Category: 2nd PUC

You can Download Chapter 9 Mineral and Power Resources Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Geography Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Question Bank Chapter 9 Mineral and Power Resources

2nd PUC Geography Mineral and Power Resources One Mark Questions with Answers

I. Answer the following in a word or a sentence each:

Question 1.
Define Mineral?
Answer:
Naturaly occuring compound with a fixed chemical composition. It is called mineral.

Question 2.
What is Ore?
Answer:
The minerals is a from which metal can be extracted are called ores.

Question 3.
What is Mining?
Answer:
The economic activity through which man is engaged in the production of minerals is called ‘mining’.

Question 4.
Which is the Beat type of Iron ore?
Answer:
Magnetite.

Question 5.
Name the metal which is made of Bauxite ore?
Answer:
Aluminium.

Question 6.
Which is called the as “Wonder metal of 20th Century” ?
Answer:
Aluminium.

Question 7.
When and where was the first Gold production was started in India?
Answer:
Kolar Gold Field [KGF] during the year 1871.

Question 8.
Which is the largest Gold producing state in India?
Answer:
Karnataka.

Question 9.
Name the Atomic minerals in India?
Answer:

• Uranium
• Thorium
• Plutonium.

Question 10.
Which mineral is called as Black Diamond?
Answer:
Coal

Question 11.
Which type of coal is the Best Quality?
Answer:
Anthracite.

Question 12.
Why Jharia is famous for?
Answer:
Jharia is “Store house of the best Metallurgical coal.

Question 13.
In which state Talcher coal mine is located?
Answer:
In Odisha.
(b) Non-conventional source of energy.

Question 14.
What are the source of energy?
Answer:
There are two types of energy:

Question 15.
What is Solar energy?
Answer:
Energy generated by sun rays through the Photovoltaic technology is called solar energy.

Question 16.
What is Biogas?
Answer:
Generation of power by using cow dung is called biogas for ex : Methane, carbon dioxide.

Question 17.
What is Geothermal energy?
Answer:
Generation of power by utilizing heat inside the earth.

Question 18.
What is Metallic minerals.
Answer:
The group of minerals which contain metal can be called as metallic minerals for ex : Iron ore. Manganese, Copper Bauxite etc.

Question 19.
What is Ferrous minerals.
Answer:
The group of minerals which contains iron can be called as ferrous minerals for ex : Iron ore, Manganese.

Question 20.
Which is the largest Iron ore producing state in India.
Answer:
Odisha. It produces 47% of total iron ore in India.

Question 21.
What is ‘Conventional Power resources’.
Answer:
The group of minerals which can’t be used again and again and also exhaustible in nature For ex: coal,-petroleum, natural gas etc.

Question 22.
Which is the best type of coal?
Answer:
Anthracite. It contains 80-90% of carbon.

Question 23.
What is the meaning of term Petroleum.
Answer:
The term “Petroleum” has been derived from two latin words, Petra means ‘rock’ and ‘oleum’ means ‘Oil’ through the word petroleum literally means rock oil.

Question 24.
Which is called ‘Liquid gold’.
Answer:
‘Petroleum’.

Question 25.
Expand ONGC?
Ans:
‘Oil and Natural Gas Commission’(ONGC).

Question 26.
What is ‘Sagar Samrat’?
Answer:
The oil taken from the depth of over 1400 meters with the help of a specially designed plat form known as “Sagar Samrat”.

Question 27.
When and where the first Oil well was drilled.
Ans:
Digboi in Assam, 1867. ’

Question 28.
What is Hydro-electricity.
Answer:
Generation of Power through the falling force of water is called Hydro-electricity.

Question 29.
Which is called ‘White coal’.
Answer:
‘Hydro-electricity’.

Question 30.
What is ‘Fossil fuels’.
Answer:
Fossil fuels are the fuels formed by natural process such as decomposition of hurried dead organisms.

Question 31.
Name the state of world’s largest Solar steam cooking system.
Answer:
Tirumala in Andhra Pradesh.

Question 32.
Which is the World’s largest Solar system.
Answer:
The Shri Sai Baba Sansthan (in Maharastra).

Question 33.
Which is the Asia’s largest wind farm cluster?
Answer:
MuppandalinTamilnadu.

Question 34.
Expand IREDA.
Answer:
Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency.

Question 35.
What are the energies of the future.
Answer:
Renewable energies such as solar energy wind energy etc. They are inexhaustible and pollution free.

2nd PUC Geography Mineral and Power Resources Two Marks Questions with Answers

Question 1.
Distinguish between Ore and Mineral?
Answer:

Question 2.
What are the main types of Minerals?
Ans:
The types of Minerals are :

1. Metallic
2. Non-metallic.

Question 3.
What are the uses of Minerals?
Answer:

• Minerals supports metallic industries such as iron, steel and aluminium etc.
• Many non-metallic minerals are essential for manufacturing of cement and chemical fertilizers.

Question 4.
Mention the type of coal?
Ans:
The types of coal are:

• Anthracite
• lignite
• Bituminous
• Peat.

Question 5.
Name the two important Gold producing regions of India?
Answer:

• Hutti gold field in Raichur districts and Bellary gold field in Tumkur in Karnataka.
• Ramagiri in Ananthpur district and Jonnagiri in Kumool in Andhra Pradesh.

Question 6.
In which states of India the Gondwana coal fields are located?
Answer:
The Gondwana coal field are located in Jharkhand, Odhisha, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Maharastra and Andhra Pradesh.

Question 7.
Mention the factors necessary for Thermal Electricity?
Answer:

• There must be Coal, Petroleum or Natural gas in abundance.
• Large space required for the construction of thermal plant.
• Abundant supply of water.

Question 8.
Biogas energy is suitable for rural India. How?
Answer:

• India is an agrarian country’ and has innumerable villages scattered all over the country.
• Animal rearing is one of the subsidary occupation of the cultivators.
• Every’ family has some domestic animals and cow dung can be used to get Biogas.
• It can be used for cooking as well as lighting of the house.

Question 9.
What are the forms of utilization of Solar energy?
Answer:

• Thermal Solar Power.
• Solar Photovoltaic
• Photo Synthesis.

Question 10.
Mention the states where the winds forms are located?
Answer:
The wind forms are located in Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Odisha.

Question 11.
What are the need for non-conventional sources of energy in India?
Answer:
They are capable of solving the requirements
(a) It supplies the energy in a decentralized manner and have sustainable environment. Thus the development of these power resources is very essential.

Question 12.
Distinguish between fuel mineral and non fuel minerals.
Answer:
The minerals which produces power can be called as fuel minerals for ex : coal, petroleum, natural gas etc.
The minerals that doesn’t producers power can be called as non-fuel minerals for ex : mica, limestone, graphite etc.

Question 13.
What are the uses of Bauxite.
Answer:

• Bauxite is the main source of aluminium.
• It is light weight, strong and rust resistant.
• It is used in air crafts, automobiles.
• It is mainly used in electrical industry.

Question 14.
What are the types of energy resources.
Answer:

1. Commercial power resources – coal, petrol, natural gas etc.
2. non-commercial power resources – fire wood, charcoal, cowdung etc.’

Question 15.
Mention the four important factors necessary for the development of Hydroelectricity.
Answer:

• The regular and uniform supply of water is essential.
• The water should fall from a sufficient height.
• It requires huge capital investment to purchase machines.
• A ready available market should be there.

Question 16.
Name the types of thermal power projects.
Answer:

• Coal based thermal power projects.
• Oil based thermal power projects.
• Gas based thermal power projects.

Question 17.
Write need for conservation of power resources.
Answer:

• Minerals are exhaustible resources.
• They occur in nature in limited quantities.
• They cannot be replaced and
• They have taken millions of years to be formed.

Question 18.
Mention the important Geothermal Centres of India.
Answer:

• Jammu and Kashmir
• Himachal Pradesh
• Uttaranchal
• Jharkhand and Chattisgarh

Question 19.
Which are the regions identified for the establishment of tidal power stations in India.
Answer:

• The gulf of Kanbhat on the West coast in Gujarats.
• Sundarbans in the west bengal on the east coast.
• Lakshadweep and Andaman nicobar islands.

2nd PUC Geography Mineral and Power Resources Five Marks Questions with Answers

Question 1.
Explain the distribution and Production of iron ore in India.
Answer:
India is endowed with fairly abundant reserves of iron ore. The estimated iron ore reserves were about 25 billion tonnes in the year 2012-2013.

Odisha :

• It is a largest producer and accounts for about 47 percent of the total iron ore in India. Most of the deposits of iron ore in the state occur in Sundargarh, Mavurbhanj, Cuttack, Sambalapur, Keonjhar and Koraput districts,
• Chattisgarh : It produces over 21 percent of the total production of iron ore in India.
• Chattisgarh is the second largest producer of iron ore in the country. Iron ore producing areas are Bailadila in Bastar, Dhalli Rajhara in Durga and Jabalpur districts.
• Jharkhand : This state ranks third in the production of iron ore in India. It contributes nearly 13 percent of the total production areasar Budhaburu, Kotamatiburu and Rajoriburu in Singhbhum districts.
• Karnataka : Karnataka produces only 4 percent of the iron ore production in India. But it has vast deposits of Harmatite as well as magnetite iron ore in Bababudan hills in Chickmangalur district, Sandur and Hospet area of Bellary district .
• Others : In Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, West Bengal etc produce small quantity of iron ore.

Production :

• India is the fourth largest produces of iron ore in the world.
• The total production of iron ore is 167 million tonnes in 2011 -12 and 143 million tonnes in 2012-2013.
• It is decreased by 19 percent as compared to previous year.
• This is mainly due to discontinuation of mines in Karnataka and Goa owing to the Hon’ble Supreme court.

Question 2.
Give an account of the uses, distribution and production of manganese ore in the India.
Answer:
Uses :

• Manganese is used to make steel tough and resistant to rusting.
• It is also used in the manufacture of paints, varnishes, batteries, dyes, fertilizers, pottery, calico printing, medicine.
• Manufacture of black enamel in chemical industries, bleaching powder, electrical, glass industries etc.

Thus it is known as “Jack of all Traders”.

India has occupied the second place in respect of Manganese ore reserve in the world after Zimbabwe.

• Odisha : Odisha has about 40.4 percent of India’s reserves of Manganese ore. It is the largest producer and contributes over 24.1 percent of the manganese ore in htdia.
  Best varieties of Manganese ore is found in Sundargarh, Kalahandi and Korput districts.
• Maharashtra : It contributes about 27.7 percent of India’s manganese ore. The main manganese belt is in Nagapur and Bhandara districts.
• Madhya Pradesh : This state contributes nearly 27.6 percent of the total production of Manganese in the country.
  Manganese ore are extend in Balaghat, Chindwara, Jabalpur and Dewas districts.
• Karnataka : About 5.8 percent India’s Manganese ore is produced by Karnataka. The main Manganese ore deposits occur in Uttar Kannada, Shimoga, Bellary, Chitradurga and Tumkur districts.
• Andhra Pradesh : It contributes 13.8 percent of the total maganese ore production of the country. It is found in Srikakulam, Vishakapatnam, Nellore, Kumool and Cudapha dis-tricts.
• Others : Rajasthan, Gujarat, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar etc are the states in which Manganese ore are distributed.

Production :

• India is the 5th largest producer of manganese ore in the world.
• Its total production was 23.22 lakh tonnes in 2010-11.
• The production of manganese is increasing from one year to another.

Question 3.
Describe the distribution, production and trade of Bauxite in India.
Answer:
Distribution :

• Bauxite ore is found in latente rocks occuring extensively either on the plateau or hill ranges of peninsular India and also in the coastal tracts of the country.
• It is estimated that total reserves of Buaxite in the country is about 2500 million tones. This reserve is the fifth largest in the vorld.
• Odisha : Odisha has large reserves and is the biggest producer of Bauxite in India. Vast reserves of Bauxite are located at Kalahandi, Koraput, Sundaragarh, Bolingir and Sambalapur districts.
• Chhatisgarh : Chhatisgarh produce more than 18.4 percent of the total production of Bauxite in the country. It is found Bilasapur, Durga, Surguja and Rajagarh districts.
• Maharashtra : Maharashtra accounts for 15.1 percent of the total production of Bauxite in the country. It mainly occurs in Ratnagìri, KoÍlapur, Jhana and Satara districts
• Jharkhand: ¡t is fourth largest producer of Bauxite in India. It contributes about 14.3 percent of total production. It is located in Ranchi, Lahardaga, Palmu and Gumla districts.
• Gujarat: Gujarat is another important producer of Bauxite in India.
  It accounts for 6.6 percent in India. It is located in Jamanagar, Junagash, Kedha Kuchchh and Bhavanagar districts. ‘
• Others : East and West Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerela, Karnataka etc

Trade :

• Nearly 80 percent of the bauxite in India is used for producing aluminium.
• India’s export of bauxite have been reduced considerably due to the increasing demand in the home market.
• So, India exports only 20 percent of its Bauxite ore mainly to Italy, U.K, Japan and Germany.

Question 4.
Explain the distribution of production of gold in India.
Answer:
Distribution :
1. Karnataka:

• It is the largest producer of Gold in India.
• The state has an estimated reserves of gold ore 17.5 million tonnes.
• It account for 17 percent of India deposits.
• It is found in Kolar, Raichur, Dharwad and Hassan districts.
• Formerly most of the gold production of the state came from Kolar Gold Field (K.G.F). The first gold mining operations took place in K.G.F. during the year 1871. The deposits in K.G.F are almost exhausted.

2. Andhra Pradpsh :

• Andhra Pradesh is the second important producer of gold in India.
• It has 7.06 million tonnes of gold deposits Gold deposits are found in Ramgiri in Ananthpur district.
• Bisanattam and Palachur in Chittor and Jonnagiri in Kumool district.

3. Jharkhand:

• Jharkhand is another producer of gold in India. Its production was about 14 kg in 2010-11.
• Alluvial gold is obtained from the sands of the Subarnarekha river and Iowa in Singhbhum district.

4. Others : Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan etc.
Production : The total gold ore reserves are estimated that is 39.02 million tonnes in

India. But India’s share in the worlds gold production is insignificant. The production of gold has a consistent declined from 1951 to 1991.

• The gold production was 1588 kg in 2012-13 against 2710 kg of 1999-97.
• About 99 percent of the total production of gold in the country is from Karnataka.

Question 5.
Discuss the importance, distribution and production of coal in India.
Answer:
Importance :

• Coal constitutes about 70 percent of the total commercial power consumed in India.
• Coal is a source of energy and raw material for many chemical industries.
• It provides many by products i.e., tar napthaline, ammonia gas, coal gas, benezol etc.
• These are used in the manufacture of synthetic fibres, rubber, plastic, explosives, dyes and insecticides.

Distribution :

• Currently the leading producer of coal in India are Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and
• Madhya Pradesh.
• These four states contributes 84.33 percent of the India’s coal production.

1. Chhattisgarh : It is having first place in the production of coal in India.

• It produces 31.3 percent coal of India.
• Major coal fields of the state are located in the Northern part of the state i.e, Surgija, Bilasapur and Korba.

2. Jharkhand : Jharkhand is the second largest producer of coal in India.

• It produces more than 20.3 percent of coal in 2011-2012.
• Jharia, Bokaro, Giridhi, Karnapur, Ramagarh are very important.
• Jharia is one of the oldest and richest coal fields of India. It has been recognised as the “Store house of the best metallurgical coal” in the country.

3. Odisha : It is the third largest producer of the coal and contributing 19.5 percent of the total coal production of the country .

• Most of its coal deposits in Dhenkanal, Sambalapur and Sundaragh districts.

4. Madhya Pradesh : Jharkhand is the second largest producer of coal in India.

• The main coal depoists are located in Sindhi, Shahdol, Betul, Narasingour and Chhindwara districts.

5. Andhra Pradesh :

• It produces about 9.7 percent of coal.
• It is found in Adilabad, Karimnagar, Warangal districts. ‘

6. Maharashtra : The coal deposits of the state occur in Wardha valley, Ballarpur, Warora in Chandrapur district.

7. West Bengal :

• It has 4.48 percent of the total production of the country.
• Burdwan, Bankura, Purulia, Daijeeling and Jalpaiguri are the chief coal producing districts. ’ Production : The total reserves of all grade coal in India is 283.50 billion tonnes.
• India is producing 560.90 million tonnes of coal in 2012-13.
• So India ranks third among the coal producing countries of the world next to China and
• It contributes 10.2 percent of the total world’s production of coal.

Question 6.
Explain the uses and types of coal in India.
Answer:
Uses :

• Coal is source of energy and raw material for many Chemical Industries. ‘
• It provides many by-products i.e., tar, napthaline, ammonia gas, coal gas, benezol etc.
• These are used in the manufacture of synthetic fibres, rubber, plastic, explosives, dyes and insecticides.

Types :

On the basis of its Carbon content, colour and heating intensity etc. They are as follows:

1. Anthracite
2. Bituminous
3. Lignite
4. Peat.

1. Anthracite : This is the best variety of coal. It contains 80-90 percent of Carbon.

• It is very hard, compact and black in colour.
• It produce more heat than any other form of coal.
• It ignites slowly and bums with a nice short blue flame without producing smoke.
• It is found in Jammu and Kashmir and it is mainly used for Central heating, steam in ship and boilers.

2. Bituminous:

• It contains 50-80 percent of Carbon and found in abundance.
• It is relatively hard and black in colour.
• Mainly it is used in steel industry and thermal power generation.

3. Lignite:

• It is low grade Variety of coal.
• It contains only 40-55 percent of Carbon.
• Its colour is dark to black brown.
• It will give more ash and moisture generation of thermal power, fertilizers and gas.

4. Peat:

• It contains less than 40 percent of Carbon. Therefore it is inferior in quality.
• It gives less heat, but releases more smoke, and a lot of ash after burning.
• So it is mainly used in the thermal power plants and fertilizer industries.

Question 7.
Describe the Occurance, Production and Distribution of crude oil in India.
Answer:
Occurance :

• In India petroleum .was discovered in I860.
• Another important achievement was the discover of oil in the Digboi area in 1889.
• The government of India contituted a separate Directorate of Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC) on August 1956, Oil India Ltd., (OIL) on Febraurv 1959.

1. Bombay High: This is the largest oil producing area contributing 42.7 percent of the total crude oil output of the country.

• It is found in coat of Maharashtra about 176 km of the North-West Mumbai.
• It is known as “Sagar Samrat”.

2. Assam :

• In India the petroleum was first dicovered at Makum (Assam) in 1867. The first oil well was drilled at Digboi.
• It contributes about 13.2% of the oil production in the country. ‘
• Major oil fields of Assam state are the Digboi, Naharkatiya, Rudrasagar, Sibsagar and Hugrini.

3. Gujarat: It contributes 15.2% of Petroleum production in India.
Ankaleshwar and Cambay are the main oil fields, Kolob, Nangaon etc.

4. The Eastern Coast Oil field : The basin and deltas of the Godavari, the Krishna of Andhra Pradesh and the Cauvery river of Tamil Nadu holds great potential of oil and natural gas production.

5. Others : Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan etc Production :

• The total production of Petroleum in India was 380.9 lakh tonnes in 2011-12.
• India is not a significant producer of Petroleum in the world.
• Recently the domestic crude oil production has increased. This is because of the constant efforts made by ONGC and Oil India Ltd.

Question 8.
Give account of Thermal and Nuclear Energy of India.
Answer:
Nuclear Energy :

• The energy generated from the fission of the atomic minerals such as Uranium, Thorium,
  Plutonium is called ‘Nuclear Energy’. It has played an important role in the power development of India.
• The demand for energy has been increased with the increase of population in the country.
• The country has power crises as the production is insufficient to meet the requirement.
• To meet energy needs of the country nuclear power programme was formulated.
• The first nuclear power plant was started in 1969 at Tarapur near Mumbai with U.S.A assistance. Now there are 7 nuclear power stations in India.

Thermal Energy :

• The Energy generated by using fossil fuels like Coal, Petroleum and Natural gas is called thermal energy. It can be produced even from Nuclear fission and wood.
• It has certain advantages as against hydro-electricity. The initial capital involved in the construction of thermal plant is low and time requirement is short.
• The disavantages of thermal electricity are low efficiency in terms of heating value and higher operation cost.

Question 9.
Describe the Non-Conventional Energy resources in India.
Answer:
The Power resources other than the traditional fossil and Mineral sources are known as ‘Non Conventional Power Resources’. They include Solar energy, Wind energy, Bio-gas, Sea waves, Biomass and geo-thermal etc. These reasources are inexhaustible and renewable in nature.

Importance :

• These Power resources are found in abudance, pollution free, eco-friendly and not harm to the eco-system.
• They can be very conveniently supplied to urban as well as rural areas.
• In India conventional power resources are inadequate. Recently the rate of energy consumption has been increased.
• Hence there is urgent need to harness other alternative power resources.
• Top priority has been given for the development of non-conventional power resources.
• They are capable of solving the requirements. Such as supply of energy in decentralized manner and have sustainable environment.
• Thus the development of the these power resources is very essential.

Question 10.
Explain the Conservation and Management of Mineral and power resources.
Answer:
Meaning :

• In General “Conservation” refers to the protection and preservation of natural resources and the natural environment for the future.
• This also includes the careful management of natural resources such as minerals, power resources, soil, forests etc., to prevent their destruction or over exploitation.
• The process of managing controlling or conducting is called ‘management’.

Need for Conservation :

• Minerals are exhaustible resources. They occur in nature in limited quantities.
• They cannot be replaced. They have taken millions of years to be formed.
• Human needs have increased greatly and minerals have been exploited without thinking of the Consequences.
• The present day energy, which runs our industries mostly comes from minerals.
• Hence it is necessary that we have to conserve and manage our minerals and power resources.

Question 11.
Explain the production and distribution of natural gas in India.
Answer:
Natural gas is supposed to be the fuel of the 21st Century, because of its efficiency and clean,
Giogrcupbu) (U PUC)

• It is estimated that reserves of natural gas were 1330.26 billion cubic meters (BCM) India produces nearly 47 BCM annually.
• Bombay High : The Bombay high occupies the first place both in terms of reserves and the production of natural gas in India. It accounts for about 81 percent of the total gas production of the country.
• Gujarat and Assam are occupies second and third place respectively Khambhat in Gujarat and Khavaght in Assam are the major producers.
• It is also found in Mangalam in Tamilnadu, Linglu Andhra Pradesh and Jaisalmer in Rajasthan etc.
  Production: India produced 47.9 billion cubic meters (bcm)ofnaturalgasin2011-12. In the recent years the production is increased with the increasing of demand.
• The efforts have been made by the Government of India to improve the production.
• There is a big gap between demand and indigenous production of natural gas. This has to be met through imports.
• ONGC and OIL has taken measures to increase the natural gas production.

Question 12.
Describe the important nuclear power plants in India.
Answer:
There are 7 nuclear power stations in India they are –

1. The first nuclear power plant was started in 1969 at Tarapur near Mumbai with USA assistance. It has installed capacity of 1400 MW.
2. Ranapratap sagar plant near Kota in Rajasthan. It was established in 1973. Its capacity is 1180 MW.
3. Kalpakkam nuclear plant near Chennai in Tamilnadu was established in 1984 and its capacity is 440 MW.
4. Narora nuclear plant near Narora in Uttar Pradesh was established in 1991 and its capacity is 440 MW.
5. Kakrapara Atomic power plant near Kakrapur in Gujarat. It was established in 1993 and its capacity is 440 MW.
6. Kaiga nuclear plant at Kaiga near Karwar in Karnataka. It was established in 2000-and its capacity is 660 MW.
7. Kundakulam in Tamilnadu which was very recently commissioned in 2013. Its capacity is 1000 MW

There is a proposal to set up new nuclear power plants at Sri Sailam in Andhra Pradesh, Jaipur in Rajasthan, Tuticom in Tamilnadu, Talchar in Odhisha and Kolkata in West Bengal.

Question 13.
Explain the measures to conserve the mineral and power resources in India.
Answer:
The following measures may be adopted to conserve mineral and power resources :

• Exploitation of new minerals : It should be explored in accessible areas like high moun-tains, ocean beds and polar regions.
• Conservation of minerals during mining : Conservation of minerals during mining such as coal and natural gas gets damaged and lost due to fire. This destruction has to be stopped.
• Maximum extraction of mined minerals : New technologies should be developed to obtain maximum metal and by products from ores.
• Multipurpose use to minerals : In order to gain maximum utility of the minerals.
• Safe godowns : After mining minerals should be stored properly to avoid the conditions which adversely affect their properties.
• Exploration of alternatives for minerals : It is essential to explore substitutes of minerals found in limited quantities.
• Re-use of minerals : It is another way through which mineral resources can be conserved. ’
• Use of power resources as raw materials : Power resources should not only be a source of power, rather they should be used in industries as raw materials.
• Prohibition of pollution: Mining activity have brought about many effect therfore it must be reduced.
• Developing alternative fuel sources of energy and use more renewable energy sources.

You can Download Chapter 7 Directing Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Business Studies Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Business Studies Question Bank Chapter 7 Directing

2nd PUC Business Studies Directing Text Book Exercises

2nd PUC Business Studies Directing Multiple Choice Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Which one of the following is not an element of direction?
(a) Motivation
(b) Communication
(c) Delegation
(d) Supervision
Answer:
(c) Delegation is not en element of direction.

Question 2.
The motivation theory which classifies needs in hierarchical order is developed by
(a) Fred Luthans
(b) Scott
(c) Abraham Maslow
(d) Peter F Drucker
Answer:
(c) Abraham Maslow gave the hierarchy of five human needs.

Question 3.
Which of the following is a financial incentive?
(a) Promotion
(b) Stock incentive
(c) Job security
(d) Employee participation
Answer:
(b) Stock incentive is a financial incentive which is a employee stock option with tax benefit.

Question 4.
Which of the following is not an element of communication process?
(a) Decoding
(b) Communication
(c) Channel
(d) Receiver
Answer:
(b) Communication is not an element of communication process. It is understood as a process of exchange.

Question 5.
Grapevine is
(a) Formal communication
(b) Barrier to communication
(c) Lateral communication
(d) Informal communication
Answer:
(d) Informal system of communication is referred as “Grapevine”.

Question 6.
Status comes under the following type of barriers
(a) Semantic barrier
(b) Organisational barrier
(c) Non semantic barrier
(d) Psychological barrier
Answer:
(b) Status is related to organisation, Thus, it is a organisational barrier.

Question 7.
The software company promoted by NarayanaMurthy is
(a) Wipro
(b) Infosys
(c) Satyam
(d) HCL
Answer:
(b) NarayanaMurthy promoted Infosys.

Question 8.
The highest level of need in Need Hierarchy of Abraham Maslow
(a) Safety need
(b) Belongingness need
(c) Self actualisation need
(d) Prestige need
Answer:
(c) Self actualisation need is the highest level of need as it refers to the drive to become what one is capable of becoming.

Question 9.
The process of converting the message into communication symbols is known as
(a) Media
(b) Encoding
(c) Feedback
(d) Decoding
Answer:
(b) The process of converting message into symbol is known as Encoding.

Question 10.
The communication network in which all subordinates under a supervisor communicate through supervisor only is
(a) single chain
(b) inverted
(c) wheel
(d) free flow
Answer:
(c) In the wheel network, the communication takes place in such a manner that subordinates under a supervisor communicate through supervisor only.

2nd PUC Business Studies Directing Short Answer Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Distinguish between leaders and managers.
Answer:
Difference between Managers and Leaders

Question 2.
Define motivation.
Answer:
According to Koontz and O Donnel “Motivation is a general term applying to entire class of drives, needs, wishes and similar forces”.

Question 3.
What is informal communications?
Answer:
Communication in which the interchange of information does not follow any formal or officially recognized channels i.e. the communication stretches in all directions irrespective of authority levels is known as informal communication or grapevine communication.

Question 4.
What are semantic barriers of communication?
Answer:
While communicating a message, misrepresentation of communication causes misunderstanding on account of use of wrong words, lack of vocabulary skills, faulty translations and different interpretations which is known as semantic barriers. It is concerned with the problems that arises in the process of encoding and decoding of message into words or impressions. Main causes of semantic barriers are listed below.

• Badly expressed message
• Symbols with different meanings
• Faulty translations
• Unclarified assumptions
• Technical jargon
• Body language and gesture decoding Question

Question 5.
Who is a supervisor?
Answer:
Supervision means instructing, guiding, monitoring motivating and observing the activities of employees from above. The person who is performing the work of supervision is known as supervisor. Supervisor is the link between management and subordinates. He is the person who translates the policies and plan of management to the subordinates and revert back the complaint, suggestions and feedback of subordinates to management.

Question 6.
What are the elements of directing?
Answer:
Directing comprises of four elements
1. Supervision: It can be understood as the process of guiding and instructing the efforts of employees.

2. Motivation: The process of encouraging the employees in order to help them in achieving the desired goals is known as motivation

3. Leadership: It is the process of influencing the behaviour of people by making them strive voluntarily towards achievement of organisational goals.

4. Communication: It is the process of exchange of ideas, views, facts, feelings etc between or among people to create common understanding.

Question 7.
Explain the process of motivation.
Answer:
Motivation process is based on how the unsatisfied human need get satisfied and result in
reduction of tension.
The steps of motivation process are as follows

1. Unsatisfied need: The need of an individual which is not satisfied.
2. Tension: Unsatisfied need creates tension
3. Drive: This tension creates drive and an Individual starts looking for alternatives to satisfy the need.
4. Search Behaviour: Then the individual starts behaving as per chosen option.
5. Satisfied Need: After opting for the chosen behaviour their need gets satisfied.
6. Reduction of Tension : The fulfillment of need results in relieving of tension.

Question 8.
Explain different networks of grapevine communications.
Answer:
Grapevine communications may follow different types of network. They are as follows :

1. Single strand network: Each person communicates to another in sequence.
2. Gossip network: Each person communicates with all on non-selective basis.
3. Probability network: The individual communicates randomly with some other individual.
4. Cluster Network: The individual communicates with only those people whom they trust.

2nd PUC Business Studies Directing Long Answer Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Briefly explain principles of Directing.
Answer:
a. Maximum individual contribution: This principle emphasises that directing techniques must help every individual in the organisation to contribute to his maximum potential for achievement of organisational objectives. It should bring out untappted energies of em-ployees for the efficiency of organisation.

b. Harmony of objectives: Very often, we find that individual objectives of employees and the organisational objectives as understood are conflicting to each other.

c. Unity of Command: This principle insists that a person in the organisation should receive instructions from one superior only. If instructions are received from more than one, it creates confusion, conflict and disorder in the organisation. Adherence to this principle ensures effective direction.

d. Appropriateness of direction technique: According to this principle, appropriate motivational and leadership technique should be used while directing the people based on subordinate needs, capabilities, attitudes and other situational variables.

e. Managerial communication: Effective managerial communication across all the levels in the organisation makes direction effective. Directing should convey clear instructions to create total understanding to subordinates. Through proper feedback, the managers should ensure that subordinate understands his instructions clearly.

f. Leadership: While directing the subordinates, managers should exercise good leadership as it can influence the subordinates positively without causing dissatisfaction among them.

Question 2.
Explain the qualities of a good leader. Do the qualities alone ensure leadership success?
Answer:
Some of the qualities required by all leaders are the following:
a. Honesty: a leader should be honesty and his honesty will make his sub-ordinates follow him.

b. Ability to delegate: a successful leader should have qualities of delegating authority and responsibility to his sub-ordinates. So that they can participate in effective management.

c. Communication: a successful leader should be good at communication only then he can influence, motivate and direct his sub-ordinates.

d. Confidence: he should be self-confident and should be able to create confidence in his sub-ordinates.

e. Willingness to take risk: he should be willing to take calculated risk and should be ready for any unexpected happenings.

f. Positive attitude: a leader should have a positive attitude towards achieving the goals and also instil the same in his sub-ordinates.

g. Creativity: a leader should think beyond the existing possibilities. New ideas many bring best results so he should have creative mind.

h. Emotional stability: leader must be able to control his emotions and sentiments. He should think intellectually and not sentimentally or emotionally.

i. Art of management: a leader should have the art of managing the sub-ordinates.

j. Passion: leader should be passionate about his work and he passes on this trait to sub-ordinates too.

k. Initiative: leader should lead by initiating the things he should not wait for things to happen.

l. Ability to listen: he should be a good listener. He should not only listen to the direction given by his superiors but also listen to subordinates.

Conclusion : Many times, the success of an organisation is attributed to the leader, but due credit is not given to the followers. Many follower related factors like their skills, knowledge, commitment, willingness to co-operate team spirit etc make a person an effective leader. It is said that followers make a person a good leader, by acceptance of leadership. Therefore both followers and leaders are playing an vital role in the leadership process.

Question 3.
Discuss Maslow’s Need Hierarchy theory of motivation.
Answer:
a. Physiological Needs: They are food, clothing, shelter etc. These are basic needs and any person would give its preference to these needs. Once these needs are satisfied he thinks of next level of needs.

b. Safety needs: These needs are protection against danger, threat and need for job security. These needs will arise from an individual only when he is reasonable well satisfied with his physiological needs.

c. Social needs: These needs include belongingness, association, acceptance, friendship and love. They become important to an individual only after he is satisfied with physiological and safety needs.

d. Esteem needs: These needs include self-esteem, recognition status, achievement etc. They dominate an individual only when he is reasonably satisfied with safety needs.

e. Self-actualisation needs: These needs arise only when an individual is reasonably satisfied with esteem needs. They include the need to realise one’s capabilities and potentials by achieving specific goals.

Question 4.
What are the common barriers to effective communication? Suggest measures to overcome them.
Answer:
Physical barriers: internal structure of organisation and layout of office machines and equipment creates physical barriers in communication.
a. Distance: Communication is found obstructed in long distance. Like communication

b. Noise: Noise is a physical barrier to good communication since it interferes with the message being communicated

c. Physical arrangements: The physical arrangement of organisational sources like men, material and machine obstruct (effects) the Communication process.

Semantic barriers: The use of difficult and multiple uses of languages, words, figures and symbols create semantic barriers.
a. Language: some words have different meaning. As meaning sent by the sender can be quite different from the meaning understood by the receiver. Long sentences create problems in Communication process.
b. Jargons: technical or unfamiliar terms that are drawn from the literature, creates barriers to Communication.

Organisational barriers: These arise from the organisational goals, regulations, structure and culture.
a. Structure complexities: Difficult organisational structure creates barrier for free flow of information.
b. Status differences: Status of individual person in different levels of management has prestige. Hence it acts as barrier to effective Communication.
c. Organisational distance: Distance between sender and receiver also creates barriers to effective Communication.
d. Information overload: Too much information to the subordinates in short period will suffers from overloaded information which creates Barriers to effective Communication.
e. Timing: If the information is not provided in time it creates barriers in Communication.

Psychological barriers: these are barriers to effective communication creates due to lack of interest in people for whom the communication is meant. People do not pay attention to the communication in which they are not interested.
a. Perception: it is the process of accepting and interpreting the information by the receiver. The analysing and think process of individual also effectives Communication.
b. Filtering: Communication sometimes filers the information by the receiver knowingly or unknowingly.
c. Distrust: superiors provide information to the subordinates according to the trust of subordinates they acts.
d. Emotions: Emotions also creates barriers to effective communication like anger, jealousy, hatred etc.

Question 5.
Explain different financial and non-financial incentives used to motivate employees of a company.
Answer:
Financial incentives : Financial incentives refer to incentives which are in direct monetary form or measurable in monetary term and serve to motivate people for better performance. The financial incentives used in organisations are listed below
1. Pay and allowances : For every employee, salary is the basic monetary incentive. It includes basic pay, DA and other allowances. Salary system consists of regular increments in the pay every year and enhancement of allowances from time to time.

2. Productivity linked wage incentives: Several wage incentives aim at linking payment of wages to increase in productivity at individual or group level.

3. Profit sharing: Profit sharing is meant to provide a share to employees from the profits of the organisation This serves to motivate the employees to improve their performance and contribute to an increase in profits.

4. Co-Partnership/Stock option: Under these incentive schemes, employees are offered company shares at a set price which is lower than market price. The allotment of shares creates a feeling of ownership to the employees and makes them to contribute more for the growth of the organisation.

5. Retirement benefits: Several retirement benefits such as provident fund, pension and gratuity provide financial security to employees after their retirement. These act as an incentive when they are in service in service in the organisation.

6. Perquisites : In many companies perquisites and fringe benefits are offered such as car allowance, housing, medical aid, and education etc over and above the salary. These measures help to provide motivation to the employees/managers.

Non-financial Incentives: Incentives which help in fulfilling one’s psychological, emotional and social needs are known as non-financial incentives Some of the non-financial incentives are given below.

1. Status: Status means ranking or high positions in the organisation. Whatever power, position and prestige an employee enjoys in the organisation are indicated by their status. Psychological, social and esteem needs of an individual are satisfied by status given to their job.

2. Organisational climate: This indicates the characteristics which describe an organisation and distinguish one from the other. Individual autonomy, reward orientation, consideration to employees, etc are some of the positive features of an organisation. If managers try and include more of these in an organisation it helps to develop better organisational climate.

3. Career Advancement Opportunity: Managers should provide opportunity to employees to improve their skills and be promoted to higher level jobs. Appropriate skill development programmes and sound promotion policy will help employees to achieve promotions. Promotions have always worked as tonic and encourage employees to exhibit improved performance.

4. Job enrichment: Job enrichment is concerned with designing jobs that include greater variety of work contentment and require higher of knowledge and skill, to give workers more autonomy level and responsibility and provide opportunity for personal growth and a meaningful work experience

5. Employee recognition programmes : Recognition means acknowledgement with a show of appreciation. When such appreciation is given to the work performed by employees, they feel motivated to perform/work at a higher level, e g.,
(a) Congratulate the employee on the completion of a difficult task.
(b) Displaying names of star performers
(c) Installing awards
(d) Distributing mementos’

6. Job Security: Employees want their job to be secure. They want certain stability about future income and work so that they do not feel warned on these aspects and work with greater zeal. There is only one problem with this incentive i.e., when people feel that they are not likely to lose their jobs, they may become relaxed.

7. Employee participation: It means involving employees in decision making about the issues related to them. In many companies, these programmes are in practice in the form of joint management committees, work committees, canteen committees etc.

8. Employee Empowerment: Empowerment means giving more autonomy and powers to subordinates. Empowerment makes people feel that their jobs are important. This feeling contributes positively to the use of skills and talents and the job performance.

2nd PUC Business Studies Directing Application Questions

Question 1.
The workers always try to show their inability when any new work is given to them. They are always unwilling to take up any kind of work. Due to sudden rise in demand a firm wants to meet excess orders. The supervisor is finding it difficult to cope up with the situation. Suggest ways for the supervisor to handle the problem.
Answer:
The supervisor can make use of monetary incentives to motivate the workers. Their wages can be linked to productivity. They can earn more incentives, besides wages by producing more goods. The supervisor should also play the role of a good leader and encourage them to accept any kind of work as it would lead to increase exposure to the industry and better job prospects.

Question 2.
Workers of a factory often come to the production manager with grievances. The production manager finds himself overburdened with so many tasks. Advise a way to relieve the production managers.
Answer:
To overcome the problem the production manager should take the following measures

• Arrange necessary training programmes
• Prepare a work schedule
• Recommend the cases of the workers for promotion, rewards, transfer, punishment etc.
• Proper availability of materials, machines and tools for the workers
• Delegate sum of rus authorities (???)

Question 3.
In an organisation employees always feel they are under stress. They take least initiative and fear to express their problems before the manager. What do you think is wrong with the manager?
Answer:
The manager should adopt more friendly approach towards the workers. The manager should encourage a system of two-way communication, provide an outlet for workers to share their feelings, suggestions and problems.

Question 4.
In an organisation, all the employees take things easy and are free to approach anyone for minor queries and problems. This has resulted in everyone talking to each other and thus resulting in inefficiency in the office. It has also resulted in loss of secrecy and confidential information being leaked out. What system do you think the manager should adopt to improve communication?
Answer:
Excess of everything is bad. More use of informal communication is resulting in this problem. A proper chain of command should be established. Only the necessary information should be passed through chain of command. The employees should not be allowed to communicate at all levels. This will save time and bring in more discipline.

2nd PUC Business Studies Directing Case Problems

Y limited is a Bank functioning in India. It is planning to diversify to increase business. Lately, the Government of India has allowed the private sector to gain entry in the insurance business. Previously, it was the prerogative of LIC and GIC to do insurance business. But now with liberalisation of the economy and to make the field competitive, other compnies have been given licenses to start insurance business under the regualtion of insurance Regulatory and Development Authority. Y limited plans to recruit high quality employees and agents and exercise effective direction to capture a substantial part of life and non-life insurance business.

Question 1.
Identify how the company can supervise its employees and agents effectively. What benefits will the company derive from effective supervision?
Answer:
The company can supervise its employees and agents by taking the following steps.

1. Training programmes should be organised
2. Make the staff and agent them understand the various policies so that they can convince their clients.
3. Establishing targets for them and also monetary incentives. ,
4. Regularised system for submission of periodical reports of their performance.

The benefits of the above steps will be as follows.

1. Trained personnel will give better performance. They can Improve upon their skills
2. Knowledge of the products of the Insurance company will ensure better satisfaction for the clients.
3. They will compete to give better performance and earn higher incentives.
4. It will help in identifying the areas where workers and agents need specialised training programmes.

Question 2.
What financial and non financial incentives can the company use for employees and agents separately to motivate them. What benefits company will get from them?
Answers:
Incentives for Employees
1. Financial
(a) Productivity linked wage incentive
(b) Bonus
(c) Co-partnership
(d) Employee stock option

2. Non financial
(a) Job – security
(b) Status
(c) Employee empowerment
(d) Employee recognition

Incentives for agent
1. Financial
(a) Commission
(b) Bonus like paid vacation

2. Non-financial Incentive
(a) Cordial relationship
(c) Job enrichment
(d) Recognition programmes like certificate of merit etc.
(e) Company achieves the motivation among the employees and they will contribute more in achieving targets.

Question 3.
How can the company ensure that higher order needs i.e. esteem and self actualisation needs are met?
Answer:
The higher order needs can be satisfied through

1. Career advancement opportunity
2. Assignment of challengingjob
3. Perquisites
4. Participation in management decisions

Question 4.
Identify the qualities of leadership in this line of business that the company manager must possess to motivate employees and agents.
Answer:
The qualities of leadership which the manager of the Insurance company must possess are

1. Intelligence
2. Good communication skills
3. Self confidence, integrity and honesty
4. Being a good listener
5. Pleasing personality

Question 5.
Give a model of formal communication system that the company can follow. Identify the barriers in this model. How can they be removed?
Answer:
The most suitable model for formal communication is given below – Barriers to effective Communication .
1. Barriers due to organisational structure : An organisational structure is complex with numerous levels in between which creates distance between the top management and the workers. With long lines of communication, there is a possibility of message losing its significance.

2. Psychological Barriers: Everyone perceives information in the light of their own experiences, prejudices and thinking.

3. Inability to communicate: The lack of ability to communicate leads to misunderstanding and confusion. Different people assume different meanings for the same words.

4. Status and Position : Sometimes, effective flow of communication is hampered by status and position of the sender and receiver.

Measures to overcome the Barriers :

1. Clarity in the thoughts of the sender is a must for effective communication.
2. The sender should try to make the message meaningful and understandable.
3. Message should be precise and to the point.
4. The sender should always take feedback from the receiver.

Question 6.
How can informal communication help to supplement formal communication model given by you in answer to question?
Answer:
Informal communication takes place outside the official channels of communication. It fills the gaps that might exist in the formal communication. Merits of informal communication are those.

• It helps the members to discuss the matters which cannot be discussed at the official level.
• It is a way of knowing the reactions and opinions of the people about a change.
• It helps in building team spirit,
• The information flows at a faster speed.

2nd PUC Business Studies Directing Additional Questions

2nd PUC Business Studies Directing One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
State any one style of leadership.
Answer:
Autocratic leadership

Question 2.
Write any one quality of as successful leader.
Answer:
Honesty

Question 3.
State any one barrier of communication.
Answer:
Clarity of ideas.

Question 4.
What is directing?
Answer:
Direction is telling people what to do and seeing that they do it to the best of their ability. It includes making assignments, explaining procedures seeing that mistakes are corrected.

Question 5.
State any one feature of directing.
Answer:
Action Oriented.

Question 6.
State any one importance of directing.
Answer:
Coordination.

Question 7.
State any one importance of supervision.
Answer:
Planning & organizing the work.

Question 8.
What is communication.
Answer:
Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more person.

Question 9.
State any one importance of communication.
Answer:
Good Co-ordination or Smooth working.

Question 10.
What is direction?
Answer:
Direction is a continuous process through which managers interact with the employees of the enterprise and provide to necessary instructions, guide them in the process of achieving enterprise’s goal and objectives.

Question 11.
Name any one barriers of communication.
Answer:
Physical Barriers: Distance, Noise, Physical Arrangement.

Question 12.
State any one element of direction.
Answer:
Supervision.

Question 13.
State any one way to overcome the barriers of effective communication.
Answer:
a. Clarity of ideas
b. Ensure proper feedback
c. Be a good listener.

Question 14.
Name any one need of human being stated by Maslow.
Answer:
a. Physiological needs
b. Safety needs
c. Social needs
d. Esteem or ego needs.

Question 15.
Name the theory evolved by Maslow.
Answer:
Maslow’s theory hierarchy of needs.

Question 16.
State the assumption on which Maslow’s theory is based.
Answer:
Need have priority and they are arranged according to hierarchy of importance.

Question 17.
Name the origin of the word motivation.
Answer:
Motivation word derived from Latin word Movere which means to move.

2nd PUC Business Studies Directing Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give the meaning of semantic barriers of communication.
Answer:
Semantic barriers are the use of different & multiple uses of languages, words, figure & symbols create semantic barriers.

Question 2.
Define communication.
Answer:
According to George Terry “Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions by two or more persons”.

Question 3.
Define leadership.
Answer:
According to Louis Allen ”A leader is one who guides and directs other people. A leader gives the efforts of his followers a direction and purpose by influencing their behaviour”.

Question 4.
What is supervision?
Answer:

• Supervision means overseeing the sub-ordinates at work to ensure that the work is being performed as required.
• Supervision refers to the direct and immediate guidance and control of subordinates in perfor-mance of their tasks.

Question 5.
Name any two leadership styles.
Answer:
a. Autocratic Leadership
b. Democratic Leadership
c. Laissez Faire Leadership
d. Bureaucratic Leadership

Question 6.
What is formal communication?
Answer:
Communication which are associated with a formal organization structure and which are to be sent through the formal or officially recognized channels are called formal communications.

Question 7.
Define Direction.
Answer:
According to Koontz and O’Donnell Direction is the inter-personal aspect of managing by which subordinates are led to understand and contribute effectively and efficiently to the attainment of enterprise objectives.

Question 8.
What do you mean by Autocratic leadership?
Answer:
Autocratic leadership is a style of leadership where the leader tends to run the whole show by him. He does not delegate authority and wants his sub-ordinates to work according to his orders. Sub-ordinates cannot give suggestions or ideas.

Question 9.
What do you mean by Democratic leadership?
Answer:
In Democratic leadership the leader asks suggestions and opinions from his sub-ordinates and allows them to participate in decision making and in its implementation.

Question 10.
What do you mean by Laissez-faire leadership?
Answer:
In Laissez-faire leadership the leader is one who leaves his sub-ordinates free to decide things for themselves. All authority or power is given to staff and they determine goals, make decisions and resolve problems on their own.

Question 11.
What do you mean by Bureaucratic leadership?
Answer:
Bureaucratic leadership is a type of leadership where the leader goes “by the book”. Every thing is done in accordance with the procedure or policy and if anything is done which is not covered by the book, the same is referred to the next level above.

2nd PUC Business Studies Directing Four Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain briefly the importance of supervision.
Answer:
Supervision refers to the direct & immediate guidance & control of subordinates in performance of their tasks. Supervision plays an important role as an element of direction.
1. Issue of order & Instructions: A supervisor guides the worker and helps them in clearing their doubts.

2. Planning & organizing the work: It guides the subordinates, lays down targets and determines the procedure for doing the work.

3. Vital link between workers & management: Supervision represents both workers & themanagement. It acts as a link between them. It communicates the policies of the management to workers and also provides the feedback of the workers to the management.

4. Motivating subordinates: It inspires team work & secures maximum cooperation from the workers.

5. Feed back to workers: It compares the actual performance of the worker with the standards and helps in identifying the weaknesses of the workers as a result, workers can improve their performance in future.

Question 2.
Explain the elements of directing
Answer:
a. Delegation: Delegation involves issuing orders or giving instructions by the superiors to the sub-ordinates.

b. Supervision: It is concerned with observing the work of sub-ordinates. It ensures the  work to be performed as per the plans and contributes for achieving organisational objectives.

c. Leadership: Leadership is the process of influencing the sub-ordinates to work willingly and enthusiastically for achieving goals of an organisation.

d. Motivation: Motivation is one more element of direction. It creates in men the desire and sense of belongingness to work for the organisation.

e. Communication: Communication is an internal part of direction. Through communication manager issues guidelines to the sub-ordinates as to what they should do and how they should do it.

f. Co-ordination: Co-ordination helps proper integration of activities of various members involved in achieving organisational goals.

Question 3.
Explain different styles of leadership.
Answer:
a. Autocratic or authoritarian style leader: It is a style of leadership where the leader tends to run the whole show by him. He does not delegate authority and wants his sub-ordinates to work according to his orders. Sub-ordinates cannot give suggestions or ideas.

b. Democratic or participative style leader: In this leader asks suggestions and opinions from his sub-ordinates and allows them to participate in decision making and in its implementation.

c. Laissez-faire or free run style leader: In this leader is one who leaves his sub-ordinates free to decide things for themselves. All authority or power is given to staff and they determine goals, make decisions and resolve problems on their own.

d. Bureaucratic leadership: It is a type of leadership where the leader goes “by the book”. Everything is done in accordance with the procedure or policy and if anything is done which is not covered by the book, the same is referred to the next level above.

Question 4.
Explain the qualities of successful leader
Answer:
a. Honesty: a leader should be honesty and his honesty will make his sub-ordinates follow him.

b. Ability to delegate: a successful leader should have qualities of delegating authority and responsibility to his sub-ordinates. So that they can participate in effective management.

c. Communication: a successful leader should be good at communication only then he can influence, motivate and direct his sub-ordinates.

d. Confidence: he should be self-confident and should be able to create confidence in his sub-ordinates.

e. Willingness to take risk: he should be willing to take calculated risk and should be ready for any unexpected happenings.

f. Positive attitude: a leader should have a positive attitude towards achieving the goals and also instil the same in his sub-ordinates.

g. Creativity: a leader should think beyond the existing possibilities. New ideas many bring best results so he should have creative mind.

h. Emotional stability: leader must be able to control his emotions and sentiments. He should think intellectually and not sentimentally or emotionally.

i. Art of management: a leader should have the art of managing the sub-ordinates.

j. Passion: leader should be passionate about his work and he passes oh this trait to sub-ordinates too.

k. Initiative: leader should lead by initiating the things he should not wait for things to happen.

l. Ability to listen: he should be a good listener. He should not only listen to the direction given by his superiors but also listen to subordinates.

Question 5.
Explain the importance or advantages of good communication
Answer:
a. Effective decision making: Communication plays a vital role in the decision making process. It helps in correct and complete information to reach the top management and to take best decision.

b. Managerial efficiency: Managerial functional like planning, control, co-ordination, motivation cannot be discharge without communication.

c. Co-operation: Co-operation among workers is possible only when there is an exchange of information between individuals and groups and between the management and the employees.

d. Increases productivity: A good system of communication helps the management to achieve maximum productivity with minimum cost, elimination of waste, reduction of cost etc .

e. Smooth working: Communication helps smooth the work in an organization. Smooth functioning depends on proper information supply. Communication is the essence of it.

f. Effective Leadership: There is always a continuous process of communication between leader and the follower. Success of leadership lies in good communication skill.

g. Co-ordination: co-ordination consists of many employees working towards common goals.co-ordination is importance to achieve the common goal by a group . Communication facilitates such co-ordination.

Question 6.
Explain the ways to overcome barriers of communication
Answer:
a. Clarity of ideas: the person sending the communication should be very clear in his mind about what he wants to say. He should know the objective of his message and, therefore, he should arrange his thoughts in a proper order.

b. Communicate according to the need of the receiver: the sender of the communication should prepare the structure of the message not according to his own level or ability’ but he should keep in mind the level, understanding or the environment of the receiver.

c. Be aware of language, tone and content of message: the sender should take care of the fact that the message should be clear and beautiful language. The tone and contents of the message should be clear and understandable.

d. Convey things of help and value to the listener: the subject matter of the message should be helpful to the receiver. The need and interest of the receiver should specially be kept in mind. Communication is more effective in such situation.

e. Ensure proper feedback: after the sending the information feedback is to find out whether the receiver has properly understood the meaning of the information received.

f. Follow up Communication: to make Communication effective the management should regularly try to know the weaknesses of the communication system.

g. Be a good listener: the essence of communication is that both the sender and the receiver should be good listeners both should listen to each other’s point of view with attention, patience and positive attitude.

Question 7.
Explain the barriers to effective communication.
Answer:
Physical barriers: internal structure of organisation and layout of office machines and equipment creates physical barriers in communication.
a. Distance: Communication is found obstructed in long distance. Like communication
b. Noise: Noise is a physical barrier to good communication since it interferes with the message being communicated
c. Physical arrangements: The physical arrangement of organisational sources like men, material and machine obstruct (effects) the Communication process.

Semantic barriers: The use of difficult and multiple uses of languages, words, figures and symbols create semantic barriers.
a. Language: some words have different meaning. As meaning sent by the sender can be quite different from the meaning understood by the receiver. Long sentences create problems in Communication process.
b. Jargons: technical or unfamiliar terms that are drawn from the literature, creates barriers to Communication.

Organisational barriers: these arise from the organisational goals, regulations, structure and culture.
a. Structure complexities: Difficult organisational structure creates barrier for free flow of information.
b. Status differences: Status of individual person in different levels of management has prestige. Hence it acts as barrier to effective Communication.
c. Organisational distance: Distance between sender and receiver also creates barriers to effective Communication.
d. Information overload: Too much information to the subordinates in short period will suffers from overloaded information which creates Barriers to effective Communication.
e. Timing: If the information is not provided in time it creates barriers in Communication.

Psychological barriers: these are barriers to effective communication creates due to lack of interest in people for whom the communication is meant. People do not pay attention to the communication in which they are not interested.
a. Perception: it is the process of accepting and interpreting the information by the receiver. The analysing and think process of individual also effectives Communication.
b. Filtering: Communication sometimes filers the information by the receiver knowingly or unknowingly.
c. Distrust: superiors provide information to the subordinates according to the trust of subordinates they acts.
d. Emotions: Emotions also creates barriers to effective communication like anger, jealousy, hatred etc.

Question 8.
State the any four Features of Motivation.
Answer:
1. Motivation is an internal feeling. The urge, drives, desires, aspirations, striving or needs of human being, which are internal, influence human behaviour.

2. Motivation produces goal directed behaviour.

3. Motivation can be either positive or negative. Positive motivation provides positive rewards like increase in pay, promotion, recognition etc., Negative motivation uses negative means like punishment, stopping increments, threatening etc.

4. Motivation is a complex process as the individuals are heterogeneous in their expectations, perceptions and reactions. Any type of motivation may not have uniform effect on all the members.

Question 9.
State any four Importance of Motivation.
Answer:
1. Motivation helps to change negative or indifferent attitudes of employee to positive attitudes so as to achieve organisational goals.

2. Motivation helps to improve performance levels of employees as well as the organisation. Good motivation in the organisation helps to achieve higher levels of performance as motivated employees contribute their maximum efforts for organisational goals.

3. Motivation helps to reduce employee turnover and thereby saves the cost of new recruitment and training.

4. Motivation helps to reduce absenteeism in the organisation.

5. Motivation helps managers to introduce changes smoothly without much resistance from people.

Question 10.
State the features of leadership
Answer:

1. Leadership indicates ability of an individual to influence others.
2. Leadership tries to bring change in the behaviour of others.
3. Leadership indicates interpersonal relations between leaders and followers.
4. Leadership is exercised to achieve common goals of the organisation.
5. Leadership is a continuous process.

Question 11.
Explain the Elements of Communication Process.
Answer:

1. Sender: Sender means person who conveys his thoughts or ideas to the receiver. The sender represents source of communication.
2. Message: It is the content of ideas, feelings, suggestions, order etc., intended to be communicated.
3. Encoding: It is the process of converting the message into communication symbols such as words, pictures, gestures etc.,
4. Media: It is the path through which encoded message is transmitted to receiver. The channel may be in written form, face to face, phone call, internet etc.,
5. Decoding: It is the process of converting encoded symbols of the sender.
6. Receiver: The person who receives communication of the sender.
7. Feedback: It includes all those actions of receiver indicating that he has received and understood message of sender.
8. Noise: Noise means some obstruction or hindrance to communication. This hindrance may be caused to sender, message or receiver.

Question 12.
Explain the importance of directing
Answer:
Importance of directing are:
Action Oriented: This involves delegation of authority & assigning of responsibility.
1. Integration of efforts: Employees at various levels by proper delegation of authority & responsibility which intern help in achieving organizational objectives.

2. Efficient use of resources: Directing involves bringing in proper methods of doing work. It helps in the efficient use of resources of the organization.

3. Essential element: Directing is essential for effective supervision, motivation, leadership & communication.

4. Efficiency: Proper Direction will help the employees to achieve their best as it provides clarity of work. It ensures efficiency.

5. Flexibility: Directing helps to bring flexibility in the organization. It helps the subordinates to accept the challenges which the management intends to bring in future.

6. Clarity: Directing gives clarity in authority & responsibility. This helps to bring discipline among the employees.

7. Discipline: It helps to maintain in discipline which results in smooth functioning of the work.

8. Co Coordination: It coordinates different activities of the management.

9. Creation of leaders: Good direction creates good leaders.

Question 13.
What are semantic barriers of communication?
Answer:
While communicating a message, misrepresentation of communication causes misunderstanding on account of use of wrong words, lack of vocabulary skills, faulty translations and different interpretations which is known as semantic barriers.
Mention the causes for semantic barriers.

• Badly expressed message
• Symbols with different meanings
• Faulty translations
• Unclarified assumptions
• Technical jargon
• Body language and gesture decoding Question

2nd PUC Business Studies Directing Eight Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the importance of direction as a function of management?
Answer:
Importance of Directing are:

• Action Oriented: This involves delegation of authority & assigning of responsibility.
• Integration of efforts: Employees at various levels by proper delegation of authority & responsibility which intern help in achieving organizational objectives.
• Efficient use of resources: Directing involves bringing in proper methods of doing work. It helps in the efficient use of resources of the organization.
• Essential element: Directing is essential for effective supervision, motivation, leadership & communication.
• Efficiency: Proper Direction will help the employees to achieve their best as it provides clarity of work. It ensures efficiency.
• Flexibility: Directing helps to bring flexibility in the organization. It helps the subordinates to accept the challenges which the management intends to bring in future.
• Clarity: Directing gives clarity in authority & responsibility. This helps to bring discipline among the employees.
• Discipline: It helps to maintain in discipline which results in smooth functioning of the work.
• Co Coordination: It coordinates different activities of the management.
• Creation of leaders: Good direction creates good leaders.

Question 2.
Explain how supervision plays an important role as an element of direction?
Answer:
Supervision refers to the direct & immediate guidance & control of subordinates in performance . of their tasks. Supervision plays an important role as an element of direction.

• Issue of order & Instructions: A supervisor guides the worker and helps them in clearing their doubts.
• Planning & organizing the work: It guides the subordinates, lays down targets and determines the procedure for doing the work.
• Vital link between workers & management: Supervision represents both workers & the management. It acts as a link between them. It communicates the policies of the management to workers and also provides the feedback of the workers to the management.
• Motivating subordinates: It inspires team work & secures maximum cooperation from the workers.
• Feed back to workers: It compares the actual performance of the worker with the standards and helps in identifying the weaknesses of the workers as a result, workers can improve their performance in future.
• Proper assignment of work: Supervision helps in identifying the capabilities of workers . and assigns the work accordingly.
• Maintain discipline: Supervision is directly responsible for enforcing the rules and regulation of the organization & to maintain disciple in the organization.

You can Download Chapter 8 Agriculture Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Geography Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Question Bank Chapter 8 Agriculture

2nd PUC Geography Agriculture One Mark Questions with Answers

Question 1.
What is Agriculture?
Answer:
Agriculture is an the art of tilling the land to raise the crops for the benefit of food for the man and fooder for the animals.

Question 2.
What is Subsistence Farming?
Answer:
The production of crops for the purpose of Domestic consumption and not for commercial use is called “Subsistence Farming”.

Question 3.
What is Migratory Farming?
Answer:
It is practised by tribals under this system former clear patches of forest to grow the crops later people migrate to another parts of forest for their activities like cultivation of crops, hunting fishing etc.

Question 4.
Which crops are suitable for dry firming.
Answer:
Jowar, bajra, ragi, oil seeds are the important dry farming crops.

Question 5.
What is Green Revolution?
Answer:
Increase in Food production through the introduction of high yield crop varieties and application of modem agricultural techniques is called Green Revolution.

Question 6.
What is “Tissue Culture”?
Answer:
The growing of a cell or tissue or an organ in an artifical aseptic and nutritive medium is called “Tissue culture”.

Question 7.
Define Organic Farming?
Answer:
Organic Farming is the form of agriculture that uses green manure, compost and biological pest control by eliminating the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides etc.

Question 8.
Which states is the largest producer of vegetables?
Answer:
The West Bengal ranks first with about 15% of the country’s production.

Question 9.
Which is the King of spices?
Answer:
“Black Pepper” is the King of spices.

Question 10.
What do you mean by “Catch crops”?
Answer:
In areas supported by the Irrigation vegetables can grow 3 to 4 crops in a year. This source of income is called “Catch crops”.

Question 11.
Which state is popular for the production of Bastmati Rice in India?
Answer:
Punjab state is popular for the production of Basumati Rice.

Question 12.
What do you mean by Food crops?
Answer:
The crops which are grown to provide one of the basic essential like food for the people are known as “Food crops”.

Question 13.
Define Plantation crops?
Answer:
The crops which are grown on plantations covering large estates are known as Plantation crops.

Question 14.
What is Ratooning system?
Answer:
It is one of popular method of sugarcane cultivation. In which growing of second crop from the roots of the first crop can be called as Ratooning system.

Question 15.
Mention two important beverage crops of India?
Answer:
Tea and Coffee are important Beverage crops of India.

Question 16.
What is humid farming?
Answer:
Cultivation of crops, where the areas receiving sufficient rainfall without the help of irrigation is known as Wet farming or Humid farming.

Question 17.
Who is the father of ‘Green revolution’?
Answer:
‘Norman Ernest Borlaug’.

Question 18.
Who is the father of Green revolution in India. When was it introduced.
Answer:
‘Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan’ is the father of Green revolution was introduced in 1960’s.

Question 19.
Expand IADP?
Answer:
‘Intensive Agricultural Development Programme’.

Question 20.
Which is the first state to introduce policy on Organic farming and When.
Answer:
Karnataka, On March 24th, 2004.

Question 21.
What is ‘In Vitro’?
Answer:
‘In Vitro’ literally means ‘In Glass’ taking place in a test tube.

Question 22.
Name the fruit of India which is the largest Producer and Exporter in the world.
Answer:
‘Mango’.

Question 23.
Which is the 0ueen of fragrance spices.
Answer:
Cardamom.

Question 24.
Which state is the largest producer of flowers in India.
Answer:
‘Andhra Pradesh’.

Question 25.
Which is called as the King of flowers.
Answer:
‘Jasmine’.

Question 26.
What is the Scientific name of rice?
Answer:
‘Oryza Sativa’.

Question 27.
Which state is the largest producer of rice in India.
Answer:
‘West Bengal, It contributes 14.24% under total production of rice in India.

Question 28.
Which state is known as the Rice Bowl of India.
Answer:
Andhra Pradesh.

Question 29.
What is the Scientific name of wheat.
Answer:
Triticum

Question 30.
Which state is the largest producer of wheat in India.
Answer:
‘Uttar Pradesh’ It share is 32.25%.

Question 31.
What is the Scientific name of Sugarcane.
Answer:
‘Saccharam Officinarum’.

Question 32.
What is the Botanical name of cotton.
Answer:
‘Gossypium’.

Question 33.
Which is called Queen of Beverages.
Answer:
‘Tea’.

Question 34.
What is the Botanical name of Tea?
Answer:
‘Camellia thea’.

Question 35.
Who introduced coffee in India and when.
Answer:
Amuslim Fakir, ‘Babadudan Sahib’ in 17^th Century.

2nd PUC Geography Agriculture Two Marks Questions with Answers

Question 1.
Mention the different names of Migration farming in India?
Answer:
(a) Jhumming in Assam
(b) Koman in Odisha
(c) Ponam in Kerala
(d) Podu in Andhra Pradesh.

Question 2.
What is Mixed Farming? When it has been introduced in India?
Answer:
Raising of food as well as commercial crops and keeping of lives stock is called “Mixed farming”. It has been introduced in 1951.

Question 3.
What are Aus, Aman and Boro?
Answer:

• Aus : Rice is sown in May-June and harvested in September-October. ,
• Aman : Rice is sown in June-July and harvested in November-December.
• Boro : Rice is sown in November to December and harvested in March-April.

Question 4.
Explain the Lowland Rice?
Answer:
Growing of rice in the lowlands or marshy areas by transplanting and use of irrigation particularly densely populated lowlands.

Question 5.
Why wheat is Grown as Rabi crop?
Answer:

• Wheat is basically temperate crop.
• It requires moderate temperature and rainfall that is about 10°C during vegetative period and 15°C at the time of ripening therefore it is grown as rabi crop.

Question 6.
Name the varieties of wheat in India?
Answer:
The varieties of wheat in India are

• Bread wheat
• Macaroni wheat
• Emmer w’heat
• Indian dwarf wheat.

Question 7.
What are the uses of sugarcane?
Answer:

• Sugarcane is the main source of Sugar, Gur and Khandsari.
• It provides raw materials for manufacturing Alcohal.

Question 8.
Black Soil is quiet suitable for cotton cultivation, why?
Answer:

• It keeps the Moisture for the long time.
• This soil is capable of retaining moisture to the crops. Therefore it is quiet suitable for cotton cultivation.

Question 9.
Why tea is considered a labour Intensive crop?
Answer:
It requires abundant, cheap and skilled labour for Pruning, Plucking, Processing and Packing purpose. Therefore it is called labour intensive crop.

Question 10.
Explain the Coffee Robusta?
Answer:

• It is the poor in Quality and but high yield variety. .
• It can resists the pest and diseases. About 68.9% of Indian coffee robusta in 2010-11.

Question 11.
Distinguish between Dry farming and Irrigation farming.
Answer:

• Dry farming : Growing of crops in areas which receive scanty rainfall (i.e less than 50cms) for ex: Jowar, bjara, ragi, oil seeds etc.
• Irrigation farming : Cultivation of crops with the help of irrigation is called ‘Irrigation farming’. ‘ .

Question 12.
Write the four important merits of Green revolution.
Answer:

• Increase in Agricultural production and yield per hectare.
• Better land use by employing two or three crop pattern.
• Reduction of imports of food grains.
• Improves country’s Economic status.

Question 13.
Mention any four advantages of plant tissue culture in India.
Answer:

• Freedom from pests and pathogens.
• Rapid Multiplication – Means thousands of plants can be produced with in year starting from a single plant.
• Economy of space and resources and
• Easy transport due to minioturization.

Question 14.
Name the important spices in India.
Answer:
Black Pepper, chillies, ginger, turmeric, garlic & cardamon etc.

Question 15.
Name the methods of rice cultivation in India.
Answer:

• Broadcasting method
• Drilling method
• Transplanting method.

Question 16.
Write any four geographical conditions required for the cultivation of sugarcane.
Answer:

• It required high, temperature & humid climate with average temperature of 27°C to 28°C.
• It requires average rainfall of 100 to 150 cm.
• The alluvial and loamy soil which contain salt and lime is most suitable.
• Cheap means of transport to carry sugarcane to the factory.

Question 17.
What are the uses of Cotton.
Answer:

• It provides raw material for cotton textlile industry.
• It is used for making of carpets, curtains, ropes and stuffing purposes.
• Seeds are used for Edible oil & Vanaspati.
• Cotton cakes used as a fodder for the animals.

Question 18.
Name the Varieties of tea in India.
Answer:

• Bohea or Chinese Variety : It grows at an elevation of more than 1500 meters.
• Assamica : It can be grown at higher elevation about 2400 meters.

2nd PUC Geography Chapter 8 Agriculture Five Marks Questions with Answers

Question 1.
What is intensive farming? Explain its main characteristics.
Answer:

• The land holdings are usually small in a thickly populated area, farming is very intensive
  and produced more is known as “Intensive farming”.
• It is a labour and capital Intensive farming.
• Large amount of labour and capital is used on small land holding to get maximum production of crops.
• The available small piece of land is used for cultivation with irrigation facilities through out the year.
• In this system, farmers try to raise two or more crops, with careful tilling of the soil.
• Intensive agriculture is characterized by high yields per unit area and farmers try to get
  the maximum production from small land holdings.
• It is common in the fertile and irrigated parts of the country.
• In this type, agricultural operations are carried on by manual labour and animals.
• Rice is the main crop of Intensive farming.

Question 2.
Explain the chief advantage of Plant tissue culture.
Ans:
The chief advantages of plant tissue culture are as follows:

• Rapid multiplication, means thousands of plants can be produced within a year starting
  from a single explant.
• Freedom from pests and pathogens. It refers to the production of disease free plants & production of disease & pest-resistant plants.
• Economy of space & resources, that thousands of plants can be raised in a few square meters of laboratory space.
• Round the year multiplication as per demand.
• Easy transport due to miniaturization.
• Selective multiplication of desired plants.

Question 3.
Write a note on demerits of Green Revolution.
Answer:
The Demerits of Green Revolution are as follows:

• Degradation of land due to use of heavy chemical fertilizers.
• Weeds have increased, due to more crop rotation pattern.
• Loss of bio-diversity, due to heavy use of pesticides, insecticides and chemical fertilizers.
• Adding chemicals in ground water, will affects our health.
• Excess use of fertilizers has made the soil infertile and may affect human’s health.
• Regional disparities. It means Green Revolution has had an impact on some states. But other states are hardly touched. So far Green Revolution has affected only 40% of the cultivate land in India.

Question 4.
What is Horticulture? Explain its development in India.
Answer:
The word ‘Horticulture’ is the compound word of two Latin words ‘Hortus’ means garden . and ‘Colere’ means cultivate. The art of systematic growing of fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices,plantation crops, medicinal & aromatic plants in small plots is called ‘Horticulture’. Even till today, the income from the horticultural crops has been more profitable than the incomes from the agricultural crops. Therefore, in recent years, special emphasis is given for growing horticultural crops in India.

Development in India:

• In India geographical as well as socio-economic factors are ideal for the development of horticulture. It has good potential for growing a wide variety of horticultural crops.
• The government of India identified horticultural crops as a means of diversification for making agriculture more profitable.
• There has been an improvement in the adoption of technology for increase in the production of horticultural crops. India is second largest producer of fruits & vegetables in the world next to china.
• India produced 257.3 million tonnes of horticulture products from 23.2 million hectares.

Question 5.
Give an account on floriculture in India.
Answer:

• Cultivation of different types of flowers for commercial purpose is known as ‘Floriculture’.
• Floriculture has blossomed into a profitable business only in recent years.
• India’s agro climatic conditions are very suitable for the cultivation of high quality flowers.
• Floriculture has plays a significant role in India for following reasons :
  • It has a capacity to elevate income of the farmers.
  • It engages even the women in this farming and eradicates unemployement to rural people.
  • It supports to the export of the country.
• Considering the potentiality of this sector produces an income & employment opportunities, floriculture has been taken up by the Government of India.
• India has been known for growing traditional flowers such as Jasmine, Mari gold, Chrysanthemum, Tuberose,. Crossandra & Aster. Commercial cultivation of tut flowers like roses, orchids, gladious, carnation, gerbera, lilum & anthyrium has become popular in recent years.
• In India the state of Andhra Pradesh has the maximum area under floriculture & followed by TamilNadu, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana & West Bengal.

Question 6.
Give an account of the production & distribution of rice in India.
Answer:
Rice Cultivation is widely distributed in India. Its cultivation is concentrated in River valleys, deltas, flood plains, low lying coastal areas of North-Eastern & Southern India etc are important rice growing areas.

1. West Bengal : West Bengal is the largest producer of rice in India.

• About three fourth of the Total state’s cropped area is under the rice cultivation.
• Rice is growing in three seasons. They are called in different names.
  • (i) Aus
  • (ii) Aman and
  • (iii) Boro, Medinipur, Bardhaman 24 parganas, Bankura & Cochbehar are important rice producing districts in the state West Bengal producer 14.2% under total production of Rice in India.

2. Uttar Pradesh : This is second largest producer of rice in India.

• The rice cultivated area is concentrated in Gorakhpur, Basti, Varanasi, Allahabad, Shaharanpur, Azamgarh & Shajahanpur etc are important districts & major rice growing areas.
• Uttar Pradesh produces 13.44% of Rice under total production of Rice in India.

3. Andhra Pradesh : It is the third largest producer of rice in India.

• The delta of Godavari-Krishna & coastal plains are suitable for rice cultivation in the state.
• It contributes 12.3 5 % of Rice under total production of rice in India.

4. Punjab : Punjab is the fourth largest producer of rice in India.

• Amritsar, Patiala, Ropar, Firozepur districts are the major produces of rice in Punjab. Its share 10.11% under total production of Rice in India.

5. Bihar : Bihar is fifth leading producer of rice in India.

• Gaya, Rohtas, Bhajpur, Darbhanga, Champaran, Purenea, Bhagalpur & Patna districts.
  It produces 6.90% under total output of rice in India.

6. TamilNadu: It is the sixth largest producer of rice in India.

• Tirunelveli, Tiruchirapalli, Salem, Madhurai, Coimbatore.
• Its production is 6.61 % under total production of total Rice in India.

7. Chattisgarh : It is the important producer of rice in country.

• Bastar, Bilaspur, Duig, Saiguja, Raipur, Raigarh& Janjgir are the main rice producing districts;
• Its production is 5.78% under total production of Rice in India.

8. Karnataka : Karnataka has rapid progress in rice cultivation during last few years. The important rice producing districts are Raichur, Davangere, Mysore, Bellary, Shimoga, Mandhya & Koppal.

• Its production is 3.87% under total production of Rice.
• Production of rice : India is the second largest producer of rice in the world next to the China. It produceses 104.3 million tonnes of rice during 2011-12, it accounts for 22% of the worlds production. Now India is self sufficient in rice production.

Question 7.
Explain the conditions required for the growth of Wheat & Methods used for wheai cultivation in India.
Answer:
Conditions required for the growth :

• Wheat is basically temperate crop. It is one of rabi crops of India.
• It requires moderate temperature & rainfall. It requires temperature of 10°C during vegetative period & 15°C at the time of ripening.
• Wheat requires annual rainfall of about 50 to 75 cm. In areas of less than 50 cm annual rainfall, irrigation is necessary for its successful cultivation.
• Wheat can grow in a variety of soils. It is also grown in-alluvial soil.
• Light drizzles & cloudiness at the time of ripening help to the better yield.
• Frost at flowing time & hail storm at the time of ripening is harmful to the crop. Methods used for the wheat cultivation :

There are 3 methods used for wheat cultivation in India they are

1. Broad casting method : Scattering of seeds in the prepared hand is called broad casting method.
2. Drilling method : Dropping of seeds into the soil is called drilling method.
3. Dibbling method : Sowing of seeds by hand in ploughed furrows is known as dibbling method.

Question 8.
Give an account of the Distribution & Production of sugarcane in India.
Answer:
Distribution of sugarcane in India : The distribution of sugarcane cultivation in India is uneven. Sugarcane is grown in almost in all the stats of the country. But it is mainly concentrated in Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, TamilNadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Bihar, Haryana & Uttaranchal.

1. Uttar Pradesh : Uttar Pradesh occupies first place both in terms of production & area under sugarcane in the country.

• The largest concentration is upper Ganga-Yamuna doab & Rohilkhand areas which together produce about 70% of the sugarcane produced in the state.
• Its share is about 36.02% under total production.

2. Maharashtra : Maharashtra is in second place both in area & production of sugarcane in the country.

• The production of sugarcane comes from Kolhapur, Pune, Ahmednagar, Nasik.
• Its share is about 22.89% under total production.

3. TamilNadu : TamilNadu is the third largest producer of sugarcane in India.

• It has highest yield per hectare in India.
• Arcot, Periyar, Salem, Tiruchirapalli & Coimbatore are thâ important sugarcanc growing districts.
• Its share is about 10.98% under total production.

4. Karnataka: Karnataka is fourth largest sugarcane producing state in India.

• Most of the Sugarcanc is grown with the help of irrigation.
• Belgaum, Mysore, Mandhva, Bijapur, Shimoga & Chitradurga are the important sugarcane producing districts.
• Its share is about 10.85% under total production.

5. Andhra Pradesh : Andhra Pradesh is in fifth place of sugarcane production in India.

• West & East Godavari, Vishakapatnam & Nellore are the important sugarcane producing districts.
• Its share is about 4.68% of total production.

6. Others : Gujarat, Bihar, Haryana etc Production:

• India is second largest produces of Sugarcane next to Brazil. –
• The total cultivated area under sugarcane was reported as 5.09 million hectares in 2011-12.
• Theproductionis357.67milliontonnesin2011-12.

Question 9.
What are the geographical conditions necessary for the cultivation of Cotton? Explain the varieties of cotton.
Answer:
Conditions for Cultivation of cotton:

• Cotton is a tropical & Sub-tropical crop. It requires high temperature. At the time of growing it requires 2l°C to 24°C temperature.
• It requires moderate rainfall of 50 cm to 100 cm. However it can cultivate in areas of lesser rainfall with the help of irrigation.
• Deep black soil is well suitable to cotton crop. This soil is commonly known as Black cotton soil. This is capable of retaining moisture.
• Cotton requires the use of Manures & fertilizers crop rotation helps to maintain fertility of the soil & improve the yield.
• Cotton cultivation requires large amount of cheap labours for planting, thinning, seeding, picking of cotton.
• Frosting, Moist weather & heavy rainfall are harmful to the crop.
• Cotton plant is susecptible to disease & pests. Scj’it requires the use of insecticides & pesticides.

The Sunny weather is necessary at the time of harvesting the cotton.
Varieties of Cotton:-

(i) Long Staple Cotton :

• It is the. best variety .
• It has over 3.8 cm in length.
• Because of its length of fibre, fine & shining it is used for making fine & superfine quality of cloth.
• It is largely grown in Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, TamilNadu & MadhyaPradesh etc.

(ii) Medium Staple Cotton :

• The length of cotton fibre is between 2.5 cm to 3.8 cm is known as medium staple cotton.
• It is used for making Medium cloth.
• This is grown in Rajasthan, Punjab, TamilNadu, MadhyaPradesh, UttarPradesh, Karnataka etc. .

(iii) Short Staple Cotton :

• This is inferior variety with fiber length less than 2.5 cm.
• It is used for making inferior quality of cloth, stuffing purpose, blending with synthetic, fibre etc.
• This type of cotton production is reduced in India.
• Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh & Rajasthan etc are growing this type of cotton.

Question 10.
Explain the condition for growth & give reasons for the concentration of coffee cultivation in South India.
Answer:
Conditions for Growth:

• Coffee is a tropical crop. So, it requires hot & humid climate.
• It requires high temperature ranging from 15°C to 30°C.
• Rainfall varying from 150 to 200 cms is necessary & it should be well distributed throughtout the year.
• Coffee plants require deep fertile soil, humus & nitrogenous contained soils are suitable, so cleared up forest land is most suitable for coffee cultivation.
• Coffee plants require shade, because sunrays & strong winds are harmful to coffee plants.
• Hill slopes are suitable for cultivation of coffee plants to avoid stagnant of water.
• Dry weather is necessary’ at the time of ripening of harries.
• Use of manures and fertilizers are required for coffee cultivation.
• Use of pesticides and insecticides are very essential, because coffee plant is susceptible to pests & diseases.
• It requires abundant supply of cheap & skilled labour for various operations.

Reasons for the concentration of coffee in South India :
The Coffee plant was first introduced in lndia by a muslim Fakir, Bababudan Sahib who brought some seeds from Mecca during 17th Century and planted the seedlings in Chandragiri Hills now. It is called Bababudan Hills in Chikmangalur district of Karnataka. Then it was spread to the neighbouring districts of TamilNadu, Kerala & other parts of the country.

Question 11.
Explain the need of Agriculture in India.
Answer:
Agriculture is the most important Primary activity and the oldest occupation of human beings in India.

• Main source of livelihood : About 70% of the people directly and indirectly depend on agriculture for their Livelihood.
• Food supply : Agriculture provides food grains, fruits, vegetables, spices etc to the people and fodder for the animals.
• Provides employment facilities : Agriculture is largest sector providing highest employment.
• Source of National income : It contributes to the national income .of the country.
• Source of raw materials for Agro-based-industries ex:
  Raw cotton, sugar cane and Jute.
• Source of large amount of revenue to the government.
• Support to tertiary sector like transport, communication, banking, insurance etc.
• Help to internal trade like Agricultural products are transported from the area of surplus production to the area scarcity.
• Support to export, many agricutlural products produced in the country are exported i.e. tea, coffee, Jute, Tobacco etc.
• Political & Social situation in the country is determined by the agricultural production

Question 12.
Explain the important stratergies to achieve Green revolution in India.
Answer:
The important stratergies are as noted below:

• High yielding varieties : Which results of short maturing period, double cropping, short stems, resistance to wind damage etc.
• Use of Irrigation : An assured and regular supply of water to crops not only adds to production but also assures stability in production.
• Use of chemical fertilizers : The HYV seeds need a heavy dose of fertilizers along with irrigation to give high yield.
• Use of Insecticides & Pesticides : In order to meet the loss of 10% crop. It requires use of proper doses of insecticides, pesticides & weedicides.
• Role of Public institutions : The national seeds corporations have to setup to promote services to the farmers.
• Guaranteed Minimum Prices : Support Price Policy for food grains was adopted in 1964 all over the country.
• Facilities of agricultural credit: Now Co-operatives, Commercial banks, and regional rural banks extend loans to the farmers on easy terms.
• Rural electrification : It is very essential in modem agricultural system to lift water by tubewell, sprinkler, irrigation etc.
• Rural roads and Marketing : These are very important to connect the villages to the neighbouring markets and urban centres.
• Soil testing : Its main purpose is to know what type of fertilizers and seeds will be more fruitful in different regions .
• Multiple cropping programme : It aims at maximizing production per unit of land and per unit of time by taking two or three crops in a year.
• Farm of Mechanization : It saves on human labour & Quickens farm operations, there by adding to efficiency & productivity.
• Agricultural Universities : Engaged in agricultural research and pass on this information to the farmers.

Question 13.
Explain the Production and Distribution of tea in India.
Answer:
Distribution of Tea in India :
The tea is concentrated largely in Northern part of India. It is mainly grown in Assam.

• Assam : It is the Largest producer of tea in India. Its contribution 53.06% under total output of the country. It stands first in tea area and production of the country. The main tea producing districts are Lakhimpur, Sibsagar, Darrang, Golapar etc.
• West Bengal : It ranks second both interms of area and production. Its share is about 24.57% under the total output. Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri and Coach Bihar are the three important tea producing districts.
• Tamilnadu: It ranks third place of tea production in India. Tamilnadu has the highest yield per hectare in India i.e. 25 quintals. It produces 14.88% under the total production. The Nilgiri and Annamalai hills are the important producers.
• Kerala : It is the fourth largest producer of tea in India and second largest producer in South India. Its share is 5.66% under total output of India. The Kottayam, Kollam, Thiruvanthapuram etc are the leading producer.
• Karnataka : It is also produceses tea in India it share is only 0.46% under the total output. Hassan & Chamrajnagar are important tea producing districts.
• Others : Uttarkhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jarkhand, Manipur, Sikkim etc.

Production and trade of Tea in India :

• India is the second largest producer consumer and exporter of tea in the world.
• It accounts for about 28% of the world production and 15% of the world trade.
• Tea area increased from 3.0 lakh hectares into 5.8 lakh hectares, from 1960-61 to 2011-12.
• Tea production is also increased from 3 lakh tonnes to 10.95 lakh tonnes from 1960-61 to 2011 – 2012

You can Download Chapter 6 Staffing Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Business Studies Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Business Studies Question Bank Chapter 6 Staffing

2nd PUC Business Studies Staffing Text Book Exercises

2nd PUC Business Studies Staffing Short Answer Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Briefly enumerate the important sources of recruitment.
Answer:
The various sources of recruitment are classified into two broad categories:

Internal sources:

• Promotions: It implies upgrading of an employee to a higher position carrying higher status, higher responsibility and higher salary. It is a vertical movement of an employee within the organization.
• Transfers: It means lateral movement of employee in the same grade, from one job to another, without any change in his status, responsibility and’salary.

Question 2.
What is meant by recruitment? How is it different from selection?
Answer:
Recruitment refers to the process of finding possible candidates for a job. It can be defined as the process of motivating and encouraging people to come and apply for a job in an organisation. Selection is the process of identifying and choosing the best person out of a number of prospective candidates for a job.

If recruitment is positive, selection is negative. Recruitment helps in creating a pool of prospective workforce whereas selection helps in finding the best out of them.

Question 3.
Define training. How is it different from education?
Answer:
Training is the systematic development of knowledge, skills and attitudes required by an individual to perform adequately a given task or job.

Question 4.
Distinguish between training and development.
Answer:
Difference between training and development

Question 5.
Why arc internal sources of recruitment considered to be more economical?
Answer:
Filling of jobs internally is cheaper as compared to getting candidates from external sources because only transfer or promotion has to be done. It does not involve the long process of staffing or selection which increases the cost in the form of more time, money and efforts in recruiting.

Question 6.
What is the importance of staffing function in today’s environment?
Answer:
Staffing is considered to be a key function because it deals with human resource, which is regarded as one of the most valuable resource of any organisation. Once an organisation could place the right man at the right Job, it is easy to plan, organise, coordinate, direct and control the human activities to get the desired results.

It helps in discovering and obtaining competent personnel, ensures the continuous survival and growth, helps to ensure optimum utilisation of resources and improves Job satisfaction as well.

2nd PUC Business Studies Staffing Long Answer Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Define the staffing process and the various steps involved in it.
Answer:
Staffing process of the management is concerned with acquiring, developing, employing, remuneration and retaining people or we can say it is the timely fulfilment of the manpower requirements within an organisation.
The following steps are involved in the staffing process
1. Estimating the Manpower requirements : The first step in the staffing process is determining the present manpower inventory and assessing the present and future manpower requirements of the organisation keeping in mind the production schedule, demand etc.

2. Recruitment: Recruitment may be defined as the process of searching for prospective employees and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organisation. For this various sources can be used like transfer, promotion, advertising, job consultants etc

3. Selection: Selection of the prospective is the process of choosing from among the pool job candidates developed at the stage of recruitment. It Involves a host of tests and interviews

4. Placement and Orientation: Orientation is introducing the selected employee to other employees and familiarising them with the rules and policies of the organisation. They are taken around the work place and given the charge of the job for which they have been selected. Placement refers to the employee occupying the position or post for which they have been selected.5.

5. Training and Development: All organisations have either in-house training centres or have forged alliances with training and educational institutes to ensure continued learning of their staff. By offering the opportunities for career advancement to their members, organisations are not only able to attract but also retain their talented staff.

6. Performance Appraisal: After the employees have undergone a period of training and they have been on the job for some time, there is a need to evaluate their performance. The employee is expected to know what the standards are and the superior is to provide the employee feedback on his/her performance. The performance appraisal process therefore, will include defining the job. appraising performance and providing feedback.

7. Promotion and Career Planning: It is very important for all organisations to address career related issues and promotional avenues for their employees. They must provide opportunities to every one to show their potential and in return promotions can be provided.

8. Compensation: All organisations need to establish wage and salary plans for their employees. There are various ways to prepare different pay plans depending on the worth of the job. Compensation therefore, refers to all forms of pay or rewards going to employees.

Question 2.
Explain the procedure for selection of employees.
Answer:
Selection is the process of differentiating between applicants in order to identify and select the best and eliminating the rest. The follow ing steps are followed in selection process:

• Preliminary Screening: After receiving the application from candidates , the same must be examined and decided to be considered and followed up. Screening includes checking the contents of the applications and to prepare a list of eligible candidates who are to be evaluated further.
• Selection Tests: After screening the applications, eligible candidates are asked to appear for selection tests. These tests are made to measure the skill and abilities of the candidates in the terms of the requirement of the job. The following tests are conducted:

(a) Intelligence tests: These tests are used to judge, the mental capacity of the applicant.These tests evaluate the ability of an individual to understand instructions and make decisions.

(b) Trade or proficiency tests: Trade tests are designed to measure the skills already acquired by the individuals. They measure the level of knowledge and proficiency in the area of profession or technical training.

(c) Personality tests: These tests probe for the overall qualities of a person as a whole. They provide clues to a person’s emotional reactions, maturity level etc.

(d) Interest tests: It identifies the areas in which a candidate has special concern, fascination, involvement etc. These test suggest the nature of job liked by a candidate which may bring him job satisfaction.

• Interview: It s considered as a method of personal appraisal , through face to face conversation and observation. Some of the methods are:

(a) Direct Interview: Under this method, direct questions are asked to the applicant, to identify his skills, character, area of interest, attitudes etc.

(b) Indirect interview: Under this method, the applicant is asked to express his opinion on any topic he likes and the interviewer listens to the views of the applicant without any intervention. This helps o assess the personality of the applicant.

(c) Patterned or structural interview: In this type of interview, the interviewer is looking for information in a particular area of interest in the organization. A number of standard questions are framed which focuses on experience, skills and personality which is to be answered by the applicant.

(d) Stress Interview: In this interview, the interviewer will intentionally try to upset the applicant, to see his reactions under pressure. This type of interview is common in high stress jobs.

(e) Board or Panel interview: In this interview a group of persons called Board or Panel asks the applicant, questions in different subjects. Immediately after the interview, they meet and discuss and evaluate the performance of the applicant on the basis of answers given by him.

• Reference and Background checks: The information is to be obtained and verified from the heads of educational institutions where the candidates have studied or from the persons names are given by the candidates as reference or from their previous employers.
• Selection Decision: After a candidate has cleared all the hurdles in the selection procedure the employer may take a decision of selection after consulting the concerned manager who is responsible for the performance of the new employee.
• Medical Examination: Candidates finally selected for the job are asked to undergo medical examination to see whether they are physically fit for the job.
• Job Offer: Candidates finally selected are offered to join the organization for which a formal appointment order is issued by the organisation which contains the nature of the job, pay scale and other terms and conditions.
• Contract of Employment: If the selected candidate decides to join the organization, he has to report to the concerned authority and formally join the organization by giving his consent in writing.

Question 3.
What are the advantages of training to the individual and to the organisation?
Answer:
Training helps both the organisation and the individual.
Benefits to the Organisation

• Training is a systematic learning which reduces the wastage of efforts and money.
• Enhances employee productivity
• Training helps a manager to handle an emergency situation.
• Training motivates workers and thus reduces absenteeism.
• Helps in adjusting to the changing environment (technological).

Benefits to the Employee

• Better career opportunities due to improved skills and knowledge.
• Earnings can be increased due to improved performance.
• Trained workers can handle machines more efficiently.
• Employees always remain motivated and satisfied.

Question 4.
The staffing function is performed by every manager and not necessarily by a separate department. Explain.
Answer:
Staffing is a function which all managers need to perform. It is the responsibility of all managers to directly deal with and select people to work for the organisation. When the manager performs the staffing function his role is slightly limited. In small organisations, managers may perform all duties related to employees salaries, welfare and working conditions but as organisations grow and number of persons employed increases, a separate department called the Human Resource Department is formed which has specialists in managing people.

2nd PUC Business Studies Staffing Application Type

Question 1.
The workers of a factory are unable to work on new machines and always demand for help of supervisor. The supervisor is overburdened with their frequent calls. Suggest the remedy.
Answer:
Since the workers of a factory are unable to work on new machines, training should be imparted in this case as it is the process of learning new skills and application of knowledge. Whenever the new machines are installed in business, it is the duty of management to provide training in order to achieve the desired goal.

As per the case it is mentioned that supervisors are overburdened with the calls for help. Supervisor have other duties also and if he is involved in imparting training, then his work suffers. Thus, the management should provide the apprenticeship training programme. Under this, trainee is put under the guidance of a master worker.

These are designed to acquire a higher level of skill. The master worker performs the job and the trainee observes him performing. When the learner learns all the skills, then slowly they can start taking up the job step by step and get full charge on job after some time.

Question 2.
The workers of a factory remain idle because of lack of knowledge of hi- tech machines. Frequent visit of engineer is made which causes high overhead charges. How can this problem be removed?
Answer:
The workers of a factory are not performing because of lack of knowdedge of hi- tech machines. Technological change arises the need for employees to upgrade or alter their skills. Thus, in this case training should be provided by the engineer to one of their supervisor so that they will guide the other workers and able to enhance their productivity.

Frequent visit of engineer results in high overhead charges When training is imparted to the supervisor, then they can handle the situation in the absence of engineer or in case of emergency.

Question 3.
The quality of production is not as per standards. On investigation, it was observed that most of the workers were not fully aware of the proper operation of the machinery. What could be the way to improve the accuracy?
Answer:
Workers should be provided off the job training methods where they can be taught how to maintain accuracy related to the proper operations of the machinery. Training makes the employee more efficient and results in high productivity.

Question 4.
An organisation provides security services. It requires such candidates who are reliable and don’t leak out the secrets of their clients. What step should be incorporated in selection process?
Answer:
‘Reference check’ – this step should be done very carefully. Previous employer can be contacted to check for his moral behaviour or conduct, sincerity etc. The new candidates should be made to sign a contract of employment which clearly states that strict action will be taken If found guilty

Question 5.
A company is manufacturing paper plates and bowls. It produces 1,00,000 plates and bowls each day. Due to local festival, it got an urgent order of extra 50,000 plates and bowls. Advise how the company will fulfill its order and which method of recruitment would you suggest?
Answer:
There are two sources; internal and external. If internal source is used then existing workforce can be asked to work overtime. If external source is used then either of the following has to be done:

• Existing employees can be asked to recommend names of their friends and relatives.
• Recruitment through labour contractors can also be done.

2nd PUC Business Studies Staffing Case Problems

(i) A company X limited is setting up a new plant in India for manufacturing auto compo-nents. India is a highly competitive and cost effective production base in this sector. Many reputed car manufacturers source their auto components from here. X limited is planning to capture about 40% of the market share in India and also export to the tune of at least $ 5 million in about 2 years of its planned operations. To achieve these targets it requires a highly trained and motivated work force. You have been retained by the coippany to advise it in this matter. While giving answer keep in mind the sector, the company is operating.

Question 1.
Outline the process of staffing the company should follow.
Answer:
X Ltd is planning to set up new plant in India for manufacturing auto components. The prime concern of the company is to hire the manpower who are highly trained and motivated. In order to achieve the targets, the company should follow the staffing process in this manner.

Question 2.
Which sources of recruitment the company should rely upon? Give reasons for your recommendation,
Answer:
The company is establishing a new unit in India, Thus, they should rely on external sources of recruitment. They should adopt this source and through employment exchange and placement agencies, labour contractors they will able to get the good staff for the company. This recommendation is fruitful because through these sources, the company will get a wide choice of candidates. They can get qualified personnel and bring new blood in the organisation who are highly competitive, who will work harder to show better performance.

Question 3.
Outline the process of selection the company should follow with reasons.
Answer:
Through recruitment process the organisation will receive a large number of applications. In order to select the most suitable candidates to perform the job, selection process is to be considered. Following steps are to be taken ‘

Company should follow these steps in series. As the

• first step, preliminary screening helps the manager to select from among those candidates whose applications are shortlisted.
• Second step is selection test: It is to be conducted to check the practical knowledge of the candidates.
• Third step: interview: This is to be taken for those candidates who have cleared the test. A panel of experts is set to identify the best among hundreds.
• Fourth step is selection decision. The candidates who pass the test, interview included In selection list are critically examined whether they are best or not.
• Fifth step is examining their medical fitness and if they are efficient or not.
• Sixth step is to offer the job, providing them a letter of appointment in which terms and conditions are mentioned.
• The final step is the contract of employment when the candidate accepts the job offer and they sign the contract of employment, the employer and candidate exchange certain documents.

Question 4.
Which methods of training and development should the Company initiate? Explain giving reasons.
Answer:
The company can use ’On the job’ and ‘Off the job’ training methods. The merits or benefits of ‘On the job’ are

• It is a practical method.
• The trainee can contribute towards the real/actua! work, (iii) Separate arrangements need not be done.

If the ‘Off the job’ methods are used, then the benefits derived are the following :

• Vestibule training helps in avoiding modern and expensive equipment from being damaged.
• Conference helps to develop conceptual knowledge reduce, resistance to change etc.

(ii) A major insurance company handled all recruiting screening and training processes for data entry/customer service representatives. Their competitor was attracting most of the qualified, potential employees in their market. Recruiting was made even more difficult by the strong economy and the ‘job seeker’s market: This resulted in the client having to choose from candidates who had the ‘soft’ skills needed for the job, but lacked the proper ‘hard’ skills and training.

Question 1.
As an HR manager, what problems do you see in the company?
Answer:
The human resource manager may face the following problems

• Lack of trained workforce
• Lack of sufficient personnel to provide customer services.
• Inefficient maintenance of data.

Question 2.
How do you think it can be resolved?
Answer:
Following steps can be taken to resolve these problems

• Proper training of the personnel.
• Provision of incentive based schemes.
• Proper data base should be maintained by the company in order to provide efficient services.

(iii) A public transport corporation has hired 1,000 buses for the different routes for the
passengers of metropolitan city. Most of the 3,000 crewmen (drivers, conduct, helpers etc) of these buses have been found to be wanting in satisfactorily dealing with public and daily commuters. They seem to be little interested in the job and the job seem to have lost all meaning to them.

Question 1.
As manager of the public transport company what measures do you suggest to improve the working of crewman in question?
Answer:
The following measures can be taken to improve the working of crewmen.

• Along with wages/salary, various other facilities should be provided to them like education for their children, insurance etc.
• Working hours should be between 7 to 8 hours only per day
• Rest periods should be provided.

Question 2.
Is it possible to modify their behaviour by planning a suitable type of training? Suggest one.
Answer:
Yes, it is possible to modify their behaviour by planning ‘coaching’ training programme as in this programme, a superior guides and instructs the trainees as a coach. He suggests the changes required in behaviour and performance of the employees. Coach gives due importance to the objective of individuals and objectives of organisation. Thus, effective coaching motivates the employees to perform to their best ability.

(iv) Ms Jayshree recently completed her post graduate diploma in human resource management. A few months from now a large steel manufacturing.company appointed her as its human resource manager. As of now, the company employs 800 persons and has an expansion plan in hand which may require another 200 persons for various types of additional requirements. Ms Jayshree has been given complete charge of the company’s human resource department.

Question 1.
Point out what functions is she supposed to perform?
Answer:
Ms Jayshree as HR manager is required to perform the following functions

• Recruitment
• Prepare job description
• Preparing compensation and incentive plans
• Arranging training programmes
• Making welfare schemes for employees
• Handling grievances of employees
• Handling labour dispute

Question 2.
What problems do you foresee in her job?
Answer:
She may face the following problems.

• Properly qualified candidates may not be available.
• Demand for wages may go higher. ‘
• After providing training, the workers may leave the organisation.
• Trade unions may bring unreasonable demands.

Question 3.
What steps is she going to take to perform her job efficiently?
Answer:
Following steps can be taken by her to perform her job efficiently

• She should make use of all the possible sources of recruitment.
• She should frequently consult the experts and also observe the policies followed by competitors to recruit and retain the workforce.
• Maintaining cordial relationship with trade unions and encouraging them to act as one big family.

Question 4.
How significant is her rote in the organisation?
Answer:
Her role n very significant in the organisation. She is a human resources manager and concerned with timely procurement of competent manpower and ensuring its effective and efficient utilisation so as to survive along with the three main objectives; organisational, individual and societal.

2nd PUC Business Studies Staffing Additional Questions

2nd PUC Business Studies Staffing One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is staffing?
Answer:
Staffing is the process through which competent employees are selected, trained, developed, rewarded and integrated towards the achievement of business goals.

Question 2.
What is manpower planning?
Answer:
It refers to the process of estimating the manpower requirement of an organization.

Question 3.
What do you mean by recruitment?
Answer:
Recruitment is the process of searching candidates for employment.

Question 4.
What is selection?
Answer:
It is procedure of matching organizational requirement with the skills & qualification of the people.

Question 5.
What do you mean by placement?
Answer:
In urban area a number of private organizations have started functioning as employment exchanges. These agencies are called as placement agencies.

Question 6.
Give the meaning of orientation.
Answer:
It means introducing the selected employee to the other employees and familiarizing him with the rules & regulation of the organization

Question 7.
What is training?
Answer:
Training is the organized procedure in which people learn knowledge & skill for definite purpose.

Question 8.
Give the meaning of development.
Answer:
It refers to the process of not only building up the skills and abilities for a specific purpose but to undertake more difficult & challenging tasks.

Question 9.
Give the meaning of performance appraisal.
Answer:
It is the systematic evolution of the individual with respect to his performance on the job

Question 10.
What is promotion?
Answer:
It is upward movement of an employee from one job to the higher one within the organization. It Increases salary, status & responsibilities.

Question 11.
What is the purpose of preliminary screening?
Answer:
The purpose of screening is to prepare a list of eligible candidates who are to be evaluated further.

Question 12.
Name any one type of selection test
Answer:
Aptitude test

Question 13.
What is the purpose of conducting stress interview.
Answer:
In this interview, the interviewer will intentionally try to upset the applicant, to see his reaction under pressure.

Question 14.
Give the meaning of on the job training.
Answer:
On the job the training is a method, where workers learn by doing the work. Workers work under the guidance & supervision of supervision or certain trained employees.

Question 15.
Give the meaning of off the job training.
Answer:
Off the job training method are methods are those in which training is provided away from the actual working condition.

Question 16.
State any one method of on the Job training.
Answer:
Job rotation

Question 17.
State any one method of off the job training.
Answer:
Class Room Lecture.

Question 18.
State any’one importance of staffing.
Answer:
Higher Job satisfaction

Question 19.
State any one internal source of recruitment.
Answer:
Internal Transfers

Question 20.
Mention any one external source of recruitment.
Answer:
Direct Recruitment

Question 21.
State any one importance of training.
Answer:
Training improves in employees performances both in quality & quantity

Question 22.
State any one method of training.
Answer:
On the job training & off the job training

Question 23.
What is job rotation.
Answer:
It is the method of training which serves the purpose of employee’s development through provision of diversified training. Here, an employee has to rotate from one job to another, and from one section to another.

Question 24.
Give the meaning of aptitude test.
Answer:
Aptitude means the potential which an individual has for learning new skills.

Question 25.
Define training.
Answer:
Training is the process which is done to increase the knowledge and skills of an employee to perform the present job accurately.

2nd PUC Business Studies Staffing Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define Staffing
Answer:
“Staffing is a function which is concerned with the placement, growth & development of all those members of the organization, whose function is to get the things done through others.

Question 2.
State the two activities of staffing.
Answer:
Training & Development, Human Resource Planning

Question 3.
State any two steps in staffing.
Answer:
Man Power Planning & Recruitment.

Question 4.
What is manpower planning?
Answer:
It refers to the process of estimating the man power requirement of an organization.

Question 5.
What do you mean by recruitment?
Answer:
Recruitment is the process of searching candidates for employment. And encouraging them to for jobs in an organization

Question 6.
Give the meaning of selection
Answer:
It is procedure of matching organizational requirement with the skills & qualification of the people. It is the process of selecting the best & eliminating the rest.

Question 7.
What is placement?
Answer:
It means assigning the jobs to the selected candidate. Thus it may include initial assignment of job to new employee & on transfer promotion or demotion of the employee.

Question 8.
Give the meaning of orientation
Answer:
It means introducing the selected employee to the other employees and familiarizing him with the rules & regulation of the organization

Question 9.
What is training & development?
Answer:
Training: Training is the organized procedure in which people learn knowledge & skill for definite purpose.
Development: It refers to the process of not only building up the skills and abilities for a specific purpose but to undertake more difficult & challenging tasks

Question 10.
What is performance appraisal?
Answer:
It is the systematic evolution of the individual with respect to his performance on the job.

Question 11.
What is promotion?
Answer:
It is upward movement of an employee from one job to the higher one within the organization. It Increases salary, status & responsibilities.

Question 12.
Define recruitment.
Answer: According to werther and Davis: It is the process of finding & attracting capable applicants for employment. The process begins when new recruits are sought and ends when their applications are submitted.

Question 13.
State any two internal sources of recruitment
Answer:
Promotions: It is upward movement of an employee from one job to the higher one within the organization. It Increases salary, status & responsibilities.
Transfer: It means lateral movement of employee in the same grade from one job to another without any changes in his status.

Question 14.
What is transfer?
Answer:
It means lateral movement of employee in the same grade

Question 15.
State any two external sources of recruitment
Answer:
Casual Callers: They are also called as unsolicited application. Here many qualified persons apply for employment to the reputed companies on their own initiative.

Advertisement: Employment advertisement refers to the details about the company, job specification given in the news paper, journals, bulletins etc. which brings response from the . suitable candidates.

Question 16.
Give fhe meaning of campus interview.
Answer:
Selection of suitable candidates from the universities, Colleges and institutes are popularly known campus recruitment.

Question 17.
Define selection
Answer:
According to yoder it is a process by which candidates for employment are divided into two classes those who will be offered employment & those who will not

Question 18.
What are selection test?
Answer:
These tests are made to discover & measure ,the skills abilities of the candidates in terms of the requirement.

Question 19.
What are patterned or structural interview?
Answer:
In this type interviewer is done while looking for information in a particular area of interest. A number of standard question are framed by the interviewer, to focus on the skills & personality of the candidate.

Question 20.
Give the meaning of board or panel interviews.
Answer:
In this interview a group of persons ask the applicant question on different subjects. This type of interview is common in case of professional jobs.

Question 21.
What is Group interview?
Answer:
A common topics presented before the candidates for discussion. It offers candidates to express their style, which allows interviewers to assess a candidates skills

Question 22.
What is Apprenticeship training?
Answer:
It is the formalized method of training with, on the job work under supervision.

Question 23.
What is Internship training?
Answer:
Internship is a system of on the job training, that allows learners to gauge their chosen profession area.

Question 24.
Give the meaning of Job Rotation
Answer:
It is a method of training of employees’ development through provision of diversified training. Here the employee has to, rotate from one job to another, one department to another department.

Question 25.
What is case study method of training
Answer:
It is written description of an actual situation in the past in the same organization. Trainees are supported to analyze and give their conclusion.

Question 26.
What is vestibule Training?
Answer:
This method of training is used mostly to train technical staff and office employees who deals with the tools, equipments and machines.

2nd PUC Business Studies Staffing Four Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the importance of staffing.
Answer:
The importances of staffing are as follows:
1. For implementing managerial functions: Staffing brings life into organization by manning right people for right jobs. The success of all management functions depends on staffing.

2. Higher Job Satisfaction: The staffing function helps in building in a sound human organization in which the employee’s performance and the job satisfaction is very high.

3. Increased productivity and profitability: Training and development of employees are most important staffing functions, which increases productivity and profitability of the organization.

4. Effective use of resources: The right of selection of employees for the right jobs, is instrumental in the effective utilization of capital, materials, technology etc., in the organization which will ensure minimum wastage and improved quality in work and products.

5. Right people for right jobs: The staffing function helps the organization in discovering and selecting competent personnel for various positions in the organization which increases efficiency and strengthens the organization to face the challenges.

Question 2.
“Staffing is a part of Human Resource Management”- Give reasons.
Answer:
1.Staffing is a part of Human Resource Management can be justifies by the following reasons:

2. Staffing is a function which brings together the human assets and physical assets of the organization

3. Staffing involves knowledge and approaches to the concept of hiring, retaining and firing of personnel in the organization.

4. Staffing is continuous and found at every level of management – Lower level, Middle level and higher level.

5. Staffing should be treated as a part of human resource management – justified by human resource accounting.

6. Human relations approach recognizes human factor as the most important instrument of success in an organization.

7. Staffing as a part of human resource management gives more importance for staffing concepts viz., selection, development, training, orientation etc.

Question 3.
State the steps in Staffing process.
Answer:
Staffing involves the following process:
Man power planning: It refers to the process of estimating the man power requirement of an organization by considering infrastructure, technology, production schedule, market fluctuation, demand forecasts etc.

• Recruitment: It is the process of finding and attracting suitable applicants for employment.
• Selection: It is the process of picking the suitable candidate form the pool of job applicants to fill in various jobs in the organization.
• Placement: It means assigning jobs to the selected candidates. It may be assigning a new job or a different job to an old employee.
• Orientation: Means introducing the selected new employee to other employees and familiarizing him with the rules and policies of the organization.
• Training: Training is the process which is done to increase the knowledge and skills of an employee to perform the present job accurately.
• Development: refers to the process of not only building up the skill, but also the overall competence of managerial executives to undertake challenging tasks.
• Performance appraisal: It is the systematic evaluation of the individual with respect to his performance on the job and his potential for development.
• Promotion and Career planning: Promotion is the vertical movement of an employee within the organization, with an increase in salary, status and responsibilities.
• Compensation: Workers tender their services for wages or salary. The term compensation comprises cash payments which is in addition to wages and salary and includes bonus, share in profit, pension etc.

Question 4.
Briefly explain any five external sources of Recruitment.
Answer:
The various external sources of Recruitment are as follows:
1. Direct Recruitment: This is a source of external recruitment in which the application for vacancies are presented on bulletin boards outside the factory or at the gate. A written application is submitted by the candidates and they have to take up tests and interviews. If they are suitable for the job, they are immediately selected.

2. Casual Callers (Unsolicited applications): Many qualified persons apply for employment to reputed companies on their own initiative. Such applications are known as unsolicited applications. By keeping a proper record of these applications the candidates may be called for an interview whenever the need arises.

3. Advertisement: This is the most effective means to search potential employees from outside the organization. The necessary information about the company, job descriptions and job specifications given in the advertisement brings response from suitable candidates spread over different parts of the country.

4. Employment exchange: In India, Employment exchanges have been set up by the Government for bringing together job seekers and employers who are looking for employees. Those who are search of a job register themselves with the local employment exchanges which keep a record of all such persons. The employer informs about the vacancies to his nearest employment exchange. Most of the Government undertakings employ people through such exchanges.

5. Placement agencies: In Urban areas, a number of private organizations have started functioning as placement agencies. They register the names of job seekers and arrange interviews and send them for different companies who have suitable openings.

Question 5.
Explain the different types of Selection tests.
Answer: Selection tests are often conducted to measure the intelligence, aptitude, proficiency, personality of the candidates. The different types of selection tests are:
1. Intelligence tests: These tests are used to judge the mental capacity of the applicant. These tests evaluate the ability of an individual to understand instructions and make decisions.

2. Trade or proficiency tests: Trade tests are designed to measure the skills already acquired by the individuals. They measure the level of knowledge and proficiency in the area of profession or technical training.

3. Personality rests: These tests probe for the overall qualities of a person as a whole. They provide clues to a person’s emotional reactions, maturity level etc.

4. Interest tests: It identifies the areas in which a candidate has special concern, fascination, involvement etc. These test suggest the nature of job liked by a candidate which may bring him job satisfaction.

Question 6.
Briefly explain any five types of Selection interview.
Answer:
Interview is considered as a method of personal appraisal, through face to face conversation and observation. Some of the interview methods are given below:
1. Direct Interview: Under this method, direct questions are asked to the applicant, to identify his skills, character, area of interest, attitudes etc.

2.Indirect interview: Under this method, the applicant is asked to express his opinion on any topic he likes and the interviewer listens to the views of the applicant without any intervention. This helps of assess the personality of the applicant.

3.Patterned or structural interview: In this type of interview, the interviewer is looking for information in a particular area of interest in the organization. A number of standard questions are framed which focuses on experience, skills and personality which is to be answered by the applicant.

4. Stress Interview: In this interview, the interviewer will intentionally try to upset the applicant, to see his reactions under pressure. This type of interview is common in high stress jobs.

5.Board or Panel interview: In this interview a group of persons called Board or Panel asks the applicant, questions in different subjects. Immediately after the interview, they meet and discuss and evaluate the performance of the applicant on the basis of answers given by him

Question 7.
Explain the benefits of Training.
Answer:
Benefits of training are as follows:

• Training improves employee’s ability and skills and in turn improve their performance both in quality and quantity.
• A well planned and systematically organized training progamme reduces the time and cost involved in learning the work.
• Training also changes attitude from negative to positive Higher performance, Job security, promotional avenue etc. and leads to high morale among the employees.
• A well trained employee will be well acquainted with the job and will need less supervision.
• Training improves employee’s ability, knowledge and skills and makes him eligible for promotion.

Question 8.
Explain the different methods of on-the-job training.
Answer:
Some of the methods of on-the-job training are:
1. Apprenticeship training: It is the formalized method of training curriculum program that combines classroom education with on the job work under supervision. It is also called ‘Understudy’ in which a trainee is put under the supervision and guidance of an experienced expert. This method is best suited for training in crafts, trades and technical areas.

2. Coaching: In this method, the trainee is placed under a particular supervisor, who functions as a coach in training the employee. This helps the learner to pick up the skill in speed. The supervisor provides feed back to the trainee on his performance and offers him some suggestions for improvement.

3. Internship Training: It is the system of on the job training that allows learners to gauge their interest in their chosen professional area. This method is usually meant for such vocations, where advanced theoretical knowledge is to be backed up by practical experience on the job.

4. Job – Rotation: It is the method of training which serves the purpose of employee’s development through provision of diversified training. Here, an employee has to rotate from one job to another, and from one section to another.

Question 9.
Explain the different methods of off-the-job training.
Answer:
The following are the important methods of off-the-job training:
1. Classroom lecture: This method is well known to train white collar or managerial executives in the organization. Under this method, the trainees are called to the room like that of a classroom, to get training in the form of lecture.

2. Case study: It is a written description of an actual situation in the past in the same organization and the trainees are supposed to analyze and give their conclusions. Case is later discussed by instructor with all the pros and cons of each option.

3.Vestibule training: This method is used mostly to train technical staff office employees who deal with tools, equipments and machines. Here, the employees learn their jobs on the equipment or tool they will be using in their workplace.

4.Computer modeling: Computer simulation modeling is the technique of representing the real world by a computer program or software. It can assist in the design, creation and evaluation of complex systems. It is useful when change to the actual system is : difficult to implement and impractical.

2nd PUC Business Studies Staffing Eight Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Briefly explain the different methods of on-the-job training and off-the-job training, j Answer: Some of the methods of on-the-job training are:
Answer:
1. Apprenticeship training: It is the formalized method of training curriculum program that combines classroom education with on the job work under supervision. It is also called ‘Understudy’ in which a trainee is put under the supervision and guidance of an experienced expert. This method is best suited for training in crafts, trades and technical areas.

2. Coaching: In this method, the trainee is placed under a particular supervisor, who functions as a coach in training the employee. This helps the learner to pick up the skill in speed. The supervisor provides feed back to the trainee on his performance and offers him some suggestions for improvement.

3. Internship Training: It is the system of on the job training that allows learners to gauge . their interest in their chosen professional area. This method is usually meant for such vocations, where advanced theoretical knowledge is to/be backed up by practical experience on the job.

4. Job – Rotation: It is the method of training which serves the purpose of employee’s development through provision of diversified training. Here, an employee has to rotate . from one job to another, and from one section to another

Some of the methods of off-the-job training are:
1. Classroom lecture: Classroom lecture: This method is well known to train white collar or managerial executives in the organization. Under this method, the trainees are called to the room like that of a classroom, to get training in the form lecture.

2. Case study: It is a written description of an actual situation in the past in the same organization and the trainees are supposed to analyze and give their conclusions. Case is later discussed by instructor with all the pros and cons of each option.

3. Vestibule training: This method is used mostly to train technical staff office employees who deal with tools, equipments and machines. Here, the employees learn their jobs on the equipment or tool they will be using in their workplace.

4. Computer modeling: Computer simulation modeling is the technique of representing the real world by a computer program or software. It can assist in the design, creation and evaluation of complex systems. It is useful when change to the actual system is difficult to implement and impractical.

2nd PUC Business Studies Staffing Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Assuming that you are the HR manager Of an organization state any few your would look into while recruiting employees.
Answer:
As an HR manager sources of recruitment chosen will be:

• Internal Sources: Promotions and Transfer.
• External Sources: Direct Recruitment
• Casual callers
• Advertisement.
• Employment Exchange.
• Placement agencies.
• Campus Recruitment.

You can Download Chapter 7 Land and Water Resources Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Geography Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Question Bank Chapter 7 Land and Water Resources

2nd PUC Geography Land and Water Resources One Mark Questions with Answers

Question 1.
What is meant by Land-Use?
Answer:
Utilization of land for different purpose is known as “Land use pattern”.

Question 2.
Which state has the highest area under forests?
Answer:
Madhya Pradesh has the highest area under forests.

Question 3.
What is fallow land?
Answer:
The land which is not utilized for cultivation for last 3 to 5 years is considered as fallow land

Question 4.
What is Land Capability?
Answer:
Land capability is the ability of a Piece of land to provide sustainable support for specific land use.

Question 5.
Mention the main source of surface water resource?
Answer:
The surface water resources are rainfall, rivers, lakes, tanks and springs.

Question 6.
What is Irrigation?
Answer:
It is an artificial supplying of water to the crops or plants or on art of supplying water to the crops.

Question 7.
Which state in India has the highest irrigated land?
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh has the highest irrigated land in India.

Question 8.
What is Well irrigation?
Answer:
Supplying of water from shallow ground to the surface is called Well irrigation.

Question 9.
What is Canal irrigation?
Answer:
It is a type of irrigation in which water is drawn from rivers, tanks and reservoirs to supply water for Agriculture.

Question 10.
What is Tank irrigation?
Answer:
Man made hollows which collects the rain water is and supplies the water in summer season is called tank irrigation.

Question 11.
What is Sprinkler irrigation?
Answer:
The spraying of water to the crops through the pipe with nozzles under great pressure is called Sprinkler irrigation.

Question 12.
What is Drip irrigation?
Answer:
Supplying of water through network of Pipes drop by drop nearest to the roots can be called ‘ as drip irrigation.

Question 13.
Define the multi purpose river valley project?
Answer:
River valley project which provide multiple benefits are known as multipurpose river valley projects.

Question 14.
Which is the first multi purpose river valley project in India?
Answer:
Damodar valley project on IS-11 Feb, 1948.

Question 15.
Across which river Bhakra Nangal dam is constructed?
Answer:
Sutlej river.

Question 16.
What is the name of Bhakra reservoir?
Answer:
Govindsagar.

Question 17.
Which is the longest dam in India?
Answer:
Hirakuddam.

Question 18.
What is meant by Water Conservation?
Answer:
Protection & Preservation of water for future consumption purpose is known as water conservation.

Question 19.
What is Watershed?
Answer:
The land area from which water flows towards a common water rcourse in natural basin is called Watershed.

Question 20.
What is the present total region of India in percentage?
Answer:
22.8% under total geographical area of India.

Question 21.
What is land share of ‘Net area sown’ in India?
Answer:
46.2% under total reporting land in India.

Question 22.
What is average annual rainfall of India?
Answer:
118 cm.

Question 23.
Mention the quantity of Surface water & Ground water?
Answer:
Surface water is 690 biHion cubic meters and ground water 433 BCM.

Question 24.
Name the state which has the largest number of tube well irrigation?
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh

Question 25.
What is the total irrigated land in India.
Answer:
Total irrigated land is 139.9 million hectares.

Question 26.
Which is state with highest tank irrigation in India.
Answer:
Andhra Pradesh. It accounts 29.8%.

Question 27.
Which river is called The ‘Sorrow of Bengal’.
Answer:
River Damodar is called Sorrow of Bengal.

Question 28.
Across which river Hirakud dam is constructed.
Answer:
‘River Mahanadi’.,

Question 29.
What is the meaning of Re-use of water.
Answer:
The treated waste water can be used for watering gardens, washing vehicles and floors or the building etc.

Question 30.
What is infiltration of pits?
Answer:
The rain water can be collected and stored in pits, dug in farm lands and used for irrigation.

Question 31.
What are the methods of rain water harvesting.
Answer:

• In-Situ rain water harvesting.
• Ex-Situ rain water harvesting.

2nd PUC Geography Land and Water Resources Two Marks Questions with Answers

Question 1.
What are the main Physical features determine the Land-use Pattern?
Answer:
Land use is determined by many factors like

• Relief features
• Climate
• Soil
• Density of Population.

Question 2.
Mention four reason of need for irrigation?
Answer:

• Nature of rainfall
• Nature of soil
• Probability of drought
• Need of irrigation in Dry Areas.

Question 3.
Which are the major sources of irrigation?
Answer:
Wells and tube wells, canals arid tank are the major sources of irrigation in the country.

Question 4.
What is the difference between Inundation canal and Perennial canal system?
Answer:

• Inundation canals.taken out directly from rivers without making any barrage or dam.
• Derennial canals which are taken out from the reservoirs by constructing barrage.

Question 5.
What is Tank irrigation? Mention its inherent drawbacks?
Answer:
Tanks are natural or man made hollows in which rain water is collected.

• Tanks get silted up soon.
• Most of the tanks are non-perennial & become dry during winter and summer seasons.

Question 6.
Mention the major objectives of multipurpose project?
Answer:
The main aims of the project are :-

• Controlling of floods
• Providing irrigation
• Generating hydro-electricity
• Navigation and Pisciculture.

Question 7.
What is Conservation? Give examples?
Answer:
Protection and Preservation of water is called Conservation.
Example:-

• Reducing run-off losses
• Reduction of irrigation losses
• Re-use of water
• Prevention of wastage of water.

Question 8.
What is Watershed Management?
Answer:
The rational utilization of land and water resources for optimum production.

Question 9.
Mention the main objectives of rain water harvesting?
Answer:

• It checks the runoff water and avoid flooding.
• It Refilling the ground water table and enables the well.
• It helps to overcome the scarcity of surface water to meet demand of water.
• It also reduces ground water contamination and improve water quality.

Question 10.
Mention the techniques of rain water harvesting?
Answer:

• In urban areas the water that falls on the the roofs of buildings is harvested through recharge pit, recharge trench, tube well and recharge well.
• In rural areas rain water can be harvested through gully plug, Check dams, dug wells recharge, Contour bund, Percolation tank etc.

Question 11.
Mention need of Watershed Management?
Answer:
In recent years, watersheds of India are degraded due to several reasons i.e., unscientific land use, overgrazing, deforestation, mining, shifting cultivation, soil erosion etc. This will result in the depletion of water resources. Thus watershed management is extremely neccessary.

Question 12.
Mention the benefits of rain water harvesting?
Answer:
(a) It involves collection and storage of rain water at surface or in Sub-surface aquifer before it is lost as surface run off.
(b) It is not only increase water availability but also check the declining water table.

Question 13.
Mention the important types of land utilization in India.
Answer:

1. Net area sown
2. Forests area
3. Land not available for cultivation
4. Cultivation wasteland
5. Fallow Land.

Question 14.
Mention highest and lowest rainfall regions in India.
Answer:

• West coast and north eastern India get very high rainfall.
• Rajasthan desert and Ladakh get very little rainfall.

Question 15.
Why is canal irrigation very predominant in North India.
Answer:
North Indian plains are very fertile and very level lands, Rivers in this plains are perennials, slightly sloping towards south. It helps to move water easily in canals etc.

Question 16.
What are the drawbacks of well irrigation.
Answer:

• They can dry up in the summer season.
• These are possible only in soft rock layers.
• To lift water, power is need &
• More capital is required so poor people cannot dug well easily.

Question 17.
Mention the reservior created by Upper Krishna Project & Tungabhadra dam.
Answer:

• Upper Krishna created the reservior called ‘Basava sagar’.
• Tungabhadra created the reservior called ‘Pampa sagar’.

Question 18.
Distinguish between In-situ method & Ex-situ method of rain water harvesting.
Answer:

• In-Situ MethodThe method of percolating the rain at the point of its fall itself is called
  In-situ rain water harvesting.
• Ex-Situ Method :- It involves storing of running water and collected in checkdams, huge percolation tanks etc.

Question 7.
What is the meaning of rain water harvesting.
Answer:
Controlling the run off of rain water and make it to percolate the to increase ground water table for future consumption purpose.

Question 8.
Who is called as ‘Water Man’ and Why?
Answer:
Myagassessay award winner Sri. Rajendra Singh in Rajasthan is called ‘Water Man’ because he has productively used the rain water harvesting by check dams method.

2nd PUC Geography Land and Water Resources Five Marks Questions with Answers

Question 1.
Give an account of Land-Use pattern in India.
Answer:
The important types of land use pattern in India are :

1. Forest area
2. Land not available for cultivation
3. Cultivable wasteland
4. Fallow land
5. Net area sown.

1. Forest area :

• According to National Forest Policy 1952, reporting area of the forest must be 33.3.% of the total land.
• Madhya Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Odisha, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Andaman Nicobar. Islands are reporting more area under forests.
• It is due to heacy rainfall and relief features.

2. Land not available for cultivation :

• The land used for human settlements, transport routes, canals, quarries, the mountains, deserts, marshes etc, are coming under this category. It accounts 14.2% of the total land in India.
• Arunachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, states are having more area under this category.

3. Other Uncultivated lands including fallow land :

• This category includes permanent pasture as other grazing area, land under miscellanous tree crops, groves and cultivable waste. This category covers about 8.6% of the country’s total reporting land.
• The cultivable waste land is found more in the states of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.

4. Fallow lands :

• The land which is not used for cultivation for last 3 to 5 years is considered as fallow land.
• It accounts for about 8.13 % of Indias total land.
• The land under this category is reported more in the states of Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh and Jharkhand.

5. Net area sown :

• India has a net sown area of 46.2% of the total reporting land in India.
• Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmii, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Mizoram.

Question 2.
Discuss the importance of land capability.
Answer:

• Land capability is the ability of a piece of land to provide sustainable support for a specific land use.
• Land capability is based on the understanding that every components of land has its own particular capacity to provide ecosystem services.
• Land capability assessment enables the reconciliation of production and protection.
• Land capability does not include social or economic components. It focuses entirely on requirements for sustainability of the ecosystem. There is the requirement to overlay this with the social and economic constraints. Thus we have land suitability assessment.
• Land capability is the inherent physical capacity of the land to sustain a range of land uses and management practices in long term without degradation to soil, air and water resources.
• If land is used beyond its capacity, degradation is the consequence, which leads to a decline in natural ecosystem values, agricultural productivity and infrastructure functionality.

Question 3.
Explain the Water resources of India.
Answer:

• Water is a basic resource on the earth for all living organisms including mankind and for development and survival of plant community.
• Water is needed for daily use of organism.
• It is used for irrigation, generating hydro-electricity, navigation, industries, domestic use etc.
• Water Resources can be divided into
  1. Surface water resources and
  2. Ground water resources.
• The surface water resources are rainfall, rivers, lakes, tanks & springs.

1. Surface water resources :

• India has been blessed with extensive surface water resorces, because of the large number of rivers and sufficient rainfall.
• The most important source of surface water is rainfall.
• The average rainfall in India is 118 cm.
• The second important source of surface water is the rivers. The average run off in the river system of the country has been assessed at 1869 billion cubic meters [BCM].
• Approximately 60 – 65% of the total surface water resources are contributed by the North. Indian rivers. The remaining part is provided by other river systems.

2. Ground water resources : –

• The total collected ground water resources of the country have been estimated at 433 billion cubic metres of this about 40% is found in Ganga basin which has the highest potential in the country.
• Uttar Pradesh has the maximum potential followed by Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
• The average rainfall in India is 118 cm.

Question 4.
Explain the distribution of wells and tube wells irrigation in India.
Answer:

• The largest concentration of wells occurs in the Gigantic plains streching from Punjab to Bihar.
• Wells are found scattered in eastern Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and TamilNadu.
• In Gujarat wells and tubewells irrigate 78.8% of the net irrigated area of the state.
• While Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh etc have more than 50% of their net respective irrigated area under well irrigation.
• Wells and tubewells are presently most popular source of irrigation in India accounting for 60.7% of the total irrigated area.
• Digging of tube well started in 1930 in the Gangas plains under minor irrigation programmes during Five-year plans.
• Today there are more than 45 Lakh tube wells in government and private ownership Pump sets are especially useful for individual farmers.
• Uttar Pradesh has the largest number of tubewells in the country.
• The percentage of area under tubewell irrigation in India is 35.6 which is highest in Uttar Pradesh (77.5). followed by Punjab (67.3), Bihar (49.1), West Bengal (36.1), Kerala (28.5), Gujarath (26.5) etc.

Question 5.
Explain the Canal irrigation in India.
Answer:
India has one of the largest canal systems of the world. Canals are the second largest source of irrigation in the country.
Canals are of two types :
1. Inundation canals : taken out directly from rivers, without making any barrage or dam.
2. Perennial canals : which are taken out from the reservoirs by constructing barrage or weir to regulate the flow of water.

• Canal irrigation is widely practiced in the Sutlej Gangas plains and the deltas of the peninsular rivers.
• Nearly 79% of India’s canals irrigated area lies in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh,Haryana, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh etc.
• Uttar Pradesh ranks first in India where canal irrigation is most extensive.

Canal irrigation suffers from a number of draw-backs such as water logging, increase in water table, alkalinity of soils due to capillary action etc.

Question 6.
Discuss the present situation of Tank irrigation in India.
Answer:
Tanks are natural or man hollows or depressions into which rain water is collected.

• Usually they are built by individuals or groups of farmers by raising bunds across seasonal stream.
• Tank irrigation is widely practiced in Andhra Pradesh (29.8%), TamilNadu and Karnataka states.
• Tank irrigation is an ancient method of irrigation in the country. But the area under tank irrigation has decreased in recent years due to some draw backs.
• The area under tank irrigation decreased from 4.6 million hectare in 1960 – 61 to 1.56 . million hectre in 2007 – 08.
• It accounts for only 3.2% of the total irrigated area in India. Tank irrigation is suffering from certain inherent drawbacks
  • Tanks get silted up soon.
  • Most of the tanks are non-perennial’and become dry during winter and summer seasons.
  • They occupy large fertile areas which could have been used for cultivation.

Question 7.
Explain the development and distribution of other types of irrigation.
Answer:
Sprinkler Irrigation :

•  The spraying of water to the crops through the pipe with nozzles under great pressure is called‘Sprinkler irrigation’.
• In this method water consuming is less but provides more moisture to the plants.
• The adoption of this system is more expensive.
• It is more popular in Punjab, Harayana, Rajasthan, Karnataka and Gujarat.

Drip Irrigation :

• A newly developed irrigation system, orginally developed in Israel is becoming popular in areas with water scarcity. This source of irrigation was introduced in India in the seven-ties.
• In 2005, the area under drip irrigation was 6.3 Lakh hectares.
• In this system a small amount of water passes through pipe falls drop by drop just at the position of roots or a limited area around the plant.
• It saves more water and it is possible to irrigate more arek .
• Drip irrigation is practiced in Rajastjan, Maharashtra, Karnataka and TamilNadu.
• Drip irrigation is mainly used for coconut, grapes, citrus fruits, vegetables and plantation crops.

Question 8.
What is Multipurpose River Valley? Explain its importance in India.
Answer:
River valley projects which provides multiple benefits are known as “Multipurpose River Valley Projects”. The importance of these projects’ includes –

1. Providing irrigation
2. Generation of Hydro-electricity
3. Flood Control
4. Soil Conservation
5. Afforestation
6. Drinking water
7. Navigation
8. Pisciculture
9. Recreation
10. Preservation of Wildlife
11. Fodder for animals and employment for in habit.
12. Employment for inhabitants.

In India based on the pattern of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) in the USA, the Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC) was started in 1948, to harness the Damodar River. Subsequently many similar projects have been taken up in the country.

Question 9.
Discuss the important features and aims of Damodar Valley Project.
Answer:
The main aims of the project are flood control, Promotion of irrigation, Generating Hydro-Electricity, Navigation, Afforestation, Prevents Soil erosion, Inland fishing and recreation facilities.

Its features are as follows :

Damodar and its tributaries –
It comprises four Dams, three Hydel Power stations one barrage and three thermal power stations. ‘

1. Tilaiya Dam :

• This dam has been constructed on Barakar river, a tributary of Damodar.
• Its gross storage capacity is 395 million cubic metres.
• Two power stations of 200KW each have been set up here. The dam provides irrigation facilities to 40,000 hectares.

2. Konar Dam :

• It has been constructed on Konar river.
• Its gross storage capacity is 337 million cubic metres. Its provides irrigation facilities to 1.4 Lakh hectares.

3. Maothon Dam :

• It has been constructed on Barakar river.
• Its gross storage capacity is 1,357 million cubic metres. There are three hydro¬electric power units with an installed capacity of 60MW.

4. Panchet Hill Dam :

• It has been constructed on river Damodar.
• Its gross storage capacity is 1,497 million cubic metres.

5. Durgapur Barrage : The Network is of 2,495 km long canals. They irrigate 4.75 Lakh hectares in West Bengal.

Question 10.
Explain the main objectives and importance of Bhakra Nangal Project.
Answer:

• The Bhakra – Nangal Project is a joint venture of Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan. It has been named after the two dams constructed at Bhakra and Nangal on the Sutlej river in Himachal Pradesh.
• Flood control, irrigation facilities, hydel power generation, promote afforestation.
• The main objectives of the project are :
  • Flood control
  • Irrigation facilities
  • Hydel power generation
  • Promote afforestation
  • Soil Conservation etc.
• The Bhakra dam is constructed across the Sutlej river at Bhakra in Himachal Pradesh.
• It is 518 meters long & 226 metres high.
• The Reservoir created by the Bhakra-dam covers an area of 173.8 knv and has a gross storage capacity of 9,867 million cubic metres. This reservoir is called the ‘Govindsagar’.
• The canals have a total length cf about 1104 kms, & their length of their distributaries is 3,360 kms.
• They provide irrigation to 27.4 Lakh hectares of land-in Haryana, Rajasthan and some parts of Punjab.
• The Nangal dam is constructed across the Sutlej river at Nangal, 13kms below the Bhakra dam.
• It is 305 metres long and 29 metres high.
• The Nangal canal irrigates 26.4 lakh hectares of land in Haryana and 50.2 lakh hectres of land in Punjab.
• This project plays an important role on Agriculture in the North Western part of India by providing irrigation where rainfall is scanty.

Question 11.
Explain the chief aims and importance of Hirakud Project.
Answer:
Importance :

• It is an ambitious multipurpose river valley project in Odisha, planned for harnessing the waters of Mahanadi river.
• There dams are constructed across the Mahanadi at different places.
• The 4801 mt long dam has been built across the Mahanadi at Hirakud, 9.7 kms up stream of Sambalpur. –
• The height of the dam above the river bed is 61 metres.
• It is the longest dam in India and forms 650 km² reservoir.
• It has a gross storage capacity of 810 crore cubic meters of water.
• They irrigate 2.54 lakh hectares.
• The project has two hydro-electric power stations with an installed capacity of 270 m.
• The second and third dams are constructed at Tikarapara and Naraj respectively.
• The Mahanadhi Delta Irrigation scheme can provide irrigation for 6.84 lakh hectares.
• The third one comprises of 1353 km and 386.2 km long canals with irrigation potential of 5.4 lakh hectares.
• Chief Aims of this projects are :
  • Flood control
  • Irrigation development
  • Generation of hydro-electric power
  • Provides navigation, recreational facilities and afforestation.

Question 12.
Explain the main features and importance of Upper Krishna Project.
Answer:
This is the biggest Multipurpose project in North Karnataka across the river Krishna.

• It comprises two dams namely Alamatti and Narayanapura.
• The Alamatti dam is constructed near Alamatti village in Basavana Bagewadi taluk and the Narayanapura dam is located near Siddapur village in Muddebihal taluk of Bijapur district.
• The Alamatti dam is 1,578 mt long & its height is 47.8 mt above the lowest foundation level with a gross capacity of 5,285 mcum.
• The Narayanapura dam is 10,637 mt long and 29.7 mt high above the lowest foundation level with a gross capacity of 10,66 mcum.
• It is going to irrigate about 6.22 lakh hectares of land in Bagalkot district, Bijapur district, Yadgir district, Gulbarga district, Raichur district.
• The project also include 6 units of power generation at Alamatti having a total capacity of 268 mw.

Question 13.
Give an account of Water Conservation and Management.
Answer:
1. Water Conservation refers to the action taken to use water effeciently. It involves the controlling, protecting, managing & planning for the wise use of our scarce water resources.
2. The following stratergies can be adopted for conservation of water.

• Reducing run-off losses : It can be achieved by using contour cultivation, terrace . fanning, mulching, water storage structures like farm ponds.
• Reduction of irrigation losses : It can be reduced by drip and sprinkler irrigation, use of lined or covered canals to reduce seepage.
• Re-use of water : The treated waste water can be used for watering .gardens, washing vehicles and floors of the building. It helps in saving fresh water.
• Prevention of wastage of water : Preventing by closing taps when not in use, repairing any leakage from pipes and using small capacity flush in toilets.

Question 14.
Explain the Watershed Management.
Answer:
The Land area from which water flows towards a common water course in natural basin is called ‘Watershed’.

• Importance of Watershed : Watersheds are the sources of river which supply water – for irrigation, generating hydro-electricity, domestic use.
• Meaning of Watershed Management : “The Rational utilization of land and water resources for optimum production.
• Need of Watershed Management : In recent years, Watersheds of India are degraded due to several reasons i.e., unscientific land use, overgrazing, deforestation, mining, shifting cultivation, soil erosion etc.

Methods of Watersheds Management :

1. Water harvesting :- Proper storage of water is done with provision for use in dry season in low rainfall areas.
2. Afforestation & Agroforestry :- They help to prevent soil erosion & retention of moisture.
3. Scientific Mining & Quarrying :- These can minimize the destructive effects in watershed areas.
4. Mechanical Measures :- These Measures including terracing, binding, bench terracing, contour cropping strip cropping etc.
5. Public Participation :- The involvement of local people including farmers & tribals is essential to the success of watershed programme.

Question 15.
Discuss about Rainwater Harvesting?
Answer:

• Controlling the runoff of rain water and make it to perculate to increase ground water table for future purpose.
• It involves collection and storage of rainwater at surface or in sub-surface aquifier, before it is lost as surface runoff. It not only increases water availability but also checks the declining water table.

Objectives: The following are the main objectives of rain water harvesting.

• It checks runoff water & avoid flooding.
• It replenishes the ground water table and enables the wells.
• It helps to overcome the adequancy of surface water to meet demand of water.
• If the ground water is blackish, it will reduce the salinity.
• It also reduces ground water contamination and improve water quality.
• It helps to increase agricultural product and improves ecology of an area.

Methods of Rain Water Harvesting :
1. In-situ method The method of percolating the rain at the point of its fall itself is called In-situ rainwater harvesting.
For example –

• Infilteration pits : The rain water can be collected and stored in pits, dug in farm lands and used for irrigation.
• Contour bunds and trenches : The Construction of bunds, trenches or check dams.
• Roof top water harvesting : The Rain water that falls on the roofs of buildings or in courtyards is collected and stored in underground. Sumps, or wells or in drums and used for domestic purpose such as cleaning, washing etc.

2. Ex-situ method : This method of rainwater harvesting involves storing of running water. It is collected in check dams, huge percolation tanks etc. It is an expensive method.

Question 16.
What is the meaning of Irrigation and Explain the need of Irrigation in India.
Answer:
It is an artificial means of watering the crops or an art of supplying water to the crops.
Need for Irrigation :
Distribution of water resources are highly varied. While some areas are dry some are wet and humid in such circumstances, we have to arrange water for crops through artificial means for fulfilling their needs. Thus, irrigation becomes necessary on account of following reasons.

• Nature of rainfall Due to irregular, uncertain and limited rainfall scarcity of water is caused so, need for irrigation arises. ,
• Nature of soil There is greater need of irrigation in sandy soil.
• Probability of DroughtAt places of droughts irrigation is essential.
• Need of Irrigation in dry areas In dry areas, where rainfall is less than 40 to 50 cm per year, the need arises for irrigation.
• More need of w;ater for special crops like rice, jute, sugar cane etc.
• More need of water to improve new and high yielding varieties of seeds for higher productivity.
• Water is essential to develop pastures for cattle and dairy development.
• Population of India is Multiplying fast, and it needs additional food production. This can be possible only through irrigation.

You can Download Chapter 5 Organising Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Business Studies Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Business Studies Question Bank Chapter 5 Organising

2nd PUC Business Studies Organising Text Book Exercises

2nd PUC Business Studies Organising Multiple Choice Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Which of the following is not an element of delegation?
(a) Accountability
(b) Authority
(c) Responsibility
(d) Informal organisation
Answer:
(d) Informal organisation is not an element of delegation.

Question 2.
A network of social relationship that arise spontaneously due to interaction at work is called
(a) formal organisation
(b) informal organisation
(c) decentralisation
(d) delegation .
Answer:
(b) Informal organisation implies social interaction amongst people.

Question 3.
Which of the following does not follow the scalar chain?
(a) Functional structure
(b) Divisional structure
(c) Formal organisation
(d) Informal organisation
Answer:
(d) Informal organisation does not follow the scalar chain.

Question 4.
A tall structure has a
(a) narrow span of management
(b) wide span of management
(c) no span of management
(d) less levels of management
Answer:
(a) A tall structure has a narrow span of management.

Question 5.
Centralisation refers to
(a) retention of decision making authority
(b) dispersal of decision making authority
(c) creating divisions as profit centres
(d) opening new centres or branches
Answer:
(a) Centralisation implies concentration of all decision making functions at the apex of the management.

Question 6.
For delegation to be effective, it is essential that responsibility be accompanied with necessary
(a) Authority
(b) manpower
(c) incentives
(d) promotions
Answer:
(a) Authority refers to the right of an individual to command his subordinates Thus, it is essential that responsibility be accompanied with necessary authority.

Question 7.
Span of management refers to
(a) number of managers .
(b) length of term for which a manager is appointed
(c) number of subord inates under a superior
(d) number of members in top management
Answer:
(c) Span of management is the number of subordinates under a superior.

Question 8.
The form of organisation known for giving rise to rumours is called
(a) centralised organisation
(b) decentralised organisation
(c) informal organisation
(d) formal organisation
Answer:
(c) As in informal organisation, excess of interactions among people giving rise to rumours.

Question 9.
Grouping of activities on the basis of product lines is a part of
(a) delegated organisation
(b) divisional organisation
(c) functional organisation
(d) autonomous organisation
Answer:
(b) Divisional organisation implies grouping of activities on the basis of product lines.

Question 10.
Grouping of activities on the basis of functions is a part of
(a) decentralised organisation
(b) divisional organisation
(c) functional organisation
(d) centralised organisation
Answer:
(c) Functional organisation implies grouping of a activities on the basis of functions

2nd PUC Business Studies Organising Short Answer Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Define ‘Organizing’.
Answer:
Organising is the second function of management. Organising is the process of identifying and grouping the activities of the enterprise and establishing authority and relationship among them, (or) According to Henry Fayol “To organise a business is to provide it with everything, useful to its functioning – raw material, machines, tools, capital and personnel”.

Question 2.
What are the steps in the process of organising?
Answer:
Identification & Division of work.

Question 3.
Discuss the elements of delegation.
Answer:
There are three elements of delegation.

1. Granting the authority to the subordinates
2. Assigning responsibility to subordinates
3. Accountability among subordinates.

Authority: Authority is the power to command employees and instruct them to perform a job. It flows from top to bottom. The subordinates execute the given jobs as per the instructions of the superior. Authority is always restricted by rules and regulation of the organization.

Responsibility: Responsibility is the obligation of a subordinate to perform the assigned duty. The responsibility flows upwards. It includes all the physical and mental activities to be performed by the employee for a job. Delegation starts when the superior transfers some of his responsibility to the subordinates.

Accountability: It is the obligation on the part of the subordinates to perform the assigned duties as expected by the managers. For this purpose, accountability is created. Accountability means being answerable for the final results. Accountability can never be delegated.

Question 4.
What does the term ‘Span of management’ refer to?
Answer:
It is the number of subordinates under a superior or we can say, it means how many employees can be effectively managed by a superior. The span of management, to a large extent gives shape to the organisational structure, e.g., if the number of subordinates under a superior keep increasing when we move downward, then the shape of the organisational structure will be as follows.

Question 5.
Under what circumstances would functional structure prove to be an appropriate choice?
Answer:
Functional structure would prove to be most suitable when the size of the organisation is large, has diversified activities and operations that require a high degree of specialisation. If promotes control and co-ordination within a department, increased managerial and operational efficiency, results in increased profits.

Question 6.
Draw a diagram depicting a divisional structure.
Answer:
Diagram of divisional structure

Question 7.
Can a large sized organisation be totally centralised or decentralised? Give your opinion.
Answer:
No large organisation can not be totally centralised or decentralised. Complete centralisation would imply concentration of all decision making functions at the apex of the management hierarchy. Such a scenario would obviate the need for a management hierarchy.

On the other hand, complete decentralisation would imply the delegation of all decision making functions to the lower level of the hierarchy and this would finish off the need for higher, managerial positions. Both the situations are unrealistic.

As an organisation grows in size and complexity, there is a tendency to move towards decentralised decision making. This is because, in large organisations those employees, who are directly and closely involved with certain operations tend to have more knowledge about them than the top management, which may only be indirectly associated with individual operations. Hence, there is a need for balance between these co-existing forces.

Question 8.
Decentralisation is extending delegation to the lowest level. Comment.
Answer:
Decentralisation is extending delegation to the lowest level Decentralisation explains the manner in which decision making responsibilities are divided among hierarchical levels. Decentralisation refers to delegation of authority through all the levels of the organisation.

Decision making authority is shared with lower levels and is consequently placed nearest to the point of action. In other words, decision making authority is pushed down the chain of command. Delegation is the process and decentralisation is the end result, e.g., If the director give the responsibility to production head to complete the target of20,000 units and authorise him to hire the workers, production head further shares his responsibility with manager to select the worker.

Manager shares his responsibility with supervisors, who are dealing with workers, authorise them to select workers. Here, the responsibility gets distributed at every level. That’s why we

say systematic delegation leads to decentralisation.

2nd PUC Business Studies Organising Long Answer Type Questions With Answers

Question 1
Why is delegation considered essential for effective organising?
Answer:
Effective delegation leads to the following benefits
1. Effective Management : By empowering the employees, the managers are able to function more efficiently as they get more time to concentrate on important matters. This makes the working of all the levels effective and efficient.

2. Employee Development: As a result of delegation, employees get more opportunities to utilise their talent and this may give rise to talent abilities in them. It makes them better leaders and decision makers. Delegation empowers the employees by providing them with the chance to use their skills, gain experience and develop themselves for higher positions.

3. Motivation of Employees: Delegation helps in developing the talents of the employees. It also has psychological benefits. Responsibility’ for work builds the self-esteem of an employee and improves his confidence. He feels encouraged and tries to improve his performance further.

4. Facilitation of Growth: Delegation helps in the expansion of an organisation by providing a ready workforce to take up leading positions in new ventures. Trained and experienced employees are able to play significant roles in the launch of new’ projects.

5. Basis of Management Hierarchy: Delegation of authority establishes superior- subordinate, which management. The extent of delegated are the basis of hierarchy of authority also decides the power that each job position enjoys in the organisation.

6. Better Coordination: Due to delegation, work, duties, power all becomes very clear. This helps to avoid overlapping of duties and duplication of effort as it gives a clear picture of the work being done at various levels. Such clarity in reporting relationships help in developing and maintaining effective coordination amongst the departments, levels and functions of management.

Question 2.
What is a divisional structure? Discuss its advantages and limitations.
Answer:
A divisional structure comprises of separate business units or divisions. Each unit has a divisional manager responsible for performance and who has authority over the unit. Generally, manpower, is grouped on the basis of different products manufactured.
Merits
1. Skill Development: Product specialisation helps in the development of varied skills in a divisional head and this prepares them for higher positions as they gain experience in all functions.

2. Accountability: Divisional heads are accountable for profits, as revenues and costs related to different departments can be easily identified and assigned to them. This provides proper basis for performance measurement.

3. Quick decision making: It promotes flexibility and initiative because each division functions as an autonomous unit which leads to faster decision making.

4. Facilitates Expansion: It facilitates growth as new divisions can be added without interrupting the existing operations, by merely adding another divisional head and staff for the new product line.

Demerits
The divisional structure has certain disadvantages
1. Conflicts: Conflicts may arise among different divisions with reference to allocation of funds.

2. Higher cost: Providing each division with separate set of similar functions increases expenditure.

3. Ignoring organisational goals : It provides managers with the authority to supervise all activities related to a particular division. In course of time, sucn a manager may gain power and in a bid to assert his independence may ignore organisational interests.

Question 3.
Decentralisation is an optional policy. Explain why an organisation would choose to be decentralised.
Answer:
Decentralisation is much more than mere transfer of authority to the lower levels of management hierarchy. Its importance can be understood from the following points
1. Develops Initiative among subordinates: When lower managerial levels are given freedom to take their own decisions they learn to depend’ on their judgement. A decentralised policy helps to identify those executives, who have the necessary potential to become dynamic leaders.

2. Develops Managerial Talent for the future: Formal training plays an important part in equipping subordinates with skills that help them rise in the organisation, but equally important is the experience gained by handling assignments independently. It gives them a chance to prove their abilities and creates a reservoir of qualified manpower.

3. Quick decision making: In a decentralised organisation, however, since decisions are taken at levels, which are nearest to the points of action and there is no requirement for approval from many levels the process is much faster.

4. Relief to top Management: Decentralisation leaves the top management with more time, which they can devote to important policy decisions rather than occupying their time with both policy as well as operational decisions.

5. Facilitates growth: Decentralisation awards greater autonomy to the lower levels of management as well as divisional or departmental heads. This allows them to function in a manner best suited to their department and develops a sense of competition amongst the departments. Consequently, the productivity levels increase and the organisation is able to generate more returns, which can be used for expansion purposes.

6. Better control: Decentralisation makes it possible to evaluate performance at each level and the departments can be individually held accountable for their results. The extent of achievement of organisational objectives as well as the contribution of each department in meeting the over all objectives can be ascertained.

Question 4.
How does informal organisation support the formal organisation?
Answer:
The informal organisation offers many benefits Important among them are given as follows
1. Quick feedback: Prescribed lines of communication are not followed. Thus, the informal organisation leads to faster spread of information as well as quick feedback.

2. Social needs: It helps to fulfill social needs of the members and allows them to find like minded people. This enhances their job satisfaction, since it gives them a sense of belongingness in the organisation.

3. Organisational objectives: It contributes towards fulfilment of organisational objectives by compensating for inadequacies in the formal organisation e.g., feedbacks on new policies etc can be tested through informal network.

Question 5.
Distinguish between centralisation and decentralisation.
Answer:
Difference between centralisation and decentralisation

Question 6.
How is a functional structure different from a divisional structure?
Answer:
Difference between functional and divisional structure.

2nd PUC Business Studies Organising Case Problems

A company, which manufactures a popular brand of toys, has been enjoying good market reputation. It has a functional organisational Structure with separate departments for production, marketing, finance, human resources and research and development. Lately to use its brand name and also to cash on to new business opportunities it is thinking to diversify into manufacture of new range of electronic toys for which a new market is emerging.

Question 1.
Prepare a report regarding organisation structure giving concrete reasons with regard to benefits the company will derive from the steps it should take.
Answer:
In the given situation, organisation should shift from functional structure to divisional structure as the company wants to diversity, by adding a new product line. The reasons and benefits are

• The performance of each unit can be easily assessed,
• New product lines can be easily added without disturbing the existing units.
• Decision making is faster.
• Divisional structure maintains short line of communication with customers and provide better services to them.

Question 2.
A company manufacturing sewing machines set up on 1945 by the British promoters follows formal organisation culture in totality. It is facing a lot of problems in delays in decision making. As the result it is not able to adapt to changing business
environment. The work force is also not motivated since they cannot vent their grievances except through formal channels, which involves red tape. Employee turnover is high. Its market share is also declining due to changed circumstances and business environment.

You are to advise the company with regard to change it should bring about its organisation structure to overcome the problems faced by it. Give reasons in terms of benefits it will derive from the changes suggested by you. In which sectors can the company diversify, keeping in mind the declining market for the product the company is manufacturing?
Answer:
The suggestions are as follows :
1. To overcome the limitations of formal organisation, the management should encourage workers to interact and socialise with each other through get together outings. In this way, everyone will interact and like minded people will come closer. The net result will be more satisfied workforce.

2. The management should try to decentralise organisation structure.

3. The suggested area where the business can be diversified is textile machineries like embroidery units, sequencing units, buttoning units.

Question 3.
A company X limited manufacturing comsetics, which has enjoyed a pre-eminent position in business, has grown in size. Its business was very good till 1991. But after that, new liberalised environment has seen entry of many MNC’s in the sector. With the result the market share of X limited has declined. The company had followed a very centralised business model with directors and .divisional heads making even minor decisions. Before 1991, this business model had served the company very well as consumers had no choice. But now, the company is under pressure to reform.

What organisational structure changes should the company bring about in order to retain its market share? How will the changes suggested by you help the firm? Keep in mind that the sector in which the company is FMCG
Answer:
The company X Ltd is working in a centralised way, which is not giving enough time to the higher officials to think of better policies, strategies to handle the changes in the changing environment. The company should thus get decentralised so that the routine type of work, Involving minor decisions can be looked after by the lower levels. This will give/save more time for the directors and divisional heads to plan strategies to fight with competition.

2nd PUC Business Studies Organising Additional Questions

2nd PUC Business Studies Organising One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give the meaning of organizing.
Answer:
Organizing is the process of identifying, grouping the work to be performed for the people to work most efficiently together to achieve the objectives (or) defining and delegating authority and responsibility and establishing relationship among them for accomplishment of specific objectives.

Question 2.
Name any one type of organization structure.
Answer:
Functional structure

Question 3.
Give the meaning of formal organization,
Answer:
Formal organization is one which has a system of well defined Positions, Authority, responsibility, Policies, Principles etc.

Question 4.
Give the meaning of informal organization.
Answer:
Informal organization refers to the relationship between the people in the organization based on the personal attitude, prejudices, likes & dislikes etc.

Question 5.
Write any one element of delegation.
Answer:
Authority or Responsibility or Accountability.

Question 6.
Give the meaning of centralization.
Answer:
It refers to the concentration of authority of decision making by top level managers is called centralization.

Question 7.
State any one importance of organizing.
Answer:
Effective administration or Optimum Utilization of resources.

Question 8.
State any one suitability of functional organizational structure.
Answer:
Functional structure is suitable when the Size of the organization is large

Question 9.
State any one suitability of divisional organizational structure.
Answer:
Divisional structure is suitable when Organization have Centralized authority.

Question 10.
Give the meaning of authority.
Answer:
Authority is the power to command employees and instruct them to perform a job.

Question 11.
State the importance of delegation.
Answer:
Better coordination & Quick decision making.

Question 12.
Name any one type of organisation structure.
Answer:
(a) Functional Structure
(b) Divisional Structure

Question 13.
Give the meaning of formal organisation.
Answer:
Formal organisation refers to structure of well-defined jobs each bearing a definite measure of authority, responsibility and accountability.

Question 14.
Give the meaning of centralisation.
Answer:
Centralisation refers to concentration of authority at top level for decision making with one or few manager.

Question 15.
Give the meaning of decentralisation.
Answer:
Decentralisation means dispersal of authority to take decision to the lower levels of organization.

Question 16.
What is meant by departmentalisation?
Answer:
The process of grouping the activities of similar nature under same department is known as Departmentalisation.

Question 17.
What is delegation?
Answer:
Delegation is a process of transferring authority from a superior to his subordinate.

Question 18.
State any one advantages of functional organisation structure.
Answer:
It helps in increasing managerial and operational efficiency

Question 19.
State any one limitation of functional organisation structure.
Answer:
Inflexibility

Question 20.
State any one limitation of divisional organisation structure.
Answer:
Increase in costs

Question 21.
State any one advantages of divisional organisation structure.
Answer:
Product specialisation

Question 22.
State any one advantages of formal organisation.
Answer:
It is easier to fix responsibility

Question 23.
State any one limitation of divisional organisation.
Answer:
Delay in decision making.

Question 24.
State any one feature of informal organization
Answer:
An informal organization originates from within the formal organization.

2nd PUC Business Studies Organising Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is functional structure of an organization?
Answer:
Grouping the jobs based on similar nature and organizing them different departments isknown as functional structure. The functional structure enforces a clear chain of command within the organization. Here top level management act as a primary decision maker.

Question 2.
What is divisional structure of an organization?
Answer:
Grouping the activities on the basis of product is known as divisional Structure. The large organizations which have more than one product have this kind of organizational structure.

Question 3.
What is delegation?
Answer:
Delegation is the process of transferring authority from a superior to his subordinate. Delegation of authority is necessary for the smooth functioning of a business.

Question 4.
What is decentralization?
Answer:
Decentralization refers to even & systematic distribution of decision making power to lower level management. Decentralization motivate subordinates & increase their morale & team spirit as they are involved in decision making.

Question 5.
State any two importance of organizing?
Answer:
The importance of organizing are: Effective administration, Optimum Utilization of resources.

Question 6.
State any two differences between formal & informal organization?
Answer:

Question 7.
State any two importance of decentralization of authority.
Answer:
Importance of Decentralization are

1. Reduces work load,
2. Quick Decision Making

Question 8.
What is centralization of authority?
Answer:
It refers to the concentration of authority of decision making by top level managers is called centralization.

Question 9.
Give the meaning of organisation structure
Answer:
The organisation structure can be defined as the framework within which managerial and operating tasks are performed. It specifies the relationships between people, work and resources.

Question 10.
State any two importance of organisationing.
Answer:
a. Benefits of Specialisation
b. Clarity in Working Relationships

Question 11.
Define formal organisation
Answer:
According to Brown “Formal organisation refers to structure of well-defined jobs each bearing a definite measure of authority, responsibility and accountability”.

Question 12.
Define informal organisation
Answer:
According to Keith Davis “Informal organisation refers to the relationship between the people in the organisation based on the personal attitudes, likes and dislikes etc”.

Question 13.
Define Delegation
Answer:
According to Haimman “Delegation of authority merely means the granting of authority to subordinates to operate within prescribed limits”

Question 14.
Name any two basis for departmentalisation.
Answer:
a. On the basis of territory
b. On the basis of function
c. On the basis of type of product manufactured

Question 15.
Name any two element of delegation.
Answer:
a. Authority
b. Responsibility

Question 16.
State any two advantages of functional organisation structure.
Answer:
a. Promotes efficiency in utilisation of manpower
b. It helps in increasing managerial and operational efficiency

Question 17.
State any two limitation of functional organisation structure.
Answer:
a. Inflexibility
b. Problems incoordination

Question 18.
State any two limitation of divisional organisation structure.
Answer:
a. Increase in costs
b. Ignorance organisational interests

Question 20.
State any two advantages of divisional organisation structure.
Answer:
a. Product specialisation
b. Facilitates expansion and growth

Question 21.
State any two advantages of formal organisation.
Answer:
a. It is easier to fix responsibility
b. Provides stability to the organisation

Question 22.
State any two limitation of divisional organisation.
Answer:
a. Delay in decision making.
b. Does not provide a complete picture

Question 23.
State any two feature of informal organization
Answer:
a. Formal communication channel is used.
b. It is created to achieve predetermined objectives.

Question 24.
State any two difference between delegation and decentralisation
Answer:

Question 25.
State any two difference between authority and responsibility Answer:
Answer:

Question 26.
Give the meaning of authority.
Answer:
Authority refers to the right of a superior to command his subordinates. It arises from formal position of individual.

Question 27.
Give the meaning of responsibility.
Answer:
Responsibility is the obligation of a subordinate to properly perform the assigned duty. It arises from delegated authority.

Question 28.
Give the meaning of accountability.
Answer:
Accountability implies being answerable for the final outcome. It arises from responsibility.

Question 29.
What do you mean by organising process?
Answer:
Organising process refers to identifying and grouping of activities to be performed, defining and delegating authority, casting responsibility and establishing relationships to enable people to work together effectively in accomplishing objectives.

Question 30.
State any two importance of delegation.
Answer:
a. Quick decision making
b. Effective management

Question 31.
State any two importance of decentralization.
Answer:
a. Relief to top management
b. Quick Decision-Making

2nd PUC Business Studies Organising Four Marks Questions and Answers

Questi0n 1.
Explain the steps in organizing process.
Answer:
The organizing process involves the following steps:

1. Identification and Division of work.
2. Departmentalization
3. Assignments of duties
4. Establishment of reporting relationships

1. Identification and Division of work: This is the first step in the organizing process. Here the total work of the organization is divided into a number of small units and assigned to achieve the predetermined goals.

2. Departmentalization: It refers to the process of grouping the activities of similar nature under the same department. The department can be done on the basis of function, on the basis of type of product and on the basis of territory.

3. Assignment of duties: Here the jobs are assigned to the employees based on their skill and caliber to ensure effective performance. It is more important to balance the nature of job and the capabilities of the employee before assigning the duties.

4.Establishment of reporting relationships: After assignment of duties, it is necessary to establish an authority between superior and subordinates. The individuals should know from whom they can take the order and to whom they are accountable.

Question 2.
Explain the importance of delegation.
Answer:
Importance of delegation are as follows:
1. Effective Management: Delegation enables superiors to assign the routine activities to the subordinates and he can be relived and can concentrate on other important functions. Thus a manager can increase his efficiency.

2. Employee development: The manager delegates the work to subordinates according to the skill, ability & knowledge of the subordinates. This makes the employees to get an opportunity to use their skill and talent to perform the assigned work effectively.

3. Facilitates growth & Expansion: Delegation of authority is done on the basis of the ability of the employees which provides opportunity for them to perform better. This leads to specialization and increase in the productivity of employees which ultimately results in growth & expansion of the organization.

4. Better coordination: The systematic assignment of work gives clarity of work to everyone and avoids duplication of work. Delegation of work brings better coordination and help to reach the organization goal effectively.

5. Quick decision making: Delegation saves time by enabling the subordinates to deal with the problems promptly. They can take quick decisions with in their authority. They need not go to their superiors for the day to day routine matters.

6. Basis for management Hierarchy: Delegation of authority defines who has to report to whom. It creates a chain of superior and subordinate relationship which is the basis for hierarchy of management.

Question 3.
Explain the importance of decentralization.
Answer:
The Importance of Decentralization are:
1. Quick decision making: As the powers to make decisions are delegated throughout the organization, decisions are made quickly. Employees need not wait for the approval of the top level management. Decentralization makes the enterprise to enjoy quick decision making.

2. Relief to Top management: In the process of decentralization, top level management is relived form the burden of performing various activities. The authority to take decision is delegated to lower levels so that they can concentrate of more important functions.

3. Democratic system: Decentralization shares the authority and responsibility’between managers. Democratic system of delegation avoids the concentration of powers in few hands.

4. Incentive to workers: Decentralization delegates the power of decision making to lower level which boosts the morale of the employees. It provides them with job satisfaction by providing them independence, status and participation in the activities of the enterprises.

5. Facilitate growth: Decentralization enables mangers at lower level to perform to their full potential and develops a sense of competition among different department of the organization. Such positive spirit contributes towards the growth of organization.

6. Reduce work load: Decentralization is the technique of distributing authority, responsibility and duty among mangers. So the work load of the managers is reduced and restricted to the job assigned to them.

Question 4.
Explain any five benefits of organizing.
Answer:
The benefits of organizing are:
1. Benefit of specialization: The total work of an organization is divided into different departments and responsibilities are assigned to different people. This leads to the specialization of work. Right man is placed for right job increase the efficiency of the organization.

2. Clarity in work relationship: Organising helps in establishing working relationship & clearly defines lines of communication and also’ specifies who need to report to whom. This further helps in responsibility of authority which an individual can exercise.

3.Optimum utilization of resources: Organising leads to proper use of materials, financial & human resources. Proper allocation of Jobs helps in avoiding over lapping of work & minimizing use of resources without any wastage.

4.Adaption to changes: Organizing helps in adopting & adjustingto the activities in response to the changes in the external environment. It brings stability & growth to the organization.

5. Effective administration: This helps to avoid confusion & duplication. Clarity in working relationships enables proper extraction of work. Thus management of an enterprise becomes easy & brings effectiveness in administration.

2nd PUC Business Studies Organising Eight Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define organizing. Explain the importance of organizing?
Answer:
Organizing is the process of identifying, grouping the work to be performed, delegating authority & responsibility, establishing a relationship & purpose for the people to work most efficiently together to achieve the objectives.
The importance of organizing are:
1. Benefit of specialization: The total work of an organization is divided into different departments and responsibilities are assigned to different people. This leads to the specialization of work. Right man placed in right job increase the efficiency of the organization.

2. Clarity in work relationship: Organising helps in establishing working relationship & clearly defines lines of communication and also specifies who need to report to whom. This further helps in responsibility of authority which an individual can exercise.

3. Optimum utilization of resources: Organising leads to proper use of materials, financial & human resources. Proper allocation of Jobs helps in avoiding over lapping of work & minimizing use of resources without any wastage.

Adaption to changes: Organizing helps in adopting & adjusting to the activities in response to the changes in the external environment. It brings stability & growth to the organization.

4. Effective administration: This helps to avoid confusion & duplication. Clarity in working relationships enables proper extraction of work. Thus management of an enterprise becomes easy & brings effectiveness in administration.

5. Development of personnel: Sound organizing ensures that every individual is placed on the job for which he is best suited. Such matching of jobs and individuals helps in better use of human talent. It also provides the benefits, which results in economy of organizations & reduction in cost.

6. Expansion & Growth: Organizing promotes growth & diversification of an enterprise. It enables the enterprise to take up new challenges. Organising can easily add more job positions & new product lines, this leads to increase in sales & profit.

Question 2.
Briefly explain the functional and divisional structure of an organization.
Answer:
Functional structure: Grouping the jobs based on similar nature and organizing them different departments is known as functional structure. The functional structure enforces a clear chain of command within the organization. Here top level management act as a primary decision maker.
Functional structure is suitable:

• When the Size of the organization is large
• When Organization have decentralized authority.
• When the product line have only one product.
• When there is a need for high degree of specialization in operations.

Divisional structure: Grouping the activities on the basis of product is-known as divisional Structure. The large organizations which have more than one product have this kind of organizational structure.
Divisional structure is suitable when:

• When the size of organization is large or is growing.
• When Organization have Centralized authority.
• An enterprise produce more than one product
• When organization need high degree of specialization in product.

Question 3.
Distinguish between formal and informal organization?
Answer:

2nd PUC Business Studies Organising Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Neha runs a factory wherein she manufactures shoes. The business has been doing well and she intends to expand by diversifying into leather bags as well as Western formal wear, thereby making her company a complete provider of corporate wear. This will enable her to market her business unit as the one stop for working women. Which type of structure would you recommend for her expanded organisation and why?
Answer:
Neha should decide for divisional structure because.

1. She will diversify her unit now’into varied product lines.
2. Such a structure would enable her to know the profit margins from each product line and accordingly, she can plan and select the specific product for future diversification.
3. It will facilitate further expansion without disturbing the existing units.

Question 2.
The production manager asked the foreman to achieve a target production of 200 units per day, but he doesn’t give him the authority to requisition tools and materials from the stores department. Can the production manager blame the foreman if he is not able to achieve the desired target? Give Reasons.
Answer:
No, the production manager cannot hold the foreman responsible for the incomplete work as the foreman was not given enough authority by the manager. The principle of authority responsibility says that there should be a balance between the authority and responsibility. If the authority given is more, then it leads to misuse of authority and if responsibility is more, then the work will not be completed.

Question 3.
A manager enhances the production target from 500 units to 700 units per month, but the authority to draw raw material was not given by him. The production manager could not achieve the revised production target. Who is responsible and which principle was violated?
Answer:
The manager is responsible for work not being completed. The principle of authority responsibility

Question 4.
A company has its registered office in Delhi, manufacturing unit at Gurgaon and marketing and sales department at Faridabad. The company manufactures the consumer products. Which type of organisational structure should it adopt to achieve its target?
Answer:

• As a company is performing separate functions in separate areas, then it should adopt functional structure
• The services of experts are common to all products. It will be economical as no duplication will take place.
• Span of management can be increased as workers will be doing the same type of work

You can Download Chapter 6 Population of India Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Geography Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Question Bank Chapter 6 Population of India

2nd PUC Geography Population of India One Mark Questions with Answers

Question 1.
What is the total population of India according to 2011 Census?
Answer:
According to 2011 Census, the total population of India was 121.01 crores.

Question 2.
Name the state recorded as highest literacy rate of India.
Answer:
The state recorded as highest literacy rate of India is Kerala with 93.91%.

Question 3.
Which state has the highest density of population.
Answer:
The state which has the highest density of population is Bihar with 1102 persons/sq km.

Question 4.
What is the average birth and death rate of India?
Answer:
The Average birth rate is 22.22 per thousand persons in 2011. The Average death rate is 6.4 per thousand persons in 2011.

Question 5.
Which state has highest sex ratio?
Answer:
Kerala (1084 females for every 1000 males) according to 2011 census.

Question 6.
Name the highest and lowest density states of India.
Answer:
The highest density state is Delhi (11927) and lowest density state is Andaman and Nicobar Islands has lowest density (463) of population.

Question 7.
What is the average population density of India according to 2011 Census?
Answer:
The average population density of India according to 2011 census is 382 persons per square km.

Question 8.
Which Union territory has highest population density?
Answer:
The Union territory that has highest population density is Delhi (11297 persons / sq km).

Question 9.
In which year family planning programme was introduced in India?
Answer:
The family planning programme was introduced in India in the year 1952.

Question 10.
Which decade is known as great divide in India census?
Answer:
The decade which is known as great divide is 1901 – 1921.

Question 11.
What is the average literacy rate of India according to 2011 census?
Answer:
The average, literacy rate of India is 74.4%.

Question 12.
What is migration?
Answer:
The movement of people from one place to another is known as migration.

Question 13.
Which stream of internal migration is called as women migration?
Answer:
Rural to Rural stream of internal migration is called as women migration.

Question 14.
What is the rank of human development index of India according to 2011?
Answer:
The rank of human development index of India according to 2011 is 134^th Rank.

Question 15.
Which decade has lowest population growth after the independence of India?
Answer:
The Lowest population growth was recorded in the decade 2001-2011.

Question 16.
Expand UNDP.
Answer:
United Nations Development Programme.

Question 17.
In which year the first population census in India was conducted.
Answer:
In 1872.

Question 18.
In which stage the growth rate of population is very high.
Answer:
In third stage The population grew from 361 million (1951) to 686 million (1981).

Question 19.
Name the state recorded Lowest literacy rate of India.
Answer:
B b w with 63.82% is the Lowest Literacy state.

Question 20.
What is the highest birth and death rate of India.
Answer:
It was 49.2 births per thousand persons (highest birth rate)
It was 42,6 deaths per thousand persons, (highest death rate)

Question 21.
What is the average literacy rate of India as per 2011 Census?
Answer:
As per 2011 census the average literacy rate of India is 74.4% (Male – 82.1%, Female – 65.5%).

Question 22.
Which state of country first birth control area project was started and when?
Answer:
Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka, in the year 1973.

Question 23.
Name the highest and lowest density Union territories of India?
Answer:
Delhi is highest (11297) whereas Andaman & Nicobar Islands have lowest density (463) of population.

Question 24.
Which state has lowest sex ratio?
Answer:
Haryana (877 females per thousand males).

Question 25.
What is family planning?
Answer:
It is a programme to reduce the number of persons in a family. The first camp is hold 1961 in Maharastra. ‘

Question 26.
Which is the most populous city in India?
Answer:
Mumbai is the most populous city in India with 1.63 million population.

Question 27.
What is present life expectancy rate of India.
Answer:
The present life expetancy rate of India is 65.77 year for males and 67.95 years for females.

Question 28.
State the percentage of Urban and Rural population in India.
Answer:
23.6% lived in Urban areas
76.4% lived in Rural areas.

Question 29.
Who is called unproductive population in India?
Answer:
Generally, below the age 0-14 years infants and above the 60 years old age considered as unproductive.

Question 30.
What is called as sterilization of males.
Answer:
The clinical method of controlling births from male can be called sterilization of males.
For ex: Vasectomy.

Question 31.
What is ‘Brain drain’.
Answer:
Highly calculated and skilled professionals have migrated from India to some of the most advanced countries like the USA, UK, Canada etc is known as brain drain.

2nd PUC Geography Population of India Two Marks Questions with Answers

Question 1.
What do you mean by Population explosion.
Answer:
More number of births & less number of deaths. This leads to rapidity in the growth of population which is known as Population explosion.

Question 2.
What is Population density?
Answer:
The total number of persons per square kilometers area is known as density of population.

Question 3.
Give any four causes for high birth rate in India?
Answer:
The causes for high birth rate in India are:-

1. Early Marriage
2. Universal Marriage
3. Religious and social supertitions
4. Illiteracy etc.

Question 4.
What is the difference between immigration and emigration?
Answer:
Immigration : is used for in-migration from across the international border where.
Emigration : is used for out-migration from one country to another.

Question 5.
Give any four causes for low death rate in India.
Answer:
The causes low death rate in India are due to:

1. Control of epidemics
2. Expansion of medical facilities
3. Control of infant mortality
4. Spread of education.

Question 6.
What is the difference between Intra-State and Inter-State migration?
Answer:

• Movement of people from one state to another is called ‘Inter-state migration’ for ex¬ample people can migrate from Karnataka to Goa.
• In Contrast movement of people within the state is called ‘Intra-state migration.
  For example people can migrate from Chamarajanagar to Mysore or Bengaluru.

Question 7.
What are the four streams of Internal Migration.
Answer:
The four streams of Internal Migration are:

1. Rural to Rural
2. Rural to Urban
3. Urban to Urban
4. Urban to Rural.

Question 8.
State any two Positive effects of Migration.
Answer:
The two positive effects of migration are:

1. It helps the people to get employment.
2. It reduces the problem of scarcity of labour.

Question 9.
Name any two factor influenced on Human development Index in India.
Answer:
The two factors influenced on Human development Index in India are:

1. Birth and Death rate.
2. Life Expectancy.

Question 10.
Name the states of highest and lowest HDI in India.
Answer:
Kerala has highest and Chhattisgarh has lowest HDI in India.

Question 11.
What is Natural increase of Population.
Answer:
Population explosion due to difference of high birth rate and low death rate. This kind of increase in population is called as natural increase of Population.

Question 12.
What is the meaning of Census?
Answer:
It is an official periodic count of population. This includes the information such as Sex, age, occupation, etc is called census.

Question 13.
What are the different stages of growth of population in India.
Answer:
The four Wellmarked stages in Census report 2011 are as –

1. 1901 – 1921 : Stagnant population.
2. 1921 – 1951 : Steady growth.
3. 1951 – 1981 : Rapid growth.
4. 1981 – 2011: High growth with definite signs of slowing down.

Question 14.
Name any two important journals of family planning programme.
Answer:

1. Centre calling in English and
2. Hamaraghar in Hindi.

Question 15.
What are the birth rate and death rates?
Answer:

1. Number of births per thousand persons in a year is called birth rate.
2. Number of deaths per thousand persons in a year is called death rate.

Question 16.
What are the ‘BIMARU’ States.
Answer:
The most populated states namely Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan & Uttar Pradesh are called ‘BIMARU’ which literally means ‘Sick states’.

Question 17.
Define Literacy.
Answer:
Literacy is defined as a person aged 7 years and above his ability to read and write with understanding short & simple statement in any language.

Question 18.
What do you mean by Grey India?
Answer:
Life expectancy is projected to increase more by 2040 and more percentage of the population at this stage will have Gray hair. This situation is described as grey India.

Question 19.
Mention any four important causes of migration.
Answer:

1. Marriage
2. Employment
3. Education &
4. Lack of security.

Question 20.
Name the four important programmes to control poverty and malnutrition in India.
Answer:

1. Sarva Shikshana Abhiyana.
2. Anna Bhagya Yojane.
3. Ksheera Bhagya Yojane.
4. Cooly gagi kalu &
5. Ba Maralishalege.

2nd PUC Geography Population of India Five Marks Questions with Answers

Question 1.
Explain the trend of population growth in India.
Answer:
The Population growth in India between 1901 and 2011 can be divided ‘into four stages as
follows.

• 1901 – 1921 Stagnant population growth.
• 1921 -1951 Steady growth.
• 1951 – 1981 Rapid high growth.
• 1981 -2011 High growth with definite signs of slowing down.

1. In the first stage: In this decade, population growth was naturally curbed with the outbreak of Plague, Cholera. Malaria, influenza and other epidemics. Thus the decade is considered as ‘the great divide in the history of Indian Census’

2. In the second stage: The population can be considered as moderate The population grow ing from about 251 million (1921) to 361 million (3951), an increase of about 110 million. The main reason was decline in death rate due to control of epidemics like Plague, Cholera etc.

3. The third stage: is very important, because of the growth rate of population is very high. The Population grew from 361 million (195 1) to 686 (1981). an increase of about 325 million The growth has been very rapid after independence. The government of India was implemented many Socio-Economical Programs in all sectors.

4. The fourth stage: It completely differs from other three stages. Here the trend of growth rate of population is gradually slowing down. We can easily justify that, the period from 1981 to 2011 is referred to as a high growth with definite signs of slowing down.

Question 2.
Describe the factors responsible for rapid growth of population in India.
Answer:
1. High Birth Rate – High birth rate is the dominate factor in rapid growth of population
in India. It was 49.2 in 1901 and has declined to 22.22 per thousand in 2011.

Causes for high birth rate: There are several causes for high birth rate in India.
For example: Early marriage, Universal marriage, religious and superstitions, joint family system, illiteracy, polygamy, predominance of agriculture, poverty, slow urbanization process, tropical climate etc. All these factors have been caused directly or indirectly for high birth rate.

2. Low Birth rate : Death rate was very high (42.6) in 1901, but it was sharply declined to 6.4 per thousand persons) in 2011.

Causes for low death rate : There are many causes for declining trend of deathrate they are control of epidemics, decline in the incidence of Malaria and tuberculosis expansion of medical facilities, control of infant mortality, spread of education, improvement in the nutrition level etc, due to all of these programs and activities, death fate has been declining from one decade to another.

Question 3.
Explain the factors responsible for uneven distribution of population in India.
Answer:
The important factors are
1. Physical features – The Mountain and hilly regions are emost unstable for human habitation. For example; Northern Mountain, Western and Eastern Ghats, North Eastern hilly regions are moderately populated. The fertile great plains of North India and the river deltas have high density of population.

2. Climate – The density of population is high in good climatic regions. But the-very hot or cold and very dry climatic regions have low density of population.

3. Soils – The fertile soil regions have high crop productivity. So, the Northern, Eastern
and Western coastal plains are most densely populated. In contrast, infertile sandy areas are less productive and they are low populated. :

4. Resources – Mineral and power resources promote rapid economic development. Therefore, such areas are densly populated. For example, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, West Bengal etc.

5. Industries, Trade and Commerce – Highly industrialized, Commercial and business areas of the country have densly populated. For example Mumbai, Surat, Bhilai, Duigapur, Bangalore etc.

6. Security – People like to stay in a good security of life and property. Hence it is also influenced on population distribution. For example, Border areas of Jammu and Kashmir and Rajasthan are sparsely populated.

Question 4.
Discuss the Composition of population in India.
Answer:
The Composition of population includes the study of Sex ratio, Literacy, age structure rural and urban population etc.

1. Sex ratio – The number of females per 1000 males is known as ‘sex ratio’.

• As per 2011 census,the averages sex ratio of the country was 940 females for every 1000 males.
• There are 1084 females for every 1000 male in Kerala. In Contrast, Haryana has 877 females for every 1000 males

2. Literacy – In recent years, literacy rate has increased in the country. The average literacy in 1951 was only 18.33%. It has increased to (74.4%) in 2011. Kerala with 93.91%isthehighestliteracystateinlndia. In Contrast, Biharwith 63.82% is the lowest literacy state.

3. Age structure – On the basis of the age the entire population is divided into three major categories namely infants (0-14 year). Adults (15-59 years) and aged group (above 60 years).

• According to 2011 census, about 31.10% of the total population of the country is infants, 5.3% are old age and adults are only 63.60%.
• Infants and aged people have become unproductive.
• Thus, the number of working population is also increasing. It is highly favourable for the development of the country.

4. Rural & Urban population: According to 2011 census, in India 76.4% of the people lives in rural areas and 23.6 lives in Urban areas.

• Maharashtra has highest urban population.
• In Contrast, Sikkim has lowest urban population. Thus, Uttar Pradesh has more rural population and Mizoram has low rural population in the country.

Question 5.
What are the problems caused with rapid growth of population?
Answer:
The Rapid growth of population has led to a number of problems as follows:-
(1) Unemployment and Underemployment : It has been increasing from year to year. It has badly affected on young educated people both in rural and urban areas.

(2) Shortage of food & -Malnutrition : A large number of people are poorly fed. Malnutrition is prevailing throughout the country. It is fatal for the development of the country.

(3) Burden on Civic & Social Amenities : Education, health and medical, housing, drinking water, electricity and problems increases.

(4) Low per capita income : The increase in per capita income is only 15% annually. Low per capita income has a direct impact on the economic condition of the people.

(5) Increase of Unproductive population : Below 15 years (Infants) and above 60 years (old age) are unproductive. They are dependent on earning persons. Thus rapid growth has increased dependents rather than producers. ‘

(6) Others : Slow in economic development, mass poverty, low standard of living, political unrest and the social problems like theft robbery, immortality, corruption and the growth of slums, environment pollution are also directly related to the popualtion explosion.

Question 6.
Explain the types of Migration.
Answer:
The types of Migration are Internal Migration and International Migration.

1. Internal Migration :
Movement of people from one region to another within the same country’ is called internal migration. In India there are four streams of internal migration. They are

1. Rural to Rural
2. Rural to Urban
3. Urban to Urban
4. Urban to Rural

1. Rural to Rural: This is estimated that about 65.2% of total migration is of this category’.
Female migrants dominated in this stream. Thus it is an important example for matrimonal migration and it is called women migration.
2. Rural to Urban : Rural to Urban migration (17.6%) is second important type of migration. Rural – Urban migration is caused by both push of the rural areas as well as pull of the urban areas.
3. Urban to Urban : Generally, people like to move from small town with less facility to large cities with more facilities.
4. Urban to Rural : Urban areas are usually affected by the pollution.
The retired and aged people prefer to spend their old age life in nearby villages. Thus people move from Urban to Rural.

2. International Migration : Movement of people from one country to another across international borders is called International migration.

Question 7.
Describe the effects of Migration.
Answer:
The Effects of Migration can be classified into two namely:-

1. Positive effects.
2. Negative effects.

1. Positive effects of Migration :

• Migration controls the high density of population.
• It helps the people to get employment.
• It reduces the problem of scarcity of Labour.
• Migration leads to the change in the demographic structure of a region.
  It helps to reduce the inequality of the society.

2. Negative effects of Migration :

• It affects on density and distribution of population.
• Large-scale migration from rural to urban centres results in creation of slums.
• It also leads to many social problems such as debauchery and immoral activities.
• Their will be pressure on civic amenties, like electricity etc.
• Migration causes ethnics, religious and language problems.
• It will effects on the job opportunities of local people.

Question 8.
Explain the controlling measures of Migration.
Answer:
The Controlling measures of Migration are :

• Expand the civic amenties to villages as well as cities. It can control Rural to Urban migration.
• Develop transport facilities between the city and surrounding rural areas.
• Create more employment opportunities in the surrounding rural areas of the city.
• Develop satellite towns around big cities with all basic amenities.
• Encourage labourers to live in the satellite towns rather than in big cities. .
• Develop Industrial areas outside the cities.

Question 9.
Discuss the factors affected on Human development index in India.
Answer:
Factors influencing on HDI of India are discussed below:

1. Birth and Death Rate : Declining of birth rate has been much slower than that of the death rate. This results in rapid increase of population. It affects on slow economic growth of the country. It is the main cause for declining of human development index.

2. Life Expectancy : Life Expectancy has gone up 65.77 years for males 67.95 years females respectively in 2011-12. This is due to the consequence of the expansion of food security and medical facilities. It helps to raise the HDI in the country.

3. Food and Nutrition : According to the 2011 Global Hunger Index (GHI) report, India has 15th rank among the leading countries with hunger situation.

• The World Bank estimates that India is one of the highest-ranking countries in the World for the number of children suffering from malnutrition.
• It is adversely affecting the Human development.

4. Literacy : Education is the key for socio-economic progress. The Indian literacy rate grew to 74.04% in 2011 from 12% at the end of the British rule in 1947. The large proportion of illiterate females is another reason for the low literacy rate in India. Due to this there is decline in the Human development Index of the country.

5. Poverty :

• India suffers from a lot of Poverty which means that many people here do not have enough money.
• Poverty has reflected in poor quality of life, hunger, malnutrition, illiteracy and consequent low level of human development.

Question 10.
Explain the measures to check the growth of population in India.
Answer:
The government of India has taken several steps to control the growth of population in the country are as :

(a) Family Planning Programme : India was the first country in the world to adopt the family planning programme in the year 1952. The main aim is to control births by various means such as free sterilization (Vasectomy for males Tubectomy for females). Adopting contraceptives etc.

(b) Improvement of the status of women : The social, economic and political status of women have been improved through education and various women welfare scheme. For ex: In Karnataka free Education, Government jobs, Bhagyalaxmiyojana etc.

(c) Programmes to control infant mortality: The government of Karnataka has introduced many child welfare programmes to control infant mortality. For ex: Jananisurakshayojan, Madilu Prasooti Araike etc.

(d) Area Projects : Under this project health worker visit door to door and advise. In addition they are also motivating the people to adopt contraceptives and undergo sterilization. .

(e) Publicity : Broadcasting the benifits of small family through the Radio, Television and Newspapers etc.

Question 11.
Explain the distribution of density of population in India.
Answer:
In India, the population is unevenly distributed. This is due to varied geographical & cultural -Matures. Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in the country with 19975 million people in Contrast Sikkim with a population of 6.0 lakh has the lowest in the country.

Distribution of population in India has been divided into 3 Zones.

1. High – density Zone
2. Medium – density Zone &
3. Low – density Zone.

Please draw the Density of population map. It is in textbook page no – 94.

• High density zone : The area which consists of more than 501 persons per square km either state or Union territories. Bihar (1102) West bengal (1030), Kerala (859), Uttar pradesh (828) states, Delhi (11297), Chandigarh (9252), Panduchey (2598) Union – Territories.
• Medium density zone : The area which consists of 251 to 500 persons per square km. It includes Jharkhand (414), Assam (397), Goa (3 94), Maharashtra (365), Tripura (350), Karnataka (319) etc.
• Low density zone : The areas which consists lessthan 250 persons per square lan, Madhya pradesh (236), Rajasthan (201), Uttarkhand (189), Chattisgarh (189), Meghalaya (132) and other northeastern states.

Question 12.
What is the meaning of Migration? Explain the impotant causes of Migration.
Answer:
The movement of people from one place to another place is knowm as Migration.
Causes of Migration : Migration is caused by a variety of factors including economic, social and political factors. Some of them are briefly discussed below.

• Marriage : Every girl has to migrate to her husband’s place after marriage, thus the entire female population of India has to migrate over short or long distance.
• Employment : The agricultural base of rural areas does not provide employment to all the people living here. In contrast, urban areas provide vast scope for employment in industries, trade, transport & services. Hence people like to migrate towards the urban areas.
• Education : Educational facilities are very- low in the rural areas especially those of higher education and rural people have to migrate to the urban centers for this purpose.
• Lack of security : Large number of people have migrated out of Jammu and Kashmir and Assam during the last few years due to disturbed conditions there. In this situation, people would like to migrate towards well secure areas.

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Karnataka 2nd PUC Business Studies Question Bank Chapter 4 Planning

2nd PUC Business Studies Planning Text Book Exercises

2nd PUC Business Studies Planning Short Answer Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
What are the main points in the definition of planning?
Answer:
The main points in the definition of planning are as follows

1. Planning is deciding in advance what to do and how to do.
2. It is one of the basic managerial function.
3. Planning involves setting objectives and developing an appropriate course of action to achieve these objectives.
4. It bridges the gap between where we are and where we want to reach.

Question 2.
How does planning provide direction?
Answer:
Planning provides direction for action by deciding in advance what has to be done, how to do, when to do and who will do. When we try to seek answers to the above questions, which are well planned, then directions are automatically highlighted.

Question 3.
Do you think planning can work in a changing environment?
Answer:
Planning may not work in a changing environment. The environment consists of a number of dimensions, economic, political, social, legal and technological dimensions. The organisation has to constantly adapt itself to changes. It becomes difficult to accurately assess future trends in the environment. Planning cannot foresee everything and thus, there may be obstacles to effective planning.

Question 4.
If planning involves working out details for the future, why does it not ensure success?
Answer:
Planning does not guarantee success. The success of an enterprise is possible only when . plans are properly drawn up and implemented. A plan needs to be translated into action or it becomes meaningless. Managers have a tendency to rely on previously tried and tested successful plans. It is not always true that just because a plan had worked before it will work again. This kind of false sense of security may actually lead to failure instead of success

Question 5.
Why are rules considered to be plans?
Answer:
Rules are specific statements that inform what is to be done. They do not allow for any flexibility or discretion. It reflects a managerial decision that a certain action must or must not be taken. They are usually the simplest type of plans because there is no compromise or change unless a policy decision is taken.

Question 6.
What kind of strategic decisions are taken by business organisations?
Answer:
Major strategic decisions include whether the organisation will continue to be in the same line of business or combine new lines of activity with the existing business or seek to acquire a dominant position in the same market.

2nd PUC Business Studies Planning Long Answer Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Why is it that organisations are not always able to accomplish all their objectives?
Answer:
Organisations are not always able to accomplish all their objectives due to the following reasons.
1. Planning leads to Rigidity: In an organisation, a well defined plan is drawn up with specific goals to be achieved, within a specific time frame. These plans then decide how the work will progress in the future and managers may not be in a position to change it. This creates a problem as flexibility is very important. Adhering to the plan may not always give us the desired results.

2. Planning may not work in a Dynamic Environment: The business environment is dynamic, nothing is constant. The business environment is a totality of external forces, wherein some changes or the other keep on taking place. Plans decide in advance, what has to be done in future. Planning cannot foresee everything and thus there may be obstacles to effective planning.

3. Planning reduces creativity: Planning is generally done by top management. Usually the rest of the members just implement these plans. As a consequence, middle management and other decision makers are neither allowed to deviate from plans nor are permitted to act on their own. Thus, planning in a way reduces creativity since people tend to think along the same lines as others, there is nothing new or innovative.

4. Planning involves huge cost: Planning involves huge cost in their formulation. These may be in terms of time and money. The costs incurred sometimes may not justify the benefits derived from plans.

5. Planning is a time consuming process: Sometimes plans so drawn take up so much of time, that there is not much time left for their implementation and the objectives to be achieved.

6. Planning does not guarantee success: Any plan needs to translated into action or it becomes meaningless. Managers have a tendency to rely on previously tried and tested successful plans. It not always true just because a plan has worked before, it will work again.

Question 2.
What are the main features to be considered by management while planning?
Answer:
The main features to be considered by the management while planning are as follows :
1. It focuses on achieving objectives : Planning is purposeful. Planning has no meaning unless it contributes to the achievement predetermined organisational goals.

2. It is the Primary Function: Planning lays down the base for other functions of management. All other managerial functions are performed within the framework of the plans drawn. Thus, planning precedes other functions.

3. Planning is pervasive: Planning is required at all levels of management as well as in all departments of the organisations. The top management undertakes planning for the organisation as a whole. Middle management does the departmental planning. At the lowest level, day-to-day operational planning is done by supervisors.

4. Planning is continuous: Plans are prepared for a specific period of time, may be for a month, a quarter or a year. At the end of that period, there is need for a new plan to be drawn on the basis of new requirements and future conditions. Hence, planning is a continuous process.

5. Planning is futuristic: The purpose of planning is to meet future events effectively to the best advantage of an organisation. It implies peeping into the future, analysing it and predicting it.

6. Planning involves decision making: Planning essentially involves choice from among various alternatives and activities. If there is only one possible goal then there is no need for planning. The need only arises when alternatives are available. Planning thus, involves

7. Planning is a mental exercise: Planning is basically an intellectual activity of thinking rather than doing, because planning determines the action to be taken. Planning requires logical and systematic thinking rather than guesswork or wishful thinking.

Question 3.
What are the steps taken by management in the planning process?
Answer:
Planning is concerned with determination of the objectives of the organization and formulating strategies, policies, rules and programmes to accomplish the objectives.
Steps in planning:
(a) Setting objectives: This is a first function in the process of planning. Objectives are the goals which determine what the organization wants to achieve. They must be specific, realistic and measurable.

(b) Developing premises: Planning premises are the assumptions about the future conditions and events like trends in population, changes in political and economic environment, variation in production cost and prices etc. plans should be framed within the framework of the planning premises.

(c) Identification of alternative course of action: Once the objectives are set and assumptions are made then alternative course of action should be identified. The management should know all the alternative course of action to achieve the objectives.

(d) Evaluating alternative courses: The next step is to analyze the strengths and weakness of each alternative. There is a need to evaluate each and every course of action in the light of objectives to be achieved.

(e) Selecting an alternative: After examining each and every possible course of action, the best is to be selected which is feasible, profitable for attainment of the objectives of the organization.

(f) Implementing the plan: This step is concerned with putting the plan into action to achieve the objectives. Implementation requires the formulation of policies, procedures, Budgets and programmes. It requires delegation of authority and responsibility to the subordinates.

(g) Follow up action: To see whether plans are being implemented are also a part of planning process. Monitoring the plan is equally important to ensure that objectives are achieved

Question 4.
Is planning actually worth the huge costs involved? Explain.
Answer:
Planning involves huge cost, when plans are drawn up, huge costs are involved in their formulation. These are in terms of time, money, effort etc. Detailed plans require scientific calculations to ascertain facts and figures. The costs incurred sometimes may not justify’ the benefits derived from the plans There are a number of incidental costs as well (which are indirect) like expenditures on organising a meeting, consultation fees given to professional experts, market survey etc. But despite the high cost no firm can work without proper planning if used properly.

2nd PUC Business Studies Planning Case Problems

An auto company C Ltd is facing a problem of declining market share due to increased competition from other new and existing players in the maket. Its competitiors are introducing lower priced models for mass consumers who are price sensitive. For quality conscious consumers, the company is introducing new models with added features and new technological advancements.

Question 1.
Prepare a model business plan for C Ltd to meet the existing challenge. You need to be very specific about quantitative parameters. You may specify which type of plan you are preparing.
Answer:
In such a situation, formulating a strategy would be advisable.
A strategy is a Single use plan It is normally made to fight competition in the market. The model business plan, i.e., strategy will be the following:

1. It is objective and its purpose is that how much sales it wants to increase over a specified time.
2. The company should then list down its strengths and weakness. This brings in light as to what will be easy and what will be difficult.
3. Aggressive, advertising and sales promotion techniques to be adopted.

Question 2.
Identify the limitations of such plans.
Answer:
Limitations of the above strategy can be the following :

1. Shortage of funds.
2. Shortage of technical professionals.
3. Top level may not be competent enough to develop a suitable strategy.
4. The company may not be successful in assessing the future plans of the competitors as compared to its own strategy.

Question 3.
How will you seek to remove these limitations?
Answer:
The above limitations can be overcome by these actions.

1. Arranging funds in advance.
2. Effective methods of recruitment should be adopted to ensure availability of effective staff in all manageent.
3. Middle level should be encouraged to propose plans in the form of suggestions. After considering all these, a strategy should be planned.
4. The company should be able to assess the moves of the competitors.

2nd PUC Business Studies Planning Additional Questions

2nd PUC Business Studies Planning One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is planning?
Answer:
Planning is concerned with deciding in advance the future course of action.

Question 2.
State a benefit of Planning.
Answer:
Planning provides direction is a benefit of planning

Question 3.
State a limitation of planning.
Answer:
Planning leads to rigidity is a limitation of Planning.

Question 4.
State the function of management which determines the objectives of an organization.
Answer:
Planning is the function which determines the objective of an organization.

Question 5.
Mention the first step of planning process.
Answer:
Setting objectives is the first step in planning process.

Question 6.
State a type of plan.
Answer:
Standing plan or repeated use plan is a type of plan.

Question 7.
What is a method under planning.
Answer:
The prescribed way of doing planned task for achieving objectives is known as method under plan.

Question 8.
What is programme under planning.
Answer:
A programme is a precise plan laying down the operations to be carried out to complete a given task within a specified period of time.

Question 9.
Give an example for budget.
Answer:
Sales budget is an example for budget.

Question 10.
What is planning?
Answer:
Planning is deciding in advance what to do, when to do, how to do, when to do it and who is to do it.

Question 11.
What are objectives?
Answer:
Objectives are the goals, aims or purpose that organization wish to achieve by its operations over a period of time.

Question 12.
Give one example for procedures.
Answer:
Procedure for the admission of student in the college

Question 13.
Give one example for rule.
Answer:
No smoking

Question 14.
Give one example for strategy.
Answer:
Divide and rule

Question 15.
Give one example for methods.
Answer:
Remunerating sales personnel under commission method

Question 16.
What are methods under planning?
Answer:
The prescribed way or manner of doing each planned task for accomplishing the objectives is known as method

Question 17.
Give one example for programmes.
Answer:
Programme for sale of 300 cars in the month of December.

Question 18.
What is programme under planning?
Answer:
A programme is a precise plan which lays down the operations to be carried out to accomplish a given task within a specified period of time.

Question 19.
State the functions of management that determines the objectives of an organisation.
Answer:
Planning

Question 20.
Give one example for policies.
Answer:
Pricing Policy

Question 21.
State any one Importance of Planning.
Answer:
Planning acts as a guide.

Question 22.
State any one features of planning.
Answer:
Planning is a Goal – oriented.

Question 23.
What is rule under Planning.
Answer:
Rules are the established principles for carrying out the activities in a systematic manner.

Question 24.
Give the meaning of policy.
Answer:
They are the general statements which serve as guideline in the decision making process.

Question 25.
Give the meaning of Budget.
Answer:
Budget is a statement of expected results expressed in numerical terms.

2nd PUC Business Studies Planning Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define planning?
Answer:
According to Koontz and O’Donnell “Planning is deciding in advance what to do, how to do, when to do it and who should do it. Planning bridges the gap from where we are & where we want to go”
OR
According to Louis Allen “Planning involves a development of forecast, objectives, polices, programs procedures, schedules and budgets.

Question 2.
State the first two steps in planning process.
Answer:

• Setting objectives or goals, the organization wants to achieve.
• Developing planning premises which are the assumption of the future conditions of the business.

Question 3.
What are Objectives?
Answer:
Objectives are the ends towards which the activities of an organization are directed. Objectives are usually set by the management. They decide future state of affairs which the organization strives to realize. Objectives lay down the guidelines for activities and bench mark for measuring the performance of the organization.

Question 4.
Give the meaning of strategy.
Answer:
They are specific programs of action for achieving the objectives of an organization by using resources efficiently and economically. Strategies are formulated by the top management. Examples: Divide & Rule, Strike while iron is hot, Time is a great healer.

Question 5.
What are policies?
Answer:
Policies are the general statements which serve as a guideline to the decision making in the organization. It is a frame work with in which the decision makers are expected to act while making decisions.

Question 6.
What is planning premises?
Answer:
Plans are formulated with certain assumptions about the future condition and events like changes in political and economic environment, government and legal regulations, variation in prices etc. these assumptions are known as planning premises.

Question 7.
What is decision making under planning?
Answer:
Decision making in planning refers to selecting best alternative course of action for accomoplishment of the objectives of an organisation.

Question 8.
Give the meaning of budget
Answer:
A budget is a statement of expected results expressed in numerical terms, it is a plan which quantifies future facts and figures.

Question 9.
What are rules?
Answer:
Rules are the specific statement which prescribes code of behaviour to the people of and organization and specifies what is to be done and what is not to be done.

Question 10.
What are procedures?
Answer:
Procedures are plan prescribing the exact chronological sequence of specific task. It provides details about series of steps to be followed in a regular order for accomplishing any work.

Question 11.
Mention any two types of plan.
Answer:
a.Objectives
b. Strategy

Question 12.
Mention any two limitations of planning
Answer:
a. Planning leads to rigidity
b. Planning does not guarantee success

Question 13.
How rule is different from policy?
Answer:

Question 14.
What is Single-use Plan?
Answer:
A single-use plan is developed for a one-time event or project. Such a course of action is not likely to be repeated in future, i.e., they are for non-recurririg situations. These plans include budgets, programmes and projects. It is also called adhoc plan.

Question 15.
What is Standing Plan?
Answer:
A standing plan is used for activities that occur regularly over a period of time. It is designed to ensure internal operations of an organisation run smoothly. Standing plans include policies, procedures, methods and rules.

Question 16.
Give the meaning of procedure under planning.
Answer:
They are the plans prescribing the exact time sequence for the work to be done. Procedures are the guidelines to action and they are suited to the works which are repetitive in nature.
Examples: Procedure for execution of the customer’s order for supply of goods, Procedure for the admission of students in a college.

Question 17.
What is follow up action under planning?
Answer:
Follow up action refers to see whether plans are being implemented it is also a part of planning process. Monitoring the plan is equally important to ensure that objectives are achieved.

Question 18.
What is Adhoc Plan?
Answer:
Adhoc plan are also called as single use plan. Adhoc plan are non repetitive in nature. They are designed for a specific situation and for short duration.

Question 19.
What do you mean by standing plan?
Answer:
Standing plan are also called as repeated use plAnswer: These types of plan are used in organizations again & again. They are long term in nature & act as a ready guide for action.

Question 20.
What is method under planning?
Answer:
The prescribed way or the manner of doing each planned task to achieve the goals is known as method. It tells how each step of the procedure should be performed. Selection of proper method saves time, money and effort and increases the efficiency.

2nd PUC Business Studies Planning Four Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the importance of planning.
Answer:
Importance or advantages of planning:
1. Planning provides direction: It provides direction for action by stating in advance how a work is to be done. It ensures that the goals and objectives are clearly stated so that the workers are aware of what they must do to achieve the goals.

2. Planning reduces the risk of uncertainty: A business organization has to work in an environment which is uncertain and ever changing. Planning helps to assess the future uncertainties and helps the organizations to face it.

3. Planning reduces wastages: Planning serves as the basis for coordinating the activities . and the efforts of the different individuals and departments of the organization. It helps to detect the inefficiency and to take corrective measures to minimize the wasteful activities.

4. Planning provides innovative ideas: Planning is basically the thinking function of management. It encourages the managers for innovative creative thinking. Many ideas come to the minds of the managers when they are planning.

5. Planning facilitates decision making: Decision making is a process of selecting the best course of action from various available alternatives after evaluating each one of them. Planning provides guidelines for evaluation of the alternatives in taking rational decisions.

6. Planning establishes standards for controlling: Planning helps in controlling. It determines goals and standards for every individuals and departments of the organization and makes it easy to compare the actual performance of the individuals and departments with the standards fixed.

Question 2.
Explain any five limitations of planning.
Answer:
Limitations of planning are:
1. Rigidity: In organizations a well-defined plan is drawn up with specific goals to be achieved with a time limit. This leads to rigidity in the activities of the managers which restricts the individual freedom, creativity and initiative.

2. Environmental constraints: The business environment is dynamic in nature, nothing is constant. Planning do not take into consideration the possible changes in economic, political, legal and social dimensions.

3. Lack of creativity: Planning is done by top management and the subordinates just implement the plAnswer: As a result the middle management are not allowed to deviate the plans and also not permitted to act on their own. Thus, their creativity is reduced.

4. Expensive: It is a costly process. Collection and analysis of information, evaluation of best course of action involves huge expenses.

5. Time consuming: Planning process is time consuming. Collection of facts and figures, selection courses of action involves much time.

Question 3.
What is planning? Explain any two types of plAnswer:
Answer:
Planning is concerned with determination of the objectives of the organization and formulating strategies, policies, rules and programmes to accomplish the objectives.

Repeated use plans or standing plans: It is a type of plan which is used in the organization again and again. It is long term in nature. They act as a ready guide for actions.

Standing plans are of different types as follows:
1. Objectives- Objectives are the end towards which the activities of an organization are directed. They are set up by the top management. They lay down guidelines for the activities and serves as a bench mark for measuring the performance of the organization. Usually the objectives are put in the form of written statement.

2. Strategies- Strategies are the specific programmes of action for achieving the objectives of the organization by employing the resources efficiently and economically. It is formulated by the top management for successful accomplishment of the objectives in the organization. Formulation of strategy involves three aspects:

1. Determination of the long term objectives
2. Adopting a course of action to achieve the objectives
3. Allocating resources necessary to achieve the objectives.

Examples of strategies: Strike iron while it is hot Divide and rule Time is a great healer.

Question 4.
Explain any five characteristics of planning?
Answer:
Planning is the basic function of management. It’s important features or characteristics are:
a.Goal Oriented
b. Universal function
c. Continuous process
d.Flexible
e. Future oriented

Goal Oriented: Planning start with the setting of objectives and then developing policies, procedures & strategies to achieve the goal. It gives directions to the activities.

Universal Function: Planning is done at all the levels of management. The scope of management differs from one level to another level.

Continuous Process: Planning is an ongoing and never ending process. Planning should be flexible enough to changes according to the changing circumstances.

Flexible: Planning is a dynamic function. It is should be adaptable both the external & internal changing environment.

Future Oriented: Planning is concerned with looking forward. It is always future oriented as it involves forecasting & making provision to tackle future events.

2nd PUC Business Studies Planning Eight Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the importance and limitations of planning.
Answer:
Importance or advantages of planning are:
1. Planning provides direction: It provides direction for action by stating in advance how a work is to be done. It ensures that the goals and objectives are clearly stated so that the workers are aware of what they must do to achieve the goals.

2. Planning reduces the risk of uncertainty: A business organization has to work in an environment which is uncertain and ever changing. Planning helps to assess the future uncertainties and helps the organizations to face it.

3. Planning reduces wastages: Planning serves as the basis for coordinating the activities and the efforts of the different individuals and departments of the organization.
It helps to detect the inefficiency and to take corrective measures to minimize the wasteful activities.

4. Planning provides innovative ideas: Planning is basically the thinking function of management. It encourages the managers for innovative creative thinking. Many ideas come to the minds of the managers when they are planning.

5. Planning facilitates decision making: Decision making is a process of selecting the best course of action from various available alternatives after evaluating each one of them. Planning provides guidelines for evaluation of the alternatives in taking rational decisions.

6. Planning establishes standards for controlling: Planning helps in controlling. It determines goals and standards for every individuals and departments of the organization and makes it easy to compare the actual performance of the individuals and departments with the standards fixed.

Limitations of planning:
1. Rigidity: In organizations a well-defined plan is drawn up with specific goals to be achieved with a time limit. This leads to rigidity in the activities of the managers which restricts the individual freedom, creativity and initiative.

2. Environmental constraints: The business environment is dynamic in nature, nothing is constant. Planning do not take into consideration the possible changes in economic, political, legal and social dimensions.

3. Lack of creativity: Planning is done by top management and the subordinates just implement the plans As a result the middle management are not allowed to deviate the plans and also not permitted to act on their own. Thus, their creativity is reduced.

4. Expensive: It is a costly process. Collection and analysis of information, evaluation of best course of action involves huge expenses.

5. Time consuming: Planning process is time consuming. Collection of facts and figures, selection courses of action involves much time.

6. Success not guaranteed: The success of an enterprise us possible only when the plans. are properly drawn up and implemented. Managers have a tendency to depend upon the previously tested and successful plans which may not be a success again.

Question 2.
Explain any five types of plan.
Answer:
Repeated use plans or standing plans: It is a type of plan which is used in the organization again and again. It is long term in nature. They act as a ready guide for actions.
Standing plansare of different types as follows:
1. Objectives- Objectives are the end towards which the activities of an organization are directed. They are set up by the top management. They lay down guidelines for the activities and serves as a bench mark for measuring the performance of the organization. Usually the objectives are put in the form of written statement.

2. Strategies- Strategies are the specific programmes of action for achieving the objectives of the organization by employing the resources efficiently and economically. It is formulated by the top management for successful accomplishment of the objectives in the organization. Formulation of strategy involves three aspects:

3. Determination of the long term objectives

4. Adopting a course of action to achieve the objectives

5. Allocating resources necessary to achieve the objectives.
Examples of strategies: Strike iron while it is hot, Divide and rule Time is a great healer.

(k) Policies: They are the general statements which serve as guideline in the decision making process. It helps the organization to deal with a particular situation in a systematic manner. An established policy helps to resolve the problems and issues easily.

(l) Procedures: They are the plans prescribing the exact time sequence for the work to be done. Procedures are the guidelines to action and they are suited to the works which are repetitive in nature.
Examples: Procedure for execution of the customer’s order for supply of goods Procedure for the admission of students in a college.

(m) Methods: The prescribed way or the manner of doing each planned task to achieve the goals is known as method. It tells how each step of the procedure should be performed. Selection of proper method saves time, money and effort and increases the efficiency.
Examples: Training employees under, on job training method.
Remunerating sales personnel under commission method.

(n) Rules: Every organization likes to operate in an orderly way. Rules are the established principles for carrying out the activities in a systematic manner. Rules are rigid and do not permit any deviations.
Examples: Wear identity cards compulsorily at work place
No Smoking
No admission without permission.

Question 3.
Explain the features of planning.
Answer:
1. Planning focuses on achieving objectives: Organisations are set up with a general purpose in view. Specific goals are set out in the plans along with the activities to be undertaken to achieve the goals. Thus, planning is purposeful. Planning has no meaning unless it contributes to the achievement of predetermined organisational goals.

2. Planning is a primary’ function of management: Planning lays down the base for other functions of management. All other managerial functions are performed within the framework of the plans drawn. Thus, planning precedes other functions. This is also referred to as the primacy of planning.

3. Planning is pervasive: Planning is required at all levels of management as well as in all departments of the organisation. It is not an exclusive function of top management nor of any particular department. But the scope of planning differs at different levels and among different departments.

4. Planning is continuous: Plans are prepared for a specific period of time, may be for a month, a quarter, or a year. At the end of that period there is need for a new plan to be drawn on the basis of new requirements and future conditions. Hence, planning is a continuous process.

5. Planning is futuristic: Planning essentially involves looking ahead and preparing for the future. The purpose of planning is to meet future events effectively to the best advantage of an organisation. It implies peeping into the future, analysing it and predicting it. Plan¬ning is, therefore, regarded as a forward looking function based on forecasting.

6. Planning involves decision making: Planning essentially involves choice from among various alternatives and activities. If there is only one possible goal or a possible course of action, there is no need for planning because there is no choice. The need for planning arises only when alternatives are available.

7. Planning is a mental exercise: Planning requires application of the mind involving foresight, in judgement. It is basically an intellectual activity of thinking rather than doing, because planning determines the action to be taken. However, planning requires logical and systematic thinking rather than guess work or wishful thinking.

2nd PUC Business Studies Planning Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Bring out the steps involved in planning while establishing a new business unit.
Answer:
The following are the steps involved in planning while establishing a new business unit:

• Setting objectives
• Developing premises
• Identification of alternative course of action
• Evaluating alternative courses
• Selecting an alternative
• Implementing the plan
• Follow up action

You can Download Chapter 5 Human Settlements Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Geography Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Geography Question Bank Chapter 5 Human Settlements

2nd PUC Geography Human Settlements One Mark Questions with Answers

Question 1.
What is Settlement?
Answer:
Settlement means the places inhabited by people permanently in village, a town or a city is called Settlement.

Question 2.
What is rural settlement?
Answer:
All settlement not Qualifying for an URBAN Status are called rural settlement. They are engaged mainly in Primary activities.

Question 3.
What are wet point settlement?
Answer:
Normally rural settlements are located near water points like rivers, lakes and springs where water can obtain easily. These settlement are aslo known as ‘Wet point settlements’.

Question 4.
What are Hamlets?
Answer:
These are smaller than villages and lacking of public utilities.

Question 5.
Which is the first million city of the world?
Answer:
London by around 1810.

Question 6.
What is a city?
Answer:
A densely populated area of considerable size is a city which is larger than a town. An urban center with 1 lakh and more Population is called a city.

Question 7.
Define the meaning of Megalopolies?
Answer:
Megalopolies is a Greek word which means “Great city ” consisting of several sites merging with the suburbs of one or more cities.

Question 8.
What is Mega city?
Answer:
Mega city is a metropolitan area with total Population of more than 10 million people.

Question 9.
Which is the largest mega city in the world?
Answer:
Newyork is the largest mega city in the world.

Question 10.
Define the term ‘conurbation’?
Answer:
The term Conurbation applies to a large area of urban development that resulted from the merging of several towns of cities.

Question 11.
What is Random Pattern.
Answer:
It is a type of settlement in this neither very closer to each other nor highly dispersed.

Question 12.
What is Linear Pattern.
Answer:
In such settlements, houses are located along a road, railway line, river, and canal.

Question 13.
What is Double Village.
Answer:
These settlements extend on both sides of a river where there is a bridge.

Question 14.
How many million cities are there in the world.
Answer:
Approximately 180 cities.

Question 15.
What is Break points.
Answer:
The point of changing transport modes like sea route to land route can be called as “Break points”.

Question 16.
What is Star shaped pattern.
Answer:
Where several roads meets, Star shaped settlements develop as the houses are built along the roads.

Question 17.
What is town.
Answer:
A town is one in a rural community, having much smaller in size of population than a city.

Question 18.
What is Economic problems.
Answer:
Increasing population in the urban centers causes unemployment. It is called economic problems.

Question 19.
Which are the areas that are suitable for the Tourist centres.
Answer:
The place where it has specific natural scenery, a good landscape a beach or greenery may become the tourist centres.

Question 20.
What is environmental problems?
Answer:
Urbanization causes deterioration of environment quality by pollutions and disposal of waste.

2nd PUC Geography Human Settlements Two Marks Questions with Answers

Question 1.
Define rural and urban settlements?
Answer:
Rural settlements: are the settlements whose occupants are engaged mainly on Primary activity like Agriculture & animal Husbandary etc.
Urban Settlements : The word urban means town or a city it is larger then the villages. These are dominated by Secondary and Tertiary occupations.

Question 2.
Mention the important pattern of rural settlements?
Answer:
There are 5 important pattern of rural settlements.

1. Uniform Pattern
2. Clustered Patttem
3. RANDOM Pattern
4. Dispersed Pattern
5. Hamlets Pattern.

Question 3.
Define city & million city?
Answer:
City : The urban center with 1 lakh and more population is called a city.
Million city : Total Population of 1 million and above the urban area is known as million city.

Question 4.
Give two examples of Educational towns?
Answer:

1. Mysore
2. Dharwad.

Question 5.
Mention any two cultural & religious towns?
Answer:

1. Mecca
2. Rome
3. Puri
4. Varanasi
5. Madurai.

Question 6.
List out the trading & commercial towns of the world?
Answer:

1. Mumbai
2. Lahore
3. Baghdad
4. Pittsburg and Jamshedpur.

Question 7.
Give two examples of administration towns.
Answer:

1. New Delhi
2. Canberra
3. Beijing.

Question 8.
Distinguish between Uniform Pattern and Clustered Pattern of Settlements.
Answer:
The distribution of houses which indicate the equal distribution of resources can be called as ‘Uniform Pattern”.
A cluster pattern refers to the settlements which are very closer to each other. These are located near the rivers, fertile lands, mining points etc.

Question 9.
Distinguish between Rectangular Pattern and Circular Pattern of rural settlements.
Answer:
The roads are’rectangular and cut each other at right angles along which houses are built is known as rectangular pattern.
Circular village develop around Lakes, tanks. The Central part remains open and is used for keeping the animals to protect them from wild animals.

Question 10.
Define “Pull and Push factors” of Urbanization.
Answer:
The facilities of the cities attract people from the rural areas which are called “‘pull factors”. In contract rural areas have many problems which force people to migrate outwards, are called push factors.

Question 11.
What is occupational structure of urban settlements?
Answer:
The Economic activities is an important criteria for designing occupational structure of urban settlements interms of population size & their occupation. The secondary & tertian occupations are predominant in the urban areas.

Question 5.
Write the important problems of slums.
Answer:

1. Poverty
2. Housing problems
3. Sanitation problems &
4. Scarcity of water facilities.

Question 6.
Write about the ‘dry point settlements’.
Answer:
The houses are built on stilts to protect from floods, as well as from the wild animals, those are called ‘dry point settlements’.

2nd PUC Geography Human Settlements Five Marks Questions with Answers

Question 1.
Explain the patterns of rural settlement.
Answer:
The term ‘settlement pattern’ refers to the spatial arrangement of houses.
The rural settlement pattern may be mainly classified into following types.

1. Uniform pattern : A Unifonn pattern of settlement is the distribution of houses which indicate the equal distribution of resources.
2. Clustered pattern : A Cluster pattern refers to the settlements which are very closer to each other. These patterns are located near the rivers, fertile lands, mining points etc.
3. Random pattern : In this type of settlements neither they are clustering not highly dispersed.
4. Dispersed settlements : In this, the settlements, the houses are located away from each other individually for Ex: farm houses. This kind of settlement is also called scattered settlements.
5. Hamlets : Thses are smaller than villages lacking of Public utilities.

Question 2.
Explain the shapes-of rural settlements.
Answer:
The rural settlements are of different shapes such as:-

1. LINEAR PATTERN – In such settlements, houses are located along a road railway line, river and canal, edge of a valley.
2. RECTANGULAR PATTERN – Such patterns of rural settlements are found in plain areas or wide inter mountain valleys. The roads are rectangular and cut each other at right angles along which house are built.
3. CIRCULAR PATTERN – Circular villages developed around lakes, tanks and sometimes the villages is planned in such a way that the Central part remains open to protect the domestic animal from wild life.
4. STAR SHAPED PATTERN – Where the several roads meets, star shaped settlements develop as the houses built along the roads.
5. T, X, Y AND T SHAPED SETTLEMENTS – These settlements develop at tri¬junctions of the roads.
6. DOUBLE VILLAGE – These settlements extend on both sides of a river where there is a bridge.
7. TRIANGULAR PATTERN – This shape of settlements set by the confluence of two rivers and also the junction point of two railway lines are often triangular.

Question 3.
Discuss the problems of rural settlements.
Answer:
Some of the most important common problems of rural settlements are –

• Supply of water is most inadequate. People in the rural areas particularly in mountain and desert region walks for long distances to Fetch drinking water.
• The Water borne disease such as cholera, jaundice etc, are the common problems.
• Many rural areas are facing the problems of natural diasters which occur frequently such as floods and droughts.
• Agriculture areas are severely affected due to lacking of irrigation.
• Being dominated by agriculture the effects of droughts are severe and have effects which strech for many years.
• The ruraljiouses are lacking toilet and disposal facilities of solid waster/garbages which cause health related problems.
• The houses are made up of mud, wood and thatch which are damaged by heavy rains & floods. They require proper maintainance every year.
• Most of the houses do not have proper ventilation and the design of the houses also includes animal shed with fodder storage.
• The rural settlements are lacking roads and other modem communications.

Question 4.
Describe the types of Urban settlements.
Answer:
The types of Urban settlements are designated as towns, cities, million cities etc. It is based on their size of population.

• Town – A town is one in a rural community, having much smaller in size of a population than a city.
• City – A densely populated area of considerable size is a city which is larger than a town. An urban center with 1 lakh and more population is called a city.
• Conurbation – The term conurbation applies to a large area of urban development that resulted from the merging of several towns of cities eg: Greater London. Greater Mumbai etc.
• Megalopolis – Megalopolis are the extended urban or metropoliton area, typically consisting of several sites merging with the suburbs of one or more cities.
• Million City – Total population of 1 million and above, the urban area is known as million cities.
  The total number of million cities was 160 in 1975, 438 in 2005 & 468 in 2013.
• Mega city – A megacity is a general term for cities together with their suburbs with population of more than 10 million people or megacity is defined as a metropolitan area with total population in excess of 10 million people.

Newyork was the first to attain the status of a megacity by 1950 with population of 12.5 million.

Question 5.
Explain the Urban settlements based on occupation and functions.
Answer:
The Urban settlements based on occupation and functions are as follows.

1. Occupational structure – The Economic activities such as secondary and tertiary- occupations are predominant in Urban area.

2. Functions – All urban settlements have some common functions. The following are the important urban functions.

• Administration towns – Some urban centers are engaged in administrative function which may be termed as the good administrative centres. Eg. NewDelhi, Canberra, Beijing Addis Abada, Washington D C and London,
• Trading and Commercial towns – Now a days many towns are turned into trading and commercial functions such as market centers like Mumbai.
  • Additional functions which the cities are performing like industrial are Pittsburg and Jamshedpur, Mumbai, Manchester, Shangai, Tokyo.
  • Mining and quarrying – Dhanbad, Johannesburg.
• Cultural and religious towns – The places of pilagrimage and worship like Jerusalem, Mecca, Rome, Puri Jagannath, Varanasi, Mathura, Madhurai.are the important cultural and religious towns.
• Educational towns – Some urban centres are well known for education with good institutions, such as schools, colleges and univerisities. Eg. Aligarh, Mysore, Oxford, Dharwad. Cambridge etc.
• Tourist centres – The place where it has specific natural scenery, a good landscape a beach or greenery may become the tourist centres.

Question 6.
Discuss the problems of urban settlements.
Answer:
Large scale urbanizations results with many problems.

• Economic problems – Increasing population in the urban centres causes unemployment.
• Socio-cultural problems
  • Increasing the population results in lacking of social sendees as they cannot reach to everyone.
  • Insufficient financial resources fail to create adequate social infrastructure and scarcity ‘ to the basic needs of huge population.
• Environment problems – Urbanization also causes deterioration of environment quality by pollutions and disposal of waste.,
• Problems of slums
  • Slums are the most important and severe problem of urban settlements.
  • Poverty, housing, sanitation, water facilities are the problems.
  • Now-a-days the slums are occupying a large space of the urban centres and are still expanding.
  • Ex: Dharavi of Central Mumbai is the fastest grown and the largest slum of Asia.

Question 7.
Explain the factors affecting the location of rural settlements.
Answer:

• Water supply : Normalv rural settlements are located near water points like rivers, Lakes and springs where water can be obtianed easily.
• Land : Most of the people settle near the fertile land for agriculture purposes.
• Upland location : In the flood plains and marshy lands people have built settlements on highter areas for the sake of protection.
• Building materials : Rural settlements are constructed with available building materials like mud, wood and stone etc.
• Defence : Due to political instability and hostility villages were built on hills and islands. In india most of the forts are located on higher grounds or hills.

Question 8.
Write a brief note on Urban Settlements.
Answer:
Urbanization is the most modem trend of the world. More than 51 percent of the world population is living in the urban areas. They are involved in the functions such as administration, education, industrial as well a’s socio-cultural activities,

• The word urban is generally used to mean a city or a town, which in larger than villages and engaged in secondary & tertiary occupations.
  Acording to census of India, the urban refers to a settlement which fulfil the following criteria.
• All places with a municipality, corporation, contonment board or notified town area committee etc and all other places which satisfied the following criteria:-
  • A minimum population of5,000;
  • At least 75 percent of the male working population engaged in non-agricultural
  • A density of population of a least 400 persons per, sq.km area.
• On account of all facilities urban centers are growing rapidly with large influx of population.
• Approximately 180 cities on the world have emerged as Million cities.
• Industrial development and commercialization have also boosted rapid urbanization.

Thus in the year 1900 the urban population of the world was only 14 percent under the total world population and it has increased to 51 percent in 2013.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Business Studies Question Bank Chapter 3 Business Environment

You can Download Chapter 3 Business Environment Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Business Studies Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Business Studies Business Environment Text Book Exercises

2nd PUC Business Studies Business Environment Multiple Choice Questions With Answers

Question 1.
Which of the following does not characterise the business environment?
(a) Uncertainty
(b) Employees
(c) Relativity
(d) Complexity
Answer:
(b) Employees does not characterise the business environment

Question 2.
Which of the following best indicates the importance of business environment?
(a) Identification
(b) Improvement in performance
(c) Coping with rapid changes
(d) All of these
Answer:
(d) Identification, Improvement In performance, coping with rapid changes all are the indicators of importance of business environment.

Question 3.
Which of the following is an example of social environment?
(a) Money supply in the economy
(b) Consumer Protection Act
(c) The Constitution of the country
(d) Composition of family
Answer:
(d) Social environment includes social forces thus, composition of families is the example of social environment

Question 4.
Liberalisation means
(a) integrating among economies
(b) reduced Government controls and restrictions.
(c) policy of planned disinvestments
(d) None of the above
Answer:
(b) Liberalisation means end of license, quota and reduction of government controls and restrictions

Question 5.
Which of the following does not explain the impact of Government policy changes on business and industry?
(a) More demanding customers.
(b) Increasing competition
(c) Change in agricultural prices
(d) Market orientation
Answer:
(c) Change in agricultural prices does not explain the impact of Government policy changes on business and industry.

2nd PUC Business Studies Business Environment Short Answer Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
What do you understand by business environment?
Answer:
The term ‘Business environment’ means the sum total of all Individuals, institutions and other forces that are outside the control of a business enterprise but that may affect its performance. The economic, social political, technological and other forces which operate outside the business enterprise are part of its environment.

Question 2.
Why it is important for business enterprises to understand their environment? Explain briefly.
Answer:
It is important for business organisations to understand their environment because of the following reasons
1. It enables the Firm to identify opportunities and getting the first Mover advantage: Environment provides numerous opportunities for business. Early identification of opportunities helps an enterprise to use it before instead of losing them to competitors.

2. It helps the Firm to identify threats and early Warning Signals. Environmental awareness can help managers to identify various threats on time and serve as an early warning signals.

3. It helps in tapping useful Resources Environment is a source for the various resources for running a business. To engage in any type of activity, a business enterprise assembles various resources called inputs. This can be done better by understanding what the environment has to offer.

4. It helps in coping with rapid changes. All types of enterprises are facing increasingly dynamic environment. In order to effectively cope with these significant changes, managers must understand and examine the environment and develop suitable courses of action.

5. It helps in assisting in Planning and Policy formulation. Since environment is the source of opportunities and threats, it’s understanding and analysis becomes the base for various policies to be framed and strategies to be made.

6. It helps in improving performance The enterprises that continuously monitor their environment and adopt suitable business practices are the ones which not only improve their present performance but also continue to succeed in the market for a longer period.

Question 3.
Mention the various dimensions of business environment.
Answer:

• Economic Environment
• Social Environment
• Technological Environment
• Political Environment.

Question 4.
Briefly explain the following
(a) Liberalisation
(b) Privatisation
(c) Globalisation
Answer:
The three important features of New Economic Policy, 1991.
(a) Liberalisation: Under the new economic policy of 1991, the economic reforms that were introduced aimed at liberalising the Indian business and industry’ from all unnecessary controls and restrictions. They signalled the end of the licence-permit quota Raj.

(b) Privatisation: The new set of economic reforms that aim at giving greater role to the private sector in the nation building process and a reduced role to the public sector.

(c) Globalisation: Globalisation means the integration of the various economies of the world leading towards the emergence of a cohesive global economy. Till 1991, Indiahad a policy which strictly regulated imports in value and volume terms. After 1991, the reforms aimed at Import liberalisation.

Question 5.
Briefly discuss the impact of Government policy changes on business and industry.
Answer:
Impact of Government policy changes on business and Industry
1. Increasing Competition : As a result of liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation the number of players increased in all sectors and increased the competition for eveiyone.

2. More demanding Customers: Increased competition in the market gives the customer wider choices in purchasing better quality of goods and services, which makes them more demanding.

3. Rapidly changing Technological Environment: New technologies help to improve machines, process products and services. The rapidly changing technological environment creates tough challenges for the smaller firms.

4. Necessity for Change: After 1991, the market forces have become turbulent as a result of which the enterprises have to continuously modify their operations.

5. Need for developing Human Resource: The new market conditions require people with higher competence and greater commitment: Hence, the need for developing human resources has emerged.

6. Market Orientation: Earlier, production was taken up first and then selling was done. Now, due to increasing competition and more demanding customers, firms have to study and analyse the market first and produce goods accordingly.

7. Loss of Budgetary Support to the Public Sector: Public sector have less of budgetary support from the Central Government. Now, they have to generate their own resources and be more efficient in order to survive and grow.

2nd PUC Business Studies Business Environment Long Answer Type Questions With Answers

Question 1.
How would you characterise business environment? Explain with examples, the difference between general and specific environment.
Answer:
Features of business environment:
1. Totality of External Forces: Business environment is aggregative in nature as it is the sum total of all things external to business firms.

2. Inter-relatedness: Different elements of business environment are closely related to each other, e.g., increased awareness of health care have increased the demand for many health products.

3. Dynamic Nature: The business environment is highly dynamic. It keeps on changing. Sometimes there is a change in technology, tastes and preference of consumer etc

4. Uncertainty: The environment cannot be predicted. It is highly uncertain and unpredictable.

5. Complexity: Since there are many elements of Business Environment and they are inter-related and dynamic in nature, it becomes very difficult to understand them as a whole.

Difference between Specific and General Environment There are two types of forces operating in Business Environment, Specific and General Specific forces affect the individual enterprises directly and immediately, e.g., customers, suppliers. General forces affect the firms and only indirectly e g, social conditions or political conditions.

Question 2.
How would you argue that the success of a business enterprise is significantly influenced by its environment?
Answer:
Importance of business environment
1. It enables the firm to identify opportunities and getting the first mover advantage Environment provides numerous opportunities for business success. Early identification of opportunities helps an enterprise to be the first to exploit them instead of losing them to competitors, e g., Eureka Forbes introduced Aquaguard and took away the cream of demand.

2. It helps the Firm to identify threats and early Wamirng Signals . Environment happens to be the source of many threats. Environmental awareness can help managers to identity various threats’ in time and serve as an early warning signals e.g.-Lakme took serious steps to improve the quality and types of products as foreign multinational cosmetics companies started coming to India after 1991.

3. It helps in tapping useful resources : Environment offers various resources for running a business. In return, the business enterprise supplies the environment with its outputs such as goods and services for customers and taxes for Government. In order to arrange for the best possible resources, better understanding of the environment becomes important.

4. It helps in coping with rapid changes. It is not the fact of change itself that is so important as the pace of change. There are many changes taking place in the environment and at a fast speed. In order to effectively cope with these changes, managers must understand and examine the environment and develop suitable courses of action

5. It helps in assisting in Planning and Policy Formulation : Since environment is a source of both opportunities and threats, it’s understanding and analysis only helps in formulating the best possible policies to handle the future properly.

6. It helps in improving performance. Continuous monitoring and adopting changes in an enterprise will help in improving not only their present performance, but also continue to succeed in the market in long run.

Question 3.
Explain with examples, the various dimensions of business environment.
Answer:
Dimensions of business environment
1. Economic Environment: It includes the changes in the system due to economic policies made by the Government. Reserve Bank of India is the key regulator of county’s economic environment since it
(a) influences the Interest rates
(b) controls the flow of money in the economy
(c) regulates the working of banks
Example: When the banks reduce the interest rates on long term loans, automobiles and construction industries get a boost to the business as more spending is made on the purchase of homes and cars through loans.

2. Social Environment: The social environment of business includes the social forces like customs and traditions, values social trends, society’s expectations from business etc. In business terms, these values translate into freedom of choice in the market. Major elements of social environment are
(a) life expectancy
(b) shifts in the presence of women in the workforce
(c) consumer habits
Example: Due to the shift in the presence of women in the workforce the demand for readymade ladies formal wear, cosmetics, packed/processed food and electronic gadgets have gone up.

3. Technological Environment: Technological environment includes forces relating to scientific improvements and innovations which provide new ways of producing goods and services and new methods and techniques of operating a business.
Example: Because of technological advancement, it has become possible to book railway tickets through internet from home, office etc.

4. Political Environment: Political environment includes political conditions such as general stability and peace in the country and specific attitudes that elected government representatives hold towards business. It is only of use when a business enterprise can predict its business activities under stable political conditions. Major elements of political environment are
(a) The constitution of the country
(b) The nature and profile of political leadership and thinking of political personalities (cj Political ideology and practices of the ruling party.
Example: After the NEP of 1991, due to globalisation the foreign companies started coming to India, but due to the bureaucratic red tape, it became difficult for them to cut through it to do business here. As a result, these companies were discouraged in our country regarding investments. The situation has improved over time.

5. Legal Environment: Legal environment includes various legislations passed by the Government, administrative orders issued by government authorities, court judgements as well as the decisions rendered by various commissions and agencies. It is imperative for the management of every enterprise to obey the law of the land. Therefore, an adequate knowledge of rules and regulations framed by the government is a pre- requisite for better business performance.
Example: There is a government regulation to protect consumer’s interest e.g.. the advertisements of alcoholic beverages is prohibited.

Question 4.
What economic changes were initiated by the Government under the Industrial Policy, 1991? What impact have these changes made on business and industry?
Answer:
Economic changes initiated by the government under the Industrial Policy. 1991

• The government reduced the number of industries under compulsory licensing to six.
• The role of public sector was reduced. It was now limited only to four industries of strategic importance.
• Disinvestment was carried out in case of many public sector industrial enterprises.
• Foreign Direct Investment was permitted.
• Automatic permission was now granted for technology agreements with foreign companies.
• Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) was set up to promote and channelise foreign investment in India.

The Indian corporate sector has come face-to-face with several challenges due to government policy changes. Some of them are as given below.

1. Increasing competition: The competition has increased due to entry of new players (privatisation and globalisation).

2. More demanding Customers: Customers today have become more demanding because they are well-informed. Increased competition in the market gives the customers wider choice in purchasing better quality goods and services.

3. Rapid Changes in Technological Environment: The rapidly changing technological environment creates tough challenges before smaller firms.

4. Necessity for Change: After 1991, the market forces have become turbulent as a result of which the enterprises have to continuously modify their operations.

5. Need for Developing Human Resources: Earlier. Indian enterprises worked with inadequately trained personnel. The new market conditions require people with higher competence and greater commitment. Hence, the need for developing human resources.

6. Market Orientation: Before 1991, all firms worked with production oriented marketing operations. In a fast changing world, there was a shift to market orientation. The firms had to study and analyse the market first and then produce goods accordingly.

7. Loss of Budgetary support to the Public Sector: The public sector undertakings have realised that in order to survive and grow, they will have to be more efficient and generate their own resources for the purpose.

Question 5.
What are the essential features of
(a) Liberalisation
(b) Privatisation and
(c) Globalisation
Answer:
Essential features of
(a) Liberalisation

• Abolishing licensing requirements in most of the industries a short list, except
• No restriction on expansion or contraction of business.
• Free movement of goods and services
• Freedom in fixing the prices of goods and services.
• Reduction in tax rates.
• Simplifying procedures for imports and exports.
• Making it easier to attract foreign capital and technology to India.

(b) Privatisation

• The Government redefined the role of public sector.
• Policy of planned disinvestments of the public sector
• Refining of sick enterprises to the Board of Industrial and Financial Reconstruction.

(c) Globalisation

• Import liberalisation
• Export promotion
• Foreign exchange reforms.

2nd PUC Business Studies Business Environment Case Problems

Lately many companies have planned for significant investment in organised retailing in India. Several factors have prompted their decision in this regard.

Customers income is rising. People have developed a taste for better quality products even though they may have to pay more. The aspiration levels have increased. The government has also liberalised its economic policies in this regard and permitted even cent percent foreign direct investment in some sectors of retailing.

Question 1.
Identify changes in business environment under different heads – economic, social, technological, political and legal that have facilitated the companies decisions to plan significant investments in organised retailing.
Answer:
Changes which have taken place in the following areas are as follows
1. Economic: Availability of more money because of employment opportunities increasing.

2. Social: Tastes of customers are changing. As they are getting more exposure to the outside world, their tastes are changing.

3. Technological: Technological advancements have led to advanced ways of counting, checking, coding, billing and discounts which are convenient for the customer and also retailer.

4. Political: Government policies are encouraging developers to go for mass construction in real estate. As MNCs are coming to India, they have to be provided an Internationally based infrastructure to operate from.

5. Legal: As the Government is providing more rights to the consumers, organised retailing outlets would be more particular in taking care as compared to a small retailer.

Question 2.
What has been the impact of these changes with regard to globalistion and privatistion?
Answer:
Due to globalisation and privation, more retailers from India and abroad are encouraged to make investment in organised retailing. The competition has increased, the consumers are more demanding and experts working force is required in order to cope up with the changes, which have taken place and are further changing.

2nd PUC Business Studies Business Environment Additional Questions

2nd PUC Business Studies Business Environment Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define Business Environment.
Answer:
The term ‘business environment’ means the sum total of all individuals, institutions and other forces that are outside the control of a business enterprise but that may affect its performance.

Question 2.
Mention the external forces of Business Environment.
Answer:
The economic, social, political, technological and other forces which operate outside a business enterprise are part of its environment.

Question 3.
What do you understand by business environment?
Answer:
The term ‘Business environment’ means the sum total of all Individuals, institutions and other forces that are outside the control of a business enterprise but that may affect its performance. The economic, social political, technological and other forces which operate outside the business enterprise are part of its environment.

Question 4.
What has been the impact of these changes with regard to globalisation and privatisation?
Answer:
Due to globalisation and privatisation, more retailers from India and abroad are encouraged to make investments in organised retailing The competition has increased, the consumers are more demanding and expert working force is required in order to cope up with the changes, which have taken place and are further changing.

Question 5.
Mention any two features of Business Environment.
Answer:

1. Totality of external forces
2. Inter-relatedness

Question 6.
Mention any two important of Business Environment.
Answer:

1. It enables the firm to identify opportunities and getting the first mover advantage
2. It helps the firm to identify threats and early warning signals.

Question 7.
What do you mean by liberalization?
Answer:

• Liberalization refers to laws or rules being liberalized, or relaxed by a government.
• The removal or loosening of restrictions on something, typically an economic polictical system.

Question 8.
What do you mean by privatisation?
Answer:
Privatisation is the process of transferring an enterprise or industry from the public sector to the private sector.

Question 9.
What do you mean by globalisation?
Answer:
Globalisation implies the opening of local and nationalistic perspectives to a broader outlook of an interconnected and interdepended world with free transfer of capital, goods and services across national frontiers.

Question 10.
List out any two Indian industrial policy features.
Answer:
(a) The Government reduced the number of industries under compulsory licensing to six.
(b) Disinvestment was carried out in case of many public sector industrial enterprises.

2nd PUC Business Studies Business Environment Four Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the features of Business Environment.
Answer:
Business environment, has the following features:
1. Totality of external forces: Business environment is the sum total of all things external to business firms and, as such, is aggregative in nature.

2. Specific and general forces: Business environment includes both specific and general forces. Specific forces (such as investors, customers, competitors and suppliers) affect individual enterprises directly and immediately in their day-to-day working. General forces (such as social, political, legal and technological conditions) have impact on all business enterprises and thus may affect an individual firm only indirvectly.

3. Inter-relatedness: Different elements or parts of business environment are closely inter-related.

4. Dynamic nature: Business environment is dynamic in that it keeps on changing whether in terms of technological improvement, shifts in consumer preferences or entry of new competition in the market.

5. Uncertainty: Business environment is largely uncertain as it is very difficult to predict future happenings.

6. Complexity: Since business environment consists of numerous interrelated and dynamic conditions or forces which arise from different sources, it becomes difficult to comprehend at once what exactly constitutes a given environment.

7. Relativity: Business environment is a relative concept since it differs from country to country and even region to region. Political conditions.

Question 2.
Explain the importance of Business Environment.
Answer:
Importance of Business Environment
A good understanding of environment by business managers enables them not only to identify and evaluate, but also to react to the forces external to their firms. The importance of business environment and its understanding.
1. It enables the firm to identify opportunities and getting the first mover advantage: Opportunities refer to the positive external trends or changes that will help a firm to improve its performance. Environment provides numerous opportunities for business success. Early identification of opportunities helps an enterprise to be the first to exploit them instead of losing them to competitors.

2. It helps the firm to identify threats and early warning signals: Threats refer to the external environment trends and changes that will hinder a firm’s performance. awareness can help managers to identify various threats on time and serve as an early warning signal.

3. It helps in tapping useful resources: Environment is a source of various resources for running a business. To engage in any type of activity, a business enterprise assembles various resources called inputs like finance, machines, raw materials, power and water, labour, etc., from its environment including financiers, government and suppliers.

4. It helps in coping with rapid changes: Today’s business environment is getting \ increasingly dynamic where changes are taking place at a fast pace.

5. It helps in assisting in planning and policy formulation: Since environment is a source of both opportunities and threats for a business enterprise, its understanding and analysis can be the basis for deciding the future course of action (planning) or training guidelines for decision making (policy).

6. It helps in improving performance: The final reason for understanding business environment relates to whether or not it really makes a difference in the performance of an enterprise.

Question 3.
Write a note on Economic Environment in India.
Answer:
Economic Environment in India.
The economic environment in India consists of various macro-level factors related to the means of production and distribution of wealth which have an impact on business and industry.
These include:
(a) Stage of economic development of the country.
(b) The economic structure in the form of mixed economy which recognises the role of both public and private sectors.
(c) Economic policies of the Government, including industrial, monetary and fiscal policies.
(d) Economic planning, including five year plans, annual budgets, and so on.
(e) Economic indices, like national income, distribution of income, rate and growth of GNP, per capita income, disposal personal income, rate of savings and investments, value of exports and imports, balance of payments, and so on.
(f) Infrastructural factors, such as, financial institutions, banks, modes of transportation communication facilities, and so on.

Question 4.
Mention of the objectives of Economic Environment towards India’s development.
Answer:
The main objectives of India’s development plans were:
(a) Initiate rapid economic growth to raise the standard of living, reduce unemployment and poverty;
(b) Become self-reliant and set up a strong industrial base with emphasis on heavy and basic industries;
(c) Reduce inequalities of income and wealth;
(d) Adopt a socialist pattern of development based on equality and prevent exploitation of man by man.

Question 5.
List out the features of new Indsutrial Policy of 1991.
Answer:
As a part of economic reforms, the Government of India announced a new industrial policy in July 1991.
The broad features of this policy were as follows:
(a) The Government reduced the number of industries under compulsory licensing to six.
(b) Many of the industries reserved for the public sector under the earlier policy, were dereserved. The role of the public sector was limited only to four industries of strategic importance.
(c) Disinvestment was carried out in case of many public sector industrial enterprises.
(d) Policy towards foreign capital was liberalised. The share of foreign equity participation was increased and in many activities 100 per cent Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) was permitted.
(e) Automatic permission was now granted for technology agreements with foreign companies.
(f) Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) was set up to promote and channelise foreign investment in India.

Question 6.
Hightlights the impact of liberalisation for the economic reforms in India.
Answer:
Liberalisation: The economic reforms that were introduced were aimed at liberalising the Indian business and industry from all unnecessary’ controls and restrictions. They signalled the end of the licence-pemit-quota raj. Liberalisation of the Indian industry lias taken place with respect to:

• abolishing licensing requirement in most of the industries except a short list,
• freedom in deciding the scale of business activities i.e., no restrictions on expansion or contraction of business activities
• removal of restrictions on the movement of goods and services,
• freedom in fixing the prices of goods services
• reduction in tax rates and lifting of unnecessary controls over the economy,
• simplifying procedures for imports and experts, and
• making it easier to attract foreign capital and technology to India.

Question 7.
Hightlights the impact of Privatisation for the economic reforms in India.
Answer:
Privatisation: The new set of economic reforms aimed at giving greater role to the private sector in the nation building process and a reduced role to the public sector. This was a reversal of the development strategy pursued so far by Indian planners. To achieve this, the government redefined the role of the public sector in the New Industrial Policy of 1991, adopted the policy of planned disinvestments of the public sector and decided to refer the loss making and sick enterprises to the Board of Industrial and Financial Reconstruction.

The term disinvestments used here means transfer in the public sector enterprises to the private sector. It results in dilution of stake of the Government in the public enterprise. If there is dilution of Government ownership beyond 51 percent, it would result in transfer of ownership and management of the enterprise to the private sector.

Question 8.
Hightlights the regulations of industeral policy of 1991 towards Globalisation.
Answer:
Globalisation: Globalisation means the integration of the various economies of the world leading towards the emergence of a cohesive global economy. Till 1991, the Government of India had followed a policy of strictly regulating imports in value and volume terms. These regulations were with respect to (a) licensing of imports, (b) tariff restrictions and (c) quantitative restrictions. The new economic reforms aimed at trade liberalisation were directed towards import liberalisation, export promotion through rationalisation of the tariff structure and reforms with respect to foreign exchange so that the country does not remain isolated from the rest of the world.

Globalisation involves an increased level of interaction and interdependence among the various nations of the global economy. Physical geographical gap or political boundaries no longer remain barriers for a business enterprise to serve a customer in a distant geographical market.

Question 9.
Explain the various dimensions of business environment.
Answer:
1. Economic Environment: Interest rates, Inflation rates value of rupee and many more are the economic factors that can affect management practices in a business enterprise.

2. Social Environment: The social environment of business includes the social forces like customs and traditions, values, social trends etc.

3. Technological Environment: This includes forces relating to scientific improvements and Innovations which provide new ways of producing goods and services and new methods and techniques of operating a business.

4. Political Environment: This includes political conditions such as general stability and peace in the country and specific attitudes that elected government representatives hold towards business.

5. Legal Environment: This includes various legislations passed by Government authorities and Court Judgements It is important for the management of every enterprise to obey the law of land and for this, enough of knowledge of rules and regulations framed by the Government is a pre-requisite for better performance.

2nd PUC Business Studies Business Environment Eight Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the impact of Government Policy Changes on Business and Industry.
Answer:
Impact of Government Policy Changes on Business and Industry
The policy of liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation of the Government has made a significant impact on the working of enterprises in business and industry. The Indian corporate sector has come face-to-face with several challenges due to government policy changes.

These challenges can be explained as follows:
1. Increasing competition: As a result of changes in the rules of industrial licensing and entry of foreign firms, competition for Indian firms has increased especially in service industries like telecommunications, airlines, banking, insurance, etc. which were earlier in the public sector.

2. More demanding customers: Customers today have become more demanding because they are well-informed.

3. Rapidly changing technological environment: Increased competition forces the firms to develop new ways to survive and grow in the market. New technologies make it possible to improve machines, process, products and services.

4. Necessity for change: In a regulated environment of pre-1991 era, the firms could have relatively stable policies and practices.

5. Need for developing human resource: Indian enterprises have suffered for long with inadequately trained personnel. The new market conditions require people with higher competence and greater commitment.

6. Market orientation: Earlier firms used to produce first and go to the market for sale later. In other words, they had production oriented marketing operations. the firms have to study and analyse the market first and produce goods accordingly.

7.) Loss of budgetary support to the public sector: The central government’s budgetary support for financing the public sector outlays has declined over the years. The public sector undertakings have realised that, in order to survive and grow, they will have to be more efficient and generate their own resources for the purpose.

On the whole, the impact of Government policy changes particularly in respect of liberalisation, privatisation and globalisation has been positive as the Indian business and industry has shown great resilience in dealing with the new economic order.

Question 2.
Explain the different Dimensions of Business Environment.
Answer:
Dimensions of Business Environment
Dimensions of, or the factors constituting the business environment include economic, social, technological, political and legal conditions which are considered relevant for decision-making and improving the performance of an enterprise.

However, management of every enterprise can benefit from being aware of these dimensions instead of being disinterested in them.

The various factors constituting the general environment of business is given below:
1. Economic Environment: The economic environment includes interest rates, inflation rates, changes in disposable income of people,

2. Social Environment: The social environment of business include the social forces like customs and traditions, values, social trends, society’s expectations from business, etc. Values refer to concepts that a society holds in high esteem. Social trends present various opportunities and threats to business enterprises.

3. Technological Environment: It includes forces relating to scientific improvements and innovations which provide new ways of producing goods and services and new methods and techniques of operating a business.

4. Political Environment: Political environment includes political conditions such as general stability and peace in the country and specific attitudes that elected government representatives hold towards business. The significance of political conditions in business success lies in the predictability of business activities under stable political conditions. Political stability, thus, builds up confidence among business people to invest in the long term projects for the growth of the economy.

5. Legal Environment: Legal environment includes various legislations passed by the Government administrative orders issued by government authorities, court judgments as well as the decisions rendered by various commissions and agencies at every level of the government centre, state or local.

an adequate knowledge of rules and regulations framed by the Government is a pre-requisite for better business performance. Non-compliance of laws can land the business enterprise into legal problems.