Category: 2nd PUC

Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 9 India’s Foreign Policy

You can Download Chapter 9 India’s Foreign Policy, 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Political Science India’s Foreign Policy One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who was called as an architect of Indian Foreign Policy?
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru was called as an architect of Indian Foreign Policy.

Question 2.
Expand INC.
Answer:
Indian National Congress.

Question 3.
Which Article of the Indian Constitution states about the Indian Foreign Policy?
Answer:
Article 51 of Indian Constitution states about the Indian Foreign Policy.

Question 4.
Expand NAM.
Answer:
Non Alignment Movement.

Question 5.
How many member countries in the NAM to day? (March 2015)
Answer:
There are 128 member countries in the NAM today.

Question 6.
What is Apartheid?
Answer:
Discrimination on the basis of race, religion, caste, colour and gender is called Apartheid.

Question 7.
Expand CHOCM. (July 2016)
Answer:
Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting.

Question 8.
Who is the head of CHOGM?
Answer:
British Queen is the head of CHOGM.

Question 9.
When did India conducted the 1st Nuclear Test?
Answer:
India conducted the 1^st Nuclear Test in 1974.

Question 10.
Expand NPT.
Answer:
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

Question 11.
Expand CTBT.
Answer:
Comprehensive Jest Ban Treaty.

Question 12.
Expand OPCW.
Answer:
Organization for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.

Question 13.
Who won the Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace in 2013?
Answer:
German Chancellor Angela Merkel won the Indira Gandhi prize for peace in 2013.

Question 14.
Expand NSG.
Answer:
Nuclear Supplier Group.

Question 15.
Expand CIS.
Answer:
Commonwealth of Independent States.

Question 16.
In Expand PRC.
Answer:
People’s Republic of China.

Question 17.
Expand NEFA.
Answer:
North Eastern Frontier Agency.

Question 18.
Expand LAC.
Answer:
Line of Actual Control.

Question 19.
When Pakistan was born?
Answer:
Pakistan was born on 14lh August 1947.

Question 20.
Expand LOC.
Answer:
Line of Control.

Question 21.
Expand MFN.
Answer:
Most Favoured Nation.

Question 22.
When Bangladesh was born?
Answer:
Bangladesh was born in 1971.

Question 23.
Who was called as Bangabandhu?
Answer:
Sheik Mujibur Rehman was called as Bangabandhu.

Question 24. (March 2017)
Expand IPKF.
Answer:
Indian Peace Keeping Force.

Question 25.
Expand LTTE.
Answer:
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.

2nd PUC Political Science India’s Foreign Policy Two marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is India’s Foreign Policy?
Answer:
Foreign policy in general terms means maintenance of relations with other countries and participation in international political and economic affairs. Herman defines foreign policy as “a systematic statement of deliberately selected national interests”.

Question 2.
Write any two historical roots of India’s Foreign Policy. (July 2018)
Answer:
Peace and Non-Violence are the two historical roots of India’s Foreign Policy.

Question 3.
Name any two Indian leaders who contributed for Indian Foreign Policy.
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru and Atal Bihari Vaajapeyee are the two leaders who contributed for India Foreign Policy.

Question 4.
Name any two founding leaders of NAM. (March 2017)
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru of India and Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt are the two founding leaders of NAM.

Question 5.
Where the 1st NAM summit was held? and when? (July 2016)
Answer:
The 1S1 NAM summit was held at Belgrade of Yugoslavia in 1961.

Question 6.
Where the 17th NAM summit will held? and when?
Answer:
The 17″‘ NAM summit was held at Venezuela in 2015.

Question 7.
Write any two principles of Panchasheel. (March 2016)
Answer:
(a) Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
(b) Mutual non aggression.

Question 8.
Where the next CHOGM summit will held? and when?
Answer:
The next CHOGM summit will be held at Samoa in 2022.

Question 9.
Write any two code names of nuclear test conducted by India.
Answer:
(a) 1974 Nuclear test (Smiling of Buddha)
(b) 1998 Nuclear test (Sakti-I and Sakti-II).

Question 10.
Name any two military alliances. (March 2015)
Answer:
(a) NATO
(b) WARSAW PACT

Question 11.
Name any two countries of NSG.
Answer:
(a) Russia
(b) Japan.

Question 12.
What is Perestroika and Glasnost? (July 2018)
Answer:
Perestroika means economic rehabilation and Glasnost means openness in administration.

Question 13.
Name the two leaders who accepted Panchasheel. (July 2016)
Answer:
(a) Jawaharlal Nehru of India
(b) Zhou-Enlai of China

Question 14.
Name the two leaders who participated in Tashkent Agreement. (July 2015)
Answer:
(a) Lai Bahadur Shastri of India
(b) Ayub Khan of Pakistan.

Question 15.
Name the two leaders who signed in Simla Agreement. (March 2015)
Answer:
(a) Indira Gandhi of India
(b) Z.A. Bhutto of Pakistan

Question 16.
Write any two causes for the Independence of Bangladesh. (July 2018)
Answer:
(a) Neglecting the interests of Bengalis (East Pakistan) by West Pakistan government.
(b) Disallowance by Pakistan People’s party to become Sheik Mujibur Rehman as Prime Minister of Pakistan.

Question 17.
Name any two militant groups of Sri Lanka. (July 2017)
Answer:
(a) Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)
(b) Tamil United Liberation Front (TULF).

Question 18.
Mention any two causes for the relation between India and Soviet Russia.
Answer:
(a) Both believed in national freedom
(b) Both supported liberation movements.

2nd PUC Political Science India’s Foreign Policy Five marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the formation of India’s Foreign Policy in brief.
Answer:
Foreign Policy is a set of principles and approaches adopted and followed by a State for securing the objectives of National interest during the course of its relations with other nations. Foreign Policy is the system of actvities evolved by communities for changing the behavior of the States and for adjusting their own activities to the international environment.

The roots of Indian foreign policy are found in the ancient period, particularly in the Buddhist literature and Kautilya’s Arthashastra. Kautilya explains “Mitra” in Sapthanga theory which represents the foreign policy and external sovereignty of state.

The Indian National Congress which was established in 1885 emphasised international relations along with freedom struggle and thus evolved its own international perspective and policy by establishing Foreign Affairs Department under the leadership of Gandhi, Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari, V.K. Krishna Menon and Jawaharlal Nehru. Thus, the Indian foreign policy was given a concrete shape.

The Delhi Conference of INC adopted a historical resolution by declaring that the foreign policy of British government in India did not represent the opinion of Indians Jawaharlal Nehru’s participation in the various international conferences have become land mark in the Indian Foreign Policy. He concretized the ideas of Gandhi into India’s Foreign Policy and hence he emerged as the ‘Architect of Indian Foreign Policy’. The Gandhi ideals are incorporated into Directive principles of State Policy under Article 51 of the Indian Constitution which promotes international peace and security through Indian Foreign Policy.

Question 2.
Explain the importance of Indian Foregin policy. (March 2015,2016 – July 2016)
Answer:
The importance of Indian Foreign policy is as under:

(a) External Sovereignty: The foreign policy of a nation represents its external sovereignty and freedom. India adopted its own foreign policy after the emancipation from British colonialism and emerged as a sovereign nation in the world.

(b) Protection of National Interest: India’s, foreign policy emphasizes the glory of Indian freedom struggle, importance of India’s geographical location for its economic development and patriotism.

(c) Peace and Non-Violence: An important facet of India’s foreign policy is the concern for Gandhian ideals of peace and non-violence. India achieved its independence by using these weapons and succeeded in inspiring the world.

(d) Economic Development: India’s foreign policy comprises of economic development and political stability to ensure the unity and integrity of the country. National security was conceived to protect the independence, territorial integrity, self-reliance.

(e) Democratic Ideals: India supports the Human Rights as the basic condition for democratic world and for egalitarian world. Indian believes in promotion of the principle of democratic ideals to strengthen the foreign policy.

Question 3.
Explain the basic principles of Indian Foreign Policy in brief. (March 2016, 2019)
Answer:
The basic principles of Indian Foreign Policy are as follows:

(a) Non-Alignment which means not to join any military’ pacs and to remain independent in foreign affairs.

(b) India is always opposing the imperialism and colonialism. It played a major role in liberating the countries from the cluches of such power.

(c) As a founding member of UN. India has played a major role in achieving world peace through active support to the UN.

(d) India has stood by the principle of racial equality and opposes discrimination on the basis of race, religion, caste, colour and gender.

(e) Panchasheel is the fundamental principle of Indian foreign policy which emphasizes five principles of peaceful co-operation.

(f) India’s foreign policy emphasizes its concern towards small countries and sympathy towards divided countries.

(g) It is against to the cold war to end an attitude of rivalry.

Question 4.
Explain the Non-alignment policy of India. (July 2017, 2018)
Answer:
The most important principle of Indian foreign policy is non-alignment. It means detachment from any military bloc and solving all international problems through mutual co-operation and peaceful methods. After the II World War, the world was divided into two military blocs, one led by USA and another by USSR. Main countries of the world became the allies of these two military blocs.

But India was not aligned to any of the military blocs. India was the first country to speak of non alignment and major contributor to the emergence of Non Align Movement. India, Yugoslavia. Indonesia. Egypt and Ghana were the original supporters of the movement.

Question 5.
Write about Panchasheel. (July 2015 – March 2018)
Answer:
Panchasheel is an agreement signed between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Chinese Prime Minister Zhou-Enlai on 29^th April 1954. The five principles may be explained as follows:
(a) Mutual respect for each others territorial integrity and sovereignty. No country should make an attempt to impose political or military control over other countries.
(b) Non-aggression: No state should go to war against another.
(c) Non-interference in internal affairs: No country should interfere in the internal affairs of other countries.
(d) Mutual benefit and equality: Both countries must conduct their relations with one another on the basis of equality and mutual benefit.
(e) Peaceful co-existence: The countries belonging to different social and political systems should live together in peace and understanding.

Question 6.
Explain the Disarmament policy of India.
Answer:
Major concern of India’s foreign policy in the past cold war period is disarmament and arms race in the world. As a leader of NAM, India established beyond doubt that arms race is at the expense of human development. Expenditure on arms and ammunitions depletes and distorts economic progress, programmes for removal of poverty, eradication of diseases, spread of education and easy availability of basic needs.

Though India is one among the major nuclear powers in the world, it is only for civil use and development, not for armed or nuclear race. The ultimate goal is comprehensive and complete disarmament of all forms of nuclear, chemical and conventional weapons. India established Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and Development to recognize the persons, who work for the promotion of disarmament and peace in the world.

Question 7.
Explain the Nuclear deal and recent visits of the leaders in Indo-US relations.
Answer:
India and US expressed a new confidence in their relations on nuclear separation deal in 2006. The US agreed to the proposed Indian plan for nuclear separation. Ex. Separation between civilian nuclear plants and non-civilian or military defense nuclear plants. India got the assurance of an uninterrupted supply of uranium and access to advanced nuclear technology to meet the energy needs of India.

The nuclear separation was to be accomplished by India in phased manner and completed by 2014. This deal was to pave the way for a virtual recognition of India as an N-power outside the NPT and to its N-fuel needs. It enables India to negotiate and sign N-fuel supply agreements with European Union countries.

Recent visits of the leaders: In the recent visit of India’s Prime minister to US it was apparent that the US considers India not only as a stable democratic policy but also as one of the major emerging markets of the world. US Vice President, Joe Biden who is known to be a friend of India, during his visit to India has expressed his wish to make India-US closest partners by 2020.

During the visit of Prime Minister Narendra Modi to USA, both the leaders unveiled a joint road map for Indo-US ties and decided to work together. The President of US Barak Obama was the Chief Guest in Republic Day of 2015 have paves the Way to established new era in the India-US relations.

Question 8.
Describe the similar factors of India-USSR relations (March 2016)
Answer:
The similar factors of India-USSR relations are as follows:
(a) India and USSR considered the peaceful settlement of disputes between states as most crucial for the future of the human race.
(b) Both believed in national freedom and social equality as pre-requisite of a just world order.
(c) Support to liberation movements across the world recognized by both countries.
(d) Both countries opposed all forms of colonialism, imperialism, racial discrimination.
Thus India and USSR realized geo-political significance and the need to strengthen bilateral ties. This is to ensure the settlement of regional problems and establishment of global peace and prosperity.

Question 9.
Write about disintegration of USSR and Bilateral relations in Indo-Russian relations. (July 2018)
Answer:
Disintegration of Soviet Union: In 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev, the President of USSR introduced economic and political reforms of ‘Perestroika’ (restructuring) and ‘Glasnost’ (openness). It stopped the arms race with US. withdrew Soviet troops from Afghanistan, helped the unification of Germany, ended the cold war.

Other weaknesses inherent in the Soviet Union led to the disintegration of USSR and formation of 15 new countries in 1991. India recognized all of them as sovereign states and established new diplomatic relations. Ten of them joined together to form new association with Russia called Common wealth of Independent States.

Bilateral Relations of Indo-Russia: The new leadership in Russia and other Republics of erstwhile Soviet Union hold India in high regard due to India’s secular approach to politics, its stable democratic system assuring rights and equality to all its citizens. It continues its support to India to become permanent member in UN Security Council.

India and Russia both have multi faceted relationship involving strategic and high level cooperation. The process of bilateral annual summits has given great impetus to bilateral relations. Indo-Russia cooperation has continued to move stronger on the basis of mutual interest, faith and friendship.

Question 10.
Explain the Sino-Indian problems and recent visits of the leaders in India-China relations.
Answer:
Sino-Indian problems: India and China are the two largest papulas countries in the world. In 1957, there was a shift in China’s ideological perspective. They stiffened stand towards several countries including India. The alliance with Moscow7 ended. Chinese border incursion in the North Eastern Frontiner Agency i.e. Arunachal Pradesh, claims to 50,000 square miles of India territory and in the Aksai Chin region of Ladakh in the North West in 1959 severed Indo-China relationship.

Nehru had drawn the attention of the visting Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai in this regard, China refused to accept the Me Mahon Line as Sino-Tibetan revolt in March 1959, Dalai Lama and Tibetan refugees were provided asylum in India. China reacted sharply against India’s decision and showed their anger by leveling false charges against India. The misgivings and distrust finally resulted in the Sino-Indian war of 1962.

Recent visits of the leaders: The leaders of both countries reacted positively in recent years. As a member of BRICS. China decided to stop Staple Visas to Jammu and Kashmir residents. This gesture resumed the defence. Business and trade ties between the two nations in April 2011. China became India’s largest trade partner in 2012. Indian Prime Minister visited China in October 2013. The historic visit of Heads of the States in the same year heralded a new era in India-China relations.

Question 11.
Explain the Kashmir Issue in India-Pakistan relations. (March 2015)
Answer:
India and Pakistan are the two rivalry countries in the South Asian Continent. In India’s perspective Kashmir is an integral part of the Republic of India and to Pakistan it is a disputed territory. The argument of Pakistan on Kashmir is that, since majority of population are Muslims. Kashmir should be a part of Pakistan. But India is not ready to accept this argument because Kashmir is an integral part of India.

After wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971, both the countries affirmed the need for negotiated peaceful settlement of disputes on a bilateral basis.

Question 12.
Describe-the India’s contributions in formation of Bangladesh.
Answer:
Bangladesh emerged as a sovereign state in 1971 with the support of India. Since the first general election of 1952 Bast Pakistan now it is Bangladesh had demanded autonomy. Bengali language and Bengali Muslims, culture was totally neglected. Pakistan People’s party disallowed the leader of East Pakistan to become Prime Minister.

These undemocratic acts lead to massive protest and millions of refugees fled to India. India had to intervene to help the refugees to go back to their homeland. India supported the Bangla Liberation Movement. Bangladesh emerged as sovereign state in 1971.

Question 13.
Explain the economic and trade relations of India with Bangladesh.
Answer:
The economic and trade relations between India and Bangladesh are multifaceted. They embraced trade transaction, credit arrangements, joint ventures, transaction facilities and transport development. Their relation has remained intact even under adverse political conditions. Closer economic ties benefited to stabilize political relation between the countries especially after 1992.

Bangladesh is one of the most important markets for India’s export. In 2011-12 India’s total export to Bangladesh reached sizeable level. Setting up of South Asian Preferential Treaty Arrangement, Group of Eminent persons led by the leaders of South Asian countries are the land marks in the economic integration of the two countries.

Question 14.
Explain the early relation and causes of disputes in Indo-Sri Lankan relations.
Answer:
Early Relations: Indo-Sri Lankan relation spans over a period of four thousand years. There are two major ethnic groups the Sinhalese and Tamils, who trace their origin to India. Both countries share a historical bond. People of both countries joined together in struggle for freedom from British colonial rule and for a new democratic national identity.

Causes of Disputes: There was a dispute between India and Sri Lanka on the matters of security and sovereignty and some settlements were made to solve the issue of the jurisdiction over Kachathivu Island in the middle of the Palk Straits. One of the main disputes was regarding the political status of Tamil people of Indian origin migrated to Sri Lanka.

The long standing problem of accepting the Tamil speaking population of Sri Lankan as its citizens and giving them regional autonomy could not be solved. The majority of Simhalese demanded Tamils should return to India, they deny the citizenship to Tamils by enacting the Ceylone Citizenship Act of 1948. This was disentailed them franchise and other rights.

In 1965 Indian Prime Minister and Sri Lankan Prime Minister signed an agreement about Tamils Citizenship, but in vain. These are the major causes for the disputes between India and Sri Lanka.

Question 15.
Explain the role of India in the minimizing of Sri Lankan ethnic problems. (July 2016)
Answer:
The extremist activities by LTTE with the support of Tamil communities in South East Asia and Tamil Nadu of India leads to violence in Sri Lanka in great extent during 1987. It arose the fear in large number of non-combatant Tamil population. In this tense atmosphere. Rajiv Gandhi-Jayewardene Agreement was signed in 1988 to solve the problem bilaterally.

The Agreement provided for an Indian Peace Keeping Force to oversee the surrender process of Tamil militants. The IPKF tries to combat the extremist activities in Sri Lanka and finally India agreed to withdraw the IPKF. India had shown its good neighbouring approach to minimize the Sri Lankan ethnic problems as far as possible.

2nd PUC Political Science India’s Foreign Policy Ten marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Describe the meaning and importance of Indian Foreign Policy.
Answer:
Meaning: Foreign policy in general terms means maintenance of relations with other countries and participation in international political and economic affairs. It is a combination of principles, interests and objectives through which a state formulates and conducts its relations with other countries.
Importance of Indian Foreign Policy:

(a) External Sovereignty: The foreign policy of a nation represents its external sovereignty and freedom. India adopted its own foreign policy after the emancipation from British colonialism and emerged as a sovereign nation in the world.

(b) Protection of National Interest: India’s foreign policy emphasizes the glory of Indian freedom struggle, importance of India’s geographical location for its economic development and patriotism.

(c) Peace and Non-Violence: An important facet of India’s foreign policy is the concern for Gandhian ideals of peace and non-violence. India achieved its independence by using these weapons and succeeded in inspiring the world.

(d) Economic Development: India’s foreign policy comprises of economic development and political stability to ensure the unity and integrity of the country. National security was conceived to protect the independence, territorial integrity, self-reliance.

(e) Democratic Ideals: India supports the Human Rights as the basic condition for democratic world and for egalitarian world. Indian believes in promotion of the principle of democratic ideals to strengthen the foreign policy

Question 2.
Explain the basic principles of Indian Foreign Policy.
Answer:
The basic principles of Indian Foreign Policy are as follows:

(a) Non-Alignment: India’s foreign policy has been based on the principle of non-alignment. This policy means refusal to accept any definite commitment or to join a system of military pacts or alliances. It implies a policy of peace. It is based on the belief that war should be avoided. Nehru declared, In the sphere of foreign affairs. India will follow an independent policy, keeping away from the politics of groups aligned against one another. India is also a leading member of the NAM.

(b) Opposition to Imperialism and Colonialism: Since India itself remained a victim of British imperialism, it has always opposed all forms of imperialism and colonialism. It has supported the cause of the exploited nations against the colonial powers. It popularized feelings and movements against imperialism. It has defended the rights of Indonesia, Namibia. Bangladesh etc. to become Independent nations.

(c) Faith in United Nations of Organisation: India has great faith in the UNO. It is a founder member of the UNO. India stands for the maintenance of international peace and security through the efforts of the UNO. It has always actively participated in all the activities of the UNO. India looks upon the UNO as an important instrument for bringing about a reduction of tensions and the establishment of honourable peace among the nations of the world.

(d) Opposition to apartheid and racial discrimination: India realized that racial discrimination is more dangerous than war itself. It has, therefore, consistently raised its voice against discrimination on the basis of race, religion, caste, colour and sex. It openly condemned South Africa for its policy of apartheid’.

(e) Panchsheel: The term panchsheel is associated with the foreign policy of India. It is based on five principles of international conduct. These principles were enunciated in the agreement of friendship between India and China in 1954. The principles are:

• Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity’ and sovereignty.
• Non-aggression.
• Non-interference in internal affairs.
• Mutual benefit and equality.
• Peaceful co-existence.

(f) Tie with Commonwealth: Although India got its independence from British imperialism. India decided to remain within the Commonwealth of Nations. It is made up of Britain and other countries which had once been its colonies. Traditionally. India had many economic ties with UK and other member countries of Common wealth Association to get financial aid.

(g) Disarmament: Another essential concern for peace in India’s foreign policy has been arms control, disarmament and related matters, from the very beginning, India has advocated the prohibition of nuclear weapons and check on the proliferation of all kinds of weapons in the United Nations and other forums. In general, a major objective of India’s foreign policy has been comprehensive disarmament.

(h) Sympathy towards divided countries: Partition of India and Pakistan due to divide and rale policy of British in 1947, resulted in terrible communal riots, enormous suffering of people who moved out of their homes and had to begin their life again as refugees. Because of the bitter experience of this incident, India is sympathetic towards divided countries of the world.

(i) Affinity towards Afro-Asian countries: Though India has the relations with all countries of the world, it has special affinity towards the countries in Asia and Africa. India supported the freedom struggle of African countries and Nelson Mandela to become the first black leader as a President. India’s role is significant in the formation of ASEAN, SAARC as regional organisations to promote the regional interests.

(j) Against cold war: Cold war began with the formation of two power blocs at the end of II world war viz., US and USSR. Rivalry between them resulted in the emergence of many military alliances. Ex. NATO, ANZUS. SEATO. CENTO. As a leader of NAM, it stayed away from the two blocs. Hence India is emphasizing to end cold war and to restore world peace.

Question 3.
Explain the India and USA relations (July 2015)
Answer:
India’s relation with USA is as old as the history of British imperialism in the world. India’s freedom movement had drawn much inspiration from the colonial history of US. Both nations have a common faith in democratic institutions and way of life and are dedicated to the cause of peace and freedom. The relationship between India and USA can be studied as under:

(a) Economic Relations: After Indian independence, the US extended its economic aid under Truman’s ‘Four Point Program’ of 1950, consisting of American technical skills, knowledge and investment capital. It provided wheat loan to India to manage the famine in some parts of the country in 1951. The Indian economy had close ties with US and its companies. US absorbed much of India’s total exports in the software sector and extended job opportunity to lakhs of Indians in its silicon valley.

(b) Military Relations: There was no good relationship between India and USA in the field of military after II world war since India adopted Non-Alignment policy. As its global strategy to curb the communism. US responded positively with military assistance to India in 1962 Indo-China war. The US has military bases in the Indian ocean. But this was opposed by India.

(c) Indo-US Nuclear Deal: Both countries expressed a new confidence in their relations on nuclear separation deal in 2006. The US agreed to the proposed Indian plan for nuclear separation. Ex. Separation between civilian nuclear plants and non-civilian or military defense nuclear plants. India got the assurance of an uninterrupted supply of uranium and access to advanced nuclear technology to meet the energy needs of India. The nuclear separation was to be accomplished by India in phased manner and completed by 2014.

(d) Socio-Cultural Relations: India and US have close socio-cultural relations. There is a cooperation in the field of cultural exchange, scientific and educational interaction. A large number of people of Indian origin living in the US hold potential of a greater cooperation. Thousands of Indian scholars acquired their advanced knowledge from the education institutions of US.

Question 4.
Describe the India and Russia relations.
Answer:
India and Russia are the two traditional countries in the world. Soviet Union contributed immensely for the development of industries and technology in India. The defence ties between the two countries helped India in building a credible defence structure. Its steadfast diplomatic support in the UN on the Kashmir and Goa issues is commendable. The use of Veto power in the Security Council to support India in 1971 war with Pakistan was crucial.

Indo-Russia partnership: After the collapse of Soviet Union, Russia emerged as the successor in UN. India decided to continue the historical relations with Russia erstwhile part of Soviet Union. Since 1991, India and Russia are engaged in giving a new’ direction to their bilateral relations. The visits of the dignitaries of two countries gave an impetus to work out comprehensive basis for new’ relationship in the areas of trade and commerce, scientific and technology, education and culture.

Agreements: The Rupee-Rouble Agreement in 1993 ensured the uninterrupted supply of Russia defence spares to India and pledged to India to support its decision on Kashmir issue in the UN Security Council. Both countries signed the Trade Agreement in 1994 for the bilateral trade. A contract was signed by ISRO and Russian firm Glav Kosmos for the supply of Cryogenic Engine to India and transfer of its technology.

Both countries agreed to coordinate their activities and exchange information and experience to combat terrorism, organized crime and illegal arms trade. They have agreed to conduct joint scientific research in the fields of mutual interests. New Treaty of Friendship and cooperation was designed to guide the path of both countries’ relation in the next 20 years.

Bilateral relations: The new leadership in Russia and other Republics of erstwhile Soviet Union hold India in high regard due to India’s secular approach to politics. Its stable democratic system assuring rights and equality to all its citizens. Russia continues its support to India to become permanent member in UN Security Council. Both countries have multi faceted relationship involving strategic and high level cooperation. Indo-Russia cooperation has continued to move stronger on the basis of mutual interest, faith, friendship and past relations.

Question 5.
Explain the India and China relations.
Answer:
India and China are the two ancient civilization countries and the relation of both can be regarded as Sino-Indian relation which is more than 2000 years old. The two countries are most populous and fastest growing major economies of the world.
India was one of the first few countries to extend its official diplomatic recognition to China.

It has close contacts during the Korea war and refused to brand China as an aggressor for its entry in support of North Korea. India and China signed an agreement regarding Tibet, in which India gave up its extra territorial rights in Tibet and recognized the Chinese suzerainty over Tibet.

Both countries accepted the doctrine of Panchasheel. India played a leading role in the Geneva Conference on Korea peace supporting the Chinese position. India was the mam proponent of China’s participation in the first Afro-Asian Conference held at Bandung in 1955.

Both joined hands in opposing SEATO, Baghdad and other military alliances. India supported China over the issue of Taiwan. It reciprocated by giving support to India over Goa. IndoChinese relations remained normal and cordian. The development of Sino-Indian relations became the common objective of the leaders.

Renewal of the Bilateral Relations: Sino-Indian relations were re-established by the diplomacy of ambassadors after 1980. Since 1981 new efforts were initiated to normalize bilateral relations by defusing the border disputes and concentrating on other areas of mutual interest like commerce and trade. Recent visits of both the leaders paved the way to solve the long standing boundary question bilaterally.

Trade and Commerce: The visits of the leaders of both the countries in 2013 paved the way for resurgence of trade and commerce with mutual cooperation in the bilateral relations. During the visit of Chinese leaders to India in 2013. they decided to resolve border dispute and to stimulate economic relations.

It was a land mark in the diplomatic cooperation, cemented the relationship in other areas and to formulate strategies for prosperous future. They have signed a agreement to create ‘Sister City Relationship’ between Delhi and Beijing, Bengaluru and Chengdu, Kolkata and Kunming to boost the tourism and trade.

Both nations designated 2014 as a year of ‘Friendly Exchage’ between India and China and to commemorate the 60^th anniversary of the ‘Panchasheel’. The recent visit of Indian Prime Minister in 2015 is a significant step in the reformation of Indo-China relations.

Question 6.
Explain the India and Pakistan relations.
Answer:
India and Pakistan were the part of British India before independence. It was partitioned due to divide and rule policy of British. Pakistan has close ethnic, cultural and historical links with India. Common blood flows across the land. The trauma, agony and fratricidal conflicts of partition of 1947 still haunt the relationship between the two countries. The mutual distrust and animosity affect indo-Pak relations.

Major Pacts between India and Pakistan: After wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971, both the countries affirmed the need for negotiated peaceful settlement of disputes in the Tashkent Declaration of January 1966 between Talbahadur Shastri and Ayub Khan. Tn the Simla Agreement of 1972, Indira Gandhi and Z.A. Bhutto signed and agreed to solve all disputes in a peaceful manner and on a bilateral basis.

In 1988 both the countries signed the agreement not to attack nuclear installation and facilities of each other. The Lahore Declaration was signed between Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Shariff in 1999 and the historical bus journey called ‘Sadbhavan Yaatra’ was started from Delhi to Lahore.

Recent Trade ties: Joint Business Forum of both countries decided to augment for Indo-Pak economic relations by identifying opportunities, impediments and prescribing solutions. For better handling of trucks at Wagah-Attari border, it was decided to open more land routes between two nations to boost the economic activities. The Forum’s decision to open Bank branches of both countries is a significant step in the bilateral trade relations.

It created the environment of increasing cooperation in the field of petroleum, power, agriculture, textiles and pharmaceuticals. Pakistan wanted non-discriminatory access to India as a SAARC member country. The Forum has the aim to build the mutual trade relations between two countries for new economic cooperation in 2013.

Question 7.
Describe the India and Bangladesh relations.
Answer:
Indo-Bangladesh relations began on a note of high level of cordiality, due to India’s sympathy and support to their struggle for independence. In 1972 a 25 years of treaty of friendship, cooperation and peace was signed with the Indo-Bangladesh trade Pact. In 1974 Indo- Bangladesh border agreement was signed and the long standing Farakka Barrage dispute was amicably settled. There had been considerable expansion of cooperation in socio-cultural and economic field.

Bilateral Relations: The formation of SAARC in 1985 led to new initiatives for better Indo-Bangladesh bilateral relations. India agreed to transfer ‘Tin Bhiga’ corridor to Bangladesh on lease basis in March 1992, they have also agreed to formulate a comprehensive plan for sharing of the water resources. Bangladesh assured that Chakma refugees return to their homeland. On December 1996 India and Bangladesh signed the Farakka Treaty for sharing of the Ganga waters.

Economic Relations: The economic relations between two countries are multifaceted. They embraced trade transaction, credit arrangements, joint ventures, transaction facilities and transport development. Their relation has remained intact even under adverse political conditions.

This is mainly because of geographical proximity, contiguity, common language, similarity of consumption patterns, common development needs and experience. Closer economic ties benefited to stabilize political relation between the countries especially after 1992. Bangladesh is one of the most important markets for India’s export.

For several decades, it has been the largest export market for India in the SAARC region. In 2011-12 India’s total export to Bangladesh reached sizeable level. This makes Bangladesh one of the most important export markets for India in the world.

Question 8.
Describe the India and Sri Lanka relations.
Answer:
Indo-Sri Lankan relation spans over a period of 4000 years. There are two major ethnic groups the Sinhalese and Tamils, who trace their origin to India. Both countries Share a historical bond. People of both countries joined together in struggle for freedom from British colonial rule and for a new democratic national identity. Political ties and relations during freedom movement forged new links between them. The significance of India’s interest in Sri Lanka after independence was to promote a policy of good neighbourhood.

There was a contradiction between India and Sri Lanka with relates to Tamil people who settled in Sri Lanka. The long standing problem of accepting the Tamil speaking population of Sri Lanka as its citizens and giving them regional autonomy could not be solved. Hence they protest for their rights but in vain. It resulted in the formation of extremists groups called TULF and LTTE and they opted violence path to achieve their political goal. Government of India deployed Indian Peace Keeping Force to oversee the surrender process of Tamil militants.

Bilateral relations: India and Sri Lanka signed the Free Trade Agreement on December 1998 to promote trade relations effectively between the two countries.

The bilateral trade agreements in 2000 resulted in the marked improvement in the Indo-Sri Lankan trade between 2004 and 2010. The bilateral meeting was held in 2013 and an agreement was signed to combat International Terrorism and illicit drugs trafficking.

The ethnic conflict which continued for over 30 years tore the island nation which ended on May 2009. As per the 13th Amendment of the India-Sri Lanka Accord of 1987, elections were held to the Northern provincial Council in September 2013 and with this a new facet of Democracy began. Indian Prime Minister visited Sri Lanka after 28 years on March 2015 and this leads to the new era between India and Sri Lanka.

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2nd PUC Political Science International Relations and Politics One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the meaning of International relations?
Answer:
A dynamic discipline which tries to explain political activities across the state boundaries is called international relations.

Question 2.
Who used the term International relations for the first time?
Answer:
The term ‘international’ was used for the first time by Jeremy Bentham.

Question 3.
Name the work of Jean Bodin.
Answer:
Dc Republica.

State one importance of International relations.
Answer:
It substitutes internationalism to narrow nationalism which delimits the boundaries of states.

Question 5.
What is State Sovereignty?
Answer:
The obligation of sovereign states to respect the sovereignty of other states is called State Sovereignty.

Question 6.
What is National Power?
Answer:
The sum total of the strength and capabilities of state harnessed and applied to the advancement of its national interests and the attainment of its national objectives is called National Power.

Question 7.
What Polarity refers to?
Answer:
Polarity refers to the arrangement of power with in the international system.

Question 8.
When was the treaty of West Phalia signed?
Answer:
The treaty of West Phalia was signed in 1648.

Question 9.
When was the treaty’ of Utrecht signed?
Answer:
The treaty of Utrecht was signed in 1713.

Question 10.
When did the League of Nations come in to existence?
Answer:
The League of Nations was came into existence in 1920.

Question 11.
Who was the architect of the League of Nations?
Answer:
President of USA Woodrow Wilson was the architect of League of Nations.

Question 12.
Name one of the objectives of the League of Nations.
Answer:
To protect the world from the destruction of war and restoration of peace.

Question 13.
When did the United Nations came into existence?
Answer:
The United Nations was came into existence on 24^th October 1945.

Question 14.
Give an important reason for the establishment of UN.
Answer:
The important reason for the establishment of UN was maintenance of international peace and security.

Question 15.
Where is the headquarters of the UN situated?
Answer:
The headquarters of the UN is situated in New York of USA.

Question 16.
Flow many members signed the UN charter originally?
Answer:
51 member countries including India signed the UN charter originally.

Question 17.
Which article of the UN charter deals with the basic principles of UN?
Answer:
Article 2 of the UN charter deals with the basic principles of UN.

Question 18.
What is the total membership of the UN at present?
Answer:
The total membership of the UN at present is 193 countries.

Question 19.
How many representatives can participate in the UN general assembly from each member country?
Answer:
5 representatives can participate in UN General Assembly from each member country.

Question 20.
Which is the most powerful organ of the UN?
Answer:
General Assembly is the most powerful organ of the UN.

Question 21.
How many permanent members are there in the UN security council?
Answer:
There are 5 permanent members in the UN Security Council.

Question 22.
Where is the International court of justice situated?
Answer:
The International Court of Justice is situated in ‘The Hague’.

Question 23.
How many judges are there in International court of justice?
Answer:
There are 15 judges in International Court of Justice.

Question 24.
Name the present Secretary General of the UN.
Answer:
The present Secretary General of UN is Antonio Guterres.

Question 25.
What is unipolarity?
Answer:
One state exercises most of the cultural, economic and military influence in international politics is called unipolarity.

Question 26.
What is bipolarity?
Answer:
Two powers have the majority of economic, military and cultural influence at the global level is called biopolarity.

Question 27.
What is multipolarity?
Answer:
More than two Nation-States are in the fray almost equal in military, cultural and economic spheres is called multipolarity.

Question 28.
What is meant by regional organization?
Answer:
A formal association of sovereign states of particular region is called Regional Organisation.

Question 29.
Name one of the regional organization.
Answer:
The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN).

Question 30.
Name any one agencies of the UN.
Answer:
United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF).

Question 31.
When was the ASEAN established?
Answer:
ASEAN was established on 8^thAugust 1967.

Question 32.
How many members are there in the ASEAN?
Answer:
There are 10 members in the ASEAN.

Question 33.
When did India became a dialogue partner of ASEAN?
Answer:
India became a dialogue partner of ASEAN in 1992.

Question 34.
When was the first India-ASEAN annual summit held?
Answer:
The first India-ASEAN annual summit was held in 2002.

Question 35.
Expand SAARC.
Answer:
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation.

Question 36.
When was SAARC established ? (March 2015)
Answer:
SAARC was established on December 1985.

Question 37.
Who is called as the founder of SAARC.
Answer:
Ziaur Rahman is called as the founder of SAARC.

Question 38.
Where is the headquarter of the SAARC situated?
Answer:
The headquarter of the SAARC is situated in Katmandu of Nepal.

Question 39.
How many members are there in the SAARC? (July 2015)
Answer:
There are 8 member countries in the SAARC.

Question 40.
hen did Afghanistan become a new member of the SAARC?
Answer:
Afghanistan become a number of the SAARC in 2010

Question 41.
Where was the first SAARC summit was held?
Answer:
The first SAARC summit was held at Dhaka of Bangladesh.

Question 42.
Expand SAPTA.
Answer:
South Asian Preferential Trade Agreement.

Question 43.
Expand SAVE.
Answer:
SAARC Audio-Visual Exchange Programme.

Question 44.
Expand BRICS.
Answer:
Brazil-Russia-India-China-South Africa.

Question 45.
How many members are there in BRICS?
Answer:
There are 5 member countries in BRICS.

Question 46.
In which year South Africa become member of BRICS. (July 2015)
Answer:
South Africa become member of BRICS in 2010.

Question 47.
Why did regional organizations start?
Answer:
To express the regional identity and shape collective action within the region by the regional countries, the Regional Organizations have started.

Question 48.
Expand EEC.
Answer:
The European Economic Community.

Question 49.
Expand UNPKF.
Answer:
The United Nations Peace Keeping Force.

2nd PUC Political Science International Relations and Politics Two marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define International relations. (March 2017)
Answer:
According to Ola Joseph. ”International relations are the study of all forms of interactions that exist between members of separate entities or nations within the international system”.

Question 2.
Name any two means by which solutions for International problems are sought.
Answer:
(a) To solve the bilateral disputes through dialogues.
(b) Not to interfere in the internal domestic affairs.

Question 3.
Name any two advantages of International relations.
Answer:
(a) It provides concrete solutions for international problems.
(b) It avoids the war military actions and international conflicts.

Question 4.
State any two concepts of International relations.
Answer:
(a) National Power
(b) National Interest.

Question 5.
State the jurisdiction of National Power.
Answer:
The jurisdiction of National Power is population, territory and military preparedness, national character, economic and political power.

Question 6.
Write the meaning of National Interest in view of the aspirations of the State.
Answer:
The action of the state in relation to other states is called National Interest.

Question 7.
On what basis power blocks are divided?
Answer:
Power blocks are divided on the basis of ideological principles. Ex. USA accepted democratic principles and Soviet Russia follows communist principles.

Question 8.
Bring out the concept of balance of power.
Answer:
The concept of Balance of Power refers to relative power position of states as actors in international relations. It is an approximate equal distribution of power.

Question 9.
When and where the United Nations come into existence?
Answer:
The United Nations came into existence on 24th October 1945 at New’York of America.

Question 10.
How many parts and articles are there in UN charter?
Answer:
There are 19 chapters and 111 Articles in UN charter.

Question 11.
Name any two official languages of the UN.
Answer:
English and Spanish are the two official languages of UN.

Question 12.
Name any two objectives of the league of nations.
Answer:
(a) To solve the international disputes through mutual dialogues.
(b) To protect the world from the destruction of war.

Question 13.
Mention any two basic principles that are mentioned in Article 2 of the UN charter. (July 2019)
Answer:
(a) The UN is based on the sovereign equality of all its members.
(b) They shall settle international disputes by peaceful means

Question 14.
Name any two organs of the UN. (July 2015)
Answer:
(a) General Assembly
(b) Security Council.

Question 15.
State any two functions of General Assembly.
Answer:
(a) It has power to discuss any matter coming within the competence of the UN or relating to international peace and security.
(b) It performs deliberative, supervisory, financial elective and constituent functions through its several committees.

Question 16.
Name any two permanent members of the Security Council of UN. (March 2016)
Answer:
(a) USA (b) France.

Question 17.
Who appoints the Secretary General of UN and state the term of office.
Answer:
The Secretary General of UN is appointed by General Assembly on the recommendations of Security Council. His term is 5 years.

Question 18.
Define regional organizations.
Answer:
According to Boutros Boutros Ghali, “Regionalism as an organization of a permanent character, grouping in a geographically determined region of more than two states”.

Question 19.
Define Joseph Nye’s definition on regionalism.
Answer:
According to Joseph Nye, “regionalism is as an organization of the inter-state associations or groupings on the basis of regions”.

Question 20.
Name any two agencies of the UN.
Answer:
(a) World Health Organization,
(b) World Labour Organization

Question 21.
Name any two missions of UNPKF.
Answer:
(a) Ethiopia-Eritrea (2006-08) mission.
(b) South Sudan (2013-14) mission.

Question 22.
Write a note on the ASEAN-lndian free trade agreement.
Answer:
The ASEA-Indian Free Trade Agreement will see tariff’ liberalization of over 90% of products traded between the two dynamic regions, including the so called “special products” such as palm oil, coffee, black tea and pepper. Tariff on over 4.000 product lines will be eliminated at the earlier by 2016.

Question 23.
Mention any two members of the SAARC.
Answer:
(a) India
(b) Sri Lanka

Question 24.
Name any two SAARC summits that were held in India.
Answer:
(a) SAARC summit held at Bangalore in 1986.
(b) SAARC summit held at New Delhi in 1995 and 2007.

Question 25.
Name any two member countries of BRICS. (July 2016)
Answer:
(a) India
(b) Russia.

2nd PUC Political Science International Relations and Politics Five marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write a brief note on International Relations.
Answer:
International Relations is a dynamic discipline which tries to explain political activities across the state boundaries. Its transition is followed by developments in international system. It was practiced in ancient Greece. Egypt. China and India. They evolved a set of code of conduct of these relations which were based on morality. The 17^th century’ marked the beginning of the international relations.

The improvements in the field of transport and communication and the industrial revolution brought states closer and contributed to the development of international relations. It is concerned with all the exchange transactions, contracts flow of information and the resulting behavioral response between and among separate organized societies. It encompass many different activities such as a social, economic, religious and others.

Question 2.
Bring out the importance of International Relations. (July 2015, 2018) (March 2016, 2018)
Answer:
Importance of the International Relations :
(a) The study of International Relation enables us to understand the basic policies and principles which contribute to the international sphere.
(b) It provides concrete solutions for international problems by means of dialogues, bilateral, multilateral, mutual co-operations and the like.
(c) It substitutes internationalism to narrow nationalism which delimits the boundaries of states.
(d) It avoids the war military actions or alliances and international conflicts.
(e) It considers the acceptance of the principles of collective security and disarmament, world peace and progress.
(f) It creates global feeling among the citizens of the world and promotes universal brotherhood.

Question 3.
What are the concepts of International Relations? (March 2016,2017,2019) (July 2016)
Answer:
The concepts of International Relations are as follows :

(a) State Sovereignty: It is the obligation of sovereign states to respect the sovereignty of other states. No state can dictate others and all states are equal in matters of status, dignity and honour. Based on dependence and interdependence among states, the}’ are gaining and loosing sovereignty.

(b) National Power: It is the sum of total of the strength and capabilities of state harnessed and applied to the advancement of its national interests and the attainment of its national objectives. It encompasses population, territory, military preparedness, national character, economic and political power.

(c) National Interest: National interest is the action of the state in relation to other states. It refers to the aspirations of the state. The determinants of national interest are qualities of personalities and ideals of decision makers.

(d) Power Blocks: With the beginning of the Cold war. two power blocks emerged, i.e. USA and USSR. USA believes in the spread of democracy whereas the USSR sought the spread . of communism. It paves the way for the creation of power blocks on the basis of ideology in the world.

(e) Polarity : In International Relations, polarities refers to the arrangement of power within the international system. The concept arose from bipolarity during the cold war between the two super powers. The disintegration of the USSR has led to unipolarity with the USA as the super power. After 2010 China emerged as a major power in the multipolar world.

(f) Balance of Power: The concept of Balance of Power refers to relative power position of states in International Relations. It is an approximately equal distribution of power and inseparable part of the pow er politics.

Question 4.
Describe the development of International political systems.
Answer:
The history of International Political System is traced back to the peace Treaty of West Phalia (1648) and the Treat} of Utrecht (1713). In 1911′ century, the European countries set the platform to understand the need for international political system. It gradually spread to other parts of the world. This development led to the establishment of international organization. In the mean while, the outbreak of First World War intensified the need for an organization of international character. As a result, the League of Nations came into existence in 1920.

Question 5.
Write a note on the League of Nations.
Answer:
The League of Nations: To protect the world from the destruction of war and restoration of peace, the League of Nations came into existence. It was founded on the heritage of ideas and experience of the world leaders. The league was a real organization with a legal entity, organs and agencies of its own.
President Woodrow Wilson was the architect of this organization. It had three organs
(a) Assembly
(b) Council
(c) International Secretariat.
It was an organized association of world states for the purpose of international co-operation, settlement of disputes and prevention of future wars. Its covenant provided a number of agencies for the promotion of health, education and economic development as means to cement international co-operation and good will and thereby preventing wars.

Question 6.
Give an account of the origin and growth of the UN.
Answer:
On 14th August 1941, President Roosevelt of the USA and Prime Minister Winston Churchill of England signed a Charter. It contained eight main principles. One of them provided for solution of problems through peaceful discussions. This Charter came to be called the Atlantic Charter and was the first step in the origin of the UNO. It was formally inaugurated on 24^thOctober 1945 after the failure of the League of Nations. It is a permanent organization for the collaboration of all independent and sovereign states.

The UNO is the practical expression of the movement of internationalism. It has been entrusted with heavy responsibilities for the maintenance of international peace and security. The United Nations Charter was signed by 51 countries including India. The UN Charter consists of 19 Chapters, 111 Articles and its headquarters is situated in New York of USA. There are six official languages namely Chinese. English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic recognized by the UN.

Question 7.
What are the ob jectives of the UN. (March 2017, July 2018)
Answer:
The objectives of UN are incorporated in Article 1 of the UN Charter. They are:
(a) To maintain international peace and security’.
(b) To develop friendly relations among the nations.
(c) To seek co-operation in solving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems.
(d) To co-operate in promoting respect for human rights.
(e) To maintain freedom for all without discrimination on the basis of race, sex, languages or religion.

Question 8.
Bring out the role of the UN General Assembly.
Answer:
The General Assembly is the paramount and main organ of the UN. It is composed of all the members of the UN. Although each country can send five representatives with single vote. Important matters are decided by 2/3^rd majority by this world legislative body. General Assembly performs deliberative, supervisory, financial elective and constituent, functions through its several committees. Annual session is usually convened in September and further sessions are held as per requirement. There is also provision for special sessions and emergency sessions.

Question 9.
Write briefly on the UN security Council (July 2015,2017)
Answer:
This is like an executive body of the UNO. Articles 28 to 32 of the UN Charter deal with the composition of the Security Council. It consists of five permanent members and ten non-permanent members. The permanent members of the Security Council are USA, UK, Russia, France and China. The non-permanent members are elected by the General Assembly for a term of two years. The decisions of the Security Council are taken on the basis of affirmative votes of nine members, with substantive matters requiring the assent of all the permanent members.

The permanent members enjoy the power of ‘Veto’. The Security Council is in permanent session and emergency sessions may take place whenever necessary. The primary responsibility of the Security Council is the maintenance of international peace and security. It can recommend peaceful methods of settlement of disputes.

Question 10.
Explain the role of International Court of Justice in settling the international disputes.
Answer:
This is the judicial organ of the UNO. It consists of 15 judges and has its headquarters at ‘The Hague’. The judges are elected by the General Assembly and the Security Council voting independently. The Court decides the disputes which may be referred to it. according to international law. The court also gives its advisory opinion on legal matters referred to it by the General Assembly or Security Council.

Question 11.
Explain the role of Economic and Social Council of the UN.
Answer:
This is one of the principal organs of the UNO. It consists of 54 members elected by the General assembly for a period of three years. It elects its own President and Vice President. The Council holds two regular sessions in a year and special sessions as and when necessary. It can set up Commissions and Committees for carrying on its work. Each member has one vote and decisions of the Council are taken by a majority’ of members present and voting.

The chief responsibility of the Economic and Social Council is to coordinate the economic and social activities of the UN and its specialized agencies. Its aim is to eliminate economic and social problems of the member nations through international co-operation.

Question 12.
Discuss about the polarity in the international relations.
Answer:
Polarity is the distribution of powers within the international system. It describes the nature of powers at any given time. Three types of polarities are in the world politics. It is dependent on the distribution of power and influence of states in a region. They are:

(a) Uniolarity: Uniolarity in international politics is concentration of power in which one state exercises most of the cultural, economic and military influence. In the uniolar system, a great power exercises supremacy with no competition. Unipolarity existed in the post cold war period. The US is the only country in the early 2151 century that possesses the ability to project military power on a global scale in the aftermath of the collapse of USSR in 1991,

(b) Bipolarity: Biopolarity is the distribution of powers in which two powers have the majority of economic, military and cultural influence at the global level. To gain superiority, both the powers struggle. During the peak of the cold war, both US and-USSR were in bipolar world politics. This system can extend to a larger system by means of alliances or organizations.

(c) Multipolarity: Multipolarity is a distribution of power in which more than two nation states are in the fray almost equal in military, cultural and economic spheres. Multipolar systems are more stable than bipolar systems as great powers can gain power through alliances.

Question 13.
Write the meaning, definitions and development of international organizations.
Answer:
International organizations are increasingly significant for international policy making and the process of the globalization. These are established by formal political agreements between the nations. It is based on common purpose and do not have territorial limitations. They have the status of international treaties and their existence is recognized by law.

According to Potter. “International organization means the aggregate of procedures and organs for expressing the unification of nations”.

It consist of at least two qualified members of the international system and created by a formal instrument of agreement between the governments of nation states.

Development of International Organization: Modern age is the age of international co-operation. No state car live in isolation. To ensure systematic relations between various states, agencies and methods of international co-operation, these organizations have emerged. The origin of international organization can be traced back to ancient Greece. The Amphictyonic League was established in the early 6^th century BC with a view’ to regulate the inter-state relations to avoid war and to promote unity among nations.

The next important milestone in the development of international organization is the Treaty of West Phalia (1648), the Peace of Utrecht (1 713), the Congress of Vienna (1815), the Hague Conference (1907) played a major role in the creation of international organization. Later on, the important agencies and unions like European Commission (1856). Universal Postal Union (1875). International Office of Health (1903), International Institute of Agriculture (1905) and others were established.

The notable international organization, the League of Nations was established after the First World War on 10lh January 1920 to resolve international disputes and to promote international co-operation. The United Nations Organization was formed on 24lh October 1945 after Second World War to ensure world peace.

Question 14.
Write a note on the origin and growth of regional organizations.
Answer:
Regional organizations are the important and effective new scene for political and economic interaction in the world. Regionalism is a common sense of identity and purpose. It is combined with the creation and implementation of institutions that express a particular identity and shape collective action within the region. It is a formal association of sovereign states of particular region.

The end of cold war paved the way for regional organizations on the basis of regionalism. The UN charter stressed the role of regional organizations to maintain the international peace and security. These organizations represent groups of states sharing geographical, political, economic and socio-cultural interests. Ex. The Arab League in 1945. Idle European Economic Community (EEC) in 1958, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1960, The Organization of African Union (OAU) in 1963. The European Union provided the economic model for other regional organizations such as The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1969 and The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) in 1985.

Question 15.
Give an account of India’s role in the UN.
Answer:
Independent India viewed its membership of the United Nations a guarantee for maintaining international peace and security. The UN membership has also served as an opportunity for leadership in world affairs. India stood at the forefront during the UN’s tumultuous years of struggle against colonialism, apartheid, global disarmament and creation of more equitable international economic order.

India is undertaking sincere steps to find ways to adopt these challenges. An integral part of such efforts is collective action and adoption of multilateral approaches in resolving transnational issues under the auspices of the United Nations.

Since 1954, India took a leading part in securing political sanctions against the racialist regime of South Africa. In 1965, it supported the UN sponsored economic boycott of Rhodesia. It gave full support to the Angolan liberation movement and to the cause of Independence of Namibia.

Question 16.
Bring out the contribution of India in UNPKF.
Answer:
India is committed to assist the UN by providing military troops for the maintenance of international peace and security to the UNPKF. India has deputed more than one lakh troops to participate in plenty of Peace Keeping Missions since 1950. Eg. Korea( 1950-54). Middle East (1956-57), Congo (1960-64), Somalia (1993-94), Afghanistan) 1993). Haiti (1993). Angola (1989-1999), Ethiopia-Eritrea (2006-08), Lebanon) 1998), Ivory Coasta (2004). South Sudan (2013-14).

The high standards of performance maintained consistently by the Indian troops and policemen deployed on UN Missions under challenging circumstances have won them high regard worldwide.

Question 17.
Write about the establishment of ASEAN.
Answer:
The ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations), was established on 8^th August 1967 in Bangkok of Thailand with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration by the founding fathers of ASEAN, viz. Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Brunei (1984), Vietnam (1995), Lao PDR and Myanmar (1997) and Cambodia (1999) entered as the member states of ASEAN.

The ASEAN Vision 2020 adopted by the ASEAN leaders on the 30lh anniversary of ASEAN, agreed on a shared vision of ASEANS as a concert of Southeast Asian Nations, outward looking, living in peace, stability and prosperity, bonded together in partnership in dynamic development and in a community of caring societies.

Question 18.
Bring out five years of cooperation with India and ASEAN (July 2016)(March 2017)
Answer:
Five areas of cooperation with India and ASEAN:

(a) Emotional cooperation: ASEAN was seen by India as a rapidly growing region with enormous potential. It could become a major source of capital, relevant technology, market and partner in areas of respective core competencies. It views India as a major emerging market and a source of knowledge, education and HRD related resources.

(b) Economic cooperation: It is considered as a fourth largest trading partner between India- ASEAN. Acknowledging this trend and recognizing the economic potential of close linkages, both sides recognized the opportunities for deepening trade and investment ties and agreed to negotiate a framework agreement to pave the way for the establishment of an ASEAN-India Free Trade Area. Hence it leads to tariff liberalization of over 90% of products.

(c) Peace and security cooperation: In the political sphere, India has been actively participating in various consultative meetings under dialogue and cooperation frameworks initiated by ASEAN. The ASEAN is the forum for promoting peace, stability and prosperity in the dynamic Asia Pacific Region. With the partnership of ASEAN and India, commemorated for peace and shared prosperity.

(d) Tourism sector: The 4^th ASEAN-India Tourism Ministers Meeting was held in Vietnam on January 2013 for strengthening tourism cooperation and website was launched. Visa arrival facility is extended to 7 ASEAN countries.

(e) Summit level cooperation: Various summit level meetings promotes peace, progress. Prosperity among the ASEAN countries. In the 6lh meeting, India announced setting up of an India-ASEIAN green fund. In the 7^th meeting. India announced a contribution of USD 50 million for plan of action.

Question 19.
Write note on the role of india in the establishment of SAARC (March 2015)
Answer:
During 1960s and 70s the tendency towards regional arrangements become much more despite many hurdles. The emergence of Bangladesh with the help of India and the Simla Agreement of 1972 between India and Pakistan became turning point towards the regional cooperation.

India played a leading role in the formation of the SAARC to preserve peace and stability in the Asian region. President of Bangladesh Ziaur Rahman discussed the issue of regional cooperation with the Indian Prime Minister. The first meeting of Foreign Minister in New Delhi held on 1^st and 2^nd August 1983.

The then Prime Minister of India Smt.Indira Gandhi described South Asia as troubled region and said I am glad we are making a beginning, we have our political differences, but economic cooperation will give a strong impetus to closer friendship and greater stability in South Asia. She said, with unity we can hope to move ahead future freedom, peace and prosperity. She also warned that we should be ever vigilant against the attempt of external powers influencing our functioning.

Like wise India’s efforts to establish SAARC was a milestone and enormous efforts have been made for the regional organization. As a result of the untiring efforts of India. SAARC came into force on December 1985 with the member countries of Bangladesh. Maldives, Nepal. Pakistan, Bhutan and Sri Lanka. In 2010, Afghanistan became the 8h member of the SAARC. Its headquarters situated at Kathmandu of Nepal.

Question 20.
Explain any five areas of regional cooperation in the SAARC region. (July 2017, March 2018)
Answer:
The five areas of regional cooperation in the SAARC region:

(a) SAARC development fund: Its main objectives is to improve the quality of life and to accelerate economic growth, social progress and poverty’ alleviation in the member countries.

(b) Economic cooperation: The agreement on SAARC Preferential Trading arrangement was signed in 1993 and four rounds of trade negotiations have been concluded. With the objective of moving towards a South Asian Economic Union, the Agreement on South Asia Free Trade Area was signed in 2004. It also promotes for the creation of Export Promotion Zones and Special Economic Zones in each SAARC member country to enhance investment.

(c) People to people contacts: In order to achieve a people to people contacts, number of initiatives have been taken. It promotes to strengthen the cooperation in information and media related fields.

(d) Educational cooperation: India proposed for the creation of South Asian University to provide world class educational facilities to the students and researchers in the 13^thSAARC summit.

(e) Terrorism: All the member countries of SAARC unanimously agreed to combat against terrorism which is the most and biggest challenge to the successful working of the democracy.

Question 21.
Write a note on the SAARC development fund.
Answer:
SAARC Development Fund:
The primary objectives of the SAARC Development Fund is to promote the welfare of the people of SAARC region. It concentrates on to improve the quality of life and to accelerate economic growth, social progress and poverty alleviation in the SAARC region. India has been one of the major contributors to the SAARC Development Fund.

The Fund has three areas of action on social, economic and infrastructure. India has offered US$ 100 million for the SAARC Fund to be utilized for projects in other SAARC countries. In the context of SAARC, India has also contributed to projects on natural disasters, endemics in particular HIV/AIDS and Avian’Flu and terrorism.

Question 22.
Present a note on people to people contacts in the context of regional cooperation of SAARC.
Answer:
People to people contacts: In order to achieve a people to people contacts, number of initiatives have been taken under the apex bodies of the SAARC. Like SAARC LAW (an association for persons of the legal communities of SAARC countries), The SAARC Chamber of Commerce and Industry. The Governors of the Central Banks of member states SAARC FINANCE.

For strengthening cooperation in information and media related activities of the Association, the Fleads of National Television and Radio Organizations of member countries meet annually. The SAARC Audio-Visual Exchange Committee disseminates information both on SAARC and its member states through regular Radio and TV programmes.

Question 23.
Note the contribution of educational cooperation in SAARC.
Answer:
Educational Cooperation: At the 13^th SAARC Summit held in November 2005 in Dhaka, India proposed to create a Centre of Excellence in the form of a South Asian University, which can provide world class facilities and professional faculty to students and researchers drawn from each country of the region. The South Asian University is established in India, it is facilitating many South Asia students community for their higher education. The first academic session of South Asian University commenced on 26th August 2010.

Question 24.
How is SAARC trying to combat terrorism?
Answer:
Terrorism is a big threat to the successful working of democracy in South East Asian Countries. These countries have suffered a lot from the clutches of terrorists. The Heads of State or Government during summit meetings underscored the importance of controlling terrorism in the region, calling on deepened cooperation and improvements on implementing the SAARC Regional Convention on suppression of terrorism and the additional protocol to the SAARC Regional Convention. India continued to stress the importance of achieving a Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism.

Question 25.
Explain the role of India in BRICS.
Answer:
BRICS is an association of five major emerging economies viz., Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. India has become a member country of BRICS in the beginning itself and supported to prepare the framework of this organization. India stressed in the forum of BRICS for regional agricultural development, controlling natural calamities and remedial measures for the victims, protection of health and cooperation in other fields.

The full-fledged diplomatic meeting was held in its first summit on 16^thJune 2009. The Prime Minister of India focused for the improvement of global economic situation and reforming financial institutions and discussed how the countries could better cooperate in the future. The 4^th summit held on 9^th April 2012 in New Delhi emphasized for the strengthening of BRICS.

In the 5^th BRICS summit, leaders had agreed to set up a new International Development Bank. Prime Minister of India participated in the 6^th BRICS summit and decided with the BRICS leaders to establish BRICS Development Bank at Shanghai in China. Mr. K.V. Kamatli of Karnataka became the first Chairman of the Bank.

2nd PUC Political Science International Relations and Politics Ten marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the meaning, definitions and importance of international relations. (July 2018)
Answer:
Meaning: International Relations is a dynamic discipline which tries to explain political activities across the state boundaries. Its transition is followed by developments in international system. It was practiced in ancient Greece. Egypt. China and India. They evolved a set of code of conduct of these relations which were based on morality. The 17^th century’ marked the beginning of the international relations.

The improvements in the field of transport and communication and the industrial revolution brought states closer and contributed to the development of international relations. It is concerned with all the exchange transactions, contracts flow of information and the resulting behavioral response between and among separate organized societies. It encompass many different activities such as a social, economic, religious and others.

Definitions: According to Palmer and Perkins, ‘The study of international relations is not a science with which we solve problems of international life. At its best it is an objective and systematic approach to those problems”.

In view of Ola Joseph. ‘International relations are the study of all forms of interactions that exist between members of separate entities or nations within the international system”.

Importance of International relations:
(a) The study of International Relation enables us to understand the basic policies and principles which contribute to the international sphere.
(b) It provides concrete solutions for international problems by means of dialogues, bilateral, multilateral, mutual co-operations and the like.
(c) It substitutes internationalism to narrow nationalism which delimits the boundaries of states.
(d) It avoids the war military actions or alliances and international conflicts.
(e) It considers the acceptance of the principles of collective security and disarmament, world peace and progress.
(f) It creates global feeling among the citizens of the world and promotes universal brotherhood.

Question 2.
Explain the objectives and basic principles mentioned in the UN charter.
Answer:
Objectives of the UN: The objectives of UN are incorporated in Article 1 of the UN Charter. They are:
(a) To maintain international peace and security’.
(b) To develop friendly relations among the nations.
(c) To seek co-operation in solving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems.
(d) To co-operate in promoting respect for human rights.
(e) To maintain freedom for all without discrimination on the basis of race, sex, languages or religion.

Basic principles of UN:
(a) The UN is based on the sovereign equality of all its members.
(b) All members shall fulfill in good faith the UN Charter obligations.
(c) They shall settle international disputes by peaceful means
(d) No member country act against the UN Charter or use of force against other states.
(e) They have to extend all help to the action taken by the UN.
(f) The UN shall ensure that states who are not members act in accordance with the principles of UN.
(g) The UN shall not intervene in matters within the domestic jurisdiction of any state.

Question 3.
Discuss the structure of the UN and its functions (March 2018)
Answer:
The UNO came into existence when the Atlantic Charter was signed by the US President and the British Prime Minister. Formally it was started on 24^th October 1945. It is the practical expression of the movement of internationalism and described as an ‘International Organization’. The UN composed of six principle organs and the organizational structure may be described as follows:

(a) The General Assembly: It is the paramount and main organ of the UN. It is composed of all the members of the UN. Although each country can send five representatives with single vote, important matters are decided by 2/3^rd a majority by this world legislative body. It performs deliberative, supervisory, financial elective and constituent functions through its several committees. Annual session is usually convened in September and further sessions are held as per requirement. There is also provision for special sessions and emergency sessions.

(b) Security Council: It is often described as the world executive body. It is the most powerful organ of the UNO. -It consists of 15 members. 5 of them are permanent members while the other 10 are non-permanent members for a term of 2 years. Permanent members have ’Veto Power’. It is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining international peace and security. It also recommends the person to be appointed as Secretary General to the General Assembly.

(c) The International Court of Justice: It is the judicial organ of the UN. It was set up to settle the International disputes in accordance with International law. Its headquarters is situated in ‘The Hague’. It consists of 15 judges belongs to different member countries. Their term of office is 9 years and enjoy diplomatic privileges.

(d) The UN Secretariat: The Secretariat was established to carry on the administrative functions of the UN. It consists of international staff headed by the Secretary General. He is the Chief Administrative Officer of the UN and appointed by the General assembly on the recommendations of Security Council for a term of 5 years. The Secretariat performs all those functions which are entrusted to it by the various organs of the UN.

(e) The Economic and Social Council: It was established to achieve coopeation in solving international issues of economic, social, cultural and humanitarian character. It consists 54 members elected by the General Assembly for a period of 3 years. It meets at least thrice a year.

(f) Trusteeship Council: It was set up to handle and administer ‘Trust territories’. But this Council was suspended on l^st November 1994.

Question 4.
Narrate the origin and development of the international organizations.
Answer:
International organizations are increasingly significant for international policy making and the process of the globalization. These are established by formal political agreements between the nations. It is based on common purpose and do not have territorial limitations. They have the status of international treaties and their existence is recognized by law.

According to Potter. “International organization means the aggregate of procedures and organs for expressing the unification of nations”.

It consist of at least two qualified members of the international system and created by a formal instrument of agreement between the governments of nation states.

Question 5.
‘Polarities depend upon distribution of power’ – Elucidate.
Answer:
Polarity is the distribution of powers within the international system. It describes the nature of powers at any given time. Three types of polarities are in the world politics. It is dependent on the distribution of power and influence of states in a region. They are:

(a) Uniolarity: Uniolarity in international politics is concentration of power in which one state exercises most of the cultural, economic and military influence. In the uniolar system, a great power exercises supremacy with no competition. Unipolarity existed in the post cold war period. The US is the only country in the early 2151 century that possesses the ability to project military power on a global scale in the aftermath of the collapse of USSR in 1991,

(b) Bipolarity: Biopolarity is the distribution of powers in which two powers have the majority of economic, military and cultural influence at the global level. To gain superiority, both the powers struggle. During the peak of the cold war, both US and-USSR were in bipolar world politics. This system can extend to a larger system by means of alliances or organizations.

(c) Multipolarity: Multipolarity is a distribution of power in which more than two nation states are in the fray almost equal in military, cultural and economic spheres. Multipolar systems are more stable than bipolar systems as great powers can gain power through alliances.

Question 6.
Explain the meaning and definitions of regional organizations and their growth in international politics.
Answer:
Regional organizations are the important and effective new scene for political and economic interaction in the world. Regionalism is a common sense of identity and purpose. It is combined with the creation and implementation of institutions that express a particular identity and shape collective action within the region. It is a formal association of sovereign states of particular region.

The end of cold war paved the way for regional organizations on the basis of regionalism. The UN charter stressed the role of regional organizations to maintain the international peace and security. These organizations represent groups of states sharing geographical, political, economic and socio-cultural interests. Ex. The Arab League in 1945. Idle European Economic Community (EEC) in 1958, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in 1960, The Organization of African Union (OAU) in 1963. The European Union provided the economic model for other regional organizations such as The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1969 and The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) in 1985.

Question 7.
Bring out the major areas of cooperation of India and the UN.
Answer:
Major areas of cooperation of India and the UN:
(a) The UN Peace Keeping Force: Independent India viewed its membership of the United Nations a guarantee for maintaining international peace and security. The UN membership has also served as an opportunity for leadership in world affairs. India stood at the forefront during the UN’s tumultuous years of struggle against colonialism, apartheid, global disarmament and creation of more equitable international economic order India is undertaking sincere steps to find ways to adopt these challenges.

An integral part of such efforts is collective action and adoption of multilateral approaches in resolving transnational issues under the auspices of the United Nations Since 1954, India took a leading part in securing political sanctions against the racialist regime of South Africa. In 1965, it supported the UN sponsored economic boycott of Rhodesia. It gave full support to the Angolan liberation movement and to the cause of Independence of Namibia.

(b) Environment: India is among the top 12 mega centers of the world in terms of its genetic diversity. It has a wide range of geo-climatic conditions. India has consistently played an important role in the evolution of an international consensus to tackle major global environmental issues.

It was an active participant in the process leading up to and culminating in the convening of the United Nations Conference on Environment and development in Stock Holm in 1972 and Rio de Janeiro in 1992. These summits discussed about Global Warming and Green House effect.

(c) Human Rights: the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on 10th December 1948. It was proclaimed as a common standard of achievement for all people of all nations. India is a signatory to the six core human rights covenants and also the two Optional Protocols to the Convention of the Rights of the Child.

Question 8.
Explain the areas of Regional Cooperation of SAARC.
Answer:
The five areas of regional cooperation in the SAARC region:

(a) SAARC development fund: Its main objectives is to improve the quality of life and to accelerate economic growth, social progress and poverty’ alleviation in the member countries.

(b) Economic cooperation: The agreement on SAARC Preferential Trading arrangement was signed in 1993 and four rounds of trade negotiations have been concluded. With the objective of moving towards a South Asian Economic Union, the Agreement on South Asia Free Trade Area was signed in 2004. It also promotes for the creation of Export Promotion Zones and Special Economic Zones in each SAARC member country to enhance investment.

(c) People to people contacts: In order to achieve a people to people contacts, number of initiatives have been taken. It promotes to strengthen the cooperation in information and media related fields.

(d) Educational cooperation: India proposed for the creation of South Asian University to provide world class educational facilities to the students and researchers in the 13^thSAARC summit.

(e) Terrorism: All the member countries of SAARC unanimously agreed to combat against terrorism which is the most and biggest challenge to the successful working of the democracy.

Question 9.
Critically examine the India-ASEAN areas of cooperation in detail.
Answer:
Five areas of cooperation with India and ASEAN:

(a) Emotional cooperation: ASEAN was seen by India as a rapidly growing region with enormous potential. It could become a major source of capital, relevant technology, market and partner in areas of respective core competencies. It views India as a major emerging market and a source of knowledge, education and HRD related resources.

(b) Economic cooperation: It is considered as a fourth largest trading partner between India- ASEAN. Acknowledging this trend and recognizing the economic potential of close linkages, both sides recognized the opportunities for deepening trade and investment ties and agreed to negotiate a framework agreement to pave the way for the establishment of an ASEAN-India Free Trade Area. Hence it leads to tariff liberalization of over 90% of products.

(c) Peace and security cooperation: In the political sphere, India has been actively participating in various consultative meetings under dialogue and cooperation frameworks initiated by ASEAN. The ASEAN is the forum for promoting peace, stability and prosperity in the dynamic Asia Pacific Region. With the partnership of ASEAN and India, commemorated for peace and shared prosperity.

(d) Tourism sector: The 4^th ASEAN-India Tourism Ministers Meeting was held in Vietnam on January 2013 for strengthening tourism cooperation and website was launched. Visa arrival facility is extended to 7 ASEAN countries.

(e) Summit level cooperation: Various summit level meetings promotes peace, progress. Prosperity among the ASEAN countries. In the 6lh meeting, India announced setting up of an India-ASEIAN green fund. In the 7^th meeting. India announced a contribution of USD 50 million for plan of action.

Question 10.
Describe the origin and development of India-BRICS summit level meetings.
Answer:
Origin of BRICS: BRICS is an association of five major emerging economies viz., Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. The BRICS members are either developing or newly industrialized are distinguished by their large, fast growing economies and significant influence on regional and global affairs.

India-BRICS summit level meeting: The leaders of Russia, India and China held the first summit in St. Petersburg on July 17lh, 2006. The Foreign Ministers met in New York on September 2006, beginning a series of high level meetings. Foreign Ministers who had talks in October 2007 decided to formalize collaboration in a number of areas and to appoint their supervisors. They signed for agricultural development, the prevention of natural calamities and elimination of their aftermath and promotion of healthcare.

The full-fledged diplomatic meeting was held in its first summit at Yekaterinburg, Russia on 16^th June 2009 to focus on the means of improving the global economic situation and reforming financial institutions. The 4^th summit held on 9th April 2012 in New Delhi of India.

The BRICS Forum, an independent international organization encouraging commercial, political and cultural cooperation between the BRICS nations, was formed in 2011. In March 2013, during the 5^th summit, the member countries agreed to create a global financial institution which they intended to rival the western-dominated IMF.

They planned to finalize the arrangements for the new International Development Bank. Prime Minister of India participated in the 6^th summit and decided with the BRICS leaders to establish BRICS development Bank at Shanghai in China. Mr. K.V. Kamath of Karnataka became the first Chairman of the Bank.

You can Download Chapter 5 Jaliya Maradante Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

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You can Download Chapter 7 Contemporary Political Trends Notes, 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Political Science Contemporary Political Trends One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is economic liberalization?
Answer:
A process of removal of controls and restrictions in the economy in exchange for greater participation of private entities is called economic liberalization.

Question 2.
What is Laissez – faire?
Answer:
A process of liberating the economy from various regulatory mechanisms and freeness in the market is called Laissez-faire.

Question 3.
When was liberalization started in India? (July 2015)
Answer:
Liberalization was started in India in 1991.

Question 4.
Name one area in which the new economic policy introduced changes.
Answer:
The new economic policy introduced changes in the field of international external debt.

Question 5.
What is brain drain? (March 2016)
Answer:
The citizens knock at the door of international opportunities with their knowledge and skill, it is called brain drain.

Question 6.
Which country introduced privatization for the first time? (March 2015)
Answer:
England and USA introduced privatization for the first time.

Question 7.
Expand IMF.
Answer:
International Monetary Fund.

Question 8.
What is privatization? (July 2016)
Answer:
A process of transferring ownership of enterprise from public sector to the private sector is called privatization.

Question 9.
Name one of the defects of privatization.
Answer:
Bane to local industries is one of the defects of privatization.

Question 10.
What is globalization? (March 2017)
Answer:
A process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy is called globalization.

Question 11.
Expand LPG.
Answer:
Liberalization, Privatization. Globalization.

Question 12.
Name one of the democratic principles.
Answer:
Liberty and equality is one of the democratic principles.

Question 13.
Expand SPA.
Answer:
Seven Party Alliance.

Question 14.
What was the aim of the popular movement of 2006 in Nepal?
Answer:
Ending the rule of kind and restoring democracy was the aim of popular movement of 2006 in Nepal.

Question 15.
When did the popular government assumed office in Nepal?
Answer:
The popular government assumed office in Nepal on 18^th May 2006.

Question 16.
Who lead significant role in the democratic movement of Bhutan?
Answer:
Rongthong Kunley Dorji lead significant role in the democratic movement of Bhutan.

Question 17.
Which situation brought tremendous setback for the democratic movement of Bhutan?
Answer:
Death of Rongthong Kunley Dorji was a tremendous setback for the democratic movement of Bhutan.

Question 18.
When were the first democratic elections held for the National Council?
Answer:
The first democratic elections held for the National Council on 24^th March 2008.

Question 19.
When was the Constitution of Bhutan enacted?
Answer:
The Constitution of Bhutan was enacted on 18^th Julv 2011.

Question 20.
Expand PDPA.
Answer:
People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan.

Question 21.
Expand KHAD.
Answer:
Khadamat-e-Aetelaat-e-Davvlati.

Question 22.
Mention the period of KarmoPs rule.
Answer:
The period of Karmol’s was May 1978.

Question 23.
Expand DRA.
Answer:
Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

Question 24.
Expand ISA.
Answer:
Islamic State of Afghanistan.

Question 25.
Name any two terrorist groups of Afghanistan. (July 2018)
Answer:
(a) Taliban
(b) Al-Qaeda.

Question 26.
Name any two political leaders of Egypt.
Answer:
General Abdul Fatah Al-Sisi and Mohammad Morsi.

Question 27.
Expand NATO.
Answer:
North Atlantic Treat} Organization.

Question 28.
Name the President of Afghanistan who was elected in April 2014.
Answer:
Dr. Mohamed Ashraff Ghani. the President of Afghanistan elected in April 2014.

Question 29.
Who became the President of Egypt in 2012 elections?
Answer:
Mohammed Morsi became the President of Egypt in 2012 elections.

Question 30.
Name the king of Libya who headed the constitutional and hereditary monarchy in 1951.
Answer:
King Idris headed the constitutional and hereditary monarchy in 1951.

Question 31.
Expand GNC.
Answer:
General National Congress.

Question 32.
Expand NTC.
Answer:
National Transitional Council.

Question 33.
What was the main responsibility of GNC?
Answer:
The main responsibility of the GNC is to form a constituent assembly which will write Libya’s permanent constitution for approval by a referendum.

Question 34.
Name the basis of the law of Libya.
Answer:
Shariat was the basis of the law of Libya.

Question 35.
As per GNC who should be the de facto head of state?
Answer:
President should be the de facto head of state as per GNC.

Question 36.
Who is authorized to write the permanent Constitution for Libya?
Answer:
General National Congress is authorized to write the permanent Constitution for Libya.

Question 37.
Name the distinct feature of Syrian population.
Answer:
Multi-ethnic population is the distinct feature of Syrian population.

Question 38.
Name any one ethnic groups in Syria.
Answer:
The ethnic group in Syria is Arabs.

Question 39.
When was Syria liberated?
Answer:
Syria was liberated in 1946.

Question 40.
Which party won the larger victory in May 2012 elections in Syria?
Answer:
Baath party won the larger victory in May 2012 elections in Syria.

Question 41.
Who was the dictator of Libya? (July 2017)
Answer:
Muammar Gaddafi.

2nd PUC Political Science Contemporary Political Trends Two marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define Liberalization (March 2016)
Answer:
According to Oxford Dictionary, ‘’Liberalization is the willingness to respect or accept behavior or opinions different from one’s own open to new ideas”.

Question 2.
How does technological importance takes place rapidly in liberal economy?
Answer:
There is no restrictions of government in the liberal economy and provided free entries of private entities, hence technological importance takes place in liberal economy.

Question 3.
How is new economic policy consumer friendly?
Answer:
Consumer can get the goods and services according to his wishes. He would fulfill his needs, desires and feel satisfaction with his choice of things. So the new economic policy is consumer friendly.

Question 4.
State any two merits of liberalization.
Answer:
(a) Promotes world business class.
(b) Promotes technological advancement.

Question 5.
How does liberalization promote competition?
Answer:
Liberalization extends competition within different company’s trade firms. Basically they keep the standards and cheaper prices for consumers. Competition promotes efficiency and avoids wastage of resources.

Question 6.
When and where did privatization begin?
Answer:
The privatization begin in England and USA in 1980.

Question 7.
How does privatization and good performance go together?
Answer:
Privatization leads to good performance. It brings efficiency which always looks forward to survive in the competitive world. So privatization and good performance go together.

Question 8.
What is global village?
Answer:
Availability of the goods of all countries under one roof is called global village.

Question 9.
Bring out the relation between opportunities and brain drain.
Answer:
The skilled and educated people goes to abroad countries for more salary and high position. Under such situations opportunities have been provided to these people. By utilizing the opportunities they can earn more.

Question 10.
Mobility of labour force is made simple in globalization- how?
Answer:
It allows free movement of people in search of jobs or getting education at global level. Hence mobility is made simple and easy in globalization.

Question 11.
What is outsourcing?
Answer:
The companies hires regular service from external sources and from other countries, it is called outsourcing.

Question 12.
Bring out the relation between life style and globalization.
Answer:
Globalization has largely affected the younger generation. Food habits, general behavior, mutual relationships, respect to elders, human values and ultimately the whole generation has become slave in the clutches of globalization.

Question 13.
How does globalization affect political stability?
Answer:
The impact of globalization mainly is economic depression, boom or even recession which directly affects the political stability of a country.

Question 14.
What is crony capitalism? (July 2016)
Answer:
A close relationships between business people and government officials in a capitalist economy is called crony capitalism.

Question 15.
Bring out the rise of democratic movements in 21^st century.
Answer:
21^st century is known as era of democratic movements. These movements have started to overthrow despotic, autocratic and other authoritarian government. They were inspired by the democratic values of liberty, equality’ and fraternity.

Question 16.
When did the democratic Maoist movement started in Nepal and which country influenced it?
Answer:
The Democratic Maoist Movement started in I960 in Nepal mainly because of the influence of the India and China freedom struggle movements.

Question 17.
What was the result of limited democracy in Nepal during 1980?
Answer:
In 1980, limited democracy resulted in the creation of multi party parliamentary monarchy. The political war was launched by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) in 1996 with the overthrow of the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a People’s Republic.

Question 18.
When did the Maoist insurgency begin and when did it come to an end?
Answer:
The Maoist insurgency begin in 1996 and it come to an end in 2001.

Question 19.
Bring out the geographical sketch of Bhutan.
Answer:
Bhutan is surrounded by east Himalayas, by north Tibet and by South India.

Question 20.
Who succeeded Jigme Dorji Wangchuck and when?
Answer:
Jigrne Singye Wangchuck succeeded his father Jigme Dorji Wangchuck in 1972.

Question 21.
When did peaceful rallies held against Royal Bhutan army and who lead this?
Answer:
In 1990, peaceful rallies were held against Royal Bhutan Army lead by S.K. Neupane.

Question 22.
Bring out the geographical sketch of Afghanistan.
Answer:
Afghanistan is a landlocked country-‘ in the mountains of South-Central Asia, sharing borders . with Pakistan to the south east and Iran to the west. Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan lie across northern frontier and China to the north east.

Question 23.
What is the role of PDPA in Afghanistan’s politics?
Answer:
PDPA plays a predominant role in Afghanistan politics. The government of Mohamed Daoud was overthrown and he was assassinated by the leaders of PDPA namely Nur Mohamed Taraki, Babrak Karmol and Amin Taha in a military coup in April 1978. Mohamed Taraki became the President, Prime Minister and General Secretary of PDPA in May 1978 and the country was renamed as democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

Question 24.
Give a picture of Afghanistan up to 2006 about the rift between Talibanis and the elected government.
Answer:
On 1 Lh September 2001 attack on WTC by Taliban’s led by Al-Queda leader Osama Bin Laden. As a result, the NATO alliances rushed towards Afghanistan to hunt for Talibanis with the support of US government. Ultimately the Talibanis regime came to an end and the era of democracy began.

Question 25.
Bring out the role of NATO allies in strengthening democracy with in the framework of Islamic Republic of Afghanistan.
Answer:
After the attack of IIth September 2001. NATO alliances rushed towards Afghanistan and suppress the Talibanis. The democratic process began with the adaption of new constitution in 2004 and later presidential elections were held. In 2005. election was held to Parliament and Provinces. The new National Assembly was inaugurated in December 2005.

Question 26.
Bring; out the geographical sketch of Egypt.
Answer:
Egypt shares land borders with Libya to the west. Sudan to the South and by the Baza strip and Israel to the East.

Question 27.
Make a note on the first phase of the transition that took place in Egypt.
Answer:
A military coup ushered in 1952 against the single party rule. As a result, a new constitution was framed in January 1956 and Gamal Abdel Nasser was elected as the President. After him Hosni Mubarak became the president and ruled the country more than 3 decades.

Question 28.
Bring out the scenario after the resignation of Hosni Mubarak of Egypt.
Answer:
Hosni Mubarak ruled the country more than 3 decades. A wave of democracy started in 2011 and democratic movements were took place. Hosni Mubarak resigned and supreme council of armed force assumed power. In 2012. presidential elections were held and Mohammad Morsi later on became the President of Egypt.

Question 29.
How did Muammar Gaddafi come to power?
Answer:
A group of military officers under the leadership of Muammar Gaddafi revolted against the king Idris, finally he came to power and ruled the country till 2011.

Question 30.
Who was authorized to write Libya’s permanent Constitution?
Answer:
General National Congress was authorized to write Libya’s permanent constitution.

Question 31.
Name any two ethnic groups in Syria. (March 2015)
Answer:
Arabs, Kurds, Armenians are the ethnic groups in Syria.

Question 32.
When was Syria liberated and by whom?
Answer:
Syria was liberated in 1946 by France.

Question 33.
When was the new constitution of Syria put to referendum and note the remarkable change in it?
Answer:
The new Constitution of Syria was put to referendum in the year 2011-12. As per the new Constitution, political system of the state shall be based on the principle of political pluralism and exercising power democratically through the ballot box.

Question 34.
What are the contradictory issues emphasized by the Baath party in Syria?
Answer:
The Baath party emphasizes socialism and secularism, despite its doctrine on nation building rather than ethnic identity.

2nd PUC Political Science Contemporary Political Trends Five marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How did liberalization emerge in India?
Answer:
India adhered to the mixed economy of capitalist and socialist policies after independence. A’major attempt was made in 1985 by Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi towards new economic system. In 1991. India met with an economic crisis relating to its external debt. It had to pledge 20 tonnes of gold to Union Bank of Switzerland ND 47 tonnes to Bank of England as part of a bailout deal with the International Monetary Fund. India approached the World Bank and IMF and received $7 billion as loan. In addition, the IMF asked India to undertake a series of structural economic reforms. All these situations made the Indian government to introduce a new set of economic policies.

The Union government headed by Sri P.V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh implemented wide range of economic reforms that IMF imposed. The Neo-liberal policies included opening for international trade and investment, deregulation, initiation of privatization, tax reforms and measures of controlling inflation. Thus liberalization emerge in India.

Question 2.
State the importance of LIberlization (July 2015,2017,2018) (March 2017,2018)
Answer:
Importance of liberalization is as follows :

(a) Liberalisation believes in ‘free market economy’. Therefore, it implies the gradual reduction of government control. This means the abolition of a licence-raj. It results in the removal of red-tape, procedural delay and bureaucratic regulation of economic activities.

(b) Liberalisation lays the foundations for multiplication of business, trade and commerce. In a free market economy, diversification of business, trade and organisation takes place.

(c) As there is expansion of business and as more and more capital is injected into the economy, the use of technology and automation becomes necessary. This helps in mechanization of work and computerization of administrative processes. Efficiency and economy are ensured.

(d) Under the process of liberalization, the consumer is benefited in many ways. There is a wider choice of goods and services. There is a great improvement in quality of goods and after-sales services.

(e) Liberalisation introduces a competitive market system. In every matter there is free competition. To the extent such competition is regulated by government, the competition is healthy. This ensures not only better standards of goods and services, but also reasonable prices.

(f) Finally, liberalization in the long-run brings about economic growth and progress of the nation. Of course, there must be adequate, planned and goal oriented governmental regulation.

Question 3.
What are the politics implications of Liberalization (July 2016)
Answer:
The political implications of liberalization are as follows :
(a) In the name of liberalized policy citizens knock at the door of international opportunities with their knowledge and skill. The developing nations face lots of problems from such brain drain.
(b) As the process itself is capital intensive. it reduces dependency on labour and cuts opportunities for jobs.
(c) The incessant industrial activity at the global level generates lot of wastage leading to environmental degradation.
(d) The price of certain commodities like life saving drugs, fertilizers, etc. are automatically controlled by the world trade forums and associations.
(e) It affects the common man in his day to day life as he finds it difficult to earn his livelihood.
(f) Flexibility of monetary and fiscal policies of the government may lead to financial crisis like recession and depression.

Question 4.
Explain the importance of privatization. (March 2015, 2016)
Answer:
The importance of privatization is as follows :

(a) Performance: Privatization leads to good performance. It brings efficiency which always looks forward to survive in the competitive world. The company provides good salaries to the employees and in return they work better and show their performance.

(b) Efficiency: Private companies have a greater urge to produce more goods for the utmost satisfaction of the consumer.

(c) Innovative ideas: Major companies solely depend upon new techniques and innovative ideas to bring their specialized products in a different style at global level.

(d) Goals: Private companies have their specific goals and strive to achieve the endeavor. It shows their consistency to reach the peak and maintain global standards.

(e) Capital: Private concerns many a times raise funds and invest in the financial markets. This promotes faster growth and stabilizes the financial position of the company.

Question 5.
Explain the importance of Privatization (March 2015,2016)
Answer:
The political implications of Privatization are as follows:

(a) Concentration of wealth: Privatization encourages concentration of wealth in the hands of big business group. It results in great disparities of income and wealth. It goes against the principle of egalitarian society.

(b) More profits: Corporate sectors generate more profits. But they share a meager percentage with the share holders. They enjoy the lion share out of share holders investment. As a result, the gap between the rich and the poor is widened.

(c) Bane to local industries: Cocal people borrow money from indigenous banks and also get loans from government concerns with subsidized rates of interest to start the industry. Multi-National Companies with good financial back up survive even in case of loss. Whereas, this is not the case with local industries.

(d) Threat to national interest: Key areas like national defence, space, science and technology are to be retained with the government. Assigning these areas to private sector harms national interests.

(e) Lack of service motto: The private firms are concerned more about their profit rather than providing good serice conditions and extending welfare programmes to its employees and even to society.

(f) No job security : Private companies extract work from employees till they are fit. The companies ruthlessly sack them when they suffer from ill health or fitness problems. So there is no job security for employees in private sectors.

Question 6.
Describe the political implications of privatization (March 2016, 2019) (July 2016,2018)
Answer:
Globalization is the process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy. It is a movement towards greater interaction, integration and interdependence among people and organization across borders. The strongest manifestation of globalization has been the increasing economic integration among countries in trade and investment.
The importance of globalization is as follows :

(a) Efficiency: Globalisation focuses on the best quality of services and goods. It encourages the global trade and commerce. It increases competitive nature which makes firms more efficient.

(b) Transformation of technology: Through this technology, improvements are made all over the world. As a result, all countries can reap the benefits of improved technology by enhancement in income and increase in jobs.

(c) A global village: The concept of global village mainly brings a feeling of oneess among the citizens of the world. Contacts are made easily accessible through technology and communication.

(d) Mobility of labour force: It allows free movement of people in search of jobs or getting education at global level. Hence mobility is made simple and easy.

(e) Emerging global competition: Global competition is emerging as a result of growing skill and techniques. The world is looking for better opportunities and performance at competitive rates.

(f) Outsourcing: This is an important outcome of the globalization process. In outsourcing, a company hires regular service from external sources and from other countries.

Question 7.
What is Globalization? Discuss its importance. (Martch 2016,2019) (July 2016,2018)
Answer:
Globalization is the process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy. It is a movement towards greater interaction, integration and interdependence among people and organization across borders. The strongest manifestation of globalization has been the increasing economic integration among countries in trade and investment.
The importance of globalization is as follows :

(a) Efficiency: Globalisation focuses on the best quality of services and goods. It encourages the global trade and commerce. It increases competitive nature which makes firms more efficient.

(b) Transformation of technology: Through this technology, improvements are made all over the world. As a result, all countries can reap the benefits of improved technology by enhancement in income and increase in jobs.

(c) A global village: The concept of global village mainly brings a feeling of oneess among the citizens of the world. Contacts are made easily accessible through technology and communication.

(d) Mobility of labour force: It allows free movement of people in search of jobs or getting education at global level. Hence mobility is made simple and easy.

(e) Emerging global competition: Global competition is emerging as a result of growing skill and techniques. The world is looking for better opportunities and performance at competitive rates.

(f) Outsourcing: This is an important outcome of the globalization process. In outsourcing, a company hires regular service from external sources and from other countries.

Question 8.
Describe the political implications of Globilization (March 2015,2016,2019)
Answer:
The political implications of globalization are as follow s :

(a) Power subjugation: The effects of globalization brought lots of changes in the world economy. For small countries it is inevitable to accept the economic decisions of big countries, which leads to power subjugation.

(b) Affects sovereignty : As a result of globalization in the fields of economy, trade, transportation, etc. the sovereign countries are bound by the decisions of strong countries. Hence it affects the sovereignty of a country in totality.

(c) Cultural invasion: Culture is a complex thing and exclusive to each country. The influence of globalization in the name of cultural exchange not only invades but also degenerates the youth who are the architects of the future.

(d) Enslavement of lifestyle : Globalization has largely affected the younger generation. Food habits, general behavior’, mutual relationships, respect to elders, human values and ultimately the whole generation has become slave in the clutches of globalization.

(e) Elimination of subsidies: The major impact of globalization is the curtailment of subsidies to all sectors including agriculture in a phased manner. The worst-hit are the peasants who are the backbone of the country.

(f) Political instability: The impact of globalization mainly is economic depression, boom or even recession which directly affects the political stability of a country. Hence development comes to a standstill.

Question 9.
Describe the nature of Crony Capitalism. (March 2019)
Answer:
The nature of Crony capitalism is as follows :

(a) Favours political authorities: Crony capitalism is a system in which close associates of the people in power who enact and execute policies get favours that have large economic value.

(b) Cronies get capital and reward: Cronies are rewarded with the ability to charge higher prices for their output than would prevail in a competitive market. Funneled to the enterprises of cronies through government controlled banks.

(c) Protection of assets: Crony capitalism allows government to guarantee a subset of asset holders that their property rights will he protected. As long as their assets are protected, these asset holders will continue to invest as if there were universal protection of property rights.

(d) Share in the rents generated by the asset holders: The members of the government share the rents generated by the asset holders. This may take the form of jobs, co-investments el-even transfers of stock. Crony capitalism goes hand in hand with corruption.

(e) Concentration of economic power: A few business groups which are cronies influence state policies and pool their assets in private corporate sectors. Such concentration gives birth to crony capitalism.

Question 10.
Explain the role of crony capitalism in modern economy.
Answer:
Basically capitalism means a process of investing the capital, produce the products, creates the demand and earning of profit by the private people. Crony capitalism is the new’ term in the place of traditional capitalism. It refers to the business dealings carried out between business class and government officers in a capitalist economy.

The success in modern economy depends on close relationships between business people and government officials. It may be exhibited by favoritism in the distribution of legal permits, government grants, special tax breaks or other forms. In this system, the government policies are always in favour of the business class and trying to protect their interests to get reward and other means Crony capitalism is an economic phenomenon with political consequences.

Here the government must be able to make deals in closed doors without public review’ and approval. Personal connections of particular asset holders and government actors continue so long as that particular government is in power. Hence the crony capitalism plays an important role in the modern economy.

Question 11.
Bring out the democratic movement that took place in Nepal.
Answer:
Nepal was a small country which is near and close to India. Monarchy was prevailed in Nepal since 18^th century. Maoist movements started mainly because of the influence of the India and China. Nepal’s democratic experiment suffered a serious setback in December 1960 when the first elected government led by National Congress leader Koirala was dissolved and the whole party activities were banned in Nepal in later parts of the decade and that continued till 1979.

In 1980 limited democracy resulted in the creation of multi party parliamentary monarchy. The political war was launched by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) in 1996 with the overthrow of the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a peoples’ Republic. Maoist insurgency began in 1996 ended with the Communist victory in 200!. The comprehensive Peace Accord was signed on 21^st November 2006. The Crown prince massacred king Birendra and the royal family, bringing the unpopular Gyanendra to the throne.

Nepal witnessed a popular movement in 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy. At the same time the king reinstated old Nepal House of Representatives with an assurance of permanent peace and the multi party democracy. The king called upon the Seven Party Alliance to bear the responsibility of taking the nation on the path of national unity and prosperity. It declared that under the leadership of Girijaa Prasad Koirala, the.new parliament will hold the elections and frame new constitution.

The popular government assumed office on 18^th May 2006 and withdrawn all the privileges given to the kind unanimously.

Question 12.
List out the contents of Nepalis Magna Carta.
Answer:
The main provisions of Nepalese Magna Carta are as follows:
(a) Imposing tax on the royal family and its asses.
(b) finding the Raj Parishad, a Royal Advisory Council.
(c) Eliminating Royal references from army and government titles.
(d) Declaring Nepal a secular country not a Hindu kingdom.
(e) Scrapping the national anthem until a new one is composed.
(f) Eliminating the king’s position as the supreme commander of the army.

Question 13.
Bring out the democratic movements held in Bhutan.
Answer:
Bhutan is a small kingdom which is also called as a neighbouring country of India. The influence of the Indian Democratic polity on Nepal and Nepal’s political developments encouraged Bhutan’s political transformation. It began in I950’s with legal transformation like abolition of slavery and enactment of constitution.

In 1972 jigme Singhye Wangchuck succeeded his father Jigme Dorji Wangchuck. A group of leaders protested against the government of its act of cultural suppression, arbitrary, restriction of freedom of speech and press, etc. In 1990, peaceful rallies were held against Royal Bhutan Army lead by S.K. Neupane.

It forced the government for democracy and human rights for Bhutanese. Rongthong Kunley Dorji played significant role in the democratic movement. In the meanwhile, the death of the Dorji was a tremendous setback for the movement.

The first democratic elections were held for the Nation’s Council on 24Ih March 2008 for the Himalayan Kingdom which marked the beginning of the democratic system which still persists. The Constitution was enacted on 18^th July 2011.

Question 14.
How did the incident of 11th September 2001 was responsible for the end of Talibanis?
Answer:
On 11^th September 2001 attack on World Trade Centre b\ Taliban’s led by Al-Queda leader Osama Bin Laden attracted the attention of the whole world. USA has suffered a lot and loses heavily by this incident. Even though it is a super power block, the economic condition has been deteriorated into a deep level due to die bad effect of this attack.

As a result, the North Atlantic Treaty’ Organization alliances rushed towards Afghanistan to hunt for Talibanis with the support of the US government. Ultimately the Talibanis regime came to an end and the era of democracy began.

Question 15.
How did the era of Talibanis come to an end? Mark the beginning of democracy in Afghanistan.
Answer:
Talibanis were in power in Afghanistan for so main years with their fundamental ideologies. They pulled the people into dark by imposing the cruel fundamental principles. There was no civil liberty and sanctioned a very strict restrictions on medias. Voice raised by any civilians against the cruel rule of Talibanis was suppressed brutally.

Afghanistan was reached into a very low economic condition since there was sanctions and restrictions by the world countries against Afghanistan. People of the country were suffered heavily from having the basie requirements. Children dies due to lack of milk and medicines. Poor people suffered due to lack of healthy food. Unemployment problem led the youths to become anti social elements.

Totally people of the country were unable to come into the mainstream of society due to the strict fundamental ideologies of the Talibanis. During such situations. Al-Queda supported by Talibanis attacked World Trade Centre on 11i: September 2001. As a result NATO alliance supported by USA rushed to Afghanistan and that was the end of the regime of Talibanis and thus democracy was established in Afghanistan.

Question 16.
Write about the democratic movements in Afghanistan.
Answer:
Afghanistan was a small Islamic country which, is near to Pakistan. The government of Mohamed Daoud was overthrown and he was assassinated by a group of Nur Mohamed Taraki, Babrak Karmol and Amin Taha in a military coup in April 1978. Mohamed Taraki became the president. Prime Minister and General Secretary of Peoples’ Democratic Party of Afghanistan in May 1978 and the country was renamed as democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

Later on Dr. Najibullah appointed to PDPA secretariat and then became General Secretary. The Democratic Republic of Aghanistan became Islamic State of Afghanistan and an interim government was setup for the purpose of transition. In the meanwhile, Talian’s Islamic fundamentalists bombed Kabul in 1995 and were defeated by Islamic state government under Ahmed Shah Masood.

The UN interactions with the Afghan delegation lead to Bonn Agreement of 2001. It intended for broad based, gender sensitive, multi-ethnic and fully representative government.

On 11^th September 2001 attack on World Trade Centre by Taliban’s led by Al-Queda leader Osama Bin Laden attracted the attention of the whole world. As a result, the NATO alliances rushed towards Afghanistan to hunt for Talibanis with the support of the US government. Ultimately the Talibanis regime came to an end and the era of democracy began.

The democratic process began with the adaption of new constitution in 2004 and later presidential elections were held in 2005. The new National Assembly was inaugurated in December 2005.

The NATO allies were able to prevent the Al-Queda and Talibanis to strengthen the democratic system in Afghanistan.

Question 17.
Bring out different phases of democratic movements in Egypt.
Answer:
In Egypt traditional monarchy was prevailed till April 1923. When the monarchy lost the grip, opportunists took the advantage. The transition took place in phases.

The first phase: A military coup ushered in 1952 against the single party rule, state propaganda and a powerful police state of the existing monarchy. As a result, a new constitution was framed in January 1956 and Gamal Abdel Nasser was elected as the President. Then Hosni Mubharak became the President and ruled the country more than 3 decades.

The second phase: It began in 2011 but failed.

The third phase: In third transition a continuation of the previous one which represented democratic and social ideals. President Mohammad Morsi the first democratically elected government was thrown out by a military coup.

The policy of Egypt is based on republicanism with a semi-presidential system of government of .2011. With the resignation of President Hosni Mubarak, executive power was assumed by the supreme council of the armed force, which dissolved the parliament and suspended the constitution. In 2012 presidential elections were held and Mohammad Morsi later on became the President of Egypt. General Abdul Fatah Al-Sisi announced the removal of President Mohamad Morsi from June 2013 and suspended the constitution. Mean while the Egyptian democratic Movement is yet to define itself fully.

Question 18.
Explain the democratic movements in Libya.
Answer:
Libya is an Arab State became independent Nation on 24th December 1951. King Idris headed constitutional and hereditary monarchy came into exist. King Idris was the last hereditary monarch of Libya when a group of military officers revolted against the King. Under the leadership of Muammar Gaddafi continued his rule along with political parties but banned them in 1972 and emerged as the military ruler till the collapse of his government in 2011.

In the mean while, anti Gaddafi force pressurized the government for the introduction of multi-party democracy through National Transitional Council in February 2011. This enraged the dictator who became more furious. He ignored the UN Security Council in this regard. But NTC declared itself as the sole governing body. It was supported by more than 100 countries. After the death of Gaddafi, the Vice Chairman Abdul Hafiz Ghoga declared that Libya to be liberated on 23rd October 2011.

In 2012, an election was held for the General National Congress to replace the National Transitional Council. As per the declaration Libya became a Parliamentary Republic governed by the General National Congress which was elected in July 2012. The main responsibility of GNC is to form a constituent assembly which will frame Libya’s permanent constitution for approval by a referendum. The law of Libya is based on Shariat.

Question 19.
Discuss about the democratic movements in Syria.
Answer:
The government in Syria has a multi-ethnic population containing Arabs, Kurds, Armenians, Assyrians and Turkmens. The Syria was liberated in 1946 by France and named as the Democratic Republic with its own Constitution. Several elections were held to Parliament followed by military coups. The coup of 1963 was a threat to democracy and existing multi party system. It lasted for a long time, which is the ruling Military Junta today.

The democratic movement in Syria demanded for the termination of the ruling Military Dictatorship since 1963 and for cancellation of the old laws of the state of emergency. It also demanded for the termination of the exclusive rule of the Baath party and transfer of power of state to multi party system through free election based on principles of Liberal Democracy. Its objectives was to set up a committee for the preparation of a Democratic Constitution to live up to the international standards.

The last parliamentary election was held on 7^th May 2012 and the result was announced on 15^th May 2012. The Baath party won larger victory than it did in previous elections. During the 2011-12 Syrian uprising, a new constitution was put to a referendum. Amongst other changes, it abolished Article 8 which entrenched the power of the Baath party. The new Article 8 reads “the political system of the state snail be based on the principle of political pluralism and exercising power democratically through the ballot box.

The Baath party emphasizes socialism and secularism, despite its doctrine of Nation Building rather than ethnic identity. The issues of ethnic, religious and regional allegiances still remain important in Syria. These developments indicating the democratic process in the nation.

2nd PUC Political Science Contemporary Political Trends Ten marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the meaning, importance and political implications of liberalization.
Answer:
Meaning: Liberalization primarily means removal of controls and regulations at various levels of the economy facilitating market forces to determine its course and direction. It favours a competitive market solution to economic issues and a reduced role for the state in economic management.

Importance: Importance of liberalization is as follows :

(a) Liberalisation believes in ‘free market economy’. Therefore, it implies the gradual reduction of government control. This means the abolition of a licence-raj. It results in the removal of red-tape, procedural delay and bureaucratic regulation of economic activities.

(b) Liberalisation lays the foundations for multiplication of business, trade and commerce. In a free market economy, diversification of business, trade and organisation takes place.

(c) As there is expansion of business and as more and more capital is injected into the economy, the use of technology and automation becomes necessary. This helps in mechanization of work and computerization of administrative processes. Efficiency and economy are ensured.

(d) Under the process of liberalization, the consumer is benefited in many ways. There is a wider choice of goods and services. There is a great improvement in quality of goods and after-sales services.

(e) Liberalisation introduces a competitive market system. In every matter there is free competition. To the extent such competition is regulated by government, the competition is healthy. This ensures not only better standards of goods and services, but also reasonable prices.

(f) Finally, liberalization in the long-run brings about economic growth and progress of the nation. Of course, there must be adequate, planned and goal oriented governmental regulation.

Political implications: The political implications of liberalization are as follows :
(a) In the name of liberalized policy citizens knock at the door of international opportunities with their knowledge and skill. The developing nations face lots of problems from such brain drain.
(b) As the process itself is capital intensive. it reduces dependency on labour and cuts opportunities for jobs.
(c) The incessant industrial activity at the global level generates lot of wastage leading to environmental degradation.
(d) The price of certain commodities like life saving drugs, fertilizers, etc. are automatically controlled by the world trade forums and associations.
(e) It affects the common man in his day to day life as he finds it difficult to earn his livelihood.
(f) Flexibility of monetary and fiscal policies of the government may lead to financial crisis like recession and depression.

Question 2.
Describe the meaning importance and political implications of privatization.
Answer:
Meaning : Privatization is the transfer of control of ownership from the public sector to private sector. It refers to full shifting of property rights from the state or collective ow ners to private owners.

Importance : The importance of privatization is as follows :

(a) Performance: Privatization leads to good performance. It brings efficiency which always looks forward to survive in the competitive world. The company provides good salaries to the employees and in return they work better and show their performance.

(b) Efficiency: Private companies have a greater urge to produce more goods for the utmost satisfaction of the consumer.

(c) Innovative ideas: Major companies solely depend upon new techniques and innovative ideas to bring their specialized products in a different style at global level.

(d) Goals: Private companies have their specific goals and strive to achieve the endeavor. It shows their consistency to reach the peak and maintain global standards.

(e) Capital: Private concerns many a times raise funds and invest in the financial markets. This promotes faster growth and stabilizes the financial position of the company.

Political implications: The political implications of Privatization are as follows:

(a) Concentration of wealth: Privatization encourages concentration of wealth in the hands of big business group. It results in great disparities of income and wealth. It goes against the principle of egalitarian society.

(b) More profits: Corporate sectors generate more profits. But they share a meager percentage with the share holders. They enjoy the lion share out of share holders investment. As a result, the gap between the rich and the poor is widened.

(c) Bane to local industries: Cocal people borrow money from indigenous banks and also get loans from government concerns with subsidized rates of interest to start the industry. Multi-National Companies with good financial back up survive even in case of loss. Whereas, this is not the case with local industries.

(d) Threat to national interest: Key areas like national defence, space, science and technology are to be retained with the government. Assigning these areas to private sector harms national interests.

(e) Lack of service motto: The private firms are concerned more about their profit rather than providing good serice conditions and extending welfare programmes to its employees and even to society.

(f) No job security : Private companies extract work from employees till they are fit. The companies ruthlessly sack them when they suffer from ill health or fitness problems. So there is no job security for employees in private sectors.

Question 3.
What is globalization? Discuss its importance and political implications.
Answer:
Meaning and Importance:

Globalization is the process of integrating the economy of the country with world economy. It is a movement towards greater interaction, integration and interdependence among people and organization across borders. The strongest manifestation of globalization has been the increasing economic integration among countries in trade and investment.
The importance of globalization is as follows :

(a) Efficiency: Globalisation focuses on the best quality of services and goods. It encourages the global trade and commerce. It increases competitive nature which makes firms more efficient.

(b) Transformation of technology: Through this technology, improvements are made all over the world. As a result, all countries can reap the benefits of improved technology by enhancement in income and increase in jobs.

(c) A global village: The concept of global village mainly brings a feeling of oneess among the citizens of the world. Contacts are made easily accessible through technology and communication.

(d) Mobility of labour force: It allows free movement of people in search of jobs or getting education at global level. Hence mobility is made simple and easy.

(e) Emerging global competition: Global competition is emerging as a result of growing skill and techniques. The world is looking for better opportunities and performance at competitive rates.

(f) Outsourcing: This is an important outcome of the globalization process. In outsourcing, a company hires regular service from external sources and from other countries.

Political implications :

The political implications of globalization are as follows: (a) Power subjugation: The effects of globalization brought lots of changes in the world economy. For small countries it is inevitable to accept the economic decisions of big countries, which leads to power subjugation.

(b) Affects sovereignty: As a result of globalization in the fields of economy, trade, transportation, etc. the sovereign countries are bound by the decisions of strong countries. Hence it affects the sovereignty of a country in totality.

(c) Cultural invasion: Culture is a complex thing and exclusive to each country. The influence of globalization in the name of cultural exchange not only invades but also degenerates the youth who are the architects of the future.

(d) Enslavement of lifestyle: Globalization has largely affected the younger generation. Food habits, general behavior’, mutual relationships, respect to elders, human values and ultimately the whole generation has become slave in the clutches of globalization.

(e) Elimination of subsidies: The major impact of globalization is the curtailment of subsidies to all sectors including agriculture in a phased manner. The worst-hit are the peasants who are the backbone of the country.

(f) Political instability: The impact of globalization mainly is economic depression, boom or even recession which directly affects the political stability of a country. Hence development comes to a standstill.

Question 4.
What is crony capitalism and bring out its effects on modern governments?
Answer:

Basically capitalism means a process of investing the capital, produce the products, creates the demand and earning of profit by the private people. Crony capitalism is the new’ term in the place of traditional capitalism. It refers to the business dealings carried out between business class and government officers in a capitalist economy.

The success in modern economy depends on close relationships between business people and government officials. It may be exhibited by favoritism in the distribution of legal permits, government grants, special tax breaks or other forms. In this system, the government policies are always in favour of the business class and trying to protect their interests to get reward and other means Crony capitalism is an economic phenomenon with political consequences.

Here the government must be able to make deals in closed doors without public review’ and approval. Personal connections of particular asset holders and government actors continue so long as that particular government is in power. Hence the crony capitalism plays an important role in the modern economy.

Question 5.
Describe the process of democratic movements that took place in Nepal.
Answer:

Nepal was a small country which is near and close to India. Monarchy was prevailed in Nepal since 18^th century. Maoist movements started mainly because of the influence of the India and China. Nepal’s democratic experiment suffered a serious setback in December 1960 when the first elected government led by National Congress leader Koirala was dissolved and the whole party activities were banned in Nepal in later parts of the decade and that continued till 1979.

In 1980 limited democracy resulted in the creation of multi party parliamentary monarchy. The political war was launched by the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) in 1996 with the overthrow of the Nepalese monarchy and establishing a peoples’ Republic. Maoist insurgency began in 1996 ended with the Communist victory in 200!. The comprehensive Peace Accord was signed on 21^st November 2006. The Crown prince massacred king Birendra and the royal family, bringing the unpopular Gyanendra to the throne.

Nepal witnessed a popular movement in 2006. The movement was aimed at restoring democracy. At the same time the king reinstated old Nepal House of Representatives with an assurance of permanent peace and the multi party democracy. The king called upon the Seven Party Alliance to bear the responsibility of taking the nation on the path of national unity and prosperity. It declared that under the leadership of Girijaa Prasad Koirala, the.new parliament will hold the elections and frame new constitution.

The popular government assumed office on 18^th May 2006 and withdrawn all the privileges given to the kind unanimously.

Question 6.
How democratic movements ushered in Bhutan?
Answer:

Bhutan is a small kingdom which is also called as a neighbouring country of India. The influence of the Indian Democratic polity on Nepal and Nepal’s political developments encouraged Bhutan’s political transformation. It began in I950’s with legal transformation like abolition of slavery and enactment of constitution.

In 1972 jigme Singhye Wangchuck succeeded his father Jigme Dorji Wangchuck. A group of leaders protested against the government of its act of cultural suppression, arbitrary, restriction of freedom of speech and press, etc. In 1990, peaceful rallies were held against Royal Bhutan Army lead by S.K. Neupane.

It forced the government for democracy and human rights for Bhutanese. Rongthong Kunley Dorji played significant role in the democratic movement. In the meanwhile, the death of the Dorji was a tremendous setback for the movement.

The first democratic elections were held for the Nation’s Council on 24Ih March 2008 for the Himalayan Kingdom which marked the beginning of the democratic system which still persists. The Constitution was enacted on 18^th July 2011.

Question 7.
Give an assessment of democratic movements in Afghanistan.
Answer:
Afghanistan was a small Islamic country which, is near to Pakistan. The government of Mohamed Daoud was overthrown and he was assassinated by a group of Nur Mohamed Taraki, Babrak Karmol and Amin Taha in a military coup in April 1978. Mohamed Taraki became the president.

Prime Minister and General Secretary of Peoples’ Democratic Party of Afghanistan in May 1978 and the country was renamed as democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Later on Dr. Najibullah appointed to PDPA secretariat and then became General Secretary.

The Democratic Republic of Aghanistan became Islamic State of Afghanistan and an interim government was setup for the purpose of transition. In the meanwhile, Talian’s Islamic fundamentalists bombed Kabul in 1995 and were defeated by Islamic state government under Ahmed Shah Masood. The UN interactions with the Afghan delegation lead to Bonn Agreement of 2001. It intended for broad based, gender sensitive, multi-ethnic and fully representative government.

On 11^th September 2001 attack on World Trade Centre by Taliban’s led by Al-Queda leader Osama Bin Laden attracted the attention of the whole world. As a result, the NATO alliances rushed towards Afghanistan to hunt for Talibanis with the support of the US government. Ultimately the Talibanis regime came to an end and the era of democracy began.

The democratic process began with the adaption of new constitution in 2004 and later presidential elections were held in 2005. The new National Assembly was inaugurated in December 2005.

The NATO allies were able to prevent the Al-Queda and Talibanis to strengthen the democratic system in Afghanistan.

Question 8.
Give an account of historical democratic movements in Egypt.
Answer:
In Egypt traditional monarchy was prevailed till April 1923. When the monarchy lost the grip, opportunists took the advantage. The transition took place in phases.

The first phase: A military coup ushered in 1952 against the single party rule, state propaganda and a powerful police state of the existing monarchy. As a result, a new constitution was framed in January 1956 and Gamal Abdel Nasser was elected as the President. Then Hosni Mubharak became the President and ruled the country more than 3 decades.

The second phase: It began in 2011 but failed.

The third phase: In third transition a continuation of the previous one which represented democratic and social ideals. President Mohammad Morsi the first democratically elected government was thrown out by a military coup.

The policy of Egypt is based on republicanism with a semi-presidential system of government of .2011. With the resignation of President Hosni Mubarak, executive power was assumed by the supreme council of the armed force, which dissolved the parliament and suspended the constitution.

In 2012 presidential elections were held and Mohammad Morsi later on became the President of Egypt. General Abdul Fatah Al-Sisi announced the removal of President Mohamad Morsi from June 2013 and suspended the constitution. Mean while the Egyptian democratic Movement is yet to define itself fully.

Question 9.
Analyze the new democratic movements in Libya.
Answer:
Libya is an Arab State became independent Nation on 24th December 1951. King Idris headed constitutional and hereditary monarchy came into exist. King Idris was the last hereditary monarch of Libya when a group of military officers revolted against the King. Under the leadership of Muammar Gaddafi continued his rule along with political parties but banned them in 1972 and emerged as the military ruler till the collapse of his government in 2011.

In the mean while, anti Gaddafi force pressurized the government for the introduction of multi-party democracy through National Transitional Council in February 2011. This enraged the dictator who became more furious. He ignored the UN Security Council in this regard. But NTC declared itself as the sole governing body. It was supported by more than 100 countries. After the death of Gaddafi, the Vice Chairman Abdul Hafiz Ghoga declared that Libya to be liberated on 23rd October 2011.

In 2012, an election was held for the General National Congress to replace the National Transitional Council. As per the declaration Libya became a Parliamentary Republic governed by the General National Congress which was elected in July 2012. The main responsibility of GNC is to form a constituent assembly which will frame Libya’s permanent constitution for approval by a referendum. The law of Libya is based on Shariat.

Question 10.
Write a note on democratic movements in Syria.
Answer:
The government in Syria has a multi-ethnic population containing Arabs, Kurds, Armenians, Assyrians and Turkmens. The Syria was liberated in 1946 by France and named as the Democratic Republic with its own Constitution. Several elections were held to Parliament followed by military coups. The coup of 1963 was a threat to democracy and existing multi party system. It lasted for a long time, which is the ruling Military Junta today.

The democratic movement in Syria demanded for the termination of the ruling Military Dictatorship since 1963 and for cancellation of the old laws of the state of emergency. It also demanded for the termination of the exclusive rule of the Baath party and transfer of power of state to multi party system through free election based on principles of Liberal Democracy. Its objectives was to set up a committee for the preparation of a Democratic Constitution to live up to the international standards.

The last parliamentary election was held on 7^th May 2012 and the result was announced on 15^th May 2012. The Baath party won larger victory than it did in previous elections. During the 2011-12 Syrian uprising, a new constitution was put to a referendum. Amongst other changes, it abolished Article 8 which entrenched the power of the Baath party. The new Article 8 reads “the political system of the state snail be based on the principle of political pluralism and exercising power democratically through the ballot box.

The Baath party emphasizes socialism and secularism, despite its doctrine of Nation Building rather than ethnic identity. The issues of ethnic, religious and regional allegiances still remain important in Syria. These developments indicating the democratic process in the nation.

You can Download Chapter 3 Innu Huttadeyirali Nariyarennavolu Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 2nd PUC Kannada Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

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2nd PUC Political Science Emerging Trends Of Indian Politics One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write the root word of coalition. (July 2015)
Answer:
The term coalition is derived from the Latin word ‘coalitio’.

Question 2.
State the meaning of the root word of coalition.
Answer:
‘Co’ means ‘together’ and ‘Alescere’ means ‘to grow up’. It is a union of parties.

Question 3.
Expand CMP.
Answer:
Common Minimum Programme.

Question 4.
Name the country where the era of coalition started.
Answer:
The era of coalition was started in France.

Question 5.
State the meaning of coalition. (March 2016)
Answer:
Formation of government by various political parties is called coalition.

Question 6.
In which year India experienced coalition?
Answer:
India experienced coalition in 1977.

Question 7.
Who was the first prime minister of coalition Government in India?
Answer:
Sri Morarji Desai was the first Prime Minister of coalition Government in India.

Question 8.
Who lead the national front in 1989?
Answer:
V.P. Singh lead the National Front in 1989.

Question 9.
When was the united front formed?
Answer:
United Front was formed in 1996.

Question 10.
WH Expand NDA.
Answer:
National Democratic Alliance.

Question 11.
Expand UPA.
Answer:
United Progressive Alliance.

Question 12.
How many subjects are there in union list?
Answer:
There are 100 subjects in Union List.

Question 13.
Name one of the subjects in state list.
Answer:
The subject in the State List is Police.

Question 14.
What is concurrent list?
Answer:
The subjects which are administered by both central and state governments is called concurrent list.

Question 15.
Who can declare National Emergency?
Answer:
The President of India declare the National Emergency.

Question 16.
Who is empowered to exercise the Residuary Powers?
Answer:
Central government is empowered to exercise the residuary powers.

Question 17.
under which article the State Emergency can be declared?
Answer:
As per Article 356 of Indian Constitution, the State Emergency can be declared.

Question 18.
Who is empowered to appoint Inter-State Commerce Commission?
Answer:
Union Parliament is empowered to appoint Inter-State Commerce Commission.

Question 19.
Can the states levy taxes on import and export?
Answer:
The States cannot levy the taxes on import and export.

Question 20.
Who has the jurisdiction over Inter State Trade and Commerce?
Answer:
Centra! government has the jurisdiction over Inter-State 1 rade Commerce.

Question 21.
Who has the authority to transfer the subject in state list to the union list for a period of one year?
Answer:
Rajya Sabha has the authority to transfer the subject in State list to the Union List for a period of one year.

Question 22.
What is the basic function of Planning Commission?
Answer:
Planning Commission advises all the states to raise the standard of living of the people.

Question 23.
Who constitute the Finance Commission?
Answer:
The President of India constitutes the Finance Commission.

Question 24.
What is consolidated fund of India?
Answer:
The fund which bears the expenses of wages towards the higher officers of India is called consolidated fund.

Question 25.
Who exercises legislative powers on state list during president rule? (July 2018)
Answer:
Parliament.

Question 26.
Who traced the origin of identity politics? (March 2015)
Answer:
L.A. Kauffman traced the origin of identity politics.

Question 27.
Expand LGBT.
Answer:
Lesbian. Gay, Bi-Sexual. Transgender.

Question 28.
State any one region based identity struggles.
Answer:
Telangana struggle is one of the region based identity struggle.

Question 29.
Expand AASU.
Answer:
All Assam Students’Union.

Question 30.
Name any one National problem that you come across.
Answer:
Religious fundamentalism is one of the National problem that we come across.

Question 31.
Which amendment of the constitution reduced the age of voters from 21 to 18 years?
Answer:
61^st Amendment of the Constitution reduced the age of voters from 21 to 18 years.

Question 32.
Write the root word of corruption. (March 2016)
Answer:
The term corruption is derived from the Latin word ‘rumpere’.

Question 33.
Expand IAC.
Answer:
India Against Corruption.

Question 34.
On this earth there is enough for every one’s need, but not for greed’- who said this. (July 2016)
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhiji said that ’on this earth there is enough for every one’s need, but not for greed’

Question 35.
Mention one form of terrorism.
Answer:
Cultural Terrorism is one form of terrorism.

Question 36.
Name one action to keep the terrorists at bay.
Answer:
Educate the youth to create awareness against the evils of terrorism is one of the action to keep the terrorists at bay.

Question 37.
On which day ‘Voters Day’ is celebrated?
Answer:
25th January of every year.

2nd PUC Political Science Emerging Trends Of Indian Politics Two marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How is the coalition formed?
Answer:
Coalition is formed by various political parties on common agenda when no party gains clear majority on its own. This is the product of multi party system.

Question 2.
Define coalition government. (July 2015)
Answer:
According to F.A. Ogg, “It is a system where members of political parties unite to form a government or ministry.”

Question 3.
How coalition politics operate?
Answer:
Coalition politics is a system of governance by a group of political parties. The partners of the alliance set aside their political ideologies and accept some Common Minimum Programme to run the coalition government.

Question 4.
Mention the era of coalition politics in India.
Answer:
The coalition politics was first emerged in India in 1977 under the leadership of Morarji Desai, V.P. Singh formed the coalition government in 1989 on the banner of National Front. Once again coalition government was formed by H.D. Devegowda in the name of United Front.

Then Atal Bihari Vajapayee formed the coalition government with the help of National Democratic Alliance. Dr. Manmohan Singh formed the coalition government in the name of  United Progressive Alliance. It was once again formed under the leadership of Narendra Modi in 2014 with the help of National Democratic Alliance.

Question 5.
Give two examples of countries having coalition.
Answer:
The two examples of countries having coalition is India and France.

Question 6.
What is prepoll alliance?
Answer:
Various political parties make alliance with one another to form the government before elections, it is called prepoll alliance.

Question 7.
What is post poll alliance? (July 2016)
Answer:
Various political parties make alliance with one another to form the government alter the elections, it is called post poll alliance.

Question 8.
State any two features of coalition government.
Answer:
(a) Coalition is the product of multi party system.
(b) It is democratic arrangement.

Question 9.
What is collective leadership?
Answer:
All the leaders of alliance in the coalition politics influences on all the decisions taken by the government, it is called collective leadership.

Question 10.
Write any two merits of coalition government.
Answer:
(a)  Coalition takes care of diversity and plurality in administration.
(b) It enables all the coalition partners to have a share in policy making and eliminates regional disparties

Question 11.
Mention two demerits of coalition government.
Answer:
(a) Political instability persists in coalition politics.
(b) Coalition governments can not have long term planning and view.

Question 12.
What is Common Minimum Programme?
Answer:
The partners of the alliance come together, set aside their political ideologies and accept one agenda which, is accessible to all the leaders and form the government. Such an agenda is called Common Minimum Programme.

Question 13.
Name any two alliance partners of NDA.
Answer:
B.J.P and Shivasena are the two alliance partners of NDA.

Question 14.
Mention two alliance partners of CPA,
Answer:
Indian National Congress and D.M.K.. are the two alliance partners of NDA.

Question 15.
Is coalition a democratic arrangement? if so. how?
Answer:
Coalition is a democratic arrangement. It provides broader representation to the people to elect their representatives. It challenges single party dominance.

Question 16.
Name two subjects enlisted in union list.
Answer:
(a) External Affairs
(b) Defence

Question 17.
What is state list? How many subjects are there?
Answer:
The list of subjects which are administered by the state governments is called State List. There are 63 subjects in the State List.

Question 18.
How many subjects arc there in concurrent list? Give an example. (July 2015)
Answer:
There are 52 subjects in the concurrent list. E.x. Marriage and Divorce, Civil Procedure and Criminal Laws.

Question 19.
What is residuary powers?
Answer:
The powers which are not mentioned in the Union list. State list and Concurrent list, is called Residuary powers.

Question 20.
Under what condition the financial emergency be declared?
Answer:
The Financial Emergency he declared if the financial conditions of the nation are precarious.

Question 21.
When and in which country identity politics originated?
Answer:
The identity polities was originated in America during 1950-60.

Question 22.
What is identity politics? (March 2016)
Answer:
A pattern of belongingness, a search for comfort, an approach to community is called identity politics.

Question 23.
What is corruption? (July 2016)
Answer:
Misuse of public office for the selfish motives is called corruption.

Question 24.
Write two hurdles in creating corruption free India.
Answer:
IIliteracy and lack of moral values are the two hurdles in creating corruption free India.

Question 25.
Give an example of movement against corruption.
Answer:
The movement head by Sri Anna Hazare is India Against Corruption.

Question 26.
Define terrorism. (March 2016)
Answer:
According’ to Paul Wilkinson “Terrorism is a special form of political violence”.

Question 27.
What is state sponsored terrorism?
Answer:
The terrorist activities which are aided and guided by the state and ruling governments is called State Sponsored Terrorism.

Question 28.
Name any two states that fight against Naxalites.
Answer:
Bihar and Jharkhand are the two states fighting against Naxalites.

Question 29.
“If you want to catch them, catch them while they are young” Who said this statement and when?
Answer:
Winston Churchill said, “If you want to catch them, catch them while they are young” while delivering his speech to curb the terrorism.”

Question 30.
Enumerate the remedial measures for terrorism.
Answer:
Youth of India should successfully face the challenges posed by terrorism by successfully using the means of communications to spread peace, love and create a happy neighbourhood.

2nd PUC Political Science Emerging Trends Of Indian Politics Five marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the era of coalition politics in India.
Answer:
The Indian National Congress was in power till 1977 as a single largest political party. The autocratic attitude of the party in power disillusioned the opposition parties mainly National emergency declared on the country by Congress party. When opposition united together, the Indian National Congress began to fail. During the National emergency, the opposition leaders of India have come together and fought against the domination of Indian National Congress.

The general election of 1977has put an end to the single party rule and introduced coalition government under the leadership of Morarji Desai. the first Prime Minister of a coalition government. Later on in 1989, National Front was led by V.P. Singh formed coalition government. In 1996 United Front led by H. D. Devegowda, in 1999 National Democratic Alliance under the leadership of A.B. Vajapayee, in 2004 United Progressive Alliance led by Dr. Manmohan Singh and in 2014 again National Democratic Alliance led by Narendra Modi were formed the coalition governments.

Question 2.
Mention any five features of coalition government.
Answer:
The features of coalition government are as follows:
(a) Coalition is the product of multiparty system.
(b) It is a democratic arrangement.
(c) It challenges single party dominance and in which smaller parties come together to defeat the bigger ones in elections and snatch the power and vice-versa.
(d) Coalition may be pre-poll arrangement or post-poll arrangement.
(e) Alliance partners prefer to have a common minimum programme for governance.

Question 3.
Write any five merits of coalition government. (July 2015,2016)
Answer:
The merits of coalition government are as follows :
(a) It provides broader representation to the people as big and small parties join hands in the governance. It also enables them to have a share in policy making and eliminates regional disparities.
(b) It provides an opportunity for the creation of consensus based politics which represents the public opinion in national policies, issues and programmes.
(c) Coalition takes care of diversity and plurality in administration.
(d) By feeling the pulse of the people, it provides good governance.
(e) The presence of various political parties provides broader choice for the people to elect.

Question 4.
Explain briefly the demerits of coalition government. (March 2019)
Answer:
The demerits of coalition government are as follow s :

(a) Due to the presence of various party leaders believing in different ideologies and policies political consistency is difficult to achieve. Hence political instability persists.

(b) As coalition is the result of mutual consent, heads of government have no say in the formation of their own cabinet and in the formation of national policies or programmes.

(c) In the parliamentary system of government as each coalition partner has its own specific electorate and has assured specific schemes and programmes.

(d) Collective responsibility is a casualty. The ministry has to act as a unit. But in coalition government, this cannot happen. Hence, no one shoulders the responsibility for mismanagement and maladministration.

(e) Official secrecy cannot be maintained. Decisions taken in cabinet which are sensitive in nature are disclosed by its own signatories who cannot be curtailed by the government.

Question 5.
State the legislative powers of union and state government.
Answer:
The legislative powers of union and state governments are mentioned as follows:

(a) The union list: It contains 100 subjects like defence. External affairs, Currency and Coinage, Atomic Energy, Science and Technology. Customs on which the central government has supreme law making powers.

(b) The state list: It consists of 63 subjects like Police, Health, Agriculture, Local Self Governments. Road Transport, etc. On these subjects, state governments have law making powers.

(c) The concurrent list: It comprises 52 subjects like Marriage and Divorce. Civil Procedure and Criminal Laws, Preventive Detention, Trust and Trusties. Education, etc. On these subjects both the union and state can legislate. In case of disputes, the will of the union government prevails.

(d) Residuary powers: Powers not mentioned in the above three lists are called residuary powers. These powers are given to the union government.

Question 6.
Explain the method of distribution of powers as found in our constitution.
Answer:
India is a federal structure in nature. So the powers have been distributed between union and state governments. Article 245 to 255 of the Constitution of India clearly narrates the distribution of powers. Here the constitutional powers have been categorized into three lists. Firstly the national and international issues are comes in the centre list in which the central government can legislate and the state governments are not permitted to interfere on these issues.

The centre list consists 100 subjects like External affairs, Defence, Currency, Science and Technology. Railway, Central Excise Duty, Import and Export. The regional matters are comes under state list in which the state governments arc permitted to legislate on these matters. The central government cannot interfere on the state list matters in general. The state list consists 63 subjects like Police, Agriculture. Health. Road Transport. Animal Husbandry. Sericulture, etc.

Remaining all subjects are comes under the concurrent list in which both centre and state can pass the legislations. In case of disputes, the will of the central government prevails. The concurrent list consists 52 subjects like Marriage divorce. Press Media, Civil and  Criminal code. Trusteeship, Education, etc.

Question 7.
“Coalitions are politically unstable”- Prove this statement.
Answer:
Coalition governments are politically unstable. It can also called as political arranged system. In this system, no party gets the absolute majority and formed the government with the help of various political parties by making common agenda. Due to the presence of various parties believing in different ideologies and policies, political consistency is difficult to achieve.

Here the leader of the coalition government has to compromise with all the allies partners, otherwise they will withdraw their support for simple reason often and often. The leaders of the coalition government have lost the power in the coalition politics since 1977 for several times. For example the first coalition government which came to power in 1977 under the leadership of Morarji Desai lost the power within 2 years.

In the same manner Y.P. Singh who ’lead the National Front in 1989 lost the power within 20 months. Like wise H.D. Devegowda formed the coalition government in 1996 loses the power with in 10 months. So coalition government cannot be in power for full term.

Question 8.
write note an emergency Powers of the President (March 2016)
Answer:
The President of India exercises three types of emergency powers. They are:

(a) National emergency : Article 5.55 of the India Constitution, the President is empowers to declare National emergency when threat of external aggression. It can he imposed for the . protection of unity and integrity of the country. Till now it had been imposed for thrice. In such circumstances, individual rights are suspended.

(b) State emergency : Article 356 of the Indian Constitution authorizes the President to declare the Presidential rule on the recommendation of the Governor during the breakdown of die constitutional machinery in that stare.

(c) Financial emergency : Article 360 of the Indian Constitution empowers the President to declare financial emergency if the financial conditions of the nation are precarious.

Question 9
State any five causes for identity politics. (July 2018)
Answer:
Causes for identity politics :
(a) Maladministration leads to the poor economic growth of a particular region or geographical backwardness of the people of a particular ethnic identity.
(b) The rise of regional parties created the local awareness of language or region.
(c) Extreme poverty, exploitation, lack of opportunity and threat to existing group.
(d) Ethnic groups fear of assimilation of cultural dilution.
(e) Rise in standard of living, literacy and aspiration, socio political awareness have led to identity polities.

Question 10.
Explain the different aspects of identity politics.
Answer:
The different aspects of identity politics:

(a) Religion: The fear of losing individual identity has compelled many groups to organize on religious lines. A few groups are involved in militant activities to get recognition. Religious conversion takes place either by force or attraction. Political parties tries to establish their vote bank politics on the basis of religious lines. At the same time religious forces plays a dominant role in the government to protect and safeguard their interests.

(b) Caste: In Indian society one’s social status is decided by the credentials of caste rather than his efficiency and achievements. A person can lose his wealth and property but he can not lose his caste identity and prefers to gain and protect his caste interests. Some caste groups tries to get the benefit from the field of education and employment. Some groups urged for the political representation.

(c) Region: Regional identity plays a dominant role in national and regional politics. Some regional leaders are enjoying dominant position in national politics because of regional popularity. In this way, the regional identity is providing leadership to national politics for the purpose of protecting the regional interests.

(d) Tribal: Behind every major movement, there is the factor of region as it happened in case of Birsa Munda Movement for the identity of tribals and Shibu Soren’s efforts for the creation of Jharkhand are noteworthy. Some agitations and movements are still alive to protect their tribal interests and some are succeeded. For example Telangana movement in Andhra Pradesh.

(e) Linguistic: India is a union of multi lingual states. Language is one of the most sensitive and emotional issues. Throughout the country there are several paramount groups and leaders who want their share from the government on the basis of language. In Karnataka people fought for the implementation of Gokak report to make Kannada an administrative language during 1980’s.

Question 11.
What are the hindrances that youth come across to enter into politics?
Answer:
There are politicians who do not allow the youth to enter politics. The entry of the youth to politics is curbed by systematic suppression. They do not exercise their franchise because of political apathy. Many of them do not perceive politics in a right perspective. They are not ready to participate in mudslinging acts during elections. Women who constitute more than 1/2 of the total population do not adequately represent either in national or state politics because of male domination.

Question 12.
Explain how youth leadership can change the scenario of Indian politics?
Answer:
India is a largest democratic country in the world. It can also regarded as the second largest populous and geographically seventh largest country in the world. Democratic principles are not just found in our Constitution but basically its values are enshrined in our people. The Constitution provides right to vote for all the adult citizens without any discrimination.

The voters are actively participating in the electoral process since the first general election. As per 61^st Amendment to the Constitution, the voting age was reduced to 18 years from 21 during 1986. With the reduction in voting age the size of the electorate increased heavily providing an opportunity to the younger generation to participate in choosing their representatives.

With great vigour and zeal, the youth successfully participated in the elections and the tender aged boys and girls made a right choice, it was proved. The country that respects the will of the youth can bring new thinking in all walks of life including politics. Youth have the energy to liberate and purify the political arena of the country as they normally do not accept traditional caste barriers.

Youth have the courage and the capacity to understand burning issues like boundary, language, river water, ethnic disputes and sensitive issues. Increase in the number of the youth in politics enhances the credibility’ of the democracy. The honest involvement of youth in politics strengthen the democratic system. Recent developments show that large number of youth are participating and winning both Lok Sabha and Assembly elections.

Question 13.
How can youth control corruption (July 2017) (March 2018)
Answer:
Role of youth against corruption : Corruption is misuse of public power for private profits by violating the constitution. Independent India has seen scams like – Farefax, Bofors, Share deal, Stamp paper scandal, fodder, 2-G Spectrum, Coal and others involving billions of rupees of public money. Inspite of these scams, still corruption persists in all walks of life including education, health, administration and politics.

Loknayak Jayaprakash Narayan the pioneer of the “Total Revolution”, inspired youth during 1970s to revolt against the corrupt administration. Today the mood of the country especially the mood of the youth is against corruption on war footing. The war against corruption is perceived as the mother of all wars.

Anti corruption movement gathered momentum when Sri Anna Hazare kick started the movement and gave a call to the youth to join him in a fight against corruption under the banner of ‘India against corruption’. The overall effect of the youth movement against corruption have resulted in the creation of the institution of Lokpal, passing of the Acts of Right to Information (RTI), Right to Education (RTE), Sakaal and other various drastical measures.

Question 14.
State the role of youth in eradicating terrorism in India. (March 2015,2017)
Answer:
Role of youth against terrorism : Terrorism means deliberately and violently targeting civilians by inflicting physical or mental agony, wound or death that creates fear phychoses for political gains. Hence the youth have to pressurize the governments concerned to create awareness and educate those who are indulged in anti national and inhuman terrorist activities, particularly youth.

Youth have to develop patriotism that is national feeling and involve themselves in constructive activities like nation building through helping the government about terrorist and militant activities taking place in their surroundings which is the prime duty of the youth. Youth have to take the initiative within the jurisdiction of law to fight against terrorism as it happened in Naxal hit states like Bihar, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh where Salwajudum (village army) fighting against Naxalites.

Youth must understand the complicated and multi-faceted terrorism rationally. They have to isolate the terrorists and involve in helping the government to nab the culprits. It is the responsibility’ of the youth to spread the importance of education that saves the younger generation from the clutches of terrorism and communalism.

As it happened in the case of Ms. Malala Yusufa Zai of Pakistan, who survived in the terrorist attack. No Nation can prosper unless strongest measures are executed against terrorism. It is the youth who have a major role in combating terrorism. Youth of India should successfully face the challenges posed by terrorism by successfully using the means of communications to spread peace, love and create a happy neighbourhood.

2nd PUC Political Science Emerging Trends Of Indian Politics Ten marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the development of coalition government in India.
Answer:
The term ‘coalition’ has been derived from Latin word ‘eligere’ which means to go or to grow together. In the political sense, the term coalition is used for an alliance or temporary union between various political groups for the exercise or control of political power. While entering into coalition the partners are expected to give up their rigid stand and make compromise in the spirit of mutual give and take policy. The parties to the coalition, however, do not lose their identity and can withdraw from the coalition as and when they find it difficult to continue as partners.

By and large the centre in India has enjoyed a single party government. From the inception of the constitution till the split of congress in 1969, the congress in 1969, the congress government continued to rule the country with a comfortable majority. For the first time in 1969 after the split in congress, some members of congress party withdrew their support from the government, thus reducing it to a minority. However, the minority congress government continued to rule with the tacit support of CPI and DMK. It is noteworthy that neither CPI nor DMK was represented in the government.

The formation of the first Janatha Government at the Centre (1977) was the result of an accommodative attitude of its constituent political groups. Morarji Desai headed the four party Janatha Government for about two years (1977-1979) following the 1977 general election. Technically it was not a coalition because its four constituents had agreed to merge and fought the election on a single manifesto and on a shared symbol. According to some scholars, the Janatha Government was a sort of coalition government in so far four political parties with a view to provide an alternative to the congress party.

Later on in 1989, National Front was led by V.P. Singh formed coalition government. In 1996 United Front led by H. D. Devegowda, in 1999 National Democratic Alliance under the leadership of A.B. Vajapayee, in 2004 United Progressive Alliance led by Dr. Manmohan Singh and in 2014 again National Democratic Alliance led by Narendra Modi were formed the coalition governments.

Question 2.
List out the features of coalition government.
Answer:
The features of coalition government are as follows :
(a) Coalition is the product of multiparty system.
(b) It is a democratic arrangement.
(c) It challenges single party dominance and in which smaller parties come together to defeat the bigger ones in elections and snatch the power and vice-versa.
(d) Coalition may be pre-poll arrangement or post-poll arrangement.
(e) Alliance partners prefer to have a common minimum programme for governance.
(f) During national emergency or crisis, national government is formed through coalition.
(g) Coalition deteriorates the supreme status of the Prime Minister who heads the government.
(h) A person agreeable not only to big party but also to the alliance partners becomes the leader of the house and natural heads the government.
(i) Coalition partners are always free to cede their relations and fight on one’s identity.
(j) Coalitions are politically unstable.

Question 3.
Write the merits and demerits of coalition government.
Answer:
The merits of coalition government are as follows :

(a) It provides broader representation to the people as big and small parties join hands in the governance. It also enables them to have a share in policy making and eliminates regional disparities.

(b) It provides an opportunity for the creation of consensus based politics which represents the public opinion in national policies, issues and programmes. .

(c) Coalition takes care of diversity and plurality in administration.

(d) By feeling the pulse of the people, it provides good governance.

(e) The presence of various political parties provides broader choice for the people to elect.

(f) Coalition does not allow the autocratic rule of a single dominant party. Minister or members of cabinet including PrimeMinister cannot behave autocraticalIty.

The demerits of coalition government are as follows :

(a) Due to the presence of various party leaders believing in different ideologies and policies political consistency is difficult to achieve. Hence political instability persists.

(b) As coalition is the result of mutual consent, heads of government have no say in the formation of their own cabinet and in the formation of national policies or programmes.

(c) In the parliamentary, system of government as each coalition partner has its own specific electorate and has assured specific schemes and programmes.

(d) Collective responsibility is a casualty. The ministry has to act as a unit. But in coalition government, this Cannot happen. Hence, no one shoulders the responsibility for mismanagement and maladministration.

(e) Official secrecy cannot be maintained. Decisions taken in cabinet which are sensitive in nature are disclosed by its own signatories who cannot be curtailed by the government.

(f) Regional parties always ignore national interests and concentrate on their own parochial interests and chauvinism.

(i) Coalition proves to be highly expensive as it does not complete the full term.

(j) Coalition governments cannot have long term planning and view. Its main aim to escape from the present political volatility.

Question 4.
Describe the new dimensions of centre- state relations with respect to legislative, administrative and financial relations.
Answer:
The legislative relations between union and state governments are mentioned as follows:

(a) The union list: It contains 100 subjects like defence, External affairs, Currency and Coinage, Atomic Energy, Science and Technology, Customs on which the central government has supreme law making powers.

(b) The state list: It consists of 63 subjects like Police, Health, Agriculture, Local Self Governments, Road Transport, etc. On these subjects, state governments have law making powers.

(c) The concurrent list: It comprises 52 subjects like Marriage and Divorce, Civil Procedure and Criminal Laws, Preventive Detention. Trust and Trusties, Education, etc. On these subjects both the union and state can legislate. In case of disputes, the will of the union government prevails.

(d) Residuary powers: Powers not mentioned in the above three lists are called residuary powers. These powers are given to the union government.

Situation during emergencies :

(a) National emergency: Article 353 of the India Constitution, the President is empowers to declare National emergency when threat of external aggression. It can be imposed for the protection of unity and integrity of the country. Till now1 it had been imposed for thrice. In such circumstances, individual rights are suspended.

(b) State Emergency: Article 356 of the Indian Constitution authorizes the President to declare the Presidential rale on the recommendation of the Governor during the breakdown of the constitutional machinery in that state.

(c) Financial Emergency: Article 360 of the Indian Constitution empowers the President to declare financial emergency if the financial conditions of the nation are precarious.

Administrative relations between Centre and State Governments :
(a) President of India has the power to appoint the Governors of all the States and Union Territories.
(b) President by having jurisdiction over the appointment of the Judges of Supreme Court and High Courts, Integrated Judicial System is maintained throughout the country.
(c) Bills passed in State Legislatures during President’s rule are required to get the approval of the President.
(d) The members of All India Services who serve both the Union and State governments are finally regulated by Union.
(e) The Union government issues directions to the states regarding law and order, national unity, safety and security.
(f) Parliament is empowered to appoint Inter State Commerce Commission to maintain cordial relations among the states.
(g) To ensure the rapid and balanced development of the country, National Development Council is created.
(h) Planning Commission advises all the states to raise the standard of living of the people.

Financial relations between centre and state governments :
(a) A Finance Commission has constituted to determine the distribution of financial resources between the union and states.
(b) Parliament may by law establish a contingency fund to meet unforeseen expenditure.
(c) Some duties are leviable by the centre, but they are to be collected and entirely appropriated by the states.
(d) There are some taxes which are both levied and collected by the union but distributed among equally.
(e) The Parliament determines the quantum of assistance every year to the needy states, tribal .areas, etc.
(f) During President’s rule in the state, state financial propriety is managed by the union.

Question 5.
Mark the trace of identity politcs
Answer:
Identity politics is not too old concept. L.A. Kauffman traced the origin of identity politics to Student Non violent co-ordinating committee of U.S. in early 1960’s. The identity politics originated and got its legitimacy in U.S. between 1950-60 in the movements of lesbians, black civil rights, wave of feminists etc., The movement became prominent only in 1980’s.

with Lesbian Gay Bi-Sexual Transgender (LGBT) movement. It is notably found in class movements like feminist movements disability movements, ethnic movements, minority movements. Globalisation, Liberalisation and the setback to the socialistic principles led to the rise of identity’politics.

Crisis of identity is the fundamental reason for the rise of identity struggles in several parts of the world. Each individual, every culture, every language, religion and region are unique in their own way. A community may be poor economically but rich in cultural heritage and loves to retain its identity. A person can forget the loss of wealth but does not forget his inherent caste, culture, language, religion and region.

Loss identity means loss of one’s entity. According to Universal Declaration of Human Rights-1948, every citizen irrespective of nationality, economic standard, lesbian or conventionalist has an inseparable human right of equal opportunities, treatment, practice, participation, etc.

At present the political parties big or small, national or regional are appealing to the voters on sectarian basis namely language, region, caste, religion, river, race, etc. Government announce popular programmes on the basis of caste and community, gender, local or territorial basis. Identity politics is a pattern of belongingness, a search for comfort, an approach to community. It attempts to attain empowerment, representation and recognition of social groups.

Question 6.
Discuss the various aspects of identity politics.
Answer:

The legislative powers of union and state governments are mentioned as follows:

(a) The union list: It contains 100 subjects like defence. External affairs, Currency and Coinage, Atomic Energy, Science and Technology. Customs on which the central government has supreme law making powers.

(b) The state list: It consists of 63 subjects like Police, Health, Agriculture, Local Self Governments. Road Transport, etc. On these subjects, state governments have law making powers.

(c) The concurrent list: It comprises 52 subjects like Marriage and Divorce. Civil Procedure and Criminal Laws, Preventive Detention, Trust and Trusties. Education, etc. On these subjects both the union and state can legislate. In case of disputes, the will of the union government prevails.

(d) Residuary powers: Powers not mentioned in the above three lists are called residuary powers. These powers are given to the union government.

Question 7.
Explain the causes of identity politics.
Answer:
Causes for identity politics :
(a) Maladministration leads to the poor economic growth of a particular region or geographical backwardness of the people of a particular ethnic identity.
(b) The rise of regional parties created the local awareness of language or region.
(c) Extreme poverty, exploitation, lack of opportunity and threat to existing group.
(d) Ethnic groups fear of assimilation of cultural dilution.
(e) Rise in standard of living, literacy and aspiration, socio political awareness have led to identity politics.
(f) Lack of share in natural resources, fear of loss of land, political power and economic growth.
(g) Fear of losing scope in educational and employment field.
(h) Fear of losing ethnic identities like language and culture.
These are the main causes for the emergence of identity politics.

Question 8.
Write the role of youth in Indian politics.
Answer:

India is a largest democratic country in the world. It can also regarded as the second largest populous and geographically seventh largest country in the world. Democratic principles are not just found in our Constitution but basically its values are enshrined in our people. The Constitution provides right to vote for all the adult citizens without any discrimination. The voters are actively participating in the electoral process since the first general election.

As per 61^st Amendment to the Constitution, the voting age was reduced to 18 years from 21 during 1986. With the reduction in voting age the size of the electorate increased heavily providing an opportunity to the younger generation to participate in choosing their representatives.

With great vigour and zeal, the youth successfully participated in the elections and the tender aged boys and girls made a right choice, it was proved. The country that respects the will of the youth can bring new thinking in all walks of life including politics. Youth have the energy to liberate and purify the political arena of the country as they normally do not accept traditional caste barriers.

Youth have the courage and the capacity to understand burning issues like boundary, language, river water, ethnic disputes and sensitive issues. Increase in the number of the youth in politics enhances the credibility’ of the democracy. The honest involvement of youth in politics strengthen the democratic system. Recent developments show that large number of youth are participating and winning both Lok Sabha and Assembly elections.

Question 9.
Explain the role of youth against terrorism.
Answer:

Role of youth against terrorism : Terrorism means deliberately and violently targeting civilians by inflicting physical or mental agony, wound or death that creates fear phychoses for political gains. Hence the youth have to pressurize the governments concerned to create awareness and educate those who are indulged in anti national and inhuman terrorist activities, particularly youth.

Youth have to develop patriotism that is national feeling and involve themselves in constructive activities like nation building through helping the government about terrorist and militant activities taking place in their surroundings which is the prime duty of the youth. Youth have to take the initiative within the jurisdiction of law to fight against terrorism as it happened in Naxal hit states like Bihar, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh where Salwajudum (village army) fighting against Naxalites.

Youth must understand the complicated and multi-faceted terrorism rationally. They have to isolate the terrorists and involve in helping the government to nab the culprits. It is the responsibility’ of the youth to spread the importance of education that saves the younger generation from the clutches of terrorism and communalism.

As it happened in the case of Ms. Malala Yusufa Zai of Pakistan, who survived in the terrorist attack. No Nation can prosper unless strongest measures are executed against terrorism. It is the youth who have a major role in combating terrorism. Youth of India should successfully face the challenges posed by terrorism by successfully using the means of communications to spread peace, love and create a happy neighbourhood.