls in the next class interval.

Question 19.
How can you obtain the frequency curve?
Answer:
The frequency curve is obtained by drawing a smooth freehand curve passing through the points of the frequency polygon as closely as possible. It may not necessarily pass through all the points of the frequency polygon, but it passes through them as closely as possible.

Question 20.
Calculate the value of the median from the following figures.
X: 5, 7, 9, 12, 11, 8, 7, 15, 25.
Answer:
We need to put in ascending order

Question 21.
Give the meanings of the two types of correlation.
Answer:
The two types of correlation are as follows:

1. Negative correlation: The correlation is said be negative when the variables move in opposite directions.
Example: When the price of tomato increases, the demand for tomato decreases. More is the time spent for studies, less are the chances of failure.

2. Positive correlation: The correlation is said to be positive when the variables move together in the same direction.
Example:

• When our income increases, our consumption also increases.
• When there is a rise in temperature, there will be an increase in the sales of cool drinks.

Question 22.
Name the first four steps in developing a project.
Answer:
Following are the four steps in developing a project:

1. Identifying a problem or an area of study.
2. Collection of data.
3. Choice of target group.
4. Organisation and presentation of data.

VI. Answer any five of the following questions in four sentence each. ( 2 × 5 = 10 )

Question 23.
What were the infrastructure facilities developed during colonial rule?
Answer:
The main infrastructure facilities developed during colonial rule were railways, ports, water transport, posts and telegraphs. However, the real motive behind this development what not to provide basic amenities to the people, but to observe various colonial interests.

Question 24.
List the features of the poorest households.
Answer:
Starvation and hunger are the main features of the poorest households. They do not possess any assets. They live in slums and some sleep in public places. In rural areas. they are landless labourers. Many do not get even two meals a day. They lack basic literacy and skills and have limited economic opportunities.

Question 25.
What are the various forms of health expenditure?
Answer:
The various forms of health expenditures are as follows:

• Preventive medicine (vaccination).
• Curative medicine (medical intervention during illness).
• Social medicine (spread of health awareness).
• Provision of clean drinking water and good sanitation.

Question 26.
Give the meaning of rural development.
Answer:
Rural development means improvement of the socioeconomic lives of rural people by providing basic infrastructures which make them to engage in productive activities. In simple words, the term rural development refers to the overall development of the rural economy.

Question 27.
Who are all included in labour force?
Answer:
All those who are engaged in economic activities, in whatever capacity-high or low are called workers. Even if some of them temporarily abstain from work due to illness, injury or other physical disability, bad weather, festivals, social or religious functions are also workers. Apart from these, the labour force also consists of those who help the main workers and other self- employed workers.

Question 28.
How does infrastructure help the modern economy?
Answer:

• It is the support system for the efficient working of the industrial sector.
• It encourages speedy development of agricultural sector.

The agriculture and industry largely depend on infrastructure. Transportation of seeds, pesticides, fertilizers and the produce using modem roadways, railways and shipping facilities help in development of agriculture which leads to the development of the economy.

Question 29.
Mention any four strategies to achieve sustainable development.
Answer:

• Utilisation of non-conventional sources of energy.
• Use of liquified petroleum gas and gobar gas in rural areas.
• Use of compressed natural gas (CNG) in public transport.
• Use of solar energy.
• Practice of traditional knowledge in healthcare and other fields.

Section – C

VII. Answer any three of the following questions in twelve sentence each. ( 3 × 4 = 12 )

Question 30.
Briefly explain how statistics helps to study economics.
Answer:
Statistics plays a very important role in the field of economics. It helps in study of economics in many ways:
1. It helps to understand economic problems: By using various statistical tools, effort is being made to find the causes behind the economic problems with the help of qualitative and the quantitative facts. Once the causes of a problem are identified. it is easier to formulate certain policies to tackle them.

2. It enables an economist to present economic facts in a precise and definite form: Statistics help the economists to present economic facts with accuracy. It also helps in proper comprehension of that is stated in the subject matter. When economic facts are expressed in statistical terms. they become exact. Exact facts are more convincing than vague statements. For instance, saying 350 people have died in Kashmir unrest since 2000. is more accurate than saying that a lot of people have died in the unrest.

3. Helps in condensing mass data into a few numerical measures: Statistics condenses the mass data into a few numerical measures like mean, variance, correlation, etc. These numerical measures help to summarise data. For example, it would be impossible to remember the income of all the people of a country. But we can remember average income i.e., per capita income.

4. It is used to find relationships between different economic factors: An economist may be interested in finding out what happens to the demand for a commodity when its price changes or what will be impact on inflation, when the government has more budget deficits. Such situations can be dealt, if any relationship exists between the various economic factors. Here, the nature of relationship can be studied with the help of statistical tools.

5. It helps in formulation of plans and policies: Sometimes, formulating plans and policies require the knowledge of future trends. For instance, an economic planner has to decide in 2010 how much the economy should produce in 2016-17. In other words, one must know what could be the expected level of consumption in 2016-17. So. the statistical tools to predict consumption in 2016-17 could be based on the data of consumption of past years obtained by surveys.

Question 31.
Do samples provide better results than the surveys? Give reason for your answer.
Answer:
Yes, samples survey provide better results than census. A sample refers to a group or section of the population from which information is to be obtained. A good sample is generally smaller than the population and is capable of providing ‘ reasonably accurate information about the population at a much lower cost and shorter time.

Suppose you want to study the average income of people in a particular state, according to the census method, we need to find out the income of every individual in the region, add them up and divide by number of individuals to get the average income of people in the state. This method would require huge expenditure, as a large number of investigators are to be employed.

Alternatively, if a representative sample of few individuals is selected from the state to find their income, it saves time, money and energy in the process of determination of income.

To sum up, sampling is considered a better method due to following reasons:

• It is more economical than the other techniques of collection of data.
• Sample investigation can be done at a greater speed as it consumes less time.
• When sampling is conducted scientifically and carefully, it gives accuracy.
• Planning, organization and supervision can be conveniently managed which leads to administrative convenience.

Question 32.
Draw scatter diagram and conclude about the correlation.

Answer:

Conclusion: There is a positive corrilation between the X and Y variable.

Question 33.
Write a note on classification of data.
Answer:
The raw data is classified in various ways depending on the purpose. Generally data can be classified as follows:

1. Chronological classification: When the data is grouped according to time, it is called as chronological classification, in such a classification, data are classified either in ascending or in descending order with reference to time such as years, quarters, months weeks days, etc.

2. Spatial classification: If the data are classified with reference to geographical locations such as countries, states, cities, districts, etc., it is called spatial classification.

3. Qualitative classification: When the data are classified on the basis of certain attributes or qualities like literacy, religion, gender, marital status etc., then it is called qualitative classification. These attributes can be classified on the basis of either the presence or the absence of a qualitative characteristic.

4. Quantitative classification: If the classification of data is done on the basis of certain characteristics like height, weight. age, income, marks of students etc., it is called as quantitative classification.

Question 34.
The yield of rice per acre for ten districts of a state are as under:

Calculate quartile deviation:
Answer:
QD for rice: Arrange the given observations in the ascending order.
X: 12 12 12 15 18 18 22 23 29 34
Calculation of lower quartile (Q₁):

Calculation of Upper quartile(Q₃):

The size of 8.25^th item = size of 8^th item + 0.25 items
(0.025 item = size of 9^th item – size of 8^th item)
∴Q₃ = size of 8.25^th item
Q₃ = 23 + 0.25 (29 – 23) = 23 + 0.25 (6) = 23 + 1.5
Q₃ = 24.5

VIII. Answer any four of the following questions in twelve sentence each: ( 4 × 4 = 16 )

Question 35.
Explain the demographic profile of India during colonial period.
Answer:
The various details about the population of British India were first collected through a census in 1881. It revealed the unevenness in India’s population growth. Subsequently, every ten years census was conducted. Before 1921, India was in the first stage of demographic transition. The second stage of transition began after 1921.

During British rule, the overall literacy level was less than 16%. Out of this, the female literacy level was at a negligible low of about 7%. Public health facilities were either unavailable to large chunks of population or when available, were highly inadequate. Consequently, water and air-borne diseases were common and took a huge number of deaths.

The mortality rate was very high and in that particularly, the infant mortality rate was quite alarming i.e., it was 218 per thousand. The life expectancy was also very low i.e., 44 years in contrast to the present 68 years. There was also extensive poverty prevailed in India during the colonial period which contributed to the worsening demographic profile of India during British period.

Question 36.
Write a short note on land reforms in India.
Answer:
Land reforms refer to changes in the ownership of land holdings. At the time of independence, the land tenure system was characterized by intermediaries like zamindars. jagirdars etc.. who were just indulged in collecting rent from the actual cultivators without contributing towards improvements on the agricultural land. The low productivity of the agricultural sector forced India to import food from USA. At this juncture, the land reforms were introduced.

After introduction of land reforms, steps were taken to abolish intermediaries and to make the tillers the owners of land. The idea behind this move was that ownership of land would make incentives to the tillers to invest in making improvements provided sufficient capital was made available to them. Abolition of zamindari system and ceiling on land holdings were the major land reforms introduced immediately after independence.

Question 37.
Agriculture sector appears to be adversely affected by reforms. Why?
Answer:
The economic reforms of 1991 have not been able to benefit agriculture, where the growth rate is not up to the expected level.

The public sector investment in agricultural sector, particularly in infrastructural development like irrigation. power. roads, market linkages and research and extension has fallen during in the reform period.

The removal of fertilizer subsidy has led to an increase in the cost of production, which has severely affected the small and marginal farmers.

This sector has been experiencing a number of policy changes such as reduction in import duties on agricultural products, removal of minimum support price and lifting of quantitative restrictions on agricultural products. These have adversely affected Indian farmers as they now have to face increased international competition.

Further, due to export oriented policy strategies in agriculture, there has been a shift from production for the domestic market towards production for the export market focusing on cash crops in steel of production of food grains. This has resulted in increase in an prices of food grains.

Question 38.
Write a short note on alternative markets.
Answer:
The examples for emerging alternate marketing channels are as follows:

1. Farmers directly sell their agricultural produce to consumers. Example: Apni Mandi in Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan, Rythu Bazars (vegetables and fruits markets) in Andhra Pradesh, Uzhavar Sandhai – (a farmers market) in Tamil Nadu.

2. Agricultural contracts several domestic and multinational companies entering agreements with Indian farmers in which farmers are encouraged to grow farm products (vegetables and-fruits) of desired quality by providing them with not only seeds and other inputs but also assured procurement of the produce at predecided prices.

The main benefits of alternative agricultural marketing channels are:

• The farmers get seeds and other agricultural inputs.
• Farmers are assured of procurement of agricultural products at predecided prices.
• Help in reducing price risk of farmers.
• Expansion of markets for farm products in India and abroad.

Question 39.
Explain the state of health infrastructure in India.
Answer:
From the time of independence, the Government of India has taken many steps to build vast health infrastructure and manpower at different levels. They are as follows:

1. At the village level, single – physician clinics popularly known as Primary Health Centres are established. Apart from regular medical treatments, They mainly focus on Infant immunization. Anti epidemic drives, Birth – Control programs and pregnancy related care both pre-natal and post natal.

2. Government has given licence to voluntary agencies and private sector to establish hospitals, pharmacy and nursing colleges manned by trained professionals and para medical professionals.

3. Increase in the number of hospitals from 9300 to 43,300 and hospital beds from 1.2 million to 7.2 million by 2000.

4. Private sector is playing predominant role in medical education and training, medical technology and diaostics, manufacture and sale of pharmaceuticals, hospital construction and provision of medical services.

5. Due to the liberalization policy of Government of India, many non-resident Indians and industrial and pharmaceutical companies have set up state-of-afl super-specialty hospitals to attract Indicatess rich and medical tourists.

6. The Indian systems of medicine includes six systems viz., ayurveda. yoga, unani, siddha, naturopathy and homeopathy (AYUSH). There are 3,000 ISM hospitals, 23,000 dispensaries and about 6,00,000 registered practitioners in India.

But, one of the studies reveals that India has about 17% of world’s population hut it bears just 20% of the global burden of diseases (GBD).

In India, more than 50% of GBD is accounted b’ communicable diseases like diarrhoea. malaria and tuberculosis. Every year about 5,00,000 children die due to waterborne diseases. It is also reported that only 38% of primary health centres have the required number of medical practitioners and only 30% of PHCs have the requisite medicines.

The people living in rural areas do not have sufficient medical infrastructure. There are only
0.36 hospitals for every lakh people in rural areas and in urban areas it is 3.6 for every lakh
population.

Question 40.
What are the various indicators of human development?
Answer:
The various indicators of human development are as follows:

• Human development index: It consists of standard of living index, life expectancy at birth and educational attainment. If the HDI is high it is good indicator of human development.
• Life expectancy at birth: It is the average number of years a person is expected to live. In other words, it is the longevity of life. A high value of life expectancy better indicates a quality human development.
• Adult literacy rate: It is the average number of persons who have reading and writing skills with basic local knowledge. It is expressed in percentages. The high literacy rate shows high human development.
• GDP per capita: The gross domestic product per head is also one of the indicators of human development. The high value of GDP per capita indicates a better human development.
• Infant mortality rate: It means the death of babies per thousand live births. If the IMR is high it indicates low human development.
• Maternal mortality rate: It shows the death of mothers per 1 lakh live births. If MMR is low, it indicates a better human development.
• Population using improved sanitation: If the percentage of population using improved sanitation is more, it is a good indicator of human development.
• Population with sustainable access to improved water sources: If the percentage of population using sustainable access to improved water source is high, it is a good indicator of human development.
• People living below poverty line: If less people are living below poverty line, then it is a good indicator of human development.
• Percentage of children undernourished: If the number of undernourished children is diminishing, then ¡t is a good indicator of human development.

Section – D

IX. Answer any two of the following questions in about twenty sentence each. ( 2 × 6 = 12 )

Question 41.
What is component bar diagram? Draw a component bar diagram with the help of the following table. Enrolment by gender at schools (in percentage) of children aged 6-14 years in a district of Bihar.

Answer:
Component bar diagrams or charts also called subdiagrams, are very useful in comparing the sizes of different component parts and also for throwing light on the relationship among these integral parts.

Question 42.
Calculate Q₁, Q₂ and Q₃ from the following data:
22, 26, 14, 30, 18, 11, 35, 41, 12, 32.
Answer:

Calculation of Q₁:

= 2^nd item + 0.75^th item
i.e., 2^nd item + 0.75^th ( 3^rd item – 2^nd item )
Q₁ = 12 + 0.75 ( 14 – 12 ) = 12 + 0.75 (2) = 12 + 1.5
Q₁ = 13.5

Calculation of Q₂:

Q₂ = 42.5

Calculation of Q₃:

Q₃ = Size of 8.25^th item
Q₃ = 8^th item + 0.25( 9^th item – 8^th item )
Q₃ = 32 + 0.25 (35 – 32) = 32 + 0.25 (3) = 32 + 0.75
Q₃ = 32.75

Question 43.
The yield of wheat per acre for 10 districts of a state is as under.

Calculate standard deviation and coefficient of variation.
Answer:
QD for rice: Arrange the given observations in the ascending order.
x: 12 12 12 15 18 182223 29 34
Calculation of lower quartile (Q₁):

The size of 2.75^th item = size of 2^th item + 0.75 item
(0.75 item size of 3^rd item – size of 2^nd item)
Q₁ = 12 + 0.75(12 – 12)
Q₁ = 12 + 0.75(0)
Q₁ = 12

Calculation of upper quartile (Q₃ ):

= The size of 8.25^th item
The size of 8.25^th item = size of 8^th item + 0.25 items
(0.025 item = size of 9^th item – size of 8^th item)
Q₃ = size of 8.25^th item
Q₃ = 23 + 0.25 (29 – 23) = 23 + 0.25 (6) = 23 + 1.5
Q₃ = 24.5.

X. Answer any two of the following questions in about twenty sentence each. ( 2 × 6 = 12 )

Question 44.
Explain the important areas of liberalization.
Answer:
Liberalization was one of the reforms of New Economic Policy of 1991. It was introduced to put an end to the restrictions and open up various sectors of the economy. The following are the important areas of liberalization:

1. Deregulation of industrial sector: The liberalization policy removed many restrictions enforced on industrial sector. Industrial licensing was abolished for almost all but product categories like alcohol, cigarettes, hazardous chemicals, industrial explosives, electronics, aerospace and drugs and pharmaceuticals.

The only industries which are not reserved for the public sector are defence equipments, atomic energy generation and railway transport. Many goods produced by the small scale industries have now been de-reserved.

2. Financial sector reforms: The financial sector consists of financial institutions like commercial banks, investment banks, stock exchange operations and foreign exchange market.

The financial sector in India is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. The RBI decides the amount of money that the banks can keep with themselves, fixes interest rates, nature of lending to various sectors, etc.

The major objective of financial sector reforms is to reduce the role of RBI from regulator to facilitator of financial sector. That means, the financial sector may be allowed to take decisions on many matters independent of RBI.

The financial sector reform policies led to the establishment of private sector banks both Indian and foreign. Foreign investment limit in banks was raised to around 50%. The banks which fulfill certain conditions have been given freedom to set up new branches without the approval of the RBI. Foreign institutional investors (FIT) like merchant bankers, mutual funds and pension funds are now allowed to invest in Indian financial markets.

3. Tax reforms: These are the reforms which are concerned with government’s taxation and public expenditure policies which are collectively known as its fiscal policy. There are two types of taxes, direct and indirect.

Since 1991, there has been a continuous reduction in the taxes on individual incomes as it was felt that high rates of income tax were an important reason for tax evasion. It is now widely accepted that moderate rates of income tax encourage savings and voluntary disclosure of income.

The rate of corporation tax (tax on income of companies) which was very high earlier has been gradually reduced. A new tax called Goods and Services Tax (GST) has been introduced from 1.7.2017 to bring uniformity in indirect taxes.
In order to encourage better compliance on the part of tax payers, many procedures have been simplified and the rates also substantially lowered.

4. Foreign exchange reforms: During 1991, the Government took an immediate measure to resolve the balance of payments crisis, the rupee was devalued against foreign currencies. This led to an increase in the inflow of foreign exchange. It also set the tone to free the determination of rupee value in the foreign exchange market from government control. At present, the market forces i.e., demand and supply, determine the exchange rates.

5. Trade and investment policy reforms: A new trade and investment policy under liberalization strategy was made to increase international competitiveness of industrial production and a foreign investments and technology into the economy. The aim was also to promote the efficiency of the local industries and the adoption of modem technologies.

To protect Indian industries, the government was following quantitative restrictions on imports which encouraged tight control over imports. At the same time, tariffs were very high. These policies reduced efficiency and competitiveness which led to a slower growth of manufacturing sector.

The main objectives of Trade and Investment Policy were:

• To remove quantitative restrictions on imports.
• To reduce quantitative restrictions in exports.
• Reducing tariff rates.
• Removal of licensing system.

Import licensing was abolished except in case of hazardous and environmentally sensitive industries. Quantitative restrictions on imports of manufactured consumer goods and agricultural products were also fully removed. Export duties have been removed to increase the competitive position of Indian goods in the international markets. A process of disinvestment was also initiated by selling of part of equity shares of public sector enterprises to the public.

Question 45.
Explain the need for acquiring information relating to health and education expenditures.
Answer:
The majority of people spend huge amounts to acquire information relating to the labour market and other markets like education and health.

For instance, people want to know the level of salaries associated with various types of jobs, whether the educational institutions provide the right type of employable skills land at what cost. This type of information is required to make decisions regarding investments in human capital and efficient utilisation of the acquired human capital stock.

Expenditure incurred for acquiring information relating to the labour market and other markets is also a source of human capital formation.
In simple words, people spend money to acquire information for the following reasons:

• To know the labour market (about salary, types of jobs available, schools and colleges for the right type of employable skills based education) and other markets like education and health.
• They spend on the above information to take decisions regarding investments in human capital and for efficient utilization of acquired human capital stock.

Question 46.
What do you mean by organized sector? Discuss the reasons fall in employment in the organized sector.
Answer:
The organized sector is that sector which includes all the Public Sector Establishments and those Private Sector Establishments which employ 10 or more hired workers. They are called formal sector or organized sector establishments and those who work in such establishments are formal sector workers or organized labour.

The following are the major reasons for the decline in the employment opportunities in organized sector:

• Lack of initiative from the government in creating new employment opportunities.
• Industrial sickness has made Public Sector industries to cut down on their vacancies.
• Migratory character of workforce.
• The strict labour laws have made Public Sector Enterprises to go for in-formalisation of labour which has resulted in decline in employment oppourtnities.
• Privatisation and Disinvestment have made decrease in jobs in public sector.
• Amalgamation and merger among large scale industries have led to decrease in employment opportunities.
• The business process outsourcing is also one of the reasons for decline in employment opportunities.
• The risk of loss and economic recession are forcing the public sector companies to reduce the working staff.

XI. Answer any two of the following project oriented questions. ( 2 × 5 = 10 )

Question 47.
Record the daily expenditure, quantities bought and price paid per unit of the daily purchases of your family for two weeks (such as rice, tomato, milk, toordal and onions). How has the price change affected your family?
Answer:

Now we need to calculate CPI by calculating price relative with the help of formulae.

Calculation of Living Index or Consumer Prise Index is calculated as follows:
\(\mathrm{CPI}=\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{WP}}{\Sigma \mathrm{W}}=\frac{1600}{15}=106.66\)
CPI = 106.66
Comment: It shows that there is an increase in price by 6.66%, which has a little effect on standard of living.

Question 48.
Suppose you are a resident of a village, suggest a few measures to tackle the problem of poverty.
Answer:

1. Swamajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
2. Swamajayanthi Shahari RozgarYojana (SJSRY)
3. Pradhana Manthri Rozgar Yojana (PMRY)
4. National Food for Work Programme (NFWP)
5. Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana ( SGRY)
6. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (MGNREGP)
7. Public Distribution System (PDS)
8. Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS)
9. Mid-day Meals Scheme
10. Pradhana Manthri Gram Sadak Yojana
11. Indira Awas Yojana
12. Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana.

Question 49.
Identify and prepare the list of reasons responsible for the land degradation in your locality.
Answer:
Land in India suffers from varying degrees and types of degradation. These are increasing mainly due to the factors mentioned below :

• Deforestation, i.e. reckless cutting down of trees resulting in loss of vegetation.
• Indiscriminate and over exploitation of forest products such as fuel wood and over grazing.
• Conversion of forest lands into agricultural lands.
• Forest fire and faulty methods of cultivation.
• Excessive application of pesticides and insecticides.
• Disproportionate and excessive use of chemical fertilizers in Indian agriculture.
• The irrigation systems in India are not properly planned and managed.
• Over exploitation of ground water for various competing utilities like human settlement, industrialization, etc.
• No proper introduction of crop rotation techniques and organic farming.
• Illiteracy and ignorance of rural population in respect of causes and effects of land degradation.

Land is indispensable for human settlement. If proper care is not taken for the conservation of land and water, there shall be severe scarcity of water and natural resources in future which may lead to conflict among the countries.

Students can Download 1st PUC Kannada Model Question Paper 3 with Answers, Karnataka 1st PUC Kannada Model Question Papers with Answers help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Kannada Model Question Paper 3 with Answers

Students can Download 1st PUC Kannada Model Question Paper 2 with Answers, Karnataka 1st PUC Kannada Model Question Papers with Answers help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Kannada Model Question Paper 2 with Answers

Students can Download 1st PUC Kannada Model Question Paper 1 with Answers, Karnataka 1st PUC Kannada Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Kannada Model Question Paper 1 with Answers

Students can Download 1st PUC Kannada Model Question Paper 5 for Practice, Karnataka 1st PUC Kannada Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Kannada Model Question Paper 5 for Practice

Students can Download 1st PUC Economics Model Question Paper 2 with Answers, Karnataka 1st PUC Economics Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Economics Model Question Paper 2 with Answers

Time: 3.15 Hours
Max Marks: 100

Instructions:

1. Write the question numbers legibly in the margin.
2. Answer for a question should be continuous.

Section – A

I. Choose the correct answers: ( 1 × 5 = 5 )

Question 1.
Economics is the study of mankind in _______ of life.
(a) the ordinary business
(b) the weekly business
(c) special business
(d) chance
Answer:
(a) the ordinary business.

Question 2.
Which method of collection of data gives better results?
(a) Census
(b) Sample survey
(c) Innovation
(d) Distribution
Answer:
(b) Sample survey.

Question 3.
Railway Transport introduced in India in the year
(a) 1835
(b) 1776
(c) 1850
(d) 1853
Answer:
(c) 1850.

Question 4.
Economic reforms were introduced during
(a) 1948
(b) 1956
(c) 1988
(d) 1991
Answer:
(d) 1991

Question 5.
The act provides guaranteed wage employment to every poor household for minimum of 100 days in year is called
(a) PMRY
(b) SJSRY
(c) MGNERAGA
(d) SGSY
Answer:
(c) MGNERAGA.

II. Fill in the blanks: ( 1 × 5 = 5 )

Question 6.
In Tabular presentation data is presented in _______.
Answer:
Table.

Question 7.
Index numbers are expressed in _______.
Answer:
Percentage.

Question 8.
Taxes on incomes of individuals is called _______.
Answer:
Direct tax.

Question 9.
Investment on Education is considered as one of the main sources of _______.
Answer:
Human capital.

Question 10.
Forest is _______ resource.
Answer:
Natural.

III. Match the following: ( 1 × 5 = 5 )

Question 11.

A	B
1. Census	1. Food production
2. Arithmetic Mean	2. Gross Domestic Product
3. World Bank	3. \(\bar{X}\)
4. Green Revolution	4. India and knowledge economy
5. GDP	5. Covers every individual

Answers:
1-5
2-3
3-4
4-1
5-2

IV. Answer the following questions in a word sentence: ( 1 × 5 = 5 )

Question 12.
What is dispersion?
Answer:
Dispersion refers to the extent to which values in a distribution differ from the average of the distribution.

Question 13.
What is correlation?
Answer:
Correlation studies and measures the direction and intensity of relationship among variables

Question 14.
Give the meaning of poverty.
Answer:
Poverty is a state of living where people are unable to get the basic necessities of life.

Question 15.
Expand NCERT.
Answer:
National Council of Educational Research and Training.

Question 16.
What is rural development?
Answer:
Rural development means improvement of the socioeconomic lives of rural people by providing basic infrastructures which make them to engage in productive activities. In simple words, the term rural development refers to the overall development of the rural economy.

Section – B

V. Answer any four of the following questions in four sentences each: ( 2 × 4 = 8 )

Question 17.
Mention the two source of data.
Answer:
Primary data and secondary data are the two sources of data.

Question 18.
What is quantitative classification? Give an example.
Answer:
Quantitative classification is that classification where certain characteristics are measured quantitatively. Example, age, height, production, income, etc.

Question 19.
Write the merits of arithmetic mean.
Answer:
The following are the merits of arithmetic mean:

• It is simple to understand and easy to calculate.
• It gives certainty.
• It considers all observations in computing.
• It is a convenient method of comparison.

Question 20.
Mention types of Correlation.
Answer:
There are two types of correlation negative correlation and positive correlation. Again they are classified perfect positive and perfect negative correlations.

Question 21.
What is Price Index Number? Mention its types.
Answer:
Price index numbers measure the general changes in prices between the current year and the base year. The general price index is used to measure the value of money. The following are the different types of price index numbers:

• Consumer Price Index
• Wholesale Price Index
• Retail Price Index
• Producer Price Index.

Question 22.
Write the first four steps in developing a project.
Answer:
Following are the four steps in developing a project:

• Identifying a problem or an area of study,
• Choice of target group.
• Collection of data.
• Organisation and presentation of data.

VI. Answer any five of the following questions in four sentence each. ( 2 x 5 = 10 )

Question 23.
List out the important export goods of India before independence.
Answer:
The important export goods of India before independence were raw silk, cotton, wool, sugar, indigo, jute, etc.

Question 24.
Who are the urban poor? Give example.
Answer:
Urban poor are those who live in cities and towns without basic needs. Example: push cart, vendors, street cobblers, women who string flowers, rag pickers, vendors and beggars.

Question 25.
State the meaning of human capital.
Answer:
Human capital refers to that part of population which possesses skills, knowledge, education and experience. It also includes the ability of human beings to give their best and their ability to create economic value for things.

Question 26.
Name the institutional sources of rural credit.
Answer:

• Commercial Banks
• Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)
• Cooperative Societies
• Land Development Banks.

Question 27.
Who are self-employed ? Give two examples.
Answer:
The self-employed are those workers who own and operate an enterprise themselves to earn their livelihood. The best examples for self-employed are as follows:

• People running petty shops.
• People having their own transport enterprises.
• Farmers working in their own farm land.
• Engineers running their own construction companies.
• Teachers running their own tutorial or coaching centres.
• People having their own autos and cabs.

Question 28.
Which are the economic infrastructure?
Answer:
The economic infrastructural facilities are those which directly contribute towards economic development. The ma in economic infrastructures are energy, transportations communication, banking. insurance, warehouse, etc.

Question 29.
Mention any four functions of environment.
Answer:
Environment refers to the totality of the physical conditions on the earth or a part of it. In other words, it refers to physical surroundings. conditions, circumstances. etc., in which a person lives.

Environment is defined as the total planetary inheritance and the totality of all resources and includes biotic (birds, animals and plants, forests, fishes) and a biotic (air, water, land, rocks and sunlight) factors.

Thy major functions of environment are as follows:

• The environment supplies both renewable and non-renewable resources. Renewable resources are those resources that can he used again and again. There will be a continuous supply of resources. Example, water, forest, land etc.
• Non-renewable resources are those which get exhausted with extraction and use. Example. mineral resources like petrol. coal, iron ore etc.
• The environment assimilates waste. That means that environment absorbs the solid and liquid wastes created by humans and other living beings.
• The environment sustains the life on earth by providing both genetic and bio-diversities.
• Environment also provides aesthetic sceneries like beautiful scenery of forest lands, water falls, mountains like the Himalaya ranges. lagoons, glaciers, valleys. etc.

Section – C

VII. Answer any three of the following questions in twelve sentence each. ( 3 × 4 = 12 )

Question 30.
Briefly explain how statistics helps to study economics.
Answer:
Statistics plays a very important role in the field of economics. It helps in study of economics in many ways:

1. It helps to understand economic problems: By using various statistical tools, effort is being made to find the causes behind the economic problems with the help of qualitative and the quantitative facts. Once the causes of a problem are identified. it is easier to formulate certain policies to tackle them.

2. It enables an economist to present economic facts in a precise and definite form: Statistics help the economists to present economic facts with accuracy. It also helps in proper comprehension of that is stated in the subject matter. When economic facts are expressed in statistical terms. they become exact. Exact facts are more convincing than vague statements. For instance, saying 350 people have died in Kashmir unrest since 2000. is more accurate than saying that a lot of people have died in the unrest.

3. Helps in condensing mass data into a few numerical measures: Statistics condenses the mass data into a few numerical measures like mean, variance, correlation, etc. These numerical measures help to summarise data. For example, it would be impossible to remember the income of all the people of a country. But we can remember average income i.e., per capita income.

4. It is used to find relationships between different economic factors: An economist may be interested in finding out what happens to the demand for a commodity when its price changes or what will be impact on inflation, when the government has more budget deficits. Such situations can be dealt, if any relationship exists between the various economic factors. Here, the nature of relationship can be studied with the help of statistical tools.

5. It helps in formulation of plans and policies: Sometimes, formulating plans and policies require the knowledge of future trends. For instance, an economic planner has to decide in 2010 how much the economy should produce in 2016-17. In other words, one must know what could be the expected level of consumption in 2016-17. So. the statistical tools to predict consumption in 2016-17 could be based on the data of consumption of past years obtained by surveys.

Question 31.
Briefly explain sampling errors.
Answer:
Sampling error refers to the differences between the sample estimate and the actual value of a characteristic of the population. It is the error that occurs when you make an observation from the samples taken from the population.

Thus, the difference between the actual value of a parameter of the population and its estimate is the sampling error. It is possible to reduce the magnitude of sampling error by taking a larger sample.

For example, suppose the height of 5 students (in inches) are 50, 55, 60, 65, 70. Now, the average height will be calculated by adding all these observations and dividing the sum by 5 . then we get 60 inches. If we select a sample of two students with height of 50 and 60 inches, then average height of sample will be 50 + 60 divided by 2, we get 55 inches. Here the sampling error of the estimate will be 60 (true value) minus 55 (estimate) = 5.

Question 32.
Draw scatter diagram and conclude about correlation.

Answer:

Conclusion: There is a positive correlation between the X and Y variable.

Question 33.
Write a note on classification of data.
Answer:
The raw data is classified in various ways depending on the purpose. Generally data can be classified as follows:

• Chronological classification: When the data is grouped according to time, it is called as chronological classification, in such a classification, data are classified either in ascending or in descending order with reference to time such as years, quarters, months weeks days, etc.
• Spatial classification: If the data are classified with reference to geographical locations such as countries, states, cities, districts, etc., it is called spatial classification.
• Qualitative classification: When the data are classified on the basis of certain attributes or qualities like literacy, religion, gender, marital status etc., then it is called qualitative classification. These attributes can be classified on the basis of either the presence or the absence of a qualitative characteristic.
• Quantitative classification: If the classification of data is done on the basis of certain characteristics like height, weight. age, income, marks of students etc., it is called as quantitative classification.

Question 34.
Mention the difficulties in construction of Consumer Price Index.
Answer:
The following are the difficulties encountered during the construction of consumer price index:

• Index numbers are not based on all items: As index numbers are generally based on a couple of sample, it is not possible to take into account each and every item in the construction of index.
• Index numbers are not free from error: In every stage of the construction of index numbers, starting from selection of commodities to the choice of formulae there is a chance an error being introduced.
• It is also said that, index numbers are also special type of averages, since the various averages like mean, median and mode and have their relative limitations which may lead to some errors.
• Index numbers are meant for a particular purpose: An index number is used to measure the change for a particular purpose only.
• Prices used in the construction of cost of living index are retail prices, which vary from shop to shop, place to place and consumer to consumer. Therefore, index numbers prepared on such prices cannot be used for different places or different classes of people.
• Index numbers include so many commodities of unstable quality, which can not be used at different points of time.
• The ratio of expenditure on different products at different points of time and by various persons are not same and they create difficulties in the construction of cost of living index numbers.

VIII. Answer any four of the following questions in twelve sentence each. ( 4 × 4 = 16 )

Question 35.
The traditional handicraft industries were ruined under British rule.
Answer:
Yes, the traditional handicrafts industries were ruined under the British rule. The decline of the indigenous handicraft industries created not only massive unemployment in India but also a new demand in the Indian consumer market, which was now deprived of the supply of locally made goods.

The British imposed heavy duties on Indian handicrafts, so that they became more expensive than British woolen and silk manufacturers. They followed a policy of duty free export of raw materials and import of finished goods. Apart from these, Indian handicrafts had to face competition from machine made goods from Britain.

India could not develop a sound industrial base under the colonial rule. Even as the country’s world famous handicraft industries declined, no corresponding modern industrial base was allowed to come up to take pride of place so long enjoyed by the Indians.

The intention of British was to reduce India to the status of a mere exporter of important raw materials for the upcoming modem industries in Britain and to turn India into a market for their finished products of those industries, so that their continued expansion could be ensured to the maximum advantage of their home country.

Question 36.
Give the meaning and importance of small scale industries.
Answer:
A small scale industry’ is defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assets of a production unit. A small scale industry is one where the investment is less than one crore rupees.

Small scale industries play a very important role in the economic development of India. It is a known fact that small scale industries are more labour intensive i.e., they use more labour than the large scale industries and therefore, generate more employment.

Apart from the above, the small scale industries require less capital as they are small units. They are free from industrial unrest. They also depend on indigenous resources and need not depend on foreign resources. Small scale industries were also given concessions like lower excise duty and bank loans at lower interest rates.

Question 37.
Briefly explain the financial sector reforms.
Answer:
The financial sector consists of financial institutions like commercial banks, investment banks, stock exchange operations and foreign exchange market. The financial sector in India is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. The RBI decides the amount of money that the banks can keep with themselves, fixes interest rates, nature of lending to various sectors, etc.

The major objective of financial sector reforms is to reduce the role of RBI from regulator to facilitator of financial sector. That means, the financial sector ma be allowed to take decisions on many matters independent of RBI.

The financial sector reform policies led to the establishment of private sector banks both Indian and foreign. Foreign investment limit in banks was raised to around 50%. The banks which fulfill certain conditions have been given freedom to set up new branches without the approval of the RBI. Foreign institutional investors (Fill) like merchant bankers, mutual funds and pension funds are now allowed lo invest in Indian financial markets.

Question 38.
Explain the drawbacks of agricultural marketing.
Answer:
Agricultural marketing is a process that involves the assembling, storage. processing. transportation, packaging, grading and distribution of different agricultural commodities across the country. The major drawbacks of agriculture marketing in India are as follows:

• Long chain of middlemen taking away the profit of farmers.
• No proper storage facilities to protect the agricultural products.
• Faulty methods of weighing/measuring agricultural crops.
• Manipulation of accounts.
• Farmers are forced to sell their products at low prices due to lack of information.

Question 39.
Briefly explain the importance of infrastructure in India.
Answer:
The infrastructure helps the modern economy as follows:

• It supports the system for efficient working of industrial sector.
• It encourages speedy development of agricultural sector.

The agriculture and other industries largely depend on infrastructure. Transportation of seeds, pesticides, fertilizers and the produce using modern roadways, railways and shipping facilities help in development of agriculture which leads to development of an economy:

• Infrastructure contributes to the economic development of a country both by increasing the productivity of the factors of production and improving the quality of life of its people.
• Improvements in water supply and sanitation have a large impact on reducing morbidity i.e., being prone to illness, from major waterborne diseases and reducing the severity of disease when it occurs.
• The transport and communication also influence the health care facilities.

Question 40.
What are the various indicators of Human Development?
Answer:
The various indicators of human development are as follows:

• Human development index: It consists of standard of living index, life expectancy at birth and educational attainment. If the HDI is high it is good indicator of human development.
• Life expectancy at birth: It is the average number of years a person is expected to live. In other words, it is the longevity of life. A high value of life expectancy better indicates a quality human development.
• Adult literate: It is the average number of persons who have reading and writing skills with basic local knowledge. It is expressed in percentages. The high literacy rate shows high human development.
• GDP per capita: The gross domestic product per head is also one of the indicators of human development. The high value of GDP per capita indicates a better human development.
• Infant mortality rate: It means the death of babies per thousand live births. If the IMR is high it indicates low human development.
• Maternal mortality rate: It shows the death of mothers per 1 lakh live births. If MMR is low, it indicates a better human development.
• Population using improved sanitation: If the percentage of population using improved sanitation is more, it is a good indicator of human development.
• Population with sustainable access to improved water sources: If the percentage of population using sustainable access to improved resource is high, it is a good indicator of human development.
• People living below poverty line: If less people are living below poverty line, then it is a good indicator of human development.
• Percentage of children undernourished: If the number of undernourished children is diminishing, then ¡t is a good indicator of human development.

Section – D

IX. Answer any two of the following questions in about twenty sentence each. ( 2 × 6 = 12 )

Question 41.
What is tabulation? What are the parts of table? Explain.
Answer:
When data is represented in rows and columns, it is called tabulation. To construct a table, it is important to know the different components of a good statistical table. When all the components are put together systematically, they form a table.

Tabulation can be done using one way, two way or three way classification depending upon the number of characteristics involved. A good table should have the following parts:

• Table number: Table number is given to a table for identification purpose. If more than one table is presented, it is the table number that distinguishes one table from another. It is given at the top or at the beginning of the title of the table.
• Title: The title of the table gives about the contents of the table. It has to be very clear, brief and carefully worded, so information interpretations made from the table are clear and free from any confusion.
• Captions: These are the column headings given as designations to explain the figures of the column.
• Stubs: These are headings given to rows of the table. The designations of the rows are also called stubs or stub items and the left column is known as stub column.
• Body of the table: It is the main part and it contains the actual data. Location of any one data in the table is fixed and determined by the row and column of the table.
• Head note/Unit of measurement: The units of measurement of the figures in the table should always be stated along with the title. If figures are large, they should be rounded off and the method of rounding should be indicated.
• Source: It is a brief statement or phrase indicating the source of data presented in the table. If more than one source is there, all the sources are to be mentioned.
• Note: It is the last part of the table, It explains the specific feature of the data content of the table which is not self explanatory and has not been explained earlier.

Question 42.
Calculate mode from the following distribution :

Daily wages	No. of workers
10 – 20	7
20 – 30	11
30 – 40	18
40 – 50	12
50 – 60	9
60 – 70	6

Answer:

Daily wages ( x)	No of workers (f)
10 – 20 20 – 30	7 11
30 – 40	18
40 – 50 50 – 60 60 – 70	12 9 6

By seeing the frequency column, we can make out that the class interval 30-40 is considered as the modal group. To find out exact mode the following formula is used.
M₀ = L + \(\frac{\mathrm{D}_{1}}{\mathrm{D}_{1}+\mathrm{D}_{2}}\) × h
M₀ = 30 + \(\frac{7}{7+6}\) × h
M₀= 30 + \(\frac{7}{13}\) × 10
M₀ = 30 + \(\frac{70}{13}\)
M₀= 30 + 5.38
M₀ = 35.38

Question 43.
Calculate the correlation coefficient from following data:

Answer:
Calculate correlation coefficient from following data:

X. Answer any two of the following questions in about twenty sentence each. ( 2 × 6 = 12 )

Question 44.
Explain the important areas of liberalization.
Answer:
Liberalization was one of the reforms of New Economic Policy of 1991. It was introduced to put an end to the restrictions and open up various sectors of the economy. The following are the important areas of liberalization:

1. Deregulation of industrial sector: The liberalization policy removed many restrictions enforced on industrial sector. Industrial licensing was abolished for almost all but product categories like alcohol, cigarettes, hazardous chemicals, industrial explosives, electronics, aerospace and drugs and pharmaceuticals.

The only industries which are not reserved for the public sector are defence equipments, atomic energy generation and railway transport. Many goods produced by the small scale industries have now been de-reserved.

2. Financial sector reforms: The financial sector consists of financial institutions like commercial banks, investment banks, stock exchange operations and foreign exchange market.

The financial sector in India is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. The RBI decides the amount of money that the banks can keep with themselves, fixes interest rates, nature of lending to various sectors, etc.

The major objective of financial sector reforms is to reduce the role of RBI from regulator to facilitator of financial sector. That means, the financial sector may be allowed to take decisions on many matters independent of RBI.

The financial sector reform policies led to the establishment of private sector banks both Indian and foreign. Foreign investment limit in banks was raised to around 50%. The banks which fulfill certain conditions have been given freedom to set up new branches without the approval of the RBI. Foreign Institutional Investors (FIT) like merchant bankers, mutual funds and pension funds are now allowed to invest in Indian financial markets.

3. Tax reforms: These are the reforms which are concerned with government’s taxation and public expenditure policies which are collectively known as its fiscal policy. There are two types of taxes, direct and indirect.

Since 1991, there has been a continuous reduction in the taxes on individual incomes as it was felt that high rates of income tax were an important reason for tax evasion. It is now widely accepted that moderate rates of income tax encourage savings and voluntary disclosure of income.

The rate of corporation tax (tax on income of companies) which was very high earlier has been gradually reduced. A new tax called Goods and Services Tax (GST) has been introduced from 1.7.2017 to bring uniformity in indirect taxes.
In order to encourage better compliance on the part of tax payers, many procedures have been simplified and the rates also substantially lowered.

4. Foreign exchange reforms: During 1991, the Government took an immediate measure to resolve the balance of payments crisis, the rupee was devalued against foreign currencies. This led to an increase in the inflow of foreign exchange. It also set the tone to free the determination of rupee value in the foreign exchange market from government control. At present, the market forces i.e., demand and supply, determine the exchange rates.

5. Trade and investment policy reforms: A new trade and investment policy under liberalization strategy was made to increase international competitiveness of industrial production and a foreign investments and technology into the economy. The aim was also to promote the efficiency of the local industries and the adoption of modem technologies.

To protect Indian industries, the government was following quantitative restrictions on imports which encouraged tight control over imports. At the same time, tariffs were very high. These policies reduced efficiency and competitiveness which led to a slower growth of manufacturing sector.

The main objectives of Trade and Investment Policy were:

• To remove quantitative restrictions on imports.
• To reduce quantitative restrictions in exports.
• Reducing tariff rates.
• Removal of licensing system.

Import licensing was abolished except in case of hazardous and environmentally sensitive industries. Quantitative restrictions on imports of manufactured consumer goods and agricultural products were also fully removed. Export duties have been removed to increase the competitive position of Indian goods in the international markets. A process of disinvestment was also initiated by selling of part of equity shares of public sector enterprises to the public.

Question 45.
Discuss the following as a source of Human Capital Formation.
(1) Expenditure of Education
(2) Expenditure on Health.
Answer:
1. Health infrastructure: The various forms of health expenditures are as follows:

• Preventive medicine vaccinations to prevent deadly diseases.
• Curative medicine obtaining medical treatment during illness.
• Social medicine spread of awareness about keeping good health and its importance.
• Provision of clean drinking water and good sanitation.

The healthy individuals are a food source of human capital as they directly contribute for regular and higher productivity of labour. A sick labourer without access to medical facilities has to remain absent from work. This leads to loss of productivity. Hence, expenditure on health is an important source of human capital formation.

2. Expenditure on migration: People migrate from their native places in search of jobs which may bring higher salaries. Unemployment is the only reason for rural-urban migration in India. Technically qualified persons like engineers and doctors migrate to other countries to earn better income.

Though there is a high cost of transport, high cost of living and other factors, the enhanced income will motivate people to migrate. Hence, expenditure on migration is also a source of human capital formation.

Question 46.
What are the main causes of unemployment In India?
Answer:
The main causes for unemployment in India are as follows:

1. Population explosion: Rapid population growth is the leading factor responsible for unemployment in India. This has adversely affected the unemployment situation in two ways. Firstly, the growth of population has directly encouraged unemployment by making a large addition to the existing labour force. Secondly, the rate of job expansion could never be as high as the population growth would have required.

2. Season agricultural and backwardness of agricultural: In rural economy, agriculture is the main source of employment. However, most of the rural people are engaged directly and indirectly in agricultural operations. But, agriculture in India is basically a seasonal occupation. It provides employment only for certain months i.e., only during rainy days. During the rest of the period in a year, people would become unemployed.

3. Illiteracy and ignorance: Many people are illiterates and unskilled. They are not trained in accordance with the employment being generated. There is miss-match between the education industry and employment industry.

4. Slow growth: The growth of Indian economy is not at the expected level. The growth of GDP is still less than 7%. That means income which is being contributed to the national income generated through creation of employment opportunities is insufficient.

5. Lack of initiatives from government: In India, the government is inactive in creation of jobs. Rather, the government is indulging in disinvestment and closing Public Sector Industries due to industrial sickness. This is aggravating the problem of unemployment.

6. Low investment: There is a decline in the rate of investment due to lack of supportive atmosphere both in private and public sectors. This has slowed down the creation of new employment opportunities in India.

7. Orthodox nature of population: In India, majority of people are traditional and very orthodox and believe in blind beliefs. Many will be sticking on to some age old occupation even many though it has lost scope in the modem word. This has made them voluntarily unemployed.

XI. Answer any two of the following project oriented questions. ( 2 × 5 = 10 )

Question 47.
Suppose you are a research student and you are asked to conduct a sample survey about the midday meals program in schools prepare a good questionnaire to support your survey.
Answer:

Question 48.
Suppose you are a resident of a village. Suggest a few measures to tackle the problem of poverty.
Answer:
If we support ¡n implementing the following programmes successfully we can easily eradicate the poverty:

• Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Swamajayanthi Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY)
• Pradhana Manthri Rozgar Yojana (PMRY)
• National Food for Work Programme (NFWP)

Question 49.
Identify the formal and informal sectors given in the list.
(a) Agricultural labourers
(b) Street vendor
(c) Petty shop owner
(d) Bank employee
(e) Teacher
(f) Saloon shop owner.
Answer:
(a) Agricultural labourers – informal worker
(b) Street vendor – informal worker
(c) Petty shop owner – informal worker
(d) Bank employee – formal worker
(e) Teacher – formal worker
(f) Saloon shop owner – informal workers

Students can Download 1st PUC Economics Model Question Paper 3 with Answers, Karnataka 1st PUC Economics Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Economics Model Question Paper 3 with Answers

Time: 3.15 Hours
Max Marks: 100

Instructions:

1. Write the question numbers legibly in the margin.
2. Answer for a question should be continuous.

Section – A

I. Choose the correct answers: ( 1 × 5 = 5 )

Question 1.
Alternative uses of resources give rise to the problem of
(a) Rights
(b) Price
(c) Choice
(d) Chance
Answer:
(c) Choice.

Question 2.
O gives can be helpful in locating graphically.
(a) Mode
(b) Mean
(c) Median
(d) none of these
Answer:
(C) Median.

Question 3.
Railway transport introduced in India in the year.
(a)1835
(b)1776
(c)1850
(d)1853
Answer:
(e) 1850.

Question 4.
Poverty line separates
(a) Poor and non-poor
(b) Rich and non-rich
(c) Poor and weak
(d) Non of the above
Answer:
(a) Poor and non-poor

Question 5.
GDP stands for
(a) Gross Domestic Product
(b) Gross Domestic price
(c) Dollar price
(d) None f the above
Answer:
(a) Gross Domestic Product.

II. Fill in the blanks: ( 1 × 5 = 5 )

Question 6.
In tabular presentation, data is presented in ________________.
Answer:
Table.

Question 7.
Inflation affects the _________________ of common people.
Answer:
Cost of living.

Question 8.
Reforms were introduced during _______________.
Answer:
1991.

Question 9.
Indian system of Medicine includes __________________ systems.
Answer:
Six.

Question 10.
Forests are ____________________ resources.
Answer:
Natural.

III. Match the following: ( 1 × 5 = 5 )

Question 11.

A	B
1. Pilot Survey	1. India and the knowledge economy
2. Weighted Arithmetic Mean	2. Fruit Production
3. Prime Minister	3. Pre-testing of questionnaire
4. World Bank	4. Chairperson of the Planning Commission
5. Golden Revolution	5. Weights given to relative importance

Answers:
1-3
2-5
3-4
4-1
5-2

IV. Answer the following questions in a word sentence: ( 1 × 5 = 5 )

Question 12.
Give the meaning of Standard deviation.
Answer:
Standard deviation is the positive square root of the mean of squared deviations from mean.

Question 13.
What is a project?
Answer:
A project is a well thought out action plan designed to attain predetermined objectives.

Question 14.
Give the meaning of infant mortality rate.
Answer:
Infant mortality rate is the death of babies per thousand live births.

Question 15.
Expand I.L.O.
Answer:
International Labour Organisation.

Question 16.
Which country has the highest life expectancy.
Answer:
China.

Section – B

V. Answer any four of the following questions in four sentence each. ( 2 × 4 = 8 )

Question 17.
Mention the two sources of data.
Answer:
Primary data and secondary data are the two sources of data.

Question 18.
Differentiate between inclusive and exclusive methods of classification.
Answer:
Exclusive method: Under this method. the classes are formed in such a way that the upper class limit of one class will be equal to the lower class limit of the next class. Here the continuity of the data is maintained. This method is most suitable in case of data of a continuous variable. For example, among class intervals 10-20 and 20-30, 20 is included in the next class interval i.e., 20-30 and not in 10-20.

Inclusive method: Under this method, upper class limit is included in a class interval. So here, both upper class limit and lower class limit are parts of the class interval.

In the above example, if we take the class interval 10-19, the lower limit, 10 and the upper 19 are included in the class interval 10-19. If we consider the class intervals as marks of students, the marks scored by students between 10 and 19 falls in this class interval. If a student secures 20, it falls in the next class interval.

Question 19.
How can you obtain an Arithmetic line graph?
Answer:
In an arithmetic line graph. time is plotted along the x-axis and the value of the variable is measured in y-axis. A Line graph is constructed by joining the plotted points to get the arithmetic line graph. It helps in understanding the trend, periodicity etc., in a long term time series data.

Question 20.
Calculate the value of Median from the following figures.
X: 5 7 9 12 11 8 7 15 25
Answer:
We need to put in ascending order

Question 21.
Mention which type of correlation is associated with
(a) Production and Price of Vegetable.
(b) Temperature and sale of ice creams.
Answer:
(a) There is a negative correlation between production and price of vegetables. If the production of vegetables increases, which leads to increase in supply, it will result in decrease in price of vegetables.

(b) There is a positive correlation between temperature and sale of ice creams. If the temperature increases, there will be an increase in the sales of ice creams and vice versa.

Question 22.
Mention the name of any four Statistical tools.
Answer:
Following are the four steps in developing a project:

1. Identifying a problem or an area of study
2. Choice of target group
3. Collection of data
4. Organisation and presentation of data.

VI. Answer any five of the following questions in four sentence each. ( 2 × 5 = 10 )

Question 23.
List out the important export goods of India before Independence.
Answer:
The important export goods of India before independence were raw silk, cotton, wool, sugar, indigo, jute. etc.

Question 24.
List out the features of poorest households.
Answer:
Starvation and hunger are the main features of the poorest households. They do not possess any assets. They live in slums and some sleep in public places. In rural areas, they are landless labourers. Many do not get even two meals a day. They lack basic literacy and skills and have limited economic opportunities.

Question 25.
Bring out the difference between human capital and human development.
Answer:

Human Capital	Human Development
1. It means investing in human beings as we do in physical capital in order to get future returns in the form of higher productivity and earnings.	1. It refers to the overall development of human beings which includes political and economic, social, spiritual aspects of their living.
2. It considers education and health as the means to increase labour productivity.	2. It is based on the idea that education & health are integral to human well being.
3. It treats human beings as a means to an end, the end being the increase in productivity.	3. It treats human beings as ends themselves.
4. It is a narrow concept	4. It is a broader concept.

Question 26.
Name the institutional sources of rural credit.
Answer:

• Commercial Banks
• Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)
• Cooperative Societies
• Land Development Banks.

Question 27.
Who are all included in labour force?
Answer:
All those who are engaged in economic activities, in what ever capacity-high or low are called workers. Even if some of them temporarily abstain from work due to illness, injury or other physical disability. bad weather, festivals, social or religious functions are also workers. Apart from these, the labour force also consists of those who help the main workers and the self employed workers.

Question 28.
Which are the health indicators?
Answer:
The main health indicators are as follows:

• Infant mortality rate.
• Maternal mortality rate.
• Life expectancy level.
• Nutrition level.
• Incidence of communicable and non-communicable diseases.

Question 29.
Write any two threats to environment in our country.
Answer:
The major threats of environment in India are as follows:

1. Threat of poverty induced environmental degradation.
2. Threat of pollution from the rapidly growing industrial sector. air pollution, water contamination, soil erosion, deforestation and wildlife extinction.

Section – C

VII. Answer any three of the following questions in twelve sentence each. ( 3 × 4 = 12 )

Question 30.
Scarcity is the root of all economic problems explain the statement.
Answer:
It is true that the scarcity is the root of all economic problems. If there had been no scarcity there would have been no economic problem. This would have not necessitated the study of economics.

In our daily life, we face various forms of scarcity. The queues at the railway booking counters, over crowded buses, heavy traffic on roads, the rush to get a ticket to watch a movie of a popular film actor or actress, are all the manifestations of scarcity. We face scarcity because the things that satisfy our wants are limited in availability.

Further, the resources which the producers have are limited and also have alternative uses. For instance, take the case of food that we eat everyday. It satisfies our want of nourishment. Farmers employed in agriculture grow crops that produce our food. At any point of time, the resources in agriculture like land, labour, water, chemical fertilizers, etc, all these resources have alternative uses.

The same resources can be used in the production of non-food crops. Thus, alternative uses of resources give rise to the problem of choice between different commodities that can be produced by those resources.

Question 31.
Briefly explain sampling errors.
Answer:
Sampling error refers to the differences between the sample estimate and the actual value of a characteristic of the population. It is the error that occurs when you make an observation from the samples taken from the population.

Thus, the difference between the actual value of a parameter of the population and its estimate is the sampling error. It is possible to reduce the magnitude of sampling error by taking a larger sample.

For example, suppose the height of 5 students (in inches) are 50, 55, 60, 65, 70. Now, the average height will be calculated by adding all these observations and dividing the sum by 5 . then we get 60 inches. If we select a sample of two students with height of 50 and 60 inches, then average height of sample will be 50 + 60 divided by 2, we get 55 inches. Here the sampling error of the estimate will be 60 (true value) minus 55 (estimate) = 5.

Question 32.
Draw scatter diagram and interpret.

Answer:

Interpretation: There is a perfect positive correlation between X and Y.

Question 33.
Write a note on classification of data.
Answer:
The raw data is classified in various ways depending on the purpose. Generally data can be classified as follows:

• Chronological classification: When the data is grouped according to time, it is called as chronological classification, in such a classification, data are classified either in ascending or in descending order with reference to time such as years, quarters, months weeks days, etc.
• Spatial classification: If the data are classified with reference to geographical locations such as countries, states, cities, districts, etc., it is called spatial classification.
• Qualitative classification: When the data are classified on the basis of certain attributes or qualities like literacy, religion, gender, marital status etc., then it is called qualitative classification. These attributes can be classified on the basis of either the presence or the absence of a qualitative characteristic.
• Quantitative classification: If the classification of data is done on the basis of certain characteristics like height, weight. age, income, marks of students etc., it is called as quantitative classification.

Question 34.
The yield of wheat production per acre for 10 districts of a state is under.

Calculate Quartile Deviation (Q.D)
Answer:
Q.D for Wheat:
First we need to arrange the observations in the ascending order
x: 9 10 10 12 15 16 18 19 21 25
Calculation of lower quartile (Q₁):
Q₁ = size of \(\left(\frac{N}{4}\right)^{t h}\) item = size of \(\left(\frac{10+1}{4}\right)^{\text {th }}\) item
= The size of \(\left(\frac{11}{4}\right)^{\mathrm{th}}\) item i.e., 2.75^th item
The size of 2.75^th item is size of 2^nd item + 0.75 item
Size of 2^nd item = 10
Size of 0.75 item = Size of 3^rd item – 2^nd item
= 10 – 10 = 0
Q₁ = size of 2^nd item + 0.75 item is
Q₁ = 10 + 0.75 (10 – 10) = 10 + O.75(0)
= 10 + 0
Q₁ = 10
Calculation of Upper Quartile (Q₃):
Q₃ = Size of 3\(\left(\frac{N+1}{4}\right)^{t h}\) item
= Size of (\(\frac{3(10+1)^{\text {th }}}{4}\)) item = Size of \(\left(\frac{3(11)}{4}\right)^{t h}\) item
= Size of \(\left(\frac{33}{4}\right)^{\text {th }}\) item = size of 8.25 item
i.e.. size of 8th item + 0.25 item (size of 9^th – 8^th item)
Q₃ = 19 + 0.25 (21 – 19) = 19 + 0.25(2)
Q₃ = 19 + 0.5
Q₃ = 19.5
Now QD = \(\frac{\mathrm{Q}_{3}-\mathrm{Q}_{1}}{2}=\frac{19.5-10}{2}=\frac{9.5}{2}=4.75\)
QD = 4.75 tonnes

VIII. Answer any four of the following questions in twelve sentence each. ( 4 × 4 = 16 )

Question 35.
Indicate the volume and direction of foreign trade at the time of Indian Independence.
Answer:
The volume of foreign trade includes the quantities of goods and services which w ere being exported and imported. The direction of trade refers to the countries which were involved during British rule. The volume and direction of India’s foreign trade at the time of independence is as follows:

During the regime of colonial government, India became an exporter of primary goods like raw silk, cotton, wool, sugar, raw jute etc., and an importer of finished consumer goods like ‘ cotton, silk and woolen clothes and capital goods like light machineries produced by the factories at Britain.

Britain had maintained monopoly over India’s exports and imports. As a result, more than half of India’s foreign trade was restricted to Britain, while the rest was allowed with a few other countries like China, Srilanka, Iran, etc. The opening of the Suez Canal further intensified British control over India’s foreign trade.

Question 36.
Give the meaning and the importance of Small-scale industries.
Answer:
A small scale industry is defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the assets of a production unit. A small scale industry is one where the investment is less than one crore rupees.

Small scale industries play a very important role in the economic development of India. It is a known fact that small scale industries are more labour intensive i.e., they use more labour than the large scale industries and therefore, generate more employment.

Apart from the above, the small scale industries require less capital as they are small units. They are free from industrial unrest. They also depend on indigenous resources and need not depend on foreign resources. Small scale industries were also given concessions like lower
excise duty and bank loans at lower interest rates.

Question 37.
Briefly explain the background of economic reforms in India.
Answer:
There was a financial crisis which persisted since 1980. We know that to introduce various policies, the government has to generate funds from various sources like taxation, running public sector enterprises etc. When the expenditure is more than the income, the government takes loans to balance the deficit from banks and also from people within the country and from international banks.

The various development policies require huge finance. But there was scarcity of funds. Even though the revenues were very low, the government had to overshoot its revenue to meet the challenges like unemployment, poverty and population explosion. The continued spending on development programmes of the government did not generate additional revenue.

At the same time, the government could not generate funds internally. When the government was spending a large share of its income on areas which do not provide immediate returns, there was a need to use the rest of its revenue in a highly efficient manner. The income from public sector undertakings was also not very high to meet the growing expenditure.

Further, the foreign exchange, borrowed from other countries and international banks was spent on meeting consumption needs. No sincere efforts were made to reduce expenditure and to increase our exports.

During late 1980’s government expenditure exceeded its income. Prices of many essential goods increased. Imports grew at a very large extent. Foreign exchange reserves declined considerably and the same fall short to finance our imports for more than two weeks. There was shortage of funds even to pay interest to international lenders and at the same time no country or international bank was ready to lend any more to India.

At this situation, India approached the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and International Monetary Fund and received seven billion dollars as loan to manage the crisis. To avail loans, these international banks expected India to liberalise and open up its economy by removing restrictions on the private sector, reduce the role of government in many areas and remove trade restrictions between India and other countries. India had to agree to these conditions of IBRD and IMF and announced the new economic policy which included liberalization, privatization and globalization.

Question 38.
Write a short note on alternative markets.
Answer:
The examples for emerging alternate marketing channels are as follows:

1. Farmers directly sell their agricultural produce to consumers. Example: Apni Mandi in Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan, Rythu Bazars (vegetables and fruits markets) in Andhra Pradesh, Uzhavar Sandhai – (a farmers market) in Tamil Nadu.

2. Agricultural contracts several domestic and multinational companies entering agreements with Indian farmers in which farmers are encouraged to grow farm products (vegetables and-fruits) of desired quality by providing them with not only seeds and other inputs but also assured procurement of the produce at predecided prices.

The main benefits of alternative agricultural marketing channels are:

• The farmers get seeds and other agricultural inputs.
• Farmers are assured of procurement of agricultural products at predecided prices.
• Help in reducing price risk of farmers.
• Expansion of markets for farm products in India and abroad.

Question 39.
Briefly explain the state of infrastructure in rural India.
Answer:
Majority of people in India live in rural areas. In spite of so much of technological progress in the world, rural women are still using bio-fuels like agricultural waste, dried dung and fire wood to meet their energy requirement. They have to walk long distances to bring fuel, water and other basic needs.

According to the latest estimates, in rural India only 56% of households have electricity connection and 43% still ties kerosene. About 90% of the rural households use bio- fuels for cooking. Tap water availability is limited to only 24 % rural households. About 76 % of the population drinks water from open sources like wells, tanks, ponds, lakes, rivers, canals etc. Access to improved sanitation in rural areas only 20 %.

Question 40.
Write about the various indicators of Human development.
Answer:
The various indicators of human development are as follows:

• Human development index: It consists of standard of living index, life expectancy at birth and educational attainment. If the HDI is high it is good indicator of human development.
• Life expectancy at birth: It is the average number of years a person is expected to live. In other words, it is the longevity of life. A high value of life expectancy better indicates a quality human development.
• Adult literacy rate: It is the average number of persons who have reading and writing skills with basic local knowledge. It is expressed in percentages. The high literacy rate shows high human development.
• GDP per capita: The gross domestic product per head is also one of the indicators of human development. The high value of GDP per capita indicates a better human development.
• Infant mortality rate: It means the death of babies per thousand live births. If the IMR is high it indicates low human development.
• Maternal mortalit rate: It shows the death of mothers per 1 lakh live births. If MMR is low, it indicates a better human development.
• Population using improved sanitation: If the percentage of population using improved sanitation is more, it is a good indicator of human development.
• Population with sustainable access to improved water sources: If the percentage of population using sustainable access to improved source is high, it is a good indicator of human development.
• People living below poverty line: If less people are living below poverty line, then it is a good indicator of human development.
• Percentage of children undernourished: If the number of undernourished children is diminishing, then it is a good indicator of human development.

Section – D

IX. Answer any two of the following questions in about twenty sentence each. ( 2 × 6 = 12 )

Question 41.
What is Component Bar Diagram? Draw a component bar diagram with the help of following table. Enrollment by gender at schools (%) of children aged 6-14 years in a District of Bihar.

Answer:
Component bar diagrams or charts also called sub diagrams, are very useful in comparing the sizes of different component parts and also for throwing light on the relationship among these integral parts.

Question 42.
Calculate Q₁, Q₂, and Q₃ from following data.
15, 21, 26, 30, 40, 45, 50, 54, 60, 65, 70
Answer:

(For blind students only)

What is Tabulation? What are the parts of a table? Explain.
Answer:
When data is represented in rows and columns, it is called tabulation. To construct a table, it is important to know the different components of a good statistical table. When all the components are put together systematically, they form a table.
Tabulation can be done using one way, two way or three way classification depending upon the number of characteristics involved. A good table should have the following parts:

• Table number: Table number is given to a table for identification purpose. If more than one table is presented, it is the table number that distinguishes one table from another. It is given at the top or at the beginning of the title of the table.
• Title: The title of the table gives about the contents of the table. It has to be very clear, brief and carefully worded, so information interpretations made from the table are clear and free from any confusion.
• Captions: These are the column headings given as designations to explain the figures of the column.
• Stubs: These are headings given to rows of the table. The designations of the rows are also called stubs or stub items and the left column is known as stub column.
• Body of the table: It is the main part and it contains the actual data. Location of any one data in the table is fixed and determined by the row and column of the table.
• Head note/Unit of measurement: The units of measurement of the figures in the table should always be stated along with the title. If figures are large. they should be rounded off and the method of rounding should be indicated.
• Source: It is a brief statement or phrase indicating the source of data presented in the table. If more than one source is there, all the sources are to be mentioned.
• Note: It is the last part of the table, It explains the specific feature of the data content of the table which is not self explanatory and has not been explained earlier.

Question 43.
The yield of wheat per acre for 10 districts of a state is as under.

Calculate Standard Deviation and Coefficient Variation.
Answer:

X. Answer any two of the following questions in about twenty sentence each. ( 2 × 6 = 12 )

Question 44.
Briefly explain the important area of liberalization.
Answer:
Liberalisation was one of the reforms of New Economic Policy of 1991. It was introduced to put an end to the restrictions and open up various sectors of the economy. The following are the important areas of liberalization:

1.  Deregulation of industrial sector: The liberalization policy removed many restrictions enforced on industrial sector. Industrial licensing was abolished for almost all but product categories like alcohol, cigarettes, hazardous chemicals, industrial explosives, electronics, aerospace and drugs and pharmaceuticals.

The only industries which are not reserved for the public sector are defence equipments, atomic energy generation and railway transport. Many goods produced by the small scale industries have now been dereserved.

2. Financial sector reforms: The financial sector consists of financial institutions like commercial banks, investment banks, stock exchange operations and foreign exchange market.

The financial sector in India is regulated by the Reserve Bank of India. The RBI decides the amount of money that the banks can keep with themselves, fixes interest rates, nature of lending to various sectors, etc.

The major objective of financial sector reforms is to reduce the role of RBI from regulator to facilitator of financial sector. That means, the financial sector may be allowed to take decisions on many matters independent of RBI.

The financial sector reform policies led to the establishment of private sector banks both Indian and foreign. Foreign investment limit in banks was raised to around 50%. The banks which fulfill certain conditions have been given freedom to set up new branches without the approval of the RBI. Foreign institutional investors (FIT) like merchant bankers, mutual funds and pension funds are now allowed to invest in Indian financial markets.

3. Tax reforms: These are the reforms which are concerned with government’s taxation and public expenditure policies which are collectively known as its fiscal policy. There are two types of taxes, direct and indirect.

Since 1991, there has been a continuous reduction in the taxes on individual incomes as it was felt that high rates of income tax were an important reason for tax evasion. It is now widely accepted that moderate rates of income tax encourage savings and voluntary disclosure of income.

The rate of corporation tax (tax on income of companies) which was very high earlier has been gradually reduced. A new tax called Goods and Services Tax (GST) has been introduced from 1.7.2017 to bring uniformity in indirect taxes.
In order to encourage better compliance on the part of tax payers, many procedures have been simplified and the rates also substantially lowered.

4. Foreign exchange reforms: During 1991, the Government took an immediate measure to resolve the balance of payments crisis, the rupee was devalued against foreign currencies. This led to an increase in the inflow of foreign exchange. It also set the tone to free the determination of rupee value in the foreign exchange market from government control. At present, the market forces i.e., demand and supply, determine the exchange rates.

5. Trade and investment policy reforms: A new trade and investment policy under liberalization strategy was made to increase international competitiveness of industrial production and a foreign investments and technology into the economy. The aim was also to promote the efficiency of the local industries and the adoption of modem technologies.

To protect Indian industries, the government was following quantitative restrictions on imports which encouraged tight control over imports. At the same time, tariffs were very high. These policies reduced efficiency and competitiveness which led to a slower growth of manufacturing sector.

The main objectives of Trade and Investment Policy were:

• To remove quantitative restrictions on imports.
• To reduce quantitative restrictions in exports.
• Reducing tariff rates.
• Removal of licensing system.

Import licensing was abolished except in case of hazardous and environmentally sensitive industries. Quantitative restrictions on imports of manufactured consumer goods and agricultural products were also fully removed. Export duties have been removed to increase the competitive position of Indian goods in the international markets. A process of disinvestment was also initiated by selling of part of equity shares of public sector enterprises to the public.

Question 45.
Examine the role of education in the economic development of a nation.
Answer:
The education plays a predominant role in economic development of India in the following way:
1.  It modernizes the attitude and behaviour of the people: Education brings favourable changes in the attitude and behaviour of people. It gives inputs like what is right and what is wrong and contributes for taking sound and and able judgments.

2. Promotes science and technology: Education always provides the knowledge about latest technology to people who know reading and writing. It explains the new methods of production through innovations in various sectors of the economy. They providing scope for latest techniques of production, it develops agriculture, industry, transport. power, etc.

3. Increases mobility of labours: Education helps the labourers to search for more re warding employment opportunities all over the world. It helps to chooses a suitable career according to one’s educational qualifications. It makes them to move from country to country or state to state as and when required.

4.  Creates national and developmental consciousness: Education creates civic, national and developmental consciousness among the literates. It provides information about the past events in History and tells about the freedom struggle of great national leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Bhagath Singh, Subhas Chandra Bose and others. It makes people to develop a sense of patriotism and helps them to adopt strategies of progress in life.

5.  Contributes to skilled and trained workers: Education generates skilled and trained labour force needed for the development of the country. Education includes both general and technical education. The general education includes Bachelor of Arts. Bachelor of Commerce.

Bachelor in Business Administration, etc. at the degree level and technical education includes Bachelor in Engineering in different streams like mechanical, civil, electronic, electrical, computer. etc. All these contribute for the supply of skilled labour for the overall development of the country.

6.  Act as source of knowledge: Education is a house of knowledge for all purposes. Anything to know we need to be literate. It helps people to take decisions on the basis of their knowledge gained in different stages while getting education.

7.  Develops moral values: As education provides number of stories and incidents people’s lives, people can definitely develop moral values. These moral values are included in their daily life. Some of the moral values are not to sell adulterated products, in case of seller and in case of buyer, not to create inconvenience for others in their routine life and so on.

8. Creates awareness about culture and politics: Education always provides complete information about cultural heritage of any nation. It explains how they are constructed with the investment of money and human capital. It helps them to preserve the historical monuments, inscriptions and other valuable items. It also provides day-to-day information about politics when the person is literate.

Question 46.
What are the types of Unemployment in India? Discuss any two.
Answer:
The kinds of unemployment are as follows:

1. Disguised unemployment.
2. Seasonal unemployment.
3. Open unemployment.
4. Under employment.
5. Technical employment.
6. Frictional employment.

1. Disguised unemployment: It is the of unemployment, where we can come across excess number of workers engaged in the some work hut actually less number of workers required. For instance, suppose a farmer has four acres of land and he actually needs only two workers and half to carry out various operations on his farm in a year, but if he employs five workers and his family members such as his wife and children, this situation is called disguised unemployment.

2. Seasonal unemployment: It is the type of unemployment, where the rural people get employment only during a particular season. We have noticed that many people migrate to urban areas, pick up a job and stay there for some time, but come back to their home villages as soon as the rainy season begins.

This is because work in agriculture is seasonal: there are not many employment opportunities in a village for all the months in a year. When there is no work to do on farms, people go to urban areas and look for temporary jobs. This is one of the instances of seasonal unemployment.

Section – E

XI. Answer any two of the following project oriented questions. ( 2 × 5 = 10 )

Question 47.
Record the daily expenditure quantities bought and prices paid per unit of the daily purchases such as Rice, Toordal, tomato, Onion and milk of your family for two weeks. How has the price change affected your family?
Answer:
The following table shows the list of items with quantities purchased by a family:

Now we need to calculate CPI by calculating price relative with the help of formulae.

Calculation of Living Index or Consumer Price Index is calculated as follows:
\(\mathrm{CPI}=\frac{\Sigma \mathrm{WP}}{\Sigma \mathrm{W}}=\frac{1600}{15}=106.66\)
CPI = 106.66
Comment: It shows that there is an increase in price by 6.66%, which has a little effect on standard of living.

Question 48.
Suppose you are a resident of a village, suggest a few measures to tackle the problem of poverty.
Answer:
If we support in implementing the following programmes successfully, we can easily eradicate the poverty:

• Swamajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Swamajayanthi Shahari RozgarYojana (SJSRY)
• Pradhana Manthri Rozgar Yojana (PMRY)
• National Food for Work Programme (NFWP)
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (MGNREGP)
• Public Distribution System (PDS)
• Integrated Child Development Scheme (LCDS)
• Mid-day Meals Scheme
• Pradhana Manthri Gram Sadak Yojana
• Indira Awas Yojana
• Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana.

Question 49.
Prepare a list of causes of land degradation in India.
Answer:
Land in India suffers from varying degrees and types of degradation. These are increasing mainly due to the factors:

• Deforestation, i.e. reckless Cutting down of trees resulting in loss of vegetation.
• Indiscriminate and over exploitation of forest products such as fuel wood and over grazing.
• Conversion of forest lands into agricultural lands.
• Forest tire and faulty methods of cultivation.
• Excessive application of pesticides and insecticides.
• Disproportionate and excessive use of chemical fertilizers in Indian agriculture.
• The irrigation systems in India are not properly planned and managed.
• Over exploitation of ground water for various competing utilities like human settlement, industrialization, etc.
• No proper introduction of crop rotation techniques and organic farming.

Students can Download 1st PUC Biology Model Question Paper 3 with Answers, Karnataka 1st PUC Biology Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Biology Model Question Paper 3 with Answers

Time: 3.15 Hours
Max Marks: 70

General Instructions:

1. The question paper consists of four parts A, B, C and D.
2. All the parts are compulsory.
3. Draw diagrams wherever necessary. Unlabelled diagrams or illustration do not attract any marks.

Part – A

Answer the following questions in one word or one sentence each: ( 10 × 1 = 10 )

Question 1.
Define species
Answer:
Group of individual organisms with fundamental similarities.

Question 2.
Define phyllotaxy.
Answer:
The pattern of arrangement of leaves on the stem or branch.

Question 3.
Define tissue.
Answer:
A group of cells having common origin and performing common function.

Question 4.
What are polysomes?
Answer:
Series of ribosomes attached to single mRNA to form a chain.

Question 5.
Why mitosis is called equational division?
Answer:
Since chromosome number remains constant from parent cell to daughter cell

Question 6.
What is cell cycle?
Answer:
A sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its genome, synthesis of other constituents and eventually divides into two daughter cells.

Question 7 .
Define osmosis.
Answer:
The diffusion of water across a differentially or semipermeable membrane.

Question 8.
Name the nodule forming bacteria in leguminous plant
Answer:
Rhizobium.

Question 9.
Name structural functional unit of kidney
Answer:
Nephron.

Question 10.
Name the locomotary structures of Hydra.
Answer:
Tentacles

Part – B

Answer any five of the following questions in 3-5 sentence each. Wherever applicable: ( 5 × 2 = 10 )

Question 11.
Name the algal and fungal components of Lichens.
Answer:

• Phycobiont – Algal component
• Mycobiont – Fungal component.

Question 12.
Write the modification of birds for flight.
Answer:

• Fore limbs are modified into wings
• Bones pneumatic

Question 13.
Draw a neat labelled diagram of areolar tissue.
Answer:

Question 14.
Mention types of chromosomes based on position of the centromere.
Answer:

• Metacentric
• submetacentric
• acrocentric
• telocentric.

Question 15.
Mention the significance of meiosis
Answer:

• Conservation of specific chromosome number of a species in sexually.
• reproducing organism.
• Brings about variability in sexually reproducing organisms.

Question 16.
Name the technique of growing plant in soil free nutrient solution. Who discovered it?
Answer:

• Hydrophonics
• Julius Von Sachs

Question 17.
Distinguish differentiation from de-differentiation.
Answer:

• Cell derived from root and shoot apical meristem and mature to perform specific function.
• The living differentiated cells regain the capacity of division.

Question 18.
Discus the role of ADH in urine formation.
Answer:

• Facilitates water absorption from later parts of tubule.
• prevents diuresis.
• constricts blood vessel and increase blood pressure.
• increase GFR.

Part – C

Answer any five of the following questions in about 40-80 words each wherever applicable: ( 5 × 3 = 5 )

Question 19.
Write the universal rule of nomenclature
Answer:

• Biological names are generally in latin and written in English.
• The first word represents genus second word represents species.
• When written should be underlined separately.
• When printed in English it should be italics.
• The first letter of the genus should commence from capital letter first letter of species should commence from small letter.

Question 20.
Mention types of flower based on position of the ovary.
Answer:

1. Hypogynous
2. Perigynous
3. Epigynous

Question 21.
Draw neat labelled diagram of stomal apparatus
Answer:

Question 22.
What are micro nutrients? Mention any four.
Answer:

• The nutrients present in excess of 10m mole Kg^-1 are called macro nutrients.
• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphur, potassium, calcium and magnesium.

Question 23.
Discuss any three role of auxins.
Answer:

• Apical dominance.
• Parthenocarpy.
• Herbicide controls.
• Xylem differentiation.
• Helps in cell division

Question 24.
Explain the carbohydrate digestion in intestine.
Answer:

Question 25.
Explain the transport of Carbon dioxide by blood.
Answer:

• 20-25 % of Carbon dioxide is carried by hemoglobin as carbamino-hemoglobin.
• When pCO₂ is high and pO₂ is low as in the tissue more binding of CO₂ occurs, where as when pCO₂ is low and pO₂ high as in the alveoli, disassociation of CO₂ from carbmino- hemoglobin takes place.
• CO₂ + H₂O – H₂CO₃ – HCO₃+ H⁺

Question 26.
Write the difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle.
Answer:
Cardiac Muscle
Skeletal Muscle

• Short in size
  Long in size
• Binucleate
  Multinucleate
• Cross Bridges present
  Cross bridges absent
• Myofibrils faint
  Myofibrils prominent
  prominent
• Branched
  Unbranched
• Found in heart
  attached to skeletal tissue

Part – D

Section – I

Answer any four of the following question in about 200-250 words each, wherever applicable: ( 4 x 5 = 20 )

Question 27.
List the salient features of Bryophyta.
Answer:

• Habitat-cold moist shady places.
• Amphibious nature, depends on water for sexual reproduction.
• Plant body thallus – with rhizoids.
• Plant bodies haploid dominant photosynthetic gametophyte.
• Gametophyte bears antheridia – male and archegonia -female reproductive structures.
• Sporophyte diploid produces spores in capsule.
• Gametophyte alternates with sporophyte Any five lmark each

Question 28.
Write the general characters of phylum Annelida.
Answer:

• Organ system grade.
• Bilaterally symmetrical triploblastic.
• Segmented.
• Coelomate.
• Locomotion by parapodia
• Excretion by nephridia.
• Nervous system by paired ganglia lateral nerves with double ventral solid nerve chord.
• Dioceous or monocious

Question 29.
Explain the morphological features of Cockroach
Answer:

• Body divisible into head thorax and abdomen
• Head made of six fused segments
• Head consist of antenna compound eyes, and mouth parts.
• Short neck connect head and thorax.
• Thorax made of three segment prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax.
• Meso and metathorax bears two pairs of wings.
• Thoracic segment bears three pairs of legs.
• Abdomen made of ten segments.
• Tensegment consist of anal cerci males consists of anal styles on 9th segment. Any other morphological to be considered

Question 30.
Draw a neat labeled diagram of plant cell.
Answer:
<

Question 31.
Explain the classification enzymes.
Answer:

• Oxidoreductases- dehydrogenases-catalyzes oxido reduction between substrates.
• Transferases- catalyze group transfer between substrates.
• Hydrolases- Catalyze hydrolysis of ester, ether, peptide, glycosidic bond.
• Lyases- catalyze removal of groups from substrate by mechanisms other than hydrolysis, leaving double bond.
• Isomerases- catalyze inter conversion of the optical or geometric or positional isomers.

Question 32.
Explain Double circulation.
Answer:

• Deoxygenated blood collects in right atrium by two vena cava.
• Oxygenated blood collects in left atrium by pulmonary veins.
• Deoxygenated bold from right atrium and oxygenated blood from the left atrium moves to right and left ventricles respectively.
• Deoxygenated bold from right ventricle and oxygenated blood from the left ventricle moves to pulmonary artery and systemic aorta.
• Deoxygenated bold through pulmonary aorta moves to the lungs for oxygenation.
• Oxygenated blood through systemic aorta is supplied to the different parts of the body.
• Diagram.

Section – II

Answer any three of the following questions in about 200-250 words each, wherever applicable: ( 3 x 5 = 15 )

Question 33.
Explain the mechanism of ascent of sap
Answer:

• A transpiration driven ascent of xylem sap depends mainly on the following physical properties of water
• Cohesion – mutual attraction between water molecule
• Adhesion attraction of water molecules polar surfaces such as tracheary elements.
• Surface tension -water molecules are attracted to each other in a liquid phase than in gas phase.
• These properties gives water ability to rise in the thin tubes.
• Water evaporates through stomata it results in pulling of water into leaf from the xylem transpiration can generate pull sufficient to lift a xylem sized column of water over 130 meters.

Question 34.
Write schematic representation of Calvin cycle
Answer:

Question 35.
a. Briefly explain alcoholic fermentation
Answer:

• It occur in yeast.
• It involves anaerobic break down of glucose in absence of oxygen.
• Enzyme pyruvic acid decarboxylase and alcohol dehydroginase catalyse reactions.
• Carbon dioxide and ethanol are the end products.

b. What is RQ? Name the respiratory substrate whose RQ value is 1.
Answer:

• The volume of carbon dioxide released to the volume of oxygen consumed during aerobic respiration/respiration is called RQ.
• Glucose or carbohydrate.

Question 36.
Draw a neat labelled diagram of Neuron.
Answer:

Question 37.
List any five hormones of pituitary gland and write one function of each.
Answer:

• GH- induces growth and protein metabolism
• TSH- regulates thyroid gland function
• ACTH- regulates adrenal gland functions.
• FSH- stimulates oogenesis and
  spermatogenesis. …LH – regulates ovulation
• CSH – regulates secretion of androgen.
• MSH – regulates pigmentation.
• ADHor Vasopresin – regulates water balance.
• Oxytocin – controls uterine contraction and milk ejection.

Students can Download 1st PUC Biology Model Question Paper 2 with Answers, Karnataka 1st PUC Biology Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Biology Model Question Paper 2 with Answers

Time: 3.15 Hours
Max Marks: 70

General Instructions:

1. The question paper consists of four parts A, B, C and D.
2. All the parts are compulsory.
3. Draw diagrams wherever necessary. Unlabelled diagrams or illustration do not attract any marks.

Part – A

Answer the following questions in one word or one sentence each: ( 10 x 1 = 10 )

Question 1.
Define a Taxon.
Answer:
Any unit of classification is called taxon

Question 2.
Who proposed Binomial Nomenclature?
Answer:
Carolus Linnaeus

Question 3.
Define aestivation.
Answer:
Mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in floral bud with respect to the other members of the same whorl.

Question 4.
What is open type of vascular bundle?
Answer:
If cambium is present between phloem and xylem.

Question 5.
Name the cell which stores fat?
Answer:
Adipose cell.

Question 6.
In which muscular tissue intercalated discs are found?

Question 7.
Name the stage of cell cycle where DNA replication takes place?
Answer:
Interphone or S-Phase of Interphase.

Question 8.
Define Guttation
Answer:
Loss of water in the form of liquid droplets through water stomata.

Question 9.
What is hydroponics?
Answer:
Technique of growing plants in a nutrient solution.

Question 10.
Define lymph.
Answer:
The fluid present lymphatic system.

Part – B

Answer any FIVE of the following questions in 3 – 5 sentences each, wherever applicable:( 5 x 2 = 10 )

Question 11.
Write a note on Herbarium.
Answer:
Herbarium is a store house of collected plant specimens that are dried and preserved on sheets.
The herbaria serve as quick referral systems in taxonomic studies

Question 12.
Diagram a Labeled diagram of Nostoc Filament.
Answer:

Question 13.
Give any Two economic importances of algae.
Answer:

1. Half of the total carbon dioxide fixation on earth is carried out by algae and they increase the level of oxygen in their environment.
2. Many species of algae are used as food.

Question 14.
Differentiate between chordates and non chordates
Answer:

Chordates	Non Chordates
1. Notochord is present	1. Notochord is absent
2. Dorsal, hollow tubular nerve cord	2. Ventral, solid double nerve cord
3. Gill slits present	3. Absent
4. Heart is ventral	4. Ventral
5. Post anal tail present	5. Absent

Question 15.
What are long day and short day plants?
Answer:

• Long day plants- Plants require more light period than the critical duration
• Short day plants- Plants require light period lesser than the critical duration.

Question 16.
Define Inspiration and Expiration
Answer:

• Inspiration- Entry of atmospheric air into the lungs
• Expiration- Exit out of air from lungs to atmosphere.

Question 17.
Mention two contractile proteins
Answer:

1. Actin
2. Myosin

Question 18.
Name any two types of movements.
Answer:

1. Amoeboid
2. Ciliary
3. Muscular movements

Part – C

Answer any FIVE of the following questions in 40 – 80 words each, wherever applicable: ( 5 x 3 = 15 )

Question 19.
Enumerate any three characters of Pteridophytes.
Answer:

1. Terrestrial
2. conducting tissue Xylem and phloem
3. Plant body is Sporophyte
4. It is differentiated into true roots, stem and leaves.
5. Leaves are small or large.
6. Sporophyll produces sporangia.
7. Gametophyte is called prothallus.
8. Sex organs are antheridia and archegonia.
9. Heterosporous or Homosporous.

Question 20.
What is phyllotaxy? Mention any two types.
Answer:
The arrangement of leaves on the stem

1. Alternate
2. Opposite
3. Whorled Mention any

Question 21.
Labeled diagram of Collenchyma.
Answer:

Question 22.
Mention one function of each
a) Ribosome,
b) Endoplasmic reticulum,
c) Golgi apparatus.
Answer:
a) Ribosome- Protein synthesis
b) Endoplasmic Reticulum- Lipid synthesis or protein synthesis.
c) Golgi apparatus- Packing material or Formation of glycoproteins or Lipids.

Question 23.
Write any three differences between Mitosis and Meiosis.
Answer:

Mitosis	Meiosis
1. Equational division	1. Reductional
2. Occurs in somatic cells	2. Reproductive cells
3. Single division	3. Double division
4. Separation of chromatids in metaphase	4. Separation of chromatids in homologous chromosomes in metaphase.
5. Prophase is of shorter duration	5. Longer duration
6. Formation of 2 cells	6. 4 cells
7. Synapsis, Crossing over and Recombination do not take place during prophase.	7. All these takes place in prophase – I
8. Karyokinesis is followed by cytokinesis	8. Interkinesis is followed by prophase – II

Question 24.
List any three physiological roles of Cytokinins.
Answer:

1. It produce new leaves
2. It produce chloroplasts in leaves
3. overcome apical dominance
4. Promote lateral shoot growth
5. Delay senescence

Question 25.
Define. a)Ammonotelism b)Ureotelism.c)Uricotelism.
Answer:
a) Ammonotelism- Excrete ammonia
b)Ureotelism- Excrete Urea
c) Uricotelism- Excrete uric acid

Question 26.
Mention the formed elements of Blood
Answer:

1. RBC or Erythrocytes
2. WBC or Leucocytes
3. Platelets or Thrombocytes

Part – D

Section – I

Answer any FOUR of the following questions in 200 – 250 words each, wherever applicable: ( 4 x 5 = 20 )

Question 27.
Write the salient features of the phylum Arthropoda.
Answer:

• Organ system level of organization
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• Triploblastic
• Segmented body
• Body is divisible into head,thorax and abdomen
• Jointed appendages
• Respiratory organs- gills,book gills,book lungs or tracheal systems
• Circulatory system- open
• Body cavity- haemocoel

Question 28.
Explain Fluid Mosaic Model with labelled diagram.
Answer:

• Cell memberane is composed of lipids,arranged in by layers
• Lipids has polar head and non polar tail
• It possess proteins and carbohydrates
• proteins are intrinsic or extrinsic
• Integral proteins partially totally buried in the memberane points

Question 29.
Write the functions of the following proteins a) Collagen b)  trypsin c) Insulin d) antibody e) receptor protein.
Answer:
a) Collagen-inter cellular ground substance
b) Trypsin- Enzyme
c) Insulin- Hormone
d) Antibody- Fight against microbes
e) Receptor- Sensory

Question 30.
Explain Mass flow hypothesis.
Answer:

• The mechanism used for the translocation of sugar from source to sink end is called pressure flow or mass flow.
• Glucose converted into sucrose then moved into the companion cells and then to sieve tube cells of phloem.
• This process of loading at the source form the hypertonic condition in the phloem.
• Water from the adjacent xylem moves into the phloem by osmosis. Osmotic pressure builds up in the phloem sap moves to area of lower pressure.
• At the sink osmotic pressure must be reduced. The movement of sugar in the phloem begins at the source, where sugars are loaded into a sieve tube.
• Loading of phloem set up a weaker potential gradient that facilitates the mass movement in the phloem. As hydrostatic pressure increased in the sieve tube, pressure flow begins and the sap moves through the phloem. Mean while at the sink incoming sugars are actively transported out of the phloem. The loss of solute reduces a high water potential in the phloem and water passes out returning eventually to xylem.

Question 31.
Explain the development of root nodules in Soyabean.
Answer:

• Nodule formation involves a sequence of multiple interactions between Rhizobium and roots of the host plant.
• Rhizobium bacteria contact a susceptible root hair, Divide near it.
• Upon successful infection of the root hair cause it to curl.
• Infected thread carries the bacteria to the inner cortex. The bacteria get modified into rod shaped bacteroids and cause inner cortical and pericycle cells to divide. Division and growth of cortical pericycle cells lead to nodule formation.
• A mature nodule is complete with vascular tissues continues with those of the root.

Question 32.
Write the Z scheme of light reaction.
Answer:

Part – D

Section – II

Answer any THREE of the following questions in 200 – 250 words each, wherever applicable: ( 3 x 5 = 15 )

Question 33.
Draw a labeled sketch of Digestive system of cockroach
Answer:

Question 34.
Schematic representation of Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Answer:

Question 35.
Mention any five hormones of anterior pituitary.
Answer:

1. Growth Hormone
2. Prolactin
3. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
4. Adreno Corticotropic Hormone
5. Luteinizing Hormone
6. Follicle Stimulating Hormone
7. Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone

Question 36.
Name the divisions of Human neural system. Explain the components of each division.
Answer:
1. Central Nervous System
a) Brain
b) Spinal cord

2. peripheral Nervous System
a) Somatic Nervous System
b) Autonomic Nervous System
i)Sympathetic
ii) Parasympathetic

Question 37.
a) Name disaccharide digesting enzymes found in the intestinal juice.
Answer:

1. Sucrase
2. Maltase
3. Lactase

b) What is oxygen dissociation curve? Write its significance.
Answer:
Definition-A Sigmoid Curve is obtained when percentage saturation of Hemoglobin with oxygen is plotted against the partial pressure of oxygen.
Significance- It is useful in studying the effect of factors like partial pressure Of carbon dioxide, proton concentration on binding of oxygen with Hemoglobin.