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Karnataka 2nd PUC History Question Bank Chapter 6 Socio-Religious Reform Movement In Medieval India

2nd PUC History Socio-Religious Reform Movement In Medieval India One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentences each.

Question 1.
Which was the birth place of Shankaracharya? (or) Where was Shankara born?
Answer:
Shankaracharya was bom at Kaladi in Kerala.

Question 2.
Name the Philosophy of Shankaracharya.
Answer:
Advaitha.

Question 3.
Name the Philosophy of Ramanujacharya, (or) What is the name of the Philosophy expounded by Ramanujacharya?
Answer:
Sri Vaishnava or Vishistadvaitha Philosophy was expounded by Ramanujacharya.

Question 4.
Who was the Hoysala King who gave royal patronage to Ramanujacharya?
Answer:
The Hoysala King Vishnuvardhana gave royal patronage to Ramanujacharya.

Question 5.
Which was the birth place of Madhawacharya?
Answer:
Madhawacharya was born at Pajaka near Udupi.

Question 6.
What was the earlier name of Madhwacharya?
Answer:
Vasudeva was the earlier name of Madhwacharya.

Question 7.
Which Philosophy was preached by Madhwacharya?
Answer:
Madhwacharya preached the Dwaitha (dualism) Philosophy.

Question 8.
Which was the birth place of Basaveshwara?
Answer:
Basaveshwara was bom at Ingaleshwara(Bagewadi-Bijapurdist).

Question 9.
Who was the Kalachuri King who gave royal patronage to Basaveshwara?
Answer:
Kalachuri King Bijjala gave royal patronage to Basaveshwara.

Question 10.
Who presided over the religious discussions at AnubhavaMantapa?
Answer:
Allamaprabhu presided over the religious discourses at Anubhava Mantapa.

Question 11.
Where was Ramananda born?
Answer:
Ramananda was born at Prayag.

Question 12.
Who is the founder of Sikhism?
Answer:
Gurunanak is the Founder of Sikhism.

Question 13.
Which is the holy book of Sikhs?
Answer:
Gurugranth Sahib orAdigrantha is the holy book of Sikhs.

Question 14.
Who was the devotee of Krishna who popularized her Philosophy in Rajasthan?
Answer:
Mirabai.

Question 15.
From which word is sufi derived?
Answer:
The term ‘Sufi’ is derived from the word ‘Saf’ which means wool. (Sufi saints wore woollen clothes).

Question 16.
Who was the founder of the Chisti order?
Answer:
Khwaja Abdul Chisthi was the founder of the Chisti order, in 966 C.E.

Question 17.
Who was the founder of the Suharawardi order?
Answer:
Sheik Shahabuddin Suharawardi of Baghdad.

Question 18.
What was the aim of the socio-religious reform movement?
Answer:
The aim of the socio-religious movement was eradicating blind beliefs and also achieving equality in the society.

Question 19.
Who was the exponent of the Advaitha (monoism) Philosophy?
Answer:
Shankaracharya was the exponent of the Advaitha Philosophy.

Question 20.
Who was the teacher of Shankaracharya?
Answer:
Govinda Bhagawathpada was the teacher of Shankaracharya.

Question 21.
What is the meaning of the word Advaitha?
Answer:
Advaitha means monoism or non-duality.

Question 22.
Who established the four Advaitha mathas in the four directions of the country?
Answer:
Shankaracharya established the four Advaitha mathas in the four directions.

Question 23.
What is the literature ofBasawcshwara known as?
Answer:
Vachana Sahitya.

Question 24.
Who was the teacher of Ramanujacharya?
Answer:
Yadavaprakasha was the teacher of Ramanujacharya.

Question 25.
Name the teacher of Madhwacharya.
Answer:
Achyuthapreksha was the teacher of Madhwacharya.

Question 26.
Who established the Asthamathas in Udupi?
Answer:
Madhwacharya established the Asthamathas in Udupi.

Question 27.
From where did Madhwacharya bring the two idols of Krishna and Balarania to Udupi?
Answer:
Madhwacharya brought the idols of Krishna and Balarama from Dwaraka (North India).

Question 28.
Where did Ramanujacharyatake shelter in Karnataka?
Answer:
Ramanujacharya took shelter at Melukote in Karnataka.

Question 29.
Which Philosophy was preached by Basaveshwara? *
Answer:
Shakthivishjshtadvaita Philosophy was preached by Basaveshwara.

Question 30.
Who was called as‘ShanmathaSthapanacharya’?
Answer:
Shankaracharya was called as ShanmathaSthapanacharya.

Question 31.
What was the pen-name of Basaveshwara?
Answer:
Kudalasangamadeva was the pen-name of Basaveshwara.

Question 32.
Where did Basaveshwara breath his last?
Answer:
Kudalasangama (The confluence of Krishna and Malaprabha rivers).

Question 33.
What were the followers of Gurunanak called as?
Answer:
The followers of Guru Nanak are called as Sikhs.

Question 34.
Which is the holy place of Sikhs?
Answer:
Gurudwara in Amritsar (Punjab).

Question 35.
Who was the Bhakti saint from Bengal?
Answer:
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu.

Question 36.
What are the poems of Kabir called?
Answer:
Kabir’s poems are called Dohas (Devotional compositions).

Question 37.
What were the desciples of Kabirdas called as?
Answer:
The followers of Kabirdas were called as Kabirpanthis.

2nd PUC History Socio-Religious Reform Movement In Medieval India Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Who were the parents of Shankaracharya?
Answer:
ShivaguruandAryamba were the parents of Shankaracharya.

Question 2.
Why is Shankaracharya called as ‘Shanmatha Stapanacharya?
Answer:
Shankaracharya stressed the collective worship of six deities such as Vishnu, Shiva, Shakti, Ganesha, Kumara and Surya. Therefore he is called as ‘Shanmatha Stapanacharya’.

Question 3.
Where are the four mathas of Shankaracharya established?
Answer:

1. Govardhana Peelha at Puri (east)
2. Kalikamatha at Dwaraka in Gujarat (west)
3. Jyothirmatha at Badrinath in U.P. (north)
4. Sharada Peetha at Sringeri in Karnataka (south).

Question 4.
Name the works of Shankaracharya.
Answer:
VivekaChudamani, ShivanandaLahari, AnandaLahari, SoundaryaLahari, Bhajagovindam, Badaramayana Sutra etc. *

Question 5.
Where was Ramanujacharya born?
Answer:
Ramanuja was bom in 1017C.E. atSri Perambadur near Chennai (T.N.).

Question 6.
Who were the parents of Ramanujacharya?
Answer:
KeshvaSomayaji and Kantimati were the parents of Ramanuja.

Question 7.
Name the works of Ramanujacharya.
Answer:
Vedantha Saara, Vedantha Sangraha, Vedantha Sutra, Geetha Bhashya, Sree Bhashya, Sri RangaGadhya.NityaGadhyaetc.,

Question 8.
When and where was Madhwacharya born?
Answer:
Madhwacharya was born at Pajaka near Udupi in 1238 C.E.

Question 9.
Who were the parents of Madhwacharya?
Answer:
Madhyageha Narayana Bhatta and Vedavathi were the parents of Madhwacharya.

Question 10.
Where did Madhwacharya establish the eight mathas? Name them.
Answer:
Madhwacharya established eight mathas in Udupi. They are:-
1) Sodey matha, 2) Sirur matha, 3) Kaniyur matha, 4) Pejawar matha, 5) Palimaru matha, 6) Adamaru matha, 7) Krishnapura matha and 8) Puttige matha.

Question 11.
Name the works of Madhwacharya.
Answer:
Geetha Bhashya, Brahma Sutra Bhashya, Anu Bhashya, Dwadasha Stotra, Mayavad Khandane.GitatatparyaNimayaetc.,

Question 12.
When and where was Basaveshwara born?
Answer:
Basaveshwara was born at Ingaieshwara (near Bagewadi) in Bijapur in the year 1132 C.E.

Question 13.
Who were the parents of Basaveshwara?
Answer:
Madarasa and Madalambike were the parents of Basaveshwara.

Question 14.
Who founded the ‘AnubhavaMantapa’ and where?
Answer:
Basaveshwara founded the AnubhavaMantapa at Kalyana (Bidar).

Question 15.
Name any two important orders among the sufis.
Answer:
Chishti order and Suharawardi order are the two important orders among the sufis.

Question 16.
Name any two important saints of the Chishti order.
Answer:
Khwaja Abdul Chishti, Moinuddin Chishti, Fariduddin Shakar, Sheik Nizamuddin Auliya, Sheik Salim Chishti are some well known saints.

Question 17.
What is meant by Advaitha?
Answer:
The individual Soul ultimately merges itself with the Universal Soul (God), which may be called as salvation. This is non-duality or monoism.

Question 18.
Where did Madhwacharya install the idols of Krishna and Balarama?
Answer:
Madhwacharya installed the idol of Krishna at Udupi and the Balarama idol at Malpe.

Question 19.
Where was Basaveshwara educated? Who was his teacher?
Answer:
AtKudalasangamaand Jathavedamuni was his teacher.

Question 20.
In whose court was Basaveshwara a minister? To which royal dynasty did he belong?
Answer:
At King Bijjala’s court Basaveshwara was a minister. Bijjala belonged to the Kalachuri dynasty.

Question 21.
Who were the famous saints of the Bhakti movement.
Answer:
Ramananda, Kabir, Gurunanak, Chaitanya, Mirabai, Namdeva, Vallabhacharya and others were the famous saints oftheBhakthi cult.

Question 22.
What was the main aim of the Bhakthi movement?
Answer:
Bhakti movement gave importance to devotion, religious harmony, social equality and gender equality.

Question 23.
What was the main aim of Kabir?
Answer:
Kabir tried to develop a sense of unity and brotherhood among the Hindus and the Muslims. He condemned the evil practices in the society.

2nd PUC History Socio-Religious Reform Movement In Medieval India Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Explain the life and teachings of Shankaracharya.
Answer:
Early life of Shankaracharya (788-820 C.E.): Shankaracharya was the exponent of Advaitha (Non-duality) Philosophy. He was bom at Kaladi in Kerala in 788 C.E. His parents were Shivaguru and Atyambha. He was inclined towards spiritualistic life and became a sanyasi with the permission of his mother. Shankara went in search of a spiritual teacher. He met his teacher Govinda Bhagwathpada on the banks of the river Narmada. He studied under him, and very soon his teacher found in Shankara, great qualities to attain the highest spiritual knowledge. He toured the whole of India – from Kashmir to Kanyakumari three times on foot. Wherever he went, he expounded his Advaitha Philosophy. He made a spiritual conquest of India. He earned the titles of Sarvajna and Jagadguru.

Works of Shankaracharya: Shankara wrote commentaries on Brahmasutra, the Upanishads and the Bhagvadh Geetha. He composed Vi veka Chudamani, Shivananda Lahari, Anandau: Lahari, Soundarya Lahari, Bhajagovindam, Badaramayana, Geetha Bhashya etc.

Establishment of the four mathas : To spread the Advaitha Philosophy, Shankaracharya established four mathas in the four directions of the country. They are: 1) Govardhana Peetha at Puri (Orissa – east), 2) Kalika Peetha at Dwaraka (Gujarath – west), 3) Jyothirmatha at Badarinath (U. P. – north), 4) Sharada Peetha at Sringeri (Karnataka – south).

Advaitha (or Monoism) Philosophy: Shankaracharya’s contribution to Indian culture is the Advaitha Philosophy. Advaitha means non-duality or monoism.

The main features of the Advaitha propounded by Shakaracharya are:

• The Universal Soul (God or Brahma) and the individual Soul are inseparable. They are one and the same.
• By Jnana Marga (knowledge), individual Soul ultimately merges itself with the Universal Soul (Brahma). This may be called as salvation (Moksha). There is no duality between them.
• The individual Soul has no independent existence. The individual Soul merges itself with the Universal Soul (Brahma) through Sadhana. It is a part of Brahma and the ultimate reality is Brahma. That is why Shankara said ‘I am Brahma’ (Aham Brahmasmi).
• Brahma is the ultimate truth. It is Nirguna, which means it has no predefined or specific qualities. It is Nirakara which means it has no shape or form of any kind and Swaprakashaka which means self evident.
• ‘Brahma Sathya, Jaga Mithya’ – It means Universal Soul (Brahma) is the ultimate reality and world is an illusion or Maya. To an ordinary man, the world appears to be real, because of ignorance.

Shankaracharya advocated ‘Jnana Marga’ (path of knowledge), to attain salvation (Moksha). He combined the path of Karma and Bhakti with Jnana. He strived to unify the different cults, by giving equal importance to the worship of Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Ganesha, Kumara and Shakti. Therefore he is called as ‘Shanmatha Sthapanacharya’.

Question 2.
Describe the life and teachings of Ramanujacharya.
Answer:
Early life of Ramanujacharya (1017-1137 C.E.): Ramanuja was the great exponent of Vishishtadvaita or qualified monoism. He was born in 1017 C.E. at Sri Perambadur near Chennai (T.N.). His parents were Keshva Somayaji and Kantimati. It is believed that Ramanuja was the incarnation of Adisesha. He studied in Kanchi under Yadhavaprakasha. As per the wishes of his mother, he married Tangamma at the age of 16. His married life was very unhappy. As his wife did not co-operate with him in his spiritual exercises, he left his family and became a sanyasi. He went to Srirangam. Later Ramanuja became the head of Srirangam mutt and popularized Vaishnavism. This was not liked by Kulottunga Chola, and Ramanuja left Srirangam and came to Karnataka.

Works of Ramanuja: Vcdanlha Saara, Vedantha Sangraha, Vedantha Sutra, Geetha Bhashya, Sree Bhashya, Sri Rangagadhya, Sharanagati Gadhya, Vykunta Gadhya, Nitya Gadhya etc., were the important works of Ramanujacharya.

Srivaishnava or Vishishtadvaita (qualified monoism) Philosophy: This was propounded by Ramanuja. lie differed from Shankaracharya’s views in many points. According to Ramanuja, the entire universe is divided into three parts. They are God‘(Brahma), individual Soul (Chit) and the world (Achit) The universe was controlled by God.

• Vishnu is the supreme God, Sri Lakshmi is the mediator between God and humans. (Universal Soul) Vishnu may be called Brahma.
• God is omniscient, permanent and possesses all the great qualities (God is Suguna) like mercy, beauty, justice etc.
• God is the creator of all things in the world. The individual Soul and the world are controlled by God.
• According to Ramanuja, the Soul does not have independent existence. The individual Soul has limited power and it can never become identical with God. All Souls are the creations of God. In a state of salvation, the individual Soul becomes free from birth and rebirth and enjoys eternal bliss in the presence of God. 4
• Ramanuja condemned the illusion (Maya vada) of Shankaracharya. For Ramanuja, the world is not an illusion but is real.
• Ramanuja advocated Bhakti Marga as the only path for the attainment of Salvation. Through Bhakti, the individual Soul gets redemption and attains salvation.

Ramanuja advocated the worship of Vishnu accompanied by Lakshmi. His Philosophy is known as Srivaishnava or qualified monoism. There are two elements in Ramanuja’s Bhaktimarga. 1) Prapatthi – absolute surrender tq God. 2) Acharyabhimana – Subjugation to guru. Ramanuja preached that irrespective of one’s caste, the sure way to salvation was through Bhakti. He was an enlightened saint who tried to wipe out the evils of the caste system. He was able to equate all human beings at par, by breaking down the artificial barriers of the caste system.

Question 3.
Explain the life and teachings of Madhwacharya.
Answer:
Early life of Madhwacharya: (1238-1317 C.E.): Madhwacharya was the great exponent of Dwaita (or dualism) Philosophy. He was born in 1238 C.E. at Pajakanear Udupi. His parents wereMadhyagehaNarayana Bhatta and Vedavati. His early name was Vasudeva. lie was also known as PoomaPrajna and AnandaTeertha. He studied the Vedas and the Upanishads under the Advaitha teacher Achyuthapreksha. Madhwacharya began to have . difference of opinion with his teacher. He developed his own (Dwaita) Philosophy.

Madhwacharya toured north India extensively and visited Kashi, Badari, Kedara, Haridwara, Gaya etc., While on tour, he defeated many scholars in religious debates. While returning to Udupi, he brought the idols of Krishna and Balarama and installed Krishna at Udupi anti Balarama atMalpe. He established Asthamathas in Udupi. They are 1) Sodey Matha, 2) Sirur Matha (3) Kaniyur Matha (4) Pejawar Matha (5) Palimaru Matha (6) Adamaru Matha (7)KrishnapuraMatha(8)PuttigeMatha.

Works of Madhwacharya: Madhwacharya wrote Gita Bhashya, GitaTatparya Nirnaya, Bhagavata Tatparya Nirnaya, Mayavada Khandan, Vishnutatva Nirnaya, Brahma Sutra Bhashya, Anu Bhashya, Dwadasha Stotra etc.,

Dwaitha Philosophy of Madhwacharya: Madhwacharya was the great exponent of Dwaitha (or dualism) Philosophy. He taught that the individual Soul and God are two different entities and hence it is called Dwaitha Philosophy.

1. Vishnu is the supreme (Sarvottama) and Gods other than Vishnu, are Gods of lesser degree to him.
2. Madhwacharya condemned the Mayavada of Shankaracharya. He said that world is not an illusion, it is real and eternal.

3. He recongnized 5 fundamental differences between the Soul, matter and God, They are:

a) God and Soul (Individual Soul) are not the same. They are different one from another.
b) God (Universal Soul) and matter (Jada) are di fferent.
c) Individual Soul (Jeevcitma) and matter (Jada) are different.
d) A Soul does not merge with another Soul.
e) A matter does not meige with another matter.

4. According to him, individual Soul and universal Soul are two different entities. God is independent and individual Soul (Jeevatma) is not independent. The relation between Jeevatma and Paramatluna is like the one between the servant and the master.

5. Madhwacharya stressed the Bhakti Marga. According to him, the path of pure love, absolute devotion and total self-surrender to the will of God are the true means to achieve God’s grace or Moksha. Individual Soul can attain salvation through Bhakthi.

Question 4.
Discuss the socio-religious reforms of Basaveshwara.
Answer:
Socio-religious reforms of Basaveshwara: Basaveshwara was a revolutionary reformer. He wanted to build a classless and casteless society. The first step to him was integration of the people on equal status, regardless of caste. He advocated equality of all human beings. He strongly opposed blind beliefs, superstitions, image worship, ritualism, pilgrimage and taking holy baths in the river. He tried to wipe out the evil practice of untouchability and encouraged intercaste marriages. He made it clear that caste system does not have the base of Dharmashastra. He encouraged interdining and gave lingadeeksha to the untouchable Nagadeva and accepted his hospitality. Encouraging inter-caste marriage, he performed the marriage of Brahmin Madhuvaiah’s daughter with Harijan Haralaiah’s son. Orthodox people were disturbed by these revolutionary acts of Basaveshwara and gave a complaint to King Bijjala that he was spending the money from the treasury to benefit his followers and that he was spoiling Hinduism.

Bijjala gave death sentence to Madhuvaiah and Haralaiah. When the news of the death of Madhuvaiah and Ilaralaiah spread, Basaveshwara was upset and gave up his post as minister and went to Kudalasangama. This led to a revolt by his followers and in this revolt Bijjala was murdered.

Disapproving animal sacrifice, Basaveshwara said “Kindness is the source of religion” (Dayave dharmada moolavaiah). He gave the concept of ‘work is worship’. This was the main message of Basaveshwara to mankind. He tried to propagate purity, morality and humanistic approach through his vachanas. He rejected the idea of building temples. He questioned the need and purpose to build temples when our own body is a temple, where God resides. He felt that his body was the temple, his legs were its pillars and his head was its golden tower.

Question 5.
Give an account of Kabir and Gurunanak.
Answer:
Kabir (1398-1518 C.E.): Kabir was brought up by a Muslim weaver couple Niru and Neema at Varnasi. Since his childhood, Kabir was inclined towards spiritual life, and he became a disciple of Ramananda. He preached equality and a religion of love aimed at promoting unity among all castes and creeds. He tried to develop a sense of unity and brotherhood between the Hindus and the Muslims. He quoted that there was no difference between Rama and Rahim, Krishna and Karim or the Puranas and the Quran. They are one and the same. God could be neither found in a Temple nor in a Mosque, but only in the heart of his devotees. He preached brotherhood, oneness of God, religion and true devotion to God.

Kabir condemned casteism, idol worship, supremacy of the Brahmins and Ulemas, baseless ceremonies, rituals, pilgrimage to holy places and practice of participating in formal prayers like Namaz. He preached that ‘Hindus and Muslims are pots made out of the same clay’. He said that Kabir was the child of Allah and Rama. True devotion and true love towards God alone can help people to proceed on the path which leads to Salvation. God could be attained only through Bhakti.

He was a spontaneous poet and his poems are in the form of ‘Dohas’. His dohas or couplets in Hindi became popular. His followers came to be known as Kabirpanthis. He was one of the enlightened socio-religious reformers in India.

Gurunanak (1469-1539 C.E.): Gurunanak was a great socio-religious reformer. He is the founder of the Sikh religion (Sikhism). He was influenced by the teachings of Kabir. He preached the brotherhood of Mankind. He was bom in 1469 at Talwandi (Banks of Ravi). His parents were Mehta Kaulchand and Tripta. Since his childhood, Nanak was inclined towards spiritual life and believed in a life of purity. He condemned caste system, idol worship, polytheism, sati, superstitions, useless rituals and costly ceremonies. He advised people to speak the truth. He tried to achieve Hindu – Muslim unity, religious tolerance and unity of God and paid respect to all religions. He believed in the theory of Karma.

He gave importance to Meditaition, Bhakti and repetition of God’s name (Sat Nam) as the means towards the salvation of the Soul from the chains of the flesh. God loved those who did hard work. He advised his followers to give up selfishness and falsehood.His disciples were called ‘Sikhs’. ‘Guru Granth Sahib or ‘Adi Granth’ is the holy book of Sikhs. Gurudhwara (at Amritsar) is the holy place of Sikhs. Gurunanak wanted to reorganize the Indian society on the principles of equality and aimed at the establishment of a casteless society.

Question 6.
Explain the life and teachings of Basavcshwara.
Answer:
Early life of Basavcshwara (1132-1168 C.E.): Basavcshwara was born in 1132 C.E. in Ingaleshwara (Bagewadi Taluk). His parents were Madarasa and Madalambike. Basaveshwara was taught Vedas, Grammar and Logic in Sanskrit and Kannada. When he came of proper age, his father performed his upanayana ceremony. But he revolted against the existing socio-religious setup, discarded his sacred thread and went to Kudalasangama, where he studied under Jatavedamuni and attained spiritual and intellectual maturity.

Service under Bijjala : From Kudalasangama. he went to Mangalavede. Kalachuri King Bijjala, appointed Basaveshwara as accountant (Karanika). He rose to the position of chief treasurer (Bhandari). He married Neelambike and Gangambike. Without getting influenced by power, wealth and worldly life, he earned out his responsibilities through honest service. After the death of Siddarasa, Bijjala appointed Basaveshwara as his Prime Minister. As a Prime Minister, he introduced several reforms in administration. He spent his spare time in the propagation of Veerashaiva religion. After the overthrow of Bijjala (1162 C.E), he went to Kalyana, and Kalyana became the centre of his movement.

Shaktivishishtadvaitha Philosophy of Basaveshwara: (Non-duality) :
Basaveshwara propounded Shaktivishistadvaitha Philosophy. He gave an opportunity for all to wear Ishtalinga, irrespective of caste and gender. Religions give equal opportunities to every Body for the worship of Shiva. Linga (God) and Anga (Individual Soul) are two halves of the |ame thing. Moksha (salvation) is to attain oneness with Linga. The merger of Shiva (Purusha) with Shakti (Prakruti) forms the basis of Basaveshwara’s Philosophy. Shiva and Shakti are individually incomplete without the merger with each other and this is called ShakthivishishtadvaithaPhilosophy.
Basaveshwara propagated Veerashaivism which had the following fundamental principles.

1. Believe in one God that is Shiva: Basaveshwara believed in the oneness of the supreme God Shiva, who is associated with Shakti. Shakti and Shiva are inseparable.

2. He opposed the worship of several Gods. Final aim of the Soul is to merge with the Linga. He advocated the six divisions – Shatthalagalu namely Bhaktha, Maheshwara, Pfasadhi, Pranalingi, SharanaandAikya.

3. Ashtavaranas: He gave eight rules called Ashtavaranas to be followed by the veerashaivas. They are: 1) Obedience to Guru, 2) Worship of Linga, 3) Reverence for Jangama 4) Smearing of vibhuti (sacred ash) on the forehead, 5) Wearing of Rudraksha (sacred beads), 6) Sipping the padodaka of the Jangama, 7) Offering food to God and – partaking prasada, 8) Chanting of Panchakshari mantra.

4. Basaveshwara opposed all blind beliefs. He condemned the worship of images of God. e.g., Worshipping the idols of God was like chewing the bamboo leaf which had no juice and churning water which gives no butter.

5. Basaveshwara preached the dignity of labour. According to him ‘work is worship (Kayakave Kailasa).

6. Moral taught to the people: He preached moral rituals like compassion, humanity, toleration, and love. Good conduct is heaven and bad conduct is hell.

7. He stood for a casteless and classless society. Veerashaiva ideal society was based on equality among all lingayats irrespective of caste, race, creed and sex. Basaveshwara popularised his Philosophy through a new style of literature in Kannada known as the ‘Vachana Sahitya’. A man’s status is decided by his competency and not by his caste, and all are equal before Shiva: He gave importance to the inner purity rather than the outer image projected.

Anubhava Mantapa: Basaveshwara established Anubhava Mantapa at Kalyana to spread his Philosophy. This is called Shi vanubhava Mantapa or Vachana Mantapa. It was an academy where religious discourses were held and social and religious problems were discussed. Allamaprabhu presided over these religious discourses. It’s main purpose was to bring together the Veerashiva Saints, Scholars and Shiva Sharanas to share the religious experience. All were welcome in Anubhavamantapa without discrimination of race, religion or gender.

It was the first step to reform and reorganise society on the basis of equality of religion, status and move towards a classless society. Allamaprabhu, Akkamahadevi, Madi val Machaiah, Ambigara Chowdaiah, Siddarama, Channabasava, Kinnari Bommaiah, Lakkamma, Nagambika, Mukthayakka and other Shivasharanas took part in the religious discussions at the Dharmasabha or Anubhava Mantapa.

Question 7.
Write a short note on Sufism.
Answer:
Sufism: The ‘Sufi’ saints wore woollen clothes from which the term sufi is derived. The other, meaning of Sufi is purity. The influence of Hinduism on Islam in medieval India resulted in the rise of Sufism. It inculcated many Hindu practices into Islamic practices.

The Sufi saints, like the other Hindu exponents of the Bhakti cult, propagated social equality, gender equality, religious harmony, devotion etc. Some of the practices were against Islamic principles, like music and singing as forms of devotion to God, worship of the tombs of the Sufi Saints (Darga), both men and women offering prayers together at the Dargah, etc., The sufi saints became popular by their socio-religious reforms and both Hindus and Muslims became their disciples.

The important Sufi orders are :

1. Chishti order was founded by Khwaja Abdul Chishti in 966 C.E. Moinuddin Chishti, Sheik Salim Chishti, Fariduddin Shakar and others were the important saints of this order.
2. Suharawardi order was founded by Sheik Shahabuddin Suharawardi of Baghdad. Sheik Bahauddin Suharawardi was the famous saint among this order.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 5 Nation Building and Challenges To Indian Democracy

You can Download Chapter 5 Nation Building and Challenges To Indian Democracy, Notes, 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Political Science Nation Building and Challenges To Indian Democracy One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is ‘Nation Building’?
Answer:
A process of uniting the people with a sense of nationalism is called Nation Building.

Question 2.
Mention Gandhiji’s opinion on education.
Answer:
In the opinion of Gandhiji ‘Education is the light of life’.

Question 3.
State the distinct national character of India.
Answer:
‘Cultural Diversity’ is the distinct national character.

Question 4.
What is the distinct character that denotes nationality of Australia?
Answer:
‘Aboriginal’ is the distinct character of Australia.

Question 5.
Which is regarded as the fourth estate in democracy?
Answer:
Mass media is regarded as the fourth estate in Democracy.

Question 6.
Which acts as the bridge between the government and the public.
Answer:
Mass media acts as the bridge between the government and the public.

Question 7.
Name one of the personalities in the field of social sciences who contributed for national development. (March 2015)
Answer:
Ashish Nandi is the great personality in the field of social sciences who contributed for National Development.

Question 8.
Name one of the personalities who played key role in the national integration.
Answer:
Acharya Narendra Dev played a key role in the National Integration.

Question 9.
What is the major occupation of Indian Farmers?
Answer:
Agriculture is the major occupation of Indian Farmers.

Question 10.
Give an example of two states with uneven distribution of population.
Answer:
Haryana and Arunachal Pradesh are the two states with uneven distribution of population.

Question 11.
Name one of the states which is communally more sensitive.
Answer:
Uttara Pradesh is communally more sensitive.

Question 12.
Mention any one of the priorities which is accorded for national development.
Answer:
Education is accorded for National Development.

Question 13.
Name one of the private enterprises that has contributed for economic development.
Answer:
Wipro has contributed for Economic Development.

Question 14.
State any one NGOs who fight against corruption.
Answer:
The NGO which fight against corruption is ’Election Watch’.

Question 15.
Name one of the biggest challenges to Indian democracy.
Answer:
Communalism is the biggest challenges to Indian Democracy.

Question 16.
What is the meaning of inequality? (July 2015)
Answer:
Denying opportunities and privileges to some classes, making discrimination on the basis of caste and gender is called inequality.

Question 17.
Name one of the provisions of the constitution that supports socialistic pattern of society.
Answer:
Article 15, 16, 17 and 46 of the constitution supports socialistic pattern of society.

Question 18.
What is the percentage of reservation for SCs in public service?
Answer:
The percentage of reservation for SCs in public service is 15%.

Question 19.
State the other name for ‘Dalith Act’.
Answer:
The SCs and STs (Prevention of atrocities) Act.

Question 20.
Mention the purpose of ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyana’.
Answer:
Universalization of elementary education is the main purpose of ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyana’.

Question 21.
State the literacy percentage in Karnataka as per 2011 census.
Answer:
The literacy percentage in Karnataka as per 2011 census is 75.36%.

Question 22.
When was the 86^th Constitutional Amendment passed?
Answer:
The 86^th Constitutional Amendment was passed in 2002.

Question 23.
State the age group of children who come under ‘The Right to Education’.
Answer:
The age group of children between 6 and 14 years come under the ‘The Right to Education’.

Question 24.
Define communalism. (July 2015)
Answer:
Answer: According to Bipan Chandra “The concept of communalism is based on the belief that religious distinction is the most important and fundamental distinction and it overrides all other distinctions.”

Question 25.
State one cause for communalism
Answer:
Hindu-Muslim nationalism is one of the cause for communalism

Question 26.
What is terrorism?
Answer:
The calculated use of violence to achieve political, religious, ideological and other goals is called terrorism.

Question 27.
Name one of the terrorist organizations.
Answer:
Al-Quida.

Question 28.
Expand JKLF.
Answer:
Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front.

Question 29.
Expand MISA.
Answer:
Maintenance of Internal Security Act.

Question 30.
Expand TADA.
Answer:
Terrorist and Disruptive Activities Prevention Act.

Question 31.
Expand POTA.
Answer:
Prevention of Terrorism Act.

Question 32.
Expand UAPA.
Answer:
Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act.

Question 33.
Who was called as Muslim Gokhale?
Answer:
Mohammed Ali Jinnah was called as Muslim Gokhale.

Question 34.
Define corruption.
Answer:
According to David H. Bayley “Misuse of authority for the consideration of personal gains is called corruption”.

Question 35.
Expand CVC.
Answer:
Central Vigilance Commission.

Question 36.
When was the Prevention of Corruption Act passed?
Answer:
The prevention of Corruption Act was passed in 1988.

Question 37.
Name the Anti Corruption Bureau in Sweden.
Answer:
Ombudsman is the Anti Corruption Bureau in Sweden.

Question 38.
Who appoints Lokpal?
Answer:
The President of India appoints Lokpal.

Question 39.
When did Lokpal institution come into existence?
Answer:
The Lokpal Institution came into existence on 1^st January 2013.

Question 40.
What is the tenure of the office of Lokpal?
Answer:
The tenure of the office of Lokpal is 5 years.

Question 41.
Who appoints Lokayuktha?
Answer:
The Governor appoints Lokayuktha.

Question 42.
When did the Lokayuktha institution come into force in Karnataka?
Answer:
The Lokayuktha Institution in Karnataka came into force in 1984.

Question 43.
State the tenure of the office of Lokayukta.
Answer:
The tenure of the office of Lokayuktha is 5 years.

Question 44.
Name the famous economist who said illiteracy is an unliberty.
Answer:
Amartya sen.

2nd PUC Political Science Nation Building and Challenges To Indian Democracy Two marks questions and answers

Question 1.
How do nation states emerge?
Answer:
The Nation States emerge with the attainment of independence.

Question 2.
How is nationality formed?
Answer:
Common language, culture, history and aspirations help the people to form nationality.

Question 3.
What is Nation Building aims at?
Answer:
It aims at building of National Power and National Institutions, achieving socio-economic, educational and scientific development, national reconstruction and all-round development.

Question 4.
Define nation building. (March 2017)
Answer:
According to Myron Weiner, “Nation Building is a wide ranging process to build a viable cohesive, well organised and widely acceptable society”.

Question 5.
Name any four contents of good governance.
Answer:
Good governance ensures accountability, transparency, efficiency, responsibility and responsiveness.

Question 6.
How did Nehru’s leadership contributed to the process of nation building?
Answer:
Nehru formulated goals for Nation-Building and introduced planning system, adopted industrialization policy and socialistic pattern of society. He had vision and farsightedness for the transformation of India.

Question 7.
How political culture evoked national reconstruction?
Answer:
Political culture constitutes a set of values, attitudes and behavior towards a political system. It requires an ideal political behavior to national reconstruction.

Question 8.
Which are the two foundations to build national character?
Answer:
The two foundations to build National Character are Nationalism and Patriotism.

Question 9.
State India’s distinct national character.
Answer:
India’s distinct National Character is Cultural Diversity.

Question 10.
Which day is observed as national integration day?
Answer:
November 19th of every year is observed as National Integration Day.

Question 11.
What is caste based inequality?  (March 2018)
Answer:
Discriminating the people on the grounds of caste is called caste based inequality.

Question 12.
Name two disadvantages of based society.
Answer:
Lack of mobility among different castes and caste bias are the two disadvantages of closed society.

Question 13.
How do you analyze gender based inequality? (March 2019)
Answer:
Discrimination is made on the basis of men and women, denying equal opportunities to the fairer sex. It is the result of gender bias in favour of male throughout the ages.

Question 14.
“Denial of education cause inequality in society” – substantiate.
Answer:
Male domination is reflected in the field of education too. Denying education for girl from many centuries made her incapable in many fields. Men occupied major jobs and secured well and dominating position in the entire society.

Question 15.
State the motto of ‘Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan’
Answer:
Educational empowerment of women to remove gender based inequality and universalization of elementary education is the motto of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan.

Question 16.
Distinguish between literate and an illiterate person according to 2001 census.
Answer:
According to Census Report 2001, “a person who can read and write with understanding in any language may be called a literate person and a person who can only read but cannot write is an illiterate person.”

Question 17.
How many child labourers are there across the country according to the Report of National Crime Record Bureau?
Answer:
According to the Report of National Crime Record Bureau there are 2 crores child labourers across the country.

Question 18.
What is compulsory education?
Answer:
Providing free and compulsory education to every child in the age group of 6 to 14 years is called compulsory eduction.

Question 19.
Expand NEP.
Answer:
National Education Policy.

Question 20.
Mention any two policies of British India that intensified communalism.
Answer:
(a) During the period of Viceroy Lord Curzon, Bengal was divided in 1905 on the basis of religion.
(b) Communal electorate for Muslims was introduced during the period of Lord Minto through 1909 Act.

Question 21.
How communalism endangers nationalism?
Answer:
Communalism leads to various forms of religious fundamentalism and orthodoxism. Religious fundamentalism exploit their community people breeds bigotry and religious identity and thus Communalism and endangers Nationalism

Question 22.
‘United we stand, disunited we fall’-prove.
Answer:
A Nation which experiences chronic internal conflicts and socio-religious divisions may become a weak country. So all the people should unit and fight for the motherland.

Question 23.
What is national integration? (March 2016)
Answer:
A process of uniting the people emotionally, psychologically and politically is called National Integration.

Question 24.
State the role of Neighbourhood Peace Committees.
Answer:
The Neighbourhood Peace Committees contains the eminent or prominent leader of their religion. Its main objectives are to control the social tensions and to wind up communal riots. Taking precautionary’ measures to prevent the communal classes and to establish harmonious relationship between the communities.

Question 25.
What is the root word of terrorism? (July 2016)
Answer:
The word terrorism is derived from the Latin word ‘terrere’.

Question 26.
Define terrorism.
Answer:
According to Encyclopedia of Social Science – “It is a method where by an organized group or party seeks to achieve its avowed goals chiefly through the systematic use of violence.

Questionv 27.
How religious fundamentalism causes terrorism?
Answer:
The religious fundamentalist organisations belonging to Muslims, Hindus, Christians, Sikhs have been supporting and helping the terrorist activities for their long term political gains. It leads to the rise of religious militancy.

Question 28.
Why do terrorists boycott elections?
Answer:
Terrorists have no faith in democratic process and constitution. They always indulging in destabilizing and threatening the government. Hence terrorists boycott the elections.

Question 29.
Define corruption.
Answer:
According to David H. Bayley, “As misuse of authority for the consideration of personal gains”

Question 30.
Conduct rules and corrupt practices go together”. Prove this statement.
Answer:
In a land of Budha. Gandhi. Jayaprakash Narayan, it is unfortunate that most of the politicians and bureaucrats have indulged in corrupt activities. Nepotism, favouritism and cronyism are pervasive phenomena in India’s public administration. So conduct rules and corrupt practices go together.

Question 31.
Service to the people is service to the God does not hold good in public service – analyze.
Answer:
Service to the people is service to the God has been ignored by the people in power. They work for their benefit but not for the society though service is there motto.

Question 32.
“Though the election system is flawless, the process of implementation is corrupt”. Prove this statement.
Answer:
Though the election system is flawless, the process of implementation is corrupted. Votes are being purchased and voters are driven to polling booths in order to get votes in their favour.

Question 33.
The destiny of the country is shaped in class rooms. Do you agree? If not give two reasons.
Answer:
The parents and elders at home, teachers in class rooms are not imparting moral values and education among the children. It leads to deterioration of values which finally leads to corruption.

Question 34.
Goodness politics is replaced by power politics. How?
Answer:
Eminent and statesmen were in the beginning of 1947 in Indian politics. There was a good political values in the administration. But now money power, muscle power has become dominant. Politics has become a gainful profession to make money and to get publicity. Hence Goodness politics is replaced by power politics.

Question 35.
How criminalization of politics has become a menace to Democracy?
Answer:
The prevalence of large scale criminalization of politics has increased illegal and illegitimate expenditure on elections. As this scenario is rampant it has become menace to democracy.

Question 36.
State any two forms of corruption.
Answer:
The various forms of corruption are receiving money, gifts, commissions in public office, indulging in bribe, pay off, scam, kick-backs, greasing of palms.

Question 37.
‘Administrative corruption by bureaucracy has become a threat to democracy’ How?
Answer:
Corruption takes the form of favouritism, red tapism. nepotism in the administration. It leads to the illegal interference of political operations in the government and finally resulted in destabilizing the political system. So it has become threat to democracy.

Question 38.
Name the two Investing institutions which investigates the misbehavior of civil service. (July 2017)
Answer:
(a) Central Bureau of Investigation.
(b) Central Vigilance Commission.

Question 39.
When did the movement of ‘India Against Corruption’ started and who lead this?
Answer:
The movement of ‘India against Corruption’ is started in 2011 by the social activist Anna Hazare.

Question 40.
State the Jurisdiction of Lokpal.
Answer:
The’jurisdiction of Lokpal covers employees of Union Government including the Prime Minister, Ministers, MPs and State Legislators.

Question 41.
Write the two functions of Lokpal.
Answer:
(a) Lokpal has power to sanction prosecution against public servants and to register the cases against corrupt officials.
(b) Lokpal has the power of superintendence over any probe agency for cases referred by it.

Question 42.
In which state the Lokayuktha was first established and when?
Answer:
The Lokayuktha was first established in the state of Maharashtra in 1973.

Question 43.
Name the chief minister who adopted Lokayuktha in Karnataka and in which year?
Answer:
Ramakrishna Hegde. the then Chief Minister of Karnataka adopted Lokayuktha in the year 1984.

Question 44.
Mention any two functions of Lokayukta.
Answer:
(a) The Lokayuktha receives complaints and allegation against the government officials from any persons and to undertake trial.
(b) It has extensive powers of raids, searches, seizure of documents, properties, cash, etc.

Question 45.
Name any two Acts that are introduced to control terrorism.
Answer:
(a) POTA
(b) UAPA

2nd PUC Political Science Nation Building and Challenges To Indian Democracy Five marks questions and answers

Question 1.
Narrate the process of nation building.
Answer:
The process of Nation Building started with the attainment of independence. The leaders of modern India initiated the process in the right direction as they worked out the details in an orderly and systematic way. The process of Nation Building is an offshoot of concept of Nation States. The idea of Nation States emerged after signing the treaty of West Phalia in 1648 by Western countries. The people of the common religious and traditional background, living in a definite territory with like mindedness, we-feeling and enjoying political independence form the Nation. Common language, culture and history, aspirations help the people to form Nationality.

Nation Building is the process of uniting people with a sense of nationalism. It aims at building of national power and national institutions, achieving socio-economic, educational and scientific development, national reconstruction and all-round development.

Question 2.
Explain any five components of nation building. (March 2016,2018)
Answer:
The components of Nation Building are as follows:

(a) Community support: To realize the process of nation building, collective support and endeavor of the people are essential. The quality of the people reflects the quality of a nation. Discipline, work culture and patriotic feeling in the minds of the people also contribute for Nation Building.

(b) Good governance: Good Governance ensures accountability, transparency, efficiency, responsibility and responsiveness. In addition, the use of technology has given rise to e-Governance.

(c) Committed leadership: History depicts many examples of committed leadership. For example In India Nehru’s leadership largely contributed to the process of Nation Building. He formulated goals for Nation Building and introduce planning system, adopted industrialization policy and socialistic pattern of society. He had vision and farsightedness for the transformation of India. Hence Nehru is called the Architect of Modern India.

(d) Political culture: Political culture constitutes a set of values, attitudes and behavior towards a political system. It requires an ideal political behavior to national reconstruction. Leaders have to embody the principles of national interest, public service, probity and statesmanship.

(e) Power sharing: To realize the goal, political power needs to be shared among all sections of society. The concentration of political power in the hands of a few people and some families leads to the emergence of dictatorship. Hence sharing of power ensures social justice which is the foundation of socio-economic democracy.

Question 3.
List out the hindrances the come in the way of nation building. (July 2016,2017,2018)
Answer:
The hindrances of Nation Building are as follows:

(a) Poverty: Large sections of our society are belongs to the below poverty line. They are denying to the access of good health, sanitation facilities and basic infrastructure and unable to cope up with the national development.

(b) Population explosion: India is a second largest populous country in the world. Though human resource is essential, it is not properly utilized to strengthen the nation. Population explosion has led to unemployment, shortage of shelter, food and other basic amenities.

(c) Regional imbalance: All the states of our country are not evenly developed. The natural resources are not equally distributed. This leads to separatist tendencies that curbs national development.

(d) Social and political disturbances: In India social and political disturbances have become common in recent years causing tension. Some states are communally sensitive areas. The inter-state disputes are in the great extent at present. Hence these issues have affected nation’s march towards development.

(e) Political crisis: The coalition politics and the emergence of too many political parties, regional and sectarian feelings have created political crisis on many occasions. The vested interests have prevented the Parliament and State Legislatures to enact necessary laws for the development of Nation.

Question 4.
Explain any five remedies for nation building. (July 2017,2018)
Answer:
Remedies for the Nation Building:
(a) Political stability: The government elected by the people has to continue for the full term so as to adopt and implement the policies for development. Frequent changes in government result in slow development and political uncertainty. So in order to maintain political stability, there should be full term of government.

(b) Selection of priorities: The government has to choose the areas of priority necessary for Nation Building. These priorities are to be decided on the basis of the needs of the people. Infrastructure, education, transport, employment, agriculture, industries and health services may be accorded priorities for national development.

(c) Effective implementation of plans: Since April 2012. 12^th Five year plan is under progress. To fill the gap of the previous plans, it is aimed at channelizing the sources and implementing effectively.

(d) Mixed economy: Public and private partnership not only strengthens the economy but also contributes for its sustenance. The contribution of the private enterprises has been phenomenal in the economic front by generating the employment and thus contributed for economic progress.

(e) Implementation of directive principles of state policy: Part IV of the Indian Constitution emphasizes the establishment of socio-economic democracy through the adoption of revolutionary policies.

Question 5.
List out causes for caste based inequality. (March 2017,July 2018)
Answer:
Causes for caste based inequality:

(a) Varnashrama system: Since ancient period Varna system is prevalent. It is based on their profession as Brahmin. Kshatriya, Vysya and Shudras. Gradually it was converted into caste based discrimination by the law of Manu. Later on inequality prevailed in Hindu Society.

(b) Social distance: Due to lack of mobility among different castes, culture, traditions, folkways, food habits, social relations social distance is in great extent in Indian society. Finally it leads to strong caste bias among them.

(c) Illiteracy and conservatism: Illiteracy and ignorance among people make them conservative, it motivates them to narrow mindedness and superstition. They believe in old customs and traditions. They oppose strongly to any change in society.

(d) Sense of prestige: The strong desire of the people belonging to a particular caste enhances the prestige of their own, to get benefits and privileges from the society. Other castes which are neglected and unprivileged will suffer from social status.

(e) Marriage restrictions: In this closed society, only endogamous marriages are accepted. Elders do not honor marriages fixed outside the sub-sect. In such a situation strong caste feeling develops and leads to inequality.

Question 6.
What are the causes for gender based inequality (July 2015)
Answer:
Causes for gender based inequality:

(a) Manu smrithi: Earlier the Hindu society followed ‘Manu Smrithi’ which asserted that women should always be under the guardianship of men at different stages of her life. He wanted her to be within the walls, restraining her from the happenings of society.

(b) Male domination: The society is based on physical strength of man where he dominates on female. He doe’s not want that female should take over his responsibility and authority at home as well as in the society.

(c) Denial of education: Male domination is reflected in the field of education too. Denying education for girl from many centuries made her incapable in many fields. Men occupied major jobs and secured well and dominating position in the entire society.

(d) Dowry system: The practice of dowry system contributes for inequality of gender. The boy is treated as an asset and the girl is a burden. This attitude also intensifies the discrimination between men and women.

(e) Inadequate representation: Women constitute 50% of the total population. Female are inadequately represented in the field of politics and economics. Even though women are as capable as men, they are not allowed in this respective field.

Question 7.
Write a note on the role of representative bodies in eradicating gender based inequality7.
Answer:
The 73^rd and 74^th Constitutional Amendments are landmarks in the political empowerment of women at the grass root level of democracy. Article 243 D provides 1/3^rd reservation of seats for women in Panchayath Bodies. Further, out of total reserved seats l/3^rd of seats are reserved for SC/ST women. 1/3^rd of the total number of offices of Chairpersons in the Panchavaths may also be reserved for women as per law made by the State Legislatures. Similar policy of political reservation is followed in Urban Governments under Article 243 T. Many State Governments including Karnataka have increased the reservation of seats to 50% in Local Bodies.

Question 8.
List out the constitutional provisions to remove gender based inequality.
Answer:
Constitutional provisions: To remove inequality on the basis of gender, the Constitution of . India has made the Provisions as under:
(a) As per Article 15 prohibition of state discrimination based on sex.
(b) As per Article 16 equality of opportunity in public service.
(c) As per Article 23 and 24 Right against exploitation.
(d) As per Article 39(d) equal pay for equal work.
(e) As per Article 51 A(e) protection of the dignity of women.
(f) As per Article 236 voting right to women.

Question 9.
Describe the causes of illiteracy. (March 2015, 2016, 2018, July 2015)
Answer:
Causes of illiteracy:

(a) Population explosion: India is the second most papulous country in the world. It consists of 17.5% of world’s total population. The population of India has increased 128 crores. hence it has become a challenging task for the government to provide literacy.

(b) Poverty: Due to poverty, majority of children suffer from malnutrition and anemia. Parents from poor and low income families find it difficult to send children to schools.

(c) Social backwardness: Hierarchical caste system, inferiority complex among people, ignorance about importance of education, taboos have prevented large number of people •from getting literacy.

(d) Child labour: Prevalence of child labour due to poor socio-economic conditions is seen all over India. They are working in hotels, small scale industries, carpet weaving and fireworks etc. all these hinder them from getting education.

(e) Poor infrastructure: Most of the schools across the country have no proper buildings, required number of qualified teachers and study materials. The school environment is not conducive for learning and teaching. There is lack of adequate transport facilities for school children particularly in the rural areas.

Question 10.
How literacy acts as an impediment to democracy? (July 2015) (March 2016,2017)
Answer:
Illiteracy acts as an impediment to democracy. It can be justified on the grounds of the following facts:

(a) Lack of political awareness: Illiteracy would contribute for political apathy. Illiterate masses due to their ignorance and indifferences do not take part in political process. They are not able to understand the importance of vote. They do not understand the ideologies of political parties, their manifestos and the performance of ruling party.

(b) Low percentage of votes: Low percentage of votes is common in all the elections. This is due to illiteracy and lack of political awareness. Political legitimacy cannot be achieved to a full extent by low percentage of polling.

(c) Money and muscle power: The nexus between politicians and businessmen is noticeable. The politicians are tactful enough to get votes from the poor people through dubious means who are illiterate.

(d) Politics of populism: The voters in India are attracted by politics of populous. Illiteracy and poverty force them to depend upon the facilities of the government. These populous programmes force them to remain useless category. This becomes an impediment to national development.

Question 11.
What are the constitutional provisions to eradicate illiteracy as found in 86^th amendment.
Answer:
Constitutional provisions: The Parliament of India passed the 86^th Constitutional Amendment Act in 2002 aimed at making right to education a fundamental right for children between 6 and 14 years of age. Its main provisions are as follows:

(a) Compulsory education means obligation of the government to provide free elementary education and ensure compulsory admission and attendance and completion of education to every child in the age group of 6 to 14.

(b) It is compulsory duty of parents and guardians to send the children to schools.

(c) The schools must’have minimum facilities such as adequate pupil-teacher ratio, trained teachers, infrastructure and playgrounds.

(d) The central government and state governments bear the expenditure on the basis of agreed formula.

(e) The school management committee or the local authority should identify the dropouts or out of school children and admit them in classes appropriate to their age.

Question 12.
List out the cause for communism (March 2015,2018,2019)
Answer:
Causes for communalism:

(a) Policy of the British rule: The discriminatory policies of the Britishers regarding divide and rule destroyed the unity between Hindus and Muslims. Bengal was divided in 1905 on the basis of religion. Communal electorate for Muslims was introduced through 1909 Act. All these intensified the causes of communalism.

(b) Hindu-Muslim Nationalism: Communal organisations were formed by separatists. In 1906 Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha came into existence. Mohammad Ali Jinnah created a sense of separateness among Muslims and became the champion of two-nation theory based on religion. These developments led to distrust between Hindus and Muslims.

(c) Communal riots: It took place in India after independence in large scale. Religious minorities both in India and Pakistan were exploited the situation and torcher each other. Later communal riots occurred in many places of the country which finally leads to the demolition of Babri Masjid at Ayodya on 6th December 1992.

(d) Politically manipulated: In India many issues are politically manipulated by leaders for their selfish gain. This leads to hatred among communities.

(e) Communality in organization: Different communities in India established their own organisations based on communality to support particular political parties for their interest.

Question 13.
How communalism acts as a threat to Indian democracy at the present scenario?
Answer:
Communalism acts as a threat to Indian Democracy:

(a) Threat to National Integrity: Hostility’ among various religious groups is a serious threat to national unity and integrity in India. Partition of the sub-continent to religious differences in 1947 has adversely affected social harmony in India. This is continued among both religious communities and leads to communalistn in democratic government.

(b) Threat to Nationalism and Patriotism: Communalism leads to various forms of religious fundamentalism and orthodoxism. Religious fundamentalists exploit their community people breeds bigotry and religious identity. In such a social environment, national and patriotic feelings are marginalized and even forgotten. Therefore, communalism endangers nationalism and patriotism.

(c) Impediment to National Development: Lack of national outlook, secular attitude and holistic approach sometimes leads to their selfish ends of few religious leaders. Through their provocative speeches and writings create communal disturbances which naturally affect the national developmental programmes.

(d) Weak Political Leadership: Political parties and leadership have failed to control the communalism in India. Communal politics emerged by political parties which finally influenced to fundamentalism. It leads to weak political leadership.

(e) Threat to National Sovereignty: A nation which experiences chronic internal conflicts and socio-religious divisions may become a weak country. Gradually it may lead to foreign invasion and threat to sovereignty.

Question 14.
Write a note on Neighbourhood Peace Committees.
Answer:
After the demolition of Babri Masjid in Ayodhya and subsequent communal riots in all over the country, certain measures have been taken to establish neighbourhood peace committees with eminent and prominent leaders of the community as its members. These members must be nominated from each community in riot-prone or communally sensitive areas. The main objectives of these committees are to control the social tensions which was the main cause for communal riots.

Taking precautionary measures to prevent the eruption of communal clashes. Restoring normalcy in the communally affected area, establishing communal harmonious relationship between the communities and extending all possible help to affected people.

Question 15.
Examine the causes for the rise of terrorism in India.
Answer:
Causes for the rise of terrorism in India:

(a) Separatist movements: Since partition of the country, communal forces are indulging in separatist activities. Fundamentalists in Jammu and Kashmir and Punjab started separatist movements on religious basis. Some terrorist groups are still involving in separatist movements.

(b) Religious fundamentalism: Some religious fundamentalist organisations belonging to Muslims, Hindus, Christians, Sikhs have been supporting and helping the terrorist activities for their long-term political gains. It leads to the rise of religious militancy.

(c) Ethnic problem in the North-East: On the basis of ethnic and regional identity, many self interested fundamentalists organized terrorist activities in North-East region.

(d) Weak political system: Multi party system which has led to the coalition in India has weakened the system. Coalition partners belonging to various ideologies and goals are not supporting firm decisions and strong actions against terrorist activities.

(e) Economic deprivation: The uneven economic development and the exploitation of the poor by rich people has created a great gulf between the ‘haves’ and ‘have not’s’.

Question 16.
How terrorism is a commination to Democracy? (March 2019)
Answer:
Terrorism is commination to Democracy:
(a) Disruption of governance: Terrorist organisations are disrupting the democratic governance in the nation. They are indulging in violent and insurgent activities which have targeted the government, top political leaders and officers and thereby erode the legitimacy of the elected government.

(b) Disrespect for constitution: Though the Constitution is the fundamental law of the country, the terrorist groups and organisations are violating the mandatory provisions of the law and involving terrorist activities.

(c) Violation of human rights: Terrorists have no respect on human rights. They kill and injure the innocent people, attack the leaders and target the public places.

(d) Anti democratic activities: Terrorists are always tries to destabilize the democratic system and disrupt the election process.

(e) Obstacle to economic growth: It also destroys the economic development of the country by diverting the huge amount of money towards curbing terrorist activities.

Question 17.
Explain the various provisions of UAPA (July 2017)
Answer:
The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act was enacted in 2008. The main provisions are as
follows:

(a) The words ‘Terrorist Act’ are defined in Section 15 of the Act. “Any act which threatens the unity, integrity, sovereignty of India or with intent to strike terror in the people or any section of people in India or in any foreign country.

(b) Those persons who have the intention of aiding, abetting or committing a terrorist act shall be punishable with imprisonment for 10 years and fine.

(c) Punishment for raising funds for terrorist acts is 5 years which may extend to life imprisonment and liable to fine.

(d) Prescribe punishment for recruitment of persons for terrorist act and their training. The punishment is 5 years which may extend to imprisonment for life and liable to fine.

(e) Every offence punishable under this Act shall be deemed to be a cognizable offence. If the investigation cannot be completed within 90 days, the court may extend the detention period up to 180 days.

(f) If there are sufficient grounds for detention of an accused person under the Act, no bail is granted. Further, no bail shall be granted to a foreigner who has entered the country illegally except in very exceptional circumstances and for reasons to be recorded in writing.

(g) The Central Government has the power to freeze, seize or attach funds or other financial assets or economic resources of the terrorist groups.
Socio economic development is a remedy to Terrorism. Discuss.

Question 18.
Socio economic development is a remedy to Terrorism. Discuss (March 2016)
Answer:
Socio-economic development is a remedy to curb the terrorism

(a) Social acceptance: Measures have to be taken to bring the terrorist back to the main stream of social life. They should not be made to suffer the stigma of terrorism.

(b) Education: Lack of moral education and nationality, youth are attracted by terrorism. Providing proper education would help them to realize that there are other goals to achieve.

(c) Employment opportunities: By providing employment to the youths at the suitable stage avoids the undemocratic and anti-national activities and thus effectively prevented from embracing terrorism.

Question 19.
Make a list of causes of corruption. (July 2015)
Answer:
Causes of corruption:

(a) Greediness: Basically man is a selfish, acquisitive, aggressive and greedy. This encourages him to amass wealth whenever he gets an opportunity. Therefore, people are always urge for acquiring wealth and property.

(b) Selfishness: As it is said service to the people is service to God has been ignored by the people who are in power and in public office. They work for their benefit but not for the society though service is there motto.

(c) Corrupt politicians: Though the election system is flawless, the process of implementation
is corrupted. Votes are being purchased and voters are driven to polling booths in order to get votes in their favour.

(d) Lack of morality: Parents and elders at home, teachers in class rooms have to impart moral education. Because it is said that destiny of the country is shaped in class rooms. In case if it is not done, it leads to deterioration of values which finally leads to corruption.

Question 20.
How corruption is a menace to Democracy?
Answer:
Corruption as a menace to Democracy:

(a) Power politics: The common phenomenon all over the country is that “goodness politics” is replaced by power politics. Money power and muscle power has become dominant in the present election system. Politics has become a gainful profession to make money and to get publicity. It endangers the existence of democracy.

(b) Criminalisation of politics: The prevalence of large scale criminalization of politics has increased illegal and illegitimate expenditure on elections. As this scenario is rampant it has become menace to democracy.

(c) Demoralisation of Bureaucracy: Corruption takes the form of favouritism, redtapism, nepotism. Destabilisation of governments due to illegal political operations and administrative corruption by bureaucracy has become threat to democracy.

(d) Violation of social justice: Accumulation of wealth through corruption leads to the concentration of wealth in a few people which finally leads to the violation of socio¬economic justice. Some people enjoy luxurious life and majority suffer from poverty due to deprivation. It is against to democratic values.

Question 21.
Write a note on Lokpal. (March 2015)
Answer:
Organisation: The Lokpal Bill became an Act on 1st January 2013. It consists of 9 members including the Chairman. Sitting Judge of Supreme Court or retired Chief Justice of India is eligible to head the Lokpal Institution. 4 members should be Judges of either Supreme Court or High Court and 4 members must possess minimum 25 years of experience in Vigilance Commission.

According to Administrative Reforms Commission of India the President appoints the Lokpal with the consultation of panel consisting of Prime Minister, Speaker and Leader of Opposition in Loksabha, Chief Justice of India. The tenure is 5 years. They can be removed by the President after the enquiry conducted by the Supreme Court.

The jurisdiction of Lokpal covers employees of Union government including the Prime Minister, Ministers, MPs and State Legislators.
Powers and functions of Lokpal are as follows:
(a) Lokpal has power to sanction prosecution against public servants and can register cases against corrupt officials.
(b) All organisations receiving donations from foreign sources come under the jurisdiction of Lokpal.
(c) Lokpal has the power of superintendence over any probe agency for cases referred by it.
(d) Provision is made for confiscation and attachment of property acquired by corrupt means
(e) If the corruption charges are proved, the concerned officials have to undergo 2 years jail term.

Question 22.
Write the Orgainzation , powers and functions of Lokayukta (July 2018)
Answer:
Organisation: The Lokayukta Institution was came into force in Karnataka in 1984. It comprises 3 members, one is Lokayukta and two are the Upa Lokayuktas. Retired Judge of Supreme Court or Chief Justice of High Court is appointed as Lokayukta and retired Judge of High Court is Upa Lokayukta.
The Governor appoints the Lokayukta with the consultation of committee consisting of Chief Minister, Chief Justice of High Court, Speaker of Assembly, Chairman of the Council and Leaders of Opposition. The Lokayukta is appointed for 5 years and removed from the office by the Governor on the charge of misbehavior or incapability’ proved in the State Legislature. by 2/3rd majority.
The powers and functions of Lokayukta are as follows:
(a) The Lokayukta receives complaints and allegations from any person against the corrupted officials,
(b) The Lokayukta can proceeds to investigate on a prima facie consideration. If it is satisfied that a criminal offence has been committed, it may initiate prosecution.
(c) The Lokayukta may investigate any action taken by the public servant if-it is referred by the state government.
(d) The Lokayukta has extensive powers of raids, searches, seizure of documents, properties, jewellery, cash, etc. which are unaccounted.
(e) In the process of investigation, the Lokayukta deals with the issue of search warrant.

2nd PUC Political Science Nation Building and Challenges To Indian Democracy Ten marks questions and answers:

Question 1.
Describe the components of Nation Building. (March 2017,2019)
Answer:
The components of Nation Building are as follows:

(a) Community support: To realize the process of Nation Building, collective support and endeavor of the people are essential. The quality of the people reflects the quality of a nation. Discipline, work culture and patriotic feeling in the minds of the people also contribute for Nation Building.

(b) Good governance: It ensures accountability, transparency, efficiency, responsibility and responsiveness. In addition, the use of technology has given rise to e-Govemance.

(c) Committed leadership: History depicts many examples of committed leadership. For example In India Nehru’s leadership largely contributed to the process of Nation Building. He formulated goals for Nation Building and introduce planning system, adopted industrialization policy and socialistic pattern of society. He had vision and farsightedness for the transformation of India. Hence Nehru is called the Architect of Modem India.

(d) Political culture: It constitutes a set of values, attitudes and behavior towards a political system. It requires an ideal political behavior to national reconstruction. Leaders have to embody the principles of national interest, public service, probity’ and statesmanship.

(e) Power sharing: To realize the goal, political power needs to be shared among all sections of society. The concentration of political power in the hands of a few people and some families leads to the emergence of dictatorship. Hence sharing of power ensures social justice which is the foundation of socio-economic democracy.

(f) Universal education: It is very essential for the development of a country. It enables the person to understand his potentiality and strengthens dignity. It encourages people to analyse the national problems and to work for national progress. The Right To Education Act was implemented in this regard.

(g) National character: Nationalism and patriotism are the foundation to build national character. One has to acquire knowledge about the history’ of his motherland and its contributions to human civilizations.

(h) Mass media: Mass media is regarded as the 4th estate in Democracy as it plays a vital role in the Nation-Building. It highlights the omissions and commissions of the government and acts as a bridge between the government and the public.

(e) Responsible intelligentia: The contribution of intellectuals is recognized all over the world. Research and Innovations in important areas of human life have contributed to the national development. In India the development in different fields, Amartya Sen, Vandana Shiva, Ashish Nandy, Sir.M. Vishveshwaraiah, Sir C.V. Raman, Dr. C.N.R. Rao, Dr. A.RJ. Abdul Kalam and others have greatly contributed.

(j) National integration: It is the process of uniting the people emotionally, psychologically and politically. Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, Vinoba Bhave, Lai Bahadhur Shastri, J.B. Kripalani, Acharya Narendra Dev played a key role in the national integration. November 19th is being observed as National Integration Day, the birthday of Smt. Indira Gandhi.

Question 2.
Describe the hindrances and remedial measures to Nation Building.
Answer:
Hindrances to Nation Building; The hindrances of Nation Building are as follows:

(a) Poverty: Large sections of our society are belongs to the below poverty line. They are denying to the access of good health, sanitation facilities and basic infrastructure and unable to cope up with the national development.

(b) Population explosion: India is a second largest populous country in the world. Though human resource is essential, it is not properly utilized to strengthen the nation. Population explosion has led to unemployment, shortage of shelter, food and other basic amenities.

(c) Regional imbalance: All the states of our country are not evenly developed. The natural resources are not equally distributed. This leads to separatist tendencies that curbs national development.

(d) Social and political disturbances: In India social and political disturbances have become common in recent years causing tension. Some states are communally sensitive areas. The inter-state disputes are in the great extent at present. Hence these issues have affected nation’s march towards development.

(e) Political crisis: The coalition politics and the emergence of too many political parties, regional and sectarian feelings have created political crisis on many occasions. The vested interests have prevented the Parliament and State Legislatures to enact necessary laws for the development of Nation.

Remedial measures to Nation Building: Remedies for the Nation Building:

(a) Political stability: The government elected by the people has to continue for the full term so as to adopt and implement the policies for development. Frequent changes in government result in slow development and political uncertainty. So in order to maintain political stability, there should be full term of government.

(b) Selection of priorities: The government has to choose the areas of priority necessary for Nation Building. These priorities are to be decided on the basis of the needs of the people. Infrastructure, education, transport, employment, agriculture, industries and health services may be accorded priorities for national development.

(c) Effective implementation of plans: Since April 2012. 12^th Five year plan is under progress. To fill the gap of the previous plans, it is aimed at channelizing the sources and implementing effectively.

(d) Mixed economy: Public and private partnership not only strengthens the economy but also contributes for its sustenance. The contribution of the private enterprises has been phenomenal in the economic front by generating the employment and thus contributed for economic progress.

(e) Implementation of directive principles of state policy: Part IV of the Indian Constitution emphasizes the establishment of socio-economic democracy through the adoption of revolutionary policies.

Question 3.
What are the causes for caste based inequality? Reservation as a remedy to eradicate this? Justify. (March 2015)
Answer:
Causes for caste based inequality: Causes for caste based inequality:

(a) Varnashrama system: Since ancient period Varna system is prevalent. It is based on their profession as Brahmin. Kshatriya, Vysya and Shudras. Gradually it was converted into caste based discrimination by the law of Manu. Later on inequality prevailed in Hindu Society.

(b) Social distance: Due to lack of mobility among different castes, culture, traditions, folkways, food habits, social relations social distance is in great extent in Indian society. Finally it leads to strong caste bias among them.

(c) Illiteracy and conservatism: Illiteracy and ignorance among people make them conservative, it motivates them to narrow mindedness and superstition. They believe in old customs and traditions. They oppose strongly to any change in society.

(d) Sense of prestige: The strong desire of the people belonging to a particular caste enhances the prestige of their own, to get benefits and privileges from the society. Other castes which are neglected and unprivileged will suffer from social status.

(e) Marriage restrictions: In this closed society, only endogamous marriages are accepted. Elders do not honor marriages fixed outside the sub-sect. In such a situation strong caste feeling develops and leads to inequality.

Reservation as a remedy to eradicate caste based inequality:

(a) Education: article 15, clauses (4) and (5) of the Constitution provides reservation of seas to SCs, STs and Backward Classes in educational Institutions. Right To Education has also provided reservation to these communities.

(b) Employment: Article 16, clause (4) of the Constitution provides equal opportunities to all in public sendees. Article 335 claims 18% reservation for SCs and STs in Public Services both in Central and State Governments. The Mandal Commission report recommended 27% job reservation for OBCs.

(c) Loksabha and Legislative assembly: Article 330 and 332 of the Indian Constitution provides reservation to SCs and STs both in Loksabha and State Legislative Assemblies.

(d) Local bodies: Article 243D of the Indian Constitution, seats are reserved for SCs and STs in every Panchayath in proportion to their population.

(e) Abolition of untouchability: Article 17 of the Constitution of India provided for abolition of untouchability. The SCs and STs (Prevention of atrocities) Act was enacted by Parliament in 1989 to eradicate caste based inequality’.

Question 4.
What are the causes for gender based inequality? Can the reservation for women be a response to this?
Answer:
Causes for gender based inequality: Causes for gender based inequality:

(a) Manu smrithi: Earlier the Hindu society followed ‘Manu Smrithi’ which asserted that women should always be under the guardianship of men at different stages of her life. He wanted her to be within the walls, restraining her from the happenings of society.

(b) Male domination: The society is based on physical strength of man where he dominates on female. He doe’s not want that female should take over his responsibility and authority at home as well as in the society.

(c) Denial of education: Male domination is reflected in the field of education too. Denying education for girl from many centuries made her incapable in many fields. Men occupied major jobs and secured well and dominating position in the entire society.

(d) Dowry system: The practice of dowry system contributes for inequality of gender. The boy is treated as an asset and the girl is a burden. This attitude also intensifies the discrimination between men and women.

(e) Inadequate representation: Women constitute 50% of the total population. Female are inadequately represented in the field of politics and economics. Even though women are as capable as men, they are not allowed in this respective field.

Reservation for women to eradicate gender based inequality: Constitutional provisions: To remove inequality on the basis of gender, the Constitution of India has made the Provisions as under:
(a) As per Article 15 prohibition of state discrimination based on sex.
(b) As per Article 16 equality of opportunity in public service.
(c) As per Article 23 and 24 Right against exploitation.
(d) As per Article 39(d) equal pay for equal work.
(e) As per Article 51 A(e) protection of the dignity of women.
(f) As per Article 236 voting right to women.

Question 5.
How is illiteracy acts as an impediment to democracy? Explain the remedies.
Answer:
Illiteracy acts as an impediment to Democracy: Illiteracy acts as an impediment to democracy. It can be justified on the grounds of the following facts:

(a) Lack of political awareness: Illiteracy would contribute for political apathy. Illiterate masses due to their ignorance and indifferences do not take part in political process. They are not able to understand the importance of vote. They do not understand the ideologies of political parties, their manifestos and the performance of ruling party.

(b) Low percentage of votes: Low percentage of votes is common in all the elections. This is due to illiteracy and lack of political awareness. Political legitimacy cannot be achieved to a full extent by low percentage of polling.

(c) Money and muscle power: The nexus between politicians and businessmen is noticeable. The politicians are tactful enough to get votes from the poor people through dubious means who are illiterate.

(d) Politics of populism: The voters in India are attracted by politics of populous. Illiteracy and poverty force them to depend upon the facilities of the government. These populous programmes force them to remain useless category. This becomes an impediment to national development.

Constitutional Provisions to eradicate illiteracy: Constitutional provisions: The Parliament of India passed the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act in 2002 aimed at making right to education a fundamental right for children between 6 and 14 years of age. Its main provisions are as follows:

(a) Compulsory education means obligation of the government to provide free elementary education and ensure compulsory admission and attendance and completion of education to every child in the age group of 6 to 14.

(b) It is compulsory duty of parents and guardians to send the children to schools.

(c) The schools must’have minimum facilities such as adequate pupil-teacher ratio, trained teachers, infrastructure and playgrounds.

(d) The central government and state governments bear the expenditure on the basis of agreed formula.

(e) The school management committee or the local authority should identify the dropouts or out of school children and admit them in classes appropriate to their age.

Question 6.
‘Communalism is a threat to Indian democracy’. Prove this statement and list out the remedial measures. (March 2015,2018 – July 2016)
Answer:
Communalism acts as a threat to Indian Democracy:
(a) Threat to National Integrity: Hostility’ among various religious groups is a serious threat to national unity and integrity in India. Partition of the sub-continent to religious differences in 1947 has adversely affected social harmony in India. This is continued among both religious communities and leads to communalistn in democratic government.

(b) Threat to Nationalism and Patriotism: Communalism leads to various forms of religious fundamentalism and orthodoxism. Religious fundamentalists exploit their community people breeds bigotry and religious identity. In such a social environment, national and patriotic feelings are marginalized and even forgotten. Therefore, communalism endangers nationalism and patriotism.

(c) Impediment to National Development: Lack of national outlook, secular attitude and holistic approach sometimes leads to their selfish ends of few religious leaders. Through their provocative speeches and writings create communal disturbances which naturally affect the national developmental programmes.

(d) Weak Political Leadership: Political parties and leadership have failed to control the communalism in India. Communal politics emerged by political parties which finally influenced to fundamentalism. It leads to weak political leadership.

(e) Threat to National Sovereignty: A nation which experiences chronic internal conflicts and socio-religious divisions may become a weak country. Gradually it may lead to foreign invasion and threat to sovereignty.

Securalism: The Constitution makers adopted secularism in order to create sense of security and equality among different religious groups. The state also follows a policy of neutrality in religious matters. Article 26 provides every religious denomination or any section has the right to establish religious organisations. In December 2013, the Central Cabinet approved the ‘Prevention of Communal Violence Bill to punish the offenders who instigate and indulge in communal riots. It is yet to be passed by Parliament.

National Integration: It is the process of uniting the people emotionally, psychologically and politically. India is a land of diversity. For the success of Indian Democracy, promotion of National Integration is necessary. To preserve and sustain National Integration many provisions have been adopted in the Constitution.

Neighbourhood Peace Committees: After the demolition of Babri Masjid in Ayodhya and subsequent communal riots in all over the country, certain measures have been taken to establish neighbourhood peace committees with eminent and prominent leaders of the community as its members. These members must be nominated from each community in riot-prone or communally sensitive areas.

The main objectives of these committees are to control the social tensions which was the main cause for communal riots. Taking precautionaiy measures to prevent the eruption of communal clashes. Restoring normalcy in the communally affected area, establishing communal harmonious relationship between the communities and extending all possible help to affected people.

Question 7.
How terrorism is a threat to Indian democracy 7 Write the legislative measures for the eradication.
Answer:
Terrorism is a commination to Democracy: Terrorism is commination to Democracy:

(a) Disruption of governance: Terrorist organisations are disrupting the democratic governance in the nation. They are indulging in violent and insurgent activities which have targeted the government, top political leaders and officers and thereby erode the legitimacy of the elected government.

(b) Disrespect for constitution: Though the Constitution is the fundamental law of the country, the terrorist groups and organisations are violating the mandatory provisions of the law and involving terrorist activities.

(c) Violation of human rights: Terrorists have no respect on human rights. They kill and  injure the innocent people, attack the leaders and target the public places.

(d) Anti democratic activities: Terrorists are always tries to destabilize the democratic system and disrupt the election process.

(e) Obstacle to economic growth: It also destroys the economic development of the country by diverting the huge amount of money towards curbing terrorist activities.

Legislative measures for the eradication of Terrorism: Socio-economic development is a remedy to curb the terrorism

(a) Social acceptance: Measures have to be taken to bring the terrorist back to the main stream of social life. They should not be made to suffer the stigma of terrorism.

(b) Education: Lack of moral education and nationality, youth are attracted by terrorism. Providing proper education would help them to realize that there are other goals to achieve.

(c) Employment opportunities: By providing employment to the youths at the suitable stage avoids the undemocratic and anti-national activities and thus effectively prevented from embracing terrorism.

Question 8.
Write the causes for corruption and how it is acting as a menace to democracy.
Answer:
Causes of corruption:
(a) Greediness: Basically man is a selfish, acquisitive, aggressive and greedy. This encourages him to amass wealth whenever he gets an opportunity. Therefore, people are always urge for acquiring wealth and property.
(b) Selfishness: As it is said service to the people is service to God has been ignored by the people who are in power and in public office. They work for their benefit but not for the society though service is there motto.
(c) Corrupt politicians: Though the election system is flawless, the process of implementation
is corrupted. Votes are being purchased and voters are driven to polling booths in order to get votes in their favour.
(d) Lack of morality’: Parents and elders at home, teachers in class rooms have to impart moral education. Because it is said that destiny of the country is shaped in class rooms. In case if it is not done, it leads to deterioration of values which finally leads to corruption.

Corruption is a menace to Democracy: Corruption as a menace to Democracy:

(a) Power politics: The common phenomenon all over the country is that “goodness politics” is replaced by power politics. Money power and muscle power has become dominant in the present election system. Politics has become a gainful profession to make money and to get publicity. It endangers the existence of democracy.

(b) Criminalisation of politics: The prevalence of large scale criminalization of politics has increased illegal and illegitimate expenditure on elections. As this scenario is rampant it has become menace to democracy.

(c) Demoralisation of Bureaucracy: Corruption takes the form of favouritism, redtapism, nepotism. Destabilisation of governments due to illegal political operations and administrative corruption by bureaucracy has become threat to democracy.

(d) Violation of social justice: Accumulation of wealth through corruption leads to the concentration of wealth in a few people which finally leads to the violation of socio¬economic justice. Some people enjoy luxurious life and majority suffer from poverty due to deprivation. It is against to democratic values.

Question 9.
Explain various legislative measures to prevent corruption.
Answer:
Anti-Corruption Act (Prevention of Corruption Act)
The Prevention of Corruption Act was enacted by both Union and State governments to curb corruption in public administration. Through the adoption of institutional mechanism like Central Bureau of Investigation in 1963 and Central Vigilance Commission in 1964, investigates cases of misconduct by public servants and other corporate bodies that comes under the purview’ of Union government.

Lokpal: Organisation: The Lokpal Bill became an Act on 1st January 2013. It consists of 9 members including the Chairman. Sitting Judge of Supreme Court or retired Chief Justice of India is eligible to head the Lokpal Institution. 4 members should be Judges of either Supreme Court or High Court and 4 members must possess minimum 25 years of experience in Vigilance Commission.
According to Administrative Reforms Commission of India the President appoints the Lokpal with the consultation of panel consisting of Prime Minister, Speaker and Leader of Opposition in Loksabha, Chief Justice of India. The tenure is 5 years. They can be removed by the President after the enquiry conducted by the Supreme Court.
The jurisdiction of Lokpal covers employees of Union government including the Prime Minister, Ministers, MPs and State Legislators.
Powers and functions of Lokpal are as follows:
(a) Lokpal has power to sanction prosecution against public servants and can register cases against corrupt officials.
(b) All organisations receiving donations from foreign sources come under the jurisdiction of Lokpal.
(c) Lokpal has the power of superintendence over any probe agency for cases referred by it.
(d) Provision is made for confiscation and attachment of property acquired by corrupt meAnswer:
(e) If the corruption charges are proved, the concerned officials have to undergo 2 years jail term.

Lokayukta: Organisation: The Lokayukta Institution was came into force in Karnataka in 1984. It comprises 3 members, one is Lokayukta and two are the Upa Lokayuktas. Retired Judge of Supreme Court or Chief Justice of High Court is appointed as Lokayukta and retired Judge of High Court is Upa Lokayukta.
The Governor appoints the Lokayukta with the consultation of committee consisting of Chief Minister, Chief Justice of High Court, Speaker of Assembly, Chairman of the Council and Leaders of Opposition. The Lokayukta is appointed for 5 years and removed from the office by the Governor on the charge of misbehavior or incapability’ proved in the State Legislature  by 2/3^rd majority.
The powers and functions of Lokayukta are as follows:
(a) The Lokayukta receives complaints and allegations from any person against the corrupted officials,
(b) The Lokayukta can proceeds to investigate on a prima facie consideration. If it is satisfied that a criminal offence has been committed, it may initiate prosecution.
(c) The Lokayukta may investigate any action taken by the public servant if-it is referred by the state government.
(d) The Lokayukta has extensive powers of raids, searches, seizure of documents, properties, jewellery, cash, etc. which are unaccounted.
(e) In the process of investigation, the Lokayukta deals with the issue of search warrant.

You can Download Chapter 5 Medieval Period Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC History Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC History Question Bank Chapter 5 Medieval Period

Delhi Sultanates -1206-1526

2nd PUC History Medieval Period One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who were the first among the muslims to invade India?
Answer:
Arabs were the first among the Muslims to invade India. Mohammad – bin – Quasim, the Governor of Basra invaded India in 712 C.E.

Question 2.
Which was the famous book of Alberuni? (or) Name the famous book of Alberuni.
Answer:
Alberuni, a Persian scholar wrote the famous book Kitab – ul – Hind.

Question 3.
Who was the founder of the Slave (Mamuluck) dynasty?
Answer:
Qutub- ud-din-Aibak was the founder of the Slave dynasty.

Question 4.
Who founded the Khilji dynasty?
Answer:
Jalaluddin Khilji was the founder of the Khilji dynasty.

Question 5.
Who was the commander of Allauddin Khilji who led the southern expedition?
Answer:
Malik Kafur was the commader (General) of Allauddin Khilji.

Question 6.
Who was called‘The Parrot of India’?
Answer:
Amir Khusrau, a great poet and singer was called as the “Parrot of India”.

Question 7.
Who was the founder of the Tbghalak dynasty?
Answer:
Ghiyasuddin Tughalak founded theTughalak dynasty in 1320C.E.

Question 8.
Who was the famous Sultan of (he Ibghalak dynasty?
Answer:
Mohammad-bin-Tughalak was the famous Sultan.

Question 9.
Who shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri?
Answer:
Mohammad-bin-Tughalak shifted his capital from Delhi to Devagiri in 1326 C.E.

Question 10.
Who introduced token currency?
Answer:
Mohammad – bin – Tughalak introduced token currency.

Question 11.
Who commenced the construction of Qutub Minar at Delhi?
Answer:
Qutub-ud-din-Aibak commenced the construction of Qutub Minar.

Question 12.
Who was the famous Sultan from the Khilji dynasty?
Answer:
Allauddin Khilji was the famous Sultan of the Khilji dynasty.

Question 13.
Who was the IToysala King, when Malik Kafur invaded Deccan?
Answer:
ViraBallala – III was the HoysalaKing, when Malik Kafur invaded Deccan in 1310 C.E.

Question 14.
Who introduced the Market reforms?
Answer:
Allauddin Khilji introduced the Market reforms.

Question 15.
Who was the first Sultan of Delhi to introduce Land survey and settlement?
Answer:
Allauddin Khilji was the first to introduce land survey and settlement.

Question 16.
Which types of currencies were introduced by Mohammad – bin – Tughalak?
Answer:
Token currency (Copper and Brass token currency) in 1329 to 1332 C.E.

Question 17.
What was the name given to Devagiri?
Answer:
Devagiri was renamed as Daulatabad.

Question 18.
Which place was called a monument of misdirected energy?
Answer:
Lane Poole remarked, that Daulatabad remained a monument of misdirected energy.

Question 19.
Name the two capitals of Mohammad-bin-Tughalak.
Answer:
Delhi and Devagiri (Daulatabad) were the two capitals of Mohammad-bin-Tughalak.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
In which year did the second battle of Tarain take place? Between whom was it
fought?
Answer:
The second battle of Tarain was fought between Prithviraj Chouhan and Shahabuddin Mohammad Ghori in 1192 C.E.

Question 2.
How many Sultan dynasties ruled Delhi? Which are those?
Answer:
Five Sultan dynasties ruled Delhi. They were

1. The Slave dynasty
2. The Khilji dynasty
3. The Tughalak dynasty
4. The Sayyid Dynasty
5. The Lodhi dynasty.

Question 3.
Name any two important monuments constructed by Alla-ud*din Khilji
Answer:
Palace of HazarSitum, Fort of Siri,Jamait Khan Masjid and Alai Darwaza.

Question 4.
Why did Allauddin Khilji called himself as ‘Sikandar – II’?
Answer:
Allauddin had become the master of India by 1312 C.E. His ambition was to conquer the whole world, but had to be satisfied with conquering only India. Even then, he issued coins with the title Sikandar (Alexander – II).

Question 5.
Name any two famous generals of Allauddin Khilji.
Answer:
Ulugh Khan, Nazarath Khan and Malik Kafur were Allauddin Khilji’s famous generals.

Question 6.
Name any two reasons for the transfer of capital by Mohammad – bin – Tughalak.
Answer:

1. Devagiri occupied a central location in India, and it was nearly equidistant from Delhi and other important cities in his Empire.
2. He wanted his capital to be secure from the mongol invasions.

Question 7.
Name two historians from the Tlighalak period.
Answer:
Ziauddin Barani and Ibn Batuta were the great historians of that time.

Question 8.
Who started the writing of Tarik -i- Firozshahi? Who completed it?
Answer:
Barani started writingTarik – i – Firozshahi and Shams – i – Si raj Afif completed the work.

Question 9.
Who was Amir Khusrau? Name his famous works.
Answer:
Amir Khusrau the great poet and singer, who was in the court of Allauddin was also called as the “Parrot of India”. He wroteTughalak Namah, Khazyan – ul-Futuh and Tarkish – i- Alai.

Question 10.
Who built Qutub Minar? Where?
Answer:
Qutub-ud-din-Aibak started construction on the Qutub Minar at Delhi.

Question 11.
Mention the two officers appointed by Allauddin to control the markets?
Answer:
Divan – e – Riyasat and Shahan – e – Mandi were the two officers appointed by Allauddin to control the market prices.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Write a note on the South Indian expedition of Allauddin Khilji.
Answer:
South Indian expedition of Allauddin: Allauddin Khilji was the first muslim ruler to attempt to the conquest of south India. He deputed his able general Malik Kafur to conquer south India. His ambition was to conquer the enormous wealth of south India and that was the reason for his southern campaign.

1. Expedition to Devagiri (1306-1307 C.E.): Ramachandradeva was the King of Devagiri, who had given shelter to King Kamadeva – II of Gujarat and his daughter Devaladevi. He had also not paid the annual tribute to the Sultan for three years. For these reasons, Malik Kafur raided Devagiri, defeated Ramachandradeva, captured Devaladevi and collected immense booty in 1307 C.E. Devaladevi was married to Khizer Khan, son-of Allauddin.

2. Conquest of Warangal (1309 C.E): In 1309 C.E., Malik Kafur marched through (via) Devagiri, secured the help of Ramachandradeva and attacked Warangal. Pratapa Rudradeva, the ruler of Warangal put up a stiff resistance. However, he was defeated and had to surrender a lot ofwealth which was carried away to Delhi by Malik Kafur. The Ruler of Warangal had to accept Delhi Sultan’s sovereignty.

3. Expedition to Iloysalas in 1310 C.E : Malik Kafur attacked Dwarasamudra (Halebeedu) when Veera Ballala – III was away from the capital and was busy interfering in the Chola politics. Malik Kafur occupied Dwarasamudra and plundered the rich temples in the surrounding areas and looted gold, silver, pearls, diamonds and jewels. Ballala – III was forced to plead for peace and he also accepted the sovereignty of Allauddin Khilji.

4. Conquest of Madhurai (1311 C.E.) The forces of Delhi under Malik Kafur attacked the capital of the Pandya Kings (Madhurai) and plundered the city. Civil war arose between Sundarapandya and Veerapandya. Malik Kafur razed down the famous temple at Ramcshwara. All the wealth looted in south India was transported to Delhi on a large herd of elephants.

Question 2.
Explain the reforms (political and economic) of Allauddin Khilji.
Answer:
Administratibr reforms:
1. Kingship (Sultan): Allauddin followed an independent policy regarding political matters. He was a strong and efficient ruler. He set up a strong central administration. He was the supreme authority in the state and combined civil and military talents in remarkable measures. He did not permit the interference of religious leaders in administrative matters. He believed in the divine origin of Kingship and cherished the ideas that the King was the representative of God (Shadow of God). He once said “I issue orders as I conceive to be, for the good of the state and benefit of the people”.

2. Espionage: He established a spy network, to get information regarding the activities of all the nobles of his court. He also tried to prevent outbreak of rebellions within the Empire and formation of any conspiracy against him. He deprived the Nobles of all pensions and endowments. He forbade social parties and secret meetings of the Nobles, even in their houses.

3. Prohibition of drinking: He banned the sale and the use of intoxicating drinks and drugs in Delhi and drastic punishment was meted out to those who were guilty of violation. He knew that gambling dens and drinking bouts were the breeding grounds of sedition.

4. Military reforms: The standing army: Allauddin maintained a large standing army for maintaining internal order and prevent the invasion of the Mongols. He personally supervised the activities of the soldiers and paid them salaries regularly. The state maintained a record of the Huliya or register of each soldier and his mount in the royal service. He also introduced the branding of horses or Dagh system. Ariz – i – Mumalik was the incharge for the appointment of soldiers.

5. Revenue reforms :

• Allauddin introduced scientific methods of measurement of land, for the assessment of land revenue.
• He imposed heavy taxes on the Sardars, Jagirdars and Ulemas.
• ITe imposed Jazia, pilgrim, octroi and other taxes on non – muslims.
• He appointed a special officer called “Mustakhraj’ to collect land revenue from the peasants.
• In order to check bribery and corruption among revenue officials and to safeguard the peasants from the demands of corrupt revenue officials, their salaries were increased.

6. Market regulation: The most remarkable of all these, was an attempt to control the market, by determining the cost of most of the essential commodities. Prices of all articles of common use were fixed. A separate department and officers were appointed to regulate the market prices of commodities on a daily basis.

Evaluation of Allauddin: He is renowned not only for his conquests but also for his administrative and economic reforms. He was vigorous, efficient, bold and original as a reformer. He established an absolute state, free from the control of religion. His resourcefulness, energy, and capacity for work, his unbounded courage tempered with calculation and penetrating common sense stand out.

Question 3.
Why is Mohammad-bin-Tbghalak called as a “Mixture of opposites”?
Answer:
Administrative experiments of Mohammad -bin-Thghalak:

1. Tax increase in Doab area: The area between the Ganga and Yamuna (Doab) rivers being a very fertile land of the Empire and capable of yielding a large revenue to the state, Mohammad – bin – Tughalak decided to increase the taxes there. But he en forced the tax raise at the time of a famine. People were hard hit by the burden of additional taxation. Revenue collection was also strict, which the farmers were unable to pay. This measure made him extremely unpopular. He tried to make amends later, but it was too late. The scheme failed through mismanagement and corruption.

2. Transfer of capital in 1327 C.E.: Mohammad-bin-Tughalak decided to transfer his capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatabad). His main objective was to safeguard his capital from the Mongol invasions. Also, Devagiri occupied a central position in India and it was equidistant to Delhi and the other important cities of his Kingdom. He desired to shift the entire Delhi population along with his court. Barani says that “Not a cat ora dog was left”. Causes for the shifting of the capital were very practical, but the method was impractical. The entire population of Delhi was made to march to Daulatabad.

The tiresome journey passing through the dense forest, heavy rains, diseases, attacks by dacoits, hunger, mental agony etc., resulted in death and sufferings of many. The Sultan having, at last, realised his folly, reshifted the court back to Delhi and ordered a return march of the people. The entire incident made him unpopular. According to Leen P( ol, operation – Daulatabad of was a “Monument of misdirected energy”.*This scheme also failed on account of the Sultan’s unplanned method of forcing it on his people.

3. Circulation of token currency in 1329 C.E.: Mohammad – bin – Tughalak carried out experiments on coinage and currency, because maintaining a large army, relief to the Doab people famine, transfer of the capital, his unsuccessful expeditions, scarcity of Silver etc., caused much loss to the treasury. Hence, to increase the amount of currency in circulation, the Sultan issued token coins of copper and brass. Tanka was the token currency and its value was made equivalent to gold and silver coins. Minting of the copper coins was not retained as a monopoly of the Government.

Thornes described him as the ‘Prince of Moneycrs’ and a currency expert. The Sultan did not take precautionary measures to minting of the coins. People started minting their own coins.  Hence, the Empire was flooded with thousands of counterfeit copper coins. People paid their taxes with these counterfeit coins. Copper coins lost their value as a medium of exchange. Trade was seriously affected and Sultan realized his error in judgment and withdrew the new copper coins in 1333-34 C.E. He announced that the copper coins would be redeemed with gold and silver coins. When everybody was there to exchange their copper coins with silver and gold coins, the treasury became empty.

Mohamnad – bin-Tughalak was an extraordinary personality and it is difficult to understand his character and determine his place in history. Pie lacked practical judgement and common sense. He evolved an idealistic approach by trying to put his theoretical experiments into practice, without any forethought about the consequences. According to scholars, he was a ‘mixture of opposites’. Dr. Eshwari Prasad remarks that “Mohammad appears to be an amazing compound of contradictions”. He possessed sound knowledge, but his policies though well-meant, were ill-planned and badly executed.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Ten Marks Questions and Answers

IV. Answer the following in 30 to 40 sentences each.

Question 1.
Describe the achievements of Allauddin Khilji.
Answer:
Allauddin Khilji (1296-1316 C.E.) Allauddin Khilji’s early name was Aligurshap. He lost his father in his boyhood and was brought up in the care of Jalaluddin. Allauddin married Jalaluddin’s daughter and was appointed as the Governor of Khara province. He was highly ambitiousandaspircdtobccometherulerofDelhi.In 1294,he set his eyes on Devagiri. It’s ruler Ramachandradeva was defeated by him. Allauddin returned to Khara with a heavy amount of booty. Jalaluddin was unaware of the evil intentions of Allauddin. He went to receiveAliauddin with only a few unarmed guards and was murdered by the supporters of Allauddin. Thus, Allauddin became the Sultan of Delhi in 1296C.E.

Military Achievements of Allauddin:

A) The conquests of North India :

1. Conquest of Gujarat in 1297 C.E.: Allauddin sent Ulugh Khan and Nazarath Khan, his generals to conquer Gujarat in 1297 C.E. Raja Kamadeva – II was defeated and he fled to Devagiri along with his daughter Devaladevi. The generals captured Kamaladevi (Queen of Kamadeva) and she was taken to Delhi and Allauddin married her. The Delhi troops plundered the rich ports of Gujarat.

2. Conquest of Ranathanihore in 1301 C.E.: Allauddin turned his attention towards Ranathambore. Hamira Deva, the ruler of Ranathambore, had given shelter to a few muslims (Neo muslims) who were enemies of Allauddin. So, Allauddin invaded and took over Ranathambore.

3. Expedition onMevvar (Chiltor) in 1303 C.E.: Allauddin led an expedition against Rana Ratan Singh of Chittoor (Mewar). I Ie desired to possess Rani Padmini of Mewar, Queen of Ratan Singh, renowned for her beauty and talent. The fort of Chittor was captured with great hardship. Padmini and other rajput women committed ‘Jauhar’. Chittor was captured and Khizer Khan (son of Allauddin) was made the Governor of Chittor.

4. Other conquests: Allauddin took an expedition to Mai wa in 1305 C.E. Mahakaladeva, the ruler of Malwa was defeated by him. The territories of Ujjain, Mandu, Dhara, Chanderi and Jolur were subjugated to Allauddin. He became the master of the whole of north India.

B) The Mongol Invasion (Raids): In 1299 C.E., Mongols attacked Delhi under Qualugh Khwaji. Frequent raids by the Mongols were a constant threat to the Empire. Allauddin and his general Malik Kafur successfully drove back the Mongols. He defeated them and imprisoned many of them.

C) South Indian compaign: Allauddin turned his attention towards south India. He sent an expedition under his eminent general, Malik Kafur to conquer the south. He coveted the enormous wealth of south India and its temples. The four main southern rulers were defeated.

1. Expedition to Devagiri (1306-1307 CE): Ramachandradeva, the ruler of Devagiri, had not paid tribute for nearly three years and he had given shelter to Kamadeva-II of Gujarat. For that reason, Malik Kafur raided Devagiri and defeated Ramachandradeva and collected a lot of booty.

2. Conquest of Warangal (1309 CE): The Delhi forces marched via Devagiri and attacked Telangana. Pratapa Rudradeva, the tuler of Warangal, put up a stiff resistance. However, he was defeated and he had to surrender a lot of wealth which was carried away to Delhi by Malik Kafur.

3. Expedition to Iloysalas in 1310 C.E: Malik Kafur attacked Dwarasamudra, when Veera Ballala-III was busy interfering in the Chola politics. Malik Kafur occupied Dwarasamudra and Ballaia – III was forced to plead for peace and he also accepted the sovereignty of Allauddin.

4. Conquests of Madhurai in 1311 C.E.: Acivil war was raging between Sundrapandya and Vecrapandya; when Malk Kafur attacked the capital of Pandyas (Madhurai) and plundered the city. The wealth looted in south India was transported to Delhi on a herd of elephants.

Administrativeachievementsof Allauddin:

1. Sultanship: Allauddin followed an independent policy towards political matters. He set up a strong central administration. He did not permit the interference by religious leaders in administrative matters. He believed in the divine rights of Kingship (Shadow of God).

2. Espionage: He established an elaborate spy network, to get the information regarding all the activities of his nobles. He also tried to prevent the outbreak of rebellions within the Empire. He deprived his nobles of all pensions and endowments. He forbade social parties and secret meetings of the nobles, even in their houses.

3. Prohibition of drinking: He banned the sale and the use of intoxicating drinks and drugs at Delhi. He knew that, gambling dens and drinking bouts were the breeding grounds of sedition.

4. Military reforms: The Standing army: Allauddin maintained a large standing army for maintaining internal law and order and to prevent the invasions of the Mongols. Ariz-i- Mumali k was the incharge for the appointment of soldier’s. The state maintained a record of the Iluliya or register of each soldier and his mount in the royal service. He also introduced the branding of horses or Dagh system.

5. Revenue reforms: Allauddin introduced scientific methods of measurement of land for the assessment of land revenue. He appointed a special officer called ‘Mustakhraj’ to collect land revenue from the peasants. To check bribery and corruption among the revenue officials, their salaries were increased. Steps were taken to safeguard the peasants from the demands of corrupt revenue officials.

6. Market regulation : The most remarkable of all these was an attempt to control the market prices by determining the cost of most of the essential commodities. Prices of all the articles of common use were fixed. Separate officers were appointed to regulate the market prices on a daily basis amount of booty. Jalaluddin was unaware of the evil intentions of Allauddin. He went to receive Allauddin with only a few unarmed guards and was murdered by the supporters of Allauddin. Thus, Allauddin became the Sultan of Delhi in 1296C.E.

Military Achievements of Allauddin:

A) The conquests of North India :

1. Conquest of Gujarat in 1297 C.E.: Allauddin sent Ulugh Khan andNazarath Khan, his generals to conquer Gujarat in 1297 C.E. Raja Kamadeva- II was defeated and he fled to Devagiri along with his daughter Devaladevi. The generals captured Kamaladevi (Queen of Kamadeva) and she was taken to Delhi and Allauddin married her. The Delhi troops plundered the rich ports of Gujarat.

2. Conquest of Ranathambore in 1301 C.E.: Allauddin turned his attention towards Ranathambore. Hamira Deva, the ruler of Ranathambore, had gi ven shelter to a few muslims (Neo muslims) who were enemies of Allauddin. So, Allauddin invaded and took over Ranathambore.

3. Expedition on Mevvar (Chittor) in 1303 C.E.: Allauddin led an expedition against Rana Ratan Singh of Chittoor (Mevvar). lie desired to possess Rani Padmini of Mewar, Queen of Ratan Singh, renowned for her beauty and talent. The fort of Chittor was captured with great hardship. Padmini and other rajput women committed ‘Jauhar’. Chittor was captured and Khizer Khan (son of Allauddin) was made the Governor of Chittor.

4. Olherconquests: Allauddin took an expedition to Mai wa in 1305 C.E. Mahakaladeva, the ruler of Mai wa was defeated by him. The territories of Ujjain, Mandu, Dhara, Chanderi and Jolur were subjugated to Allauddin. He became the master of the whole of north India.

B) The Mongol Invasion (Raids): In 1299C.E., Mongols attacked Delhi under Qualugh Khwaji. Frequent raids by the Mongols were a constant threat to the Empire. Allauddin and his general Malik Kafur successfully drove back the Mongols. He defeated them and imprisoned many of them.

C) South Indian compaign: Allauddin turned his attention towards south India. He sent an expedition under his eminent general, Malik Kafur to conquer the south. He coveted the enormous wealth of south India and its temples. The four main southern rulers were defeated.

1. Expedition to Devagiri (1306-1307 CE): Ramachandradeva, the ruler of Devagiri, had not paid tribute for nearly three years and he had given shelter to Kamadeva-II of Gujarat. For that reason, Malik Kafur raided Devagiri and defeated Ramachandradeva and collected a lot of booty.

2. Conquest of VVarangal (1309 CE): The Delhi forces marched via Devagiri and attacked Telangana. Pratapa Rudradeva, the ruler of Warangal, put up a stiff resistance. However, he was defeated and he had to surrender a lot of wealth which was carried away to Delhi by Malik Kafur.

3. Expedition to Ifoysalas in 1310 C.E: Malik Kafur attacked Dwarasamudra, when Veera Ballala-III was busy interfering in the Chola politics. Malik Kafur occupied Dwarasamudra and Ballala – III was forced to plead for peace and he also accepted the sovereignty of Allauddin.

4. Conquests of Madhurai in 1311 C.E.: A civil war was raging between Sundrapandya and Vecrapandya,- when Malk Kafur attacked the capital of Pandyas (Madhurai) and plundered the city. The wealth looted in south India was transported to Delhi on a herd of elephants.

Administrative achievements of Allauddin:

1. Sultanship: Allauddin followed an independent policy towards political matters. He set up a strong central administration. He did not permit the interference by religious leaders in administrative matters. He believed in the divine rights of Kingship (Shadow of God).

2. Espionage: He established an elaborate spy network, to get the information regarding all the activites of his nobles. He also tried to prevent the outbreak of rebellions within the Empire. Pie deprived his nobles of all pensions and endowments. He forbade social parties and secret meetings of the nobles, even in their houses.

3. Prohibition of drinking: He banned the sale and the use of intoxicating drinks and drugs at Delhi. He knew that, gambling dens and drinking bouts were the breeding grounds of sedition.

4. Military reforms: The Standing army: Allauddin maintained a large standing army for maintaining internal law and order and to prevent the invasions of the Mongols. Ariz-i- Mumajik was the incharge for the appointment of soldiers. The slate maintained a record of the Huliya or register of each soldier and his mount in the royal service. He also introduced the branding of horses or Dagh system.

5. Revenue reforms: Allauddin introduced scientific methods of measurement of land for the assessment of land revenue. He appointed a special officer called ‘Mustakhraj’ to collect land revenue from the peasants. To check bribery and corruption among the revenue officials, their salaries were increased. Steps were taken to safeguard the peasants from the demands of corrupt revenue officials.

6. Market regulation: The most remarkable of all these was an attempt to control the market prices by determining the cost of most of the essential commodities. Prices of all the articles of common use were fixed. Separate officers were appointed to regulate the market prices on a daily basis.

Personality of Allauddin: He is renowned not only for his conquests but also for his administrative and economic reforms. He was vigorous, efficient, bold and original as a reformer. lie established an absolute state, free from the control of religion. His resourcefulness, energy, capacity for work, his unbounded courage tempered with calculation and penetrating common sense stand out.

Question 2.
Critically examine the administrative experiments of Mohammad-bin-TUghalak. (or) How did the policies of Mohammad end in failure?
Answer:
Administrative reforms (experiments) of Mohammad-bin-Tughalak: In 1325 CE Prince Jaunakhan, son of Ghiyasuddin (founder) ascended the throne with the title Mohammed- bin-Tughalak. He was an outstanding ruler of the Tughalak dynasty. He is known for his military, economic and administrative experiments.

1. Register of the land revenue: Main objective of this experiment was to introduce the universal land taxation throughout the Empire. He created an agricultural department to regularise the land revenue registers.

2. Tax increase in Doab area: The area between the rivers Ganga and Yamuna (doab) was the most fertile land of the Empire and capable of yielding a large revenue to the state. Mohammad-bin-Tughalak decided to increase the taxes for that area only. But, he enforced the new tax at the time of a famine. People were hard hit by the burden of taxation. Revenue collection was also very strict. When the farmers were unable to pay, this measure made him extremely unpopular. He tried to make amends later, but it was too late. The scheme failed through mismanagement and corruption.

3. Transfer of the capital in 1327 CE: Mahammad-bin-Tughalak decided to transfer his capital from Delhi to Devagiri (Daulatabad). His main objectives were:

(1) (Devagiri) occupied a central location in India and it was nearly equidistant (700 miles) from Delhi, Gujarath, Telangana and other places of his Empire.

(2) He wanted to safeguard his capital from the Mongol invasions. He beautified Devagiri and made arrangements to provide all basic amenities, but he blundered while implementing his ideas. He transported the whole population of Delhi to his new capital. Ibn Batuta says that even a blind man and a cripple who were unwilling to move, were dragged to the new capital. Reasons for the shifting of the capital were veiy practical, but the method . was impractical. The entire population of Delhi was made to march to Daulatabad.

The tiresome journey passing through dense forest, heavy rains, diseases, attacks by decoits, hunger, mental agony etc resulted in death and sufferings of many. The Sultan finally realising the folly of this plan, reshifted the court back to Delhi and ordered a return march of the people. The entire episode made him unpopular. According to Leen Pool – Daulatabad was a ‘Monument of misdirected energy’. This scheme failed on account of the Sultan’s faulty method of implementing it.

4. Token currency circulation in 1329 CE : Mohammed-bin-Tughalak carried out experiments on coinage and currency because maintaining a large army, relief given to farmers due to the Doab famine, transfer exercise of the capital, his unsuccessful expeditions, scarcity of silver etc., caused much loss to the treasury. Hence, to increase the amount of currency, the Sultan issued token coins of copper and brass tanka whose value was equivalent to gold and silver coins. Minting of the copper coins was not retained as the monopoly of the Government. Thornes described him as ‘The Prince of Moncyers’ and a currency expert.

The currency experiment was a miserable failure and the causes for its failure were:

• People could not grasp its real significance
• Sultan did not take the precautionary measure of minting of coins to be the monopoly of the state. Almost every household turned into a mint and he failed to take precaution against the glut of counterfeit coins.
• Foreign merchants refused to accept the copper coins, because gold coins were used as
  a standard unit of exchange.
• People paid their taxes in their own copper coins and hoarded gold and silver and as a result, treasury was filled with counterfeit coins.

Due to the above causes, trade was seriously affected and Sultan realised his folly and withdrew the new copper coins in 1333-34 CE. He announced that the copper coins would be redeemed with gold and silver coins. People exchanged their copper coins with gold and silver coins and the treasury became completely depleted.

Mohammad-bin-Tughalak was an extraordinary personality and it is difficult to understand his character and determine his place in history. He lacked practical judgement and common sense. He evolved an idealistic approach by trying to put his theoretical experiments into practice without any forethought about the consequences. According to scholars, he was ‘a mixture of opposites’. Dr. Eshwari prasad remarks that ‘Mohammad appears to be an amazing compound of contradiction’. He possessed sound knowledge, but his policies though well-meant, were ill-planned and badly executed.

Question 3.
Give an account of the contributions of the Sultanates of Delhi.
Answer:
Contributions of the Delhi Sultanates:
1. Administration: The Kingdom of Delhi Sultanate was a theocratic state, (religion was Islam). ‘Shariat’ (Islamic law) were the rules of the state. The ‘Ulema (Islamic scholars) controlled the state and administration. The Sultans called themselves ‘Naib’ (deputy) of Kalifa.

2. Central Government: Sultan was the head of administration. lie exercised the legislative, executive and judicial powers. He was guided by the Ulemas. Allauddin kept the Ulemas away from the state affairs. The Sultan earned the administration with the help of a number of ministers. They were the Wazir (the Prime minister incharge of revenue and finance), Ariz-i-Mamlik who was incharge of the military, Amir-i-Mazlis who was incharge of royal forts and conferences, Barid-i-Mumalik – head of the state news agency, Dahir-i-mumalik – incharge of the royal correspondences, Sadar-us-Sadur who handled religious matters and Kazi-ul-Qazat- the Chief Justice.

3. Revenue: Land revenue was the main source of the state income. The war booty, tributes, house, water, religious and Jaziya taxes etc were the other sources of income to the state. Land tax could be paid either in cash or kind.

4. Judicial: The Sultans administered justice with the help of Kazi-ul-Qazat (The chief • Justice). The chief Kazi was helped by a Mufti (interpreter of Islamic law). The towns and cities had courts headed by Kazis and assisted by Muftis. Kotwal was the Police office in charge of law and order.

Army: The Sultan maintained a strong army. It consisted of cavalry, intantry and elephant forces. The Sultanate was primarily a military state. The Sultan was the supreme commander. All ministers and officers except the chief Justice and the Khazis were to render both ci vil and military duties. Diwan-i-Ariz was incharge of army administration. The pay of the soldiers varied according to their service.

Provincial administration: The Sultanate (Kingdom) was divided into a number of provinces called Togas’. The head of a province was called ‘Naib Sultan’. They enjoyed absolute power in their provinces. The main duties were collection of revenue and maintenance of law and order within the province. The maintained an army of their own. Some Sultans transferred the Govemers and punished them severely, if they revolted against the state.

Each province was divided into ‘Shiqs and Paraganas’. They were looked after by Shiqdars and Amils respectively. Village was the primary unit of administration. It had traditional officers such as the Chaudhari, the Patwari, the Chaukidar etc.

Literature: This period witnessed the growth of Persian and regional language literatures. Persian poets of central Asia took shelter in the courts of the Sultans of Delhi. Amir Khusru was the most outstanding writer and he was called the ‘Parrot of India’. He wrote Khazyan- ul-Futuh and Tarkish-i-Alai. Amir Hasan Dehalvi wrote sonnets. Badruddin, Maulana Moinuddin, Umrani and Hassan Nizami were some of the great Persian writers. Mohammad- bin-Tughalak and Firoz Shah Tughalak were great scholars. Ziauddin Barani and Ibn Batuta were great historians of theTughalak period. Barani started the Tarik-i-Firoz Shahi and it was completed by Shams-i-Siraj Afif. Chand Bardai wrote Prithiviraja Raso, Malik Mohammad Jayasi wrote Padmavati. There was an encouragement for translating works from Sanskrit to Persian.

Art and Architecture: The Sultanate of Delhi introduced the Indo-Islamic style of architecture. It represents a synthesis of the two religious ideals like Hinduism and Islam.

The important features of the Indo-Islamic movements are minarates, arches, domes, hazaras, large gateways etc., Quwat-ul-Islam, Mosque at Delhi and Adai-Dinka-Jhampara Mosque at Ajmer were the earlist creations. The Qutub minar was started by Qutubuddin Aibak and completed by Iltumash. Hauz-i-Shamsi, Jami Masjid and Shamsi Idgah were built by Utumash. The Jami masjid is one of the largest and most beautiful buildings. Allauddin built the palace of Hazar situm (Palace of 1000 pillars), the fort of Siri, Jamait Khan Masjid and the Alai Darwaza at Delhi. Firoz Shah was the greatest of the builders. He laid out the cities of Firozabad, Fatehbad and Janpur.

Mughals

2nd PUC History Medieval Period One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
When did the first battle of Panipat take place?
Answer:
In 1526 C.E. the first battle of Panipat was fought between Babar and Ibrahim Lodhi.

Question 2.
Who was the founder of the Mughal dynasty.
Answer:
Babur was the founder of the Mughal dynasty.

Question 3.
Who was the Queen of Gondwana?
Answer:
Rani Durgavati was the ruler of Gondwana.

Question 4.
When did the battle of Ilaldighat take place?
Answer:
In 1576, the battle of Ilaldighat took place between Akbar and Rana Pratap Singh (Ruler of Me war).

Question 5.
What was the new religion introduced by Akbar?
Answer:
Din-e-Ilahi was the religion introduced by Akbar in 1581 C.E.

Question 6.
Who was the famous revenue minister of Akbar?
Ans. RajaTodarmal was the famous revenue minister of Akbar.

Question 7.
Who wrote the book ‘IIumayunNama’?
Answer:
Gulbadan Begum wrote the book Humayun Nama.

Question 8.
Who wrote the book Akbar Nama?
Ans. Abul Fazal wrote the book Akbar Nama.

Question 9.
Who wrote the book Ain-i-Akbari?
Answer:
Abul Fazal wrote the book Ain-i-Akbari.

Question 10.
Who was the famous musician in the court of Akbar?
Ans. Tansen (Ramdas, Briju Bavara and Surdas) was the most famous musician in the court of
Akbar.

Question 11.
Who was the Master Architect of Taj Mahal?
Answer:
Ustad Isa Khan was the Master Architect of Taj Mahal.

Question 12.
Whom did Babur defeat in the first battle of Panipat?
Answer:
Ibrahim Lodhi was defeated by Babur.

Question 13.
Who was the famous ruler of the Mughal dynasty?
Answer:
Jalaluddin Mohammad Akbar.

Question 14.
Who was the guardian of Akbar? ‘
Answer:
Bairam Khan was the guardian of Akbar.

Question 15.
What is mansabdari system?
Answer:
Mansab means an official rank or power of dignity and such a system was called mansabdari.

Question 16.
Where did Akbarbuild a Red Fort?
Answer:
Akbar built a Red Fort at Agra.

Question 17.
Which new capital was built by Akbar?
Answer:
Fathepur Sikri was the new capital built by Akbar.

Question 18.
What was the name of Todarmal’s revenue system?
Answer:
Aine-i-DahsalaorTodaramaPsBandobust.

Question 19.
Which monument was built by Shah Jahan?
Answer:
Taj Mahal at Agra was built by Shah Jahan.

Question 20.
Who built the Red Fort at Delhi?
Answer:
Shah Jahan built the Red Fort at Delhi.

Question 21.
Who built the Ibadat Khana?
Answer:
Akbar built the Ibadat Khana (Prayer I Tall).

Question 22.
Which humiliating tax on Hindus was abolished by Akbar?
Answer:
In 1564 C.E., Akbar abolished the Jeziya tax on Hindus.

Question 23.
What was Jeziya?
Answer:
Jeziya was the poll tax which was imposed on

non-muslims by the Muslim Rulers of Delhi.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1
When was the second battle of Panipat fought and between whom?
Answer:
The second battle of Panipat was fought between Akbar and Hemu (Chief minister of Mohammad Adil Shah of Bengal) in 1556 C.E. at Panipat.

Question 2.
Where and when was Akbar born?
Answer:
Akbar was born at Amarkot in 1542 C.E. in the house of Ranasala.

Question 3.
Name any two famous historians of Akbar’s period.
Answer:
Abul Fazal and Badauni were the famous historians of Akbar’s period.

Question 4.
Which were the capitals of Akbar? (or) Name the capitals of Akbar.
Answer:
Delhi, Fathepur Sikri, and Udaypur were the capitals of Akbar at different periods.

Question 5.
Name any two types of lands classified by Todarmal.
Answer:
Polaj,Parauti,Chachar,Banjar.

Question 6.
Name the two works of Abul Fazal.
Answer:
AkbarNama,Ain-i-Akbari.

Question 7.
Who built Taj-Mahal? Where is it built?
Answer:
Shah Jahan built it at Agra.

Question 8.
Name any two famous musicians of the Mughal period.
Answer:
Tansen, Ramdas, Briju Bavara and Surdas were the famous musicians.

Question 9.
Name some famous Mughal monuments at Delhi.
Answer:
Red Fort, Jama Masjid, Diwan-i-Khas, and Diwan-i-Am.

Question 10.
Who were the parents of Akbar?
Answer:
Humayun and Hamida Banu Begum.

Question 11.
What is IbadatKhana? Where was it built?
Answer:
Ibadat Khana or Prayer hall was a building built by Akbar, at Fatehpur Sikri, where he held religious discussions with the religious leaders.

Question 12.
Name the famous Mahals built by Akbar.
Answer:
The palace of Jodha Bai, Sonhala Makan, Panch Mahal, and Mariyavar Mahal were built by Akbar. .

Question 13.
Who was Raja Todarmal? Why was he famous?
Answer:
Raj a Todarmal was the famous revenue minister of Akbar. lie was famous for implementing the revenue system called Bandobust.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Describe the Religious and Rajput policies of Akbar.
Answer:
Akbar’s policy towards the Rajputs: Rajputs were the powerful enemies of the Mughals. Akbar was a farsighted statesman and the realised the value of Rajput alliances in his task of building an Empire in India for setting up his dynasty. He adopted a very liberal policy towards the Rajputs. As he was bom in the house of a rajput, he had a sense of gratitude and feeling of affection towards them. He tried to win their support by adapting measures like friendly relations, co-operation, matrimonial alliances and appointing many Rajputs as Mansabdars.

At the same time he did not show any weakness towards the Rajputs and never hesitated from taking armed action against them. Akbar settled for friendly alliances, with the Rajput states of Amber, Bikaner, Jodhpur and Jaisalmer as those rulers accepted unconditional submission to the Emperor. He married Jodha Bai, daughter of Biharimal of Amber (Jaipur). Raja Surjan Rai of Ranathambore voluntarily accepted the overlordship of Akbar. Ramachandra, the ruler of Kalinjar surrendered to Akbar in 1569C.E.

Some of the Rajputs were not willing to accept the sovereignty of Akbar. lie attacked Chittor (Mewar) and defeated its ruler Uday Singh in 1568. Uday Singh and his son Rana Pratap Singh continued to fight the Mughals till their death. The important battle fought between the Mughals and Rana Pratap Singh was the battle of Haldighat in 1576. Mewar was completely occupied by Akbar after the death of Rana Pratap Singh.

Akbar freely admitted Rajputs in the royal service. Some of the important persons who held positions of trust and responsibility were RajaTodarmal, Raja Bhagwan Das, Raja Mansingh and others. Akbar’s Rajput policy drew.the Rajputs closer to the muslims and helped in the growth of an Indo-muslim culture which represented the best elements of both.

Religious Policy of Akbar: Akbar was the most enlightened ruler among the Mughals. He was liberal-minded and tolerant of other religions. His aim was to wipe out the differences that kept people apart, and bring about unity amongst them. He openly pronounced his faith in the principle of universal toleration (Sulah-i-Kul) and tried to eliminate the deep lDoted antagonism of Muslims towards Hindus.

He permitted Hindus to worship their Gods and he did not compel them to convert to Islam. Akbar abolished the Pilgrimage tax in 1563 and the Jeziya in 1564, a tax imposed on non-muslims. He appointed Plindus to high administrative posts on the basis of merit. For example, RajaTodarmal was appointed as the revenue minister and several other Hindus were appointed as Governors and mansabdars. He disestablished Islam as the state religion. He respected the sentiments of Hindus and banned cow slaughter. He also participated in Hindu festivals like Rakhi, Holi, Diwali and Shivaratri.

Akbar established the Ibadat Khana (Prayer Hall) at Fatehpur Sikri and held religious discussions. In 1582 C.E., he invited the different religious leaders for discussions, to understand ‘ the essence of their religions, like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity, Islam, and Zorastrian. He tried to minimize the influence of the Ulemas.

Akbar issued the infallibility decree in 1579 C.E. (Mehazar). According to it, Akbar became the supreme arbiter of Justice in civil and religious matters. He collected and codified the essences of all religions and openly declared his idea of a universal religion called Din-i-Ilahi (Tauhid-i-Ilahi) in 1581 C.E. It was an eclectic creed containing the good points of many of the religions. This religion was based on divine monotheism. It was an honest attempt to unite people of different faiths into a brotherhood based on generally accepted concepts. The Din- i-Ilahi was not a religion in the real sense, it was a socio-religious order.

Akbar’s concept of monotheism and divine religion can be described as ‘There is no God but Allah and Akbar is his Khalifa”. Its followers were awarded four grades, determined by the sacrifice of property, life, honour and being religious, in the service of the Emperor. Din-i-IIahi was a national religion, but it did not become popular, because Akbar never forced anybody to join it. He encouraged intercaste marriages,’ he acted as a national ruler and not as the King of the Muslims. The followers of Ilahi were very small in numbers and after the death of Akbar, it vanished completely.

Question 2.
Briefly write about the administration of Akbar.
Answer:
Administrative system of Akbar: Akbar was a good organizer and administrator. He established the heritage of Mughal administration and looked after the welfare of the people through a strong central government, It was a benevolent ruler having the welfare of the people, always in his mind and took personal interest in the affairs of the state and looked after every detail of the administration. He provided strength, stability and imperial rule. The . Mughal Emperor was called ‘Padishah or Badshah’. He was considered ‘Shadow of God’ and ruled in accordance with Islamic principles.

1. Central administration: The Emperor was the supreme authority in the administration. The absolute authority of the King was never clearly defined, and there was practically no check on the Emperor’s powers. He was the supreme lawmaker and generally worked hard to safeguard the interests of the people. Emperor was assisted by a Council of Ministers. They were called the ‘Pillars of the State’. The important ministers were, the Vakil (Prime minister), Diwan-i-Ali (Finance), Mir Bakshi (Military), Sadar-us-Sadar (incharge of charities) Khan-i-Saman (Home), Dewan (Revenue), and Qazi (Chief Justice). The government was divided into a number of departments, each headed by an officer under a minister.

2. Provincial Administration: Akbar’s Empire consisted of 16 provinces called ‘Subas’. Each province was headed by a Governor called ‘Subedar’, who was responsible for the collection of revenue and maintaining law and order within the province. Some of the important officers of the provinces were Dewan. Bakshi, Sadar, Faujdar, Kdtwal, Qazi etc., Each Suba was divided into a number of Sarkars. Faujdar was the head of a Sarkar and each Sarkar was further divided into a number of Paraganas. Kotwals were incharge of city administration and village was the last unit of administration.

3. Military administration or mansabdari system: Akbar introduced a new system of military and civil administration known as ‘Mansabdari system’. He evolved this with the help of Mir Bakshi ShahbazKhanin 1571 C.E. The term ‘Mansab’ means rank, dignity or office or position. It aimed at fixing a particular person at a particular place on the basis of his horses, soldiers, his status and salary etc.

This army was at the service of the Emperor as and when required. The army was composed of infantry, artillery, cavalry and elephantry. The Mansabdars could be transferred from one place to another. There were 33 grades of Mansabdars (from controlling 10 to those controlling 10,000 soldiers which was later extended to 50,000). The Emperor could appoint, promote and dismiss Mansabdars at his will.

The mansabdari system consisted of Zat and Sawar. Zat indicated the number of soldiers a Mansabdar was expected to maintain, while the word Sawar indicated the actual number of horses that he maintained. The salaries of Mansabdars were high. They were generally not paid in cash but were allotted Jagirs, yielding their respective salaries. Mansabdars were directly under the control of the Emperor.

Hence, most of them obeyed the Emperor implicitly. However, the system was not without defects. There was always the possibility of some powerful Mansabdars revolting against the Emperor with the help of their soldiers because the loyalty of the soldiers was always to the Mansabdar who recruited them and paid their salaries and not to the Emperor.

4. Revenue system of Raja Todarmal: Akbar followed the land revenue policy of Allauddin Khilji and Sher Shah. Land revenue was the main source of income to the state. In 1581, Akbar’s revenue minister Raja Todarmal reorganised the whole land revenue system and introduced what-was known as ‘Zabti system or Ain-dech-Sala’. The land was surveyed with Jaribs (Bamboo sticks joined with iron studs). Land was classified into different categories according to the fertility of the soi I. Land was classified as Polaj, Parauti, Chachar and Banjar Bhoomi. lie collected the aggregate rate of taxation for ten years. It was called ‘ Ain-deeh-Sala’. It was 1/3 of the average of the previous ten year’s produce, The revenue could be paid in cash or kind.

The Emperor was conscious of the welfare of the peasantry. During the days of famine or fall in the yield, fanners were exempted from tax. RajaTodarmal’s revenue policy had provision to provide loans (Taccavi loans) to the culti vatiors. Taccavi loans were granted for the development of agriculture, which could be repaid in easy annual installments. This land revenue system was called as ‘Todarmal’s Bandobusf’. The state maintained the documents Patta and Qabuliyat, which recorded information regarding the land ownership and land revenue details.

Question 3.
Describe the contributions of Mughals to Literature, Art and Architecture. Literature: The Mughal period witnessed a growth in literature. Many literary works were written in Persian, Hindi, Turkish and Arabic languages. Babar had written his memoirs or ‘Tuzuk – i – Baburi in Turkish. It was translated into Persian by Abdul Rahim. Humayun’s sisterGulbadan Begum wrote TIumayunNama’. Abdul Fazal wrote ‘Ain-i-Akbari’and ‘Akbar Nama’. His style was grand and he was the most remowned Persian writer.

The Tabakat-i-Akbari was written by Nizamuddin. Ramayana (Haji Ibrahim), Mahabharatha (Nagib Khan), Atharva veda and Leelavathi (Faizi), Rajatarangini, Panchatantra and the story of Nala Damayanthi etc were translated from Sanskrit to Persian. Prince Dara (son of Shahjahan), translated the Upanishads into Persian. Jahangir wrote a book ‘Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri ’. Shahjahan patronized the scholars like Abdul Hamid Lahori who wrote Padshah Nama and Inayat Khan who was the author of Shahjahan Nama.

Hindi Literature: The well known Hindi poets of Akbar’s time were Abdul Rahim, Bhagwandas, Mansingh, Birbal, Tulasidas and others. Birbal was the favourite of Akbar and was conferred the title ‘Kavi Raja’. Tulasidas wrote ‘Ramcharitmanas’. Surdas wrote the famous work ‘Sur Sagar’, Ras Khan who was a muslim devotee of Lord Krishna, wrote ‘Prem Vatika’, Malik Mohammad Jaisy wrote the famous epic called ‘Padmavali’. Sundarof Gwalior composed the work ‘Sundar Sringar’. The great Sanskrit scholar Jagannath Pandit wrote ‘Ganga Lahari’. In Bengali, Marathi, Urdu and Gujarathi also, literature progressed during the Mughal rule. Akbar, Jahangir and Shahjahan were great patrons of literature in their courts.

Art and Architecture: The mughals were great builders and lovers of art and architecture. Their style of architecture was partly foreign and partly indigenous. The important features of the mughal architecture were domes, tall pillars, gateways with domes, arches, minars etc., The mughals built a large variety of secular and religious buildings. Babar built the mosques at Kabulibagh in Panipat and Jami Masjidat Sambal in Rohilkhand. Humayun built mosques at Agra and Fathepur. He built a palace at Delhi called Din-i-Panah.

Sher Shah built his tomb at Sasaram and the Purana Qila at Delhi. Akbar extended liberal patronage to the growth of architecture in India. The first work of Akbar was the Humayun Torpb at Delhi which is in the persian style. Most of the buildings of Akbar’s time were built with red sand stone. The Jodha Bai palace and Panchamahal are the impressive structures by Akbar at Fathepur Sikhri. The massive 176 ft Gateway or the ‘Buland Darwaza’ is the tallest Gateway in India. Agra Red Fort. Jamma-Masjid, white marble tomb of Sheikh Salim Chisti, Diwan-i-Am and Diwan-i- Khas, house of Birbal, and Sonhal Makan are some of the most beautiful architectural pieces at Fathepur Sikhri built by Akbar.

The architecture of mughals reached its highest watermark during the reign of Shahjahan. He got built many buildings at Agra, Delhi, Lahore, Kabul, Kashmir, Kandhar, Ajmer and other places. The important buildings of Shahjahan were the Diwan-i-Am, Diwan-i-Khas. Red Fort and Jamma Masjid in Delhi. Moti Masjid and Taj Mahal in Agra.

Taj Mahal (1632-1653): Taj Mahal at Agra is symbolic of the royal love. Shahjahan built it on the banks of river Yamuna in the memory of his beloved wifeArjumandBanu Begum, who was given the title ‘Mumtaz Mahal’. Taj was construced under the guidance of Ustad – isa -Khan. It took nearly 22 years for the construction to be completed and nearly Rs 3 crores was spent for the purpose. The height of the mahal is 187 ft. It was built of white marble. The Taj is certainly the “finest monument of conjugal love and fidelity”. It is considered as ‘one of the wonders of the modem world”.

Paintings of the Mughal Age: Babur, Akbar and Jahangir were the most important mughal rulers who patronized painting. Babur was a lover of beauty and art. The mughal painting is a mixture of Indian and Persian styles. Indian artists under Akbar, caused the growth of this mughal style. Akbar created a separate department of paintings under the control of Khwaja Abdul Samad. lie gained the title’ Shirim Khaim or Sweet Pen’.

They painted court scenes, historical events and natural scenes. Portraits and miniature paintings were a Mughal speciality. Govardhan, Jagannath, Tarachand, Abdul Sammad, Mir Sayyid Ali, Basawan, Manohar, Bishen Das, Aqa Riza, Abul Hasan, and Ustad Mansur were some of the great artists of this time. Jahangir was an expert judge and critic of paintings.

Music: Mughal Emperors patronized music and musicians. Tansen, Ramdas, Briju Bavara and Surdas were the great musicians in the court of Akbar. Babar, Jahangir and Shahjahan were themselves good singers and composed many lyrics.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Ten Marks Questions and Answers

IV. Answer the following in 30 to 40 sentences.

Question 1.
Describe the achievements of Akbar.
Answer:
1. Military achievements of Akbar:
(i) The second battle of Panipat in 1556 was fought between Akbar and Hemu, the chief minister of Mohammad Adil Shah of Bengal. Akbar with the support of Bairam Khan, attacked Hemu and defeated him in the battle. The battle marked the real beginning of the Mughal Empire in India and set it on the path of expansion. After this battle, Akbar reoccupied Del hi and Agra. He wanted to establish political stability and peace.

(ii) Conquest of Mai wa: He conquered Ajmer, Delhi, Gwalior and JaunpurefFortlessly, because the people themselves had extended welcome to him. In 1562, Akbar’s forces defeated Baz Bahadur, the ruler of Malwa and the state was annexed.

(iii) Conquest of Gondwana : In 1564, Akbar turned his attention against Gondwana, a small Kingdom (U.P.). It’s Queen Durgavathi and her son Veeranarayana were killed in the war fought near Jabalpur. The Kingdom was annexed to the Mughal Empire.

(iv) Conquest of Chittor (Mewar) in 1567: Akbar was cordial with Rajputs. ButUdaya Singh of Mewar did not yield to Akbar. Udaya Singh and his son Jaimal were ki lied in the battle and Chittor was occupied by the Mughals in 1568. But Ranapratap Singh ss(Son of Udaya Singh) continued his memorable struggle against the Mughals. He was defeated by Akbar at Haldighat in 1576 C.E. Akbar founded a new capital at Udaipur.

(v) Conquest of Gujarat in 1572: The wealth and anarchical condition of Gujarat invited Akbar’s aggression in 1572 C.E. He marched to Gujarat, captured Ahmadnagar and received the submission of Muzaffar Shah, ruler of Gujarat. His Empire now extended up to the sea and could profit by the rich commerce passing through Surat and the western ports.

(vi) Annexation of Kabul and Kashmir: Ranathambore from Roy Suijenhara, and Kalinjar from Ramachandra were conquered. Bengal, Kabul, Sindhu, Kashmir and Orissa were also annexed to the Mughal Empire.

(vii) Extent of the Kingdom: The Kingdom of Akbar extended from Kabul in the west, to Bengal in the east, and Ahmadnagar in the south to Kashmir in the north.

(viii) Conquest of Deccan : Akbar turned his attention towards Deccan in 1600 C.E. The Sultans of Khandesh, Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Golkonda were creating troubles for him. He sent his huge army under the leadership of his son Murad to subdue Ahmadnagar. Chand Bibi fought remarkably well against the Mughal forces.

2. Religious policy of Akbar: Akbar was liberal minded and tolerant of other religions. His aim was to wipe out the differences that kept people apart and to bring about unity among them. He openly pronounced his faith in the principle of universal toleration and tried to eliminate the deep rooted antagonism of Muslims towards Hindus. He abolished the pilgrimage Tax and Reziya. He permitted Hindus to worship their Gods and he did not compel them to convert to Islam. He appointed Hindus to high administrative posts on the basis of merit. He also participated in Hindu festivals like Rakhi, Holi, Diwali and Shivaratri.

Akbar founded a new religion Din-i-Ilahi in 1581. It was based on the principles of peace for all and was an attempt to unite people of different faiths into one brotherhood. He built the ‘Ibadat Khana’ at Fathepur Sikri. He invited the various religious leaders for a meeting to understand the essence of their religions. Akbar issued the infallibility Decree, according to which Akbar became the supreme arbiter of Justice in civil and religious matters. He collected and codified the essences of all religions and openly declared his idea of a universal religion called Din-i-Ilahi. Akbar never forced anybody to join the new religion.

3. Administration: Akbar was a good organizer and administrator. He was a benevolent monarch, having the welfare of the people always in his mind, and took personal interest in the affairs of the state.

The Emperor was the supreme authority in the administration. He was assisted by the council of ministers. The important ministers were the Vakil, Diwan-i-Aii, Mir Bakshi. Sadar – us – Sadar, Khan-i-Saman, Dewan, and Qazi. The government was divided into a number of departments and each was headed by an officer under a minister. Kingdom was divided into a number of provinces called ‘Subas’. Each province was headed by a ‘Subedar’. Province was divided into Sarkars, Paraganas and Villages. Village was the last unit of administration. The important officers of the Provinces were Dewan, Bakshi, Sadar, Faujadar, Kotwal, Qazi and others.

4. Mansabdari system: Akbar introduced a new system of military and civil administration known as ‘Mansabdari System’. The term ‘Mansab’ means an officer of rank or power or dignity. It aimed at fixing a particular person at a particular place, on the basis of his horses, solidiers, his status and salary etc. This army was at the service of the Emperor as and when required. It was composed of infantry, artillery, cavalry and elephantry. The Mansabdars could be transferred from one place to another. He created 33 grades of mansabdars and these grades ranged from a mansabdar incharge of 10, to a mansabdar controlling 10,000.

The grade fixed, generally indicated the number of horse soldiers. The Emperor could appoint, promote and dismiss Mansabdars at his will. The horses under the Mansabdars were branded with the imperial sign. The salaries of Mansabdars were high, They were generally not paid in cash but were alloted Jagirs yielding their respective salaries. There was always the possibility of some powerful Mansabdars revolting against the Emperor with the help of their soldiers, because loyalty of the soldiers was always to the Mansabdar and not to the Emperor.

5. Todarmal’s Bandobust (Revenue System): Land revenue was the main source of income to the state. In 1581 C.E., Akbar’s revenue minister Raja Todarmal reorganized the whole land revenue system with what was known as ‘Zabti System or Ain-deeh-Sala’. The land was surveyed with Jaribs. Land was classified into different categories according to the fertility of the soil, as Polaj, Parauti, Chachar and Banjar. The revenue could be paid in cash or kind. RajaTodarmal provided loans (Taccavi) to the cultivators.

Taccavi loans were granted for the development of agriculture, which could be repaid in easy annual instalments. This land revenue system was called as ‘Todarmal’s Bandobust’. The state maintained the documents, Palta and Qabiliyat, which recorded information regarding the land, ownership and land revenue. Corruption among the Government officials was curbed.

6. Literature, Art and Architecture : Akbar was a patron of literature. Abdul Fazl wrote Ain-i-Akbari and Akbar Nama. He was the most renowned Persion writer. The Tabakat-i-Akbari written by Nizamuddin, Ramayana (Haji Ibrahim), Mahabharatha (Nagib Khan), Alharvaveda andLeelavathi (Faizi), Rajatarangini, Panchatantra and the story of Nala Damayanthi etc were translated from Sanskrit to Persion.

Some popular Hindi scholars wereTulasidas, Surdas, Abdul Rahim, Ras Khan, Birbal, Mansingh and others. Birbal was the favourite of Akbar and was conferred with the title ‘Kavi Raja’. Akbar patronized the ‘Nine Jewels’ in his court. They were – (1) Abdul Rahim (2) Abul Fazal, (3) Birbal, (4) Faizi (5) Hamid Human (6) Raja Mansingh (7) Shaikh Mubarak (8)Tansen (9)RajaTodarmal.

Akbar extended liberal patronage to the growth of architecture in India. The first work of Akbar was the ‘HufnayunTomb’ at Delhi, which is in the persian style. Most of the buildings of Akbar’s time were built with red sand stone. The Jodha Bai Palace, Panchamahal are the impressive structures by Akbar at Fathepur Sikri. The massive 176 ft.Gateway or the ‘Buland Darwaza’ is the highest Gateway of India. Red Fort of Agra, Jamma-Masjid, white marble Tomb of Sheikh Salim Chisti, Diwan-i-Am, Diwan – i – Khas, house of Birbal, Sonhal Makan are some other beautiful architectural edicts by Akbar.

Question 2.
Evaluate the greatness of Akbar / Estimate the personality of Akbar as a Nation builder / flow did Akbar bring about the unification of north India under him?
Answer:
1. Military achievements of Akbar:
(i) The second battle of Panipat in 1556 was fought between Akbar and Hemu, the chief minister of Mohammad Adil Shah of Bengal. Akbar with the support of Bairam Khan, attacked Hemu and defeated him in the battle. The battle marked the real beginning of the Mughal Empire in India and set it on the path of expansion. After this battle, Akbar reoccupied Del hi and Agra. He wanted to establish political stability and peace.

(ii) Conquest of Mai wa: He conquered Ajmer, Delhi, Gwalior and JaunpurefFortlessly, because the people themselves had extended welcome to him. In 1562, Akbar’s forces defeated Baz Bahadur, the ruler of Malwa and the state was annexed.

(iii) Conquest of Gondwana : In 1564, Akbar turned his attention against Gondwana, a small Kingdom (U.P.). It’s Queen Durgavathi and her son Veeranarayana were killed in the war fought near Jabalpur. The Kingdom was annexed to the Mughal Empine.

(iv) Conquest of Chittor (Mewar) in 1567: Akbar was cordial with Rajputs. ButUdaya Singh of Mewar did not yield to Akbar. Udaya Singh and his son Jaimal were ki lied in the battle and Chittor was occupied by the Mughals in 1568. But Ranapratap Singh ss(Son of Udaya Singh) continued his memorable struggle against the Mughals. Me was defeated by Akbar at Haldighat in 1576 C.E. Akbar founded a new capital at Udaipur.

(v) Conquest of Gujarat in 1572: The wealth and anarchical condition of Gujarat invited Akbar’s aggression in 1572 C.E. He marched to Gujarat, captured Ahmadnagar and received the submission of Muzaffar Shah, ruler of Gujarat. His Empire now extended up to the sea and could profit by the rich commerce passing through Surat and the western ports.

(vi) Annexation of Kabul and Kashmir: Ranathambore from Roy Suijenhara, and Kalinjar from Ramachandra were conquered. Bengal, Kabul, Sindhu, Kashmir and Orissa were also annexed to the Mughal Empire.

(vii) Extent of the Kingdom: The Kingdom of Akbar extended from Kabul in the west, to Bengal in the east, and Ahmadnagar in the south to Kashmir in the north.

(viii) Conquest of Deccan : Akbar turned his attention towards Deccan in 1600 C.E. The Sultans of Khandesh, Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Golkonda were creating troubles for him. He sent his huge army under the leadership of his son Murad to subdue Ahmadnagar. Chand Bibi fought remarkably well against the Mughal forces.

2. Religious policy of Akbar: Akbar was liberal-minded and tolerant of other religions. His aim was to wipe out the differences that kept people apart and to bring about unity among them. He openly pronounced his faith in the principle of universal toleration and tried to eliminate the deep-rooted antagonism of Muslims towards Hindus. He abolished the pilgrimage Tax and Reziya. He permitted Hindus to worship their Gods and he did not compel them to convert to Islam. He appointed Hindus to high administrative posts on the basis of merit. He also participated in Hindu festivals like Rakhi, Holi, Diwali and Shivaratri.

Akbar founded a new religion Din-i-Ilahi in 1581. It was based on the principles of peace for all and was an attempt to unite people of different faiths into one brotherhood. He built the ‘Ibadat Khana’ at Fathepur Sikri. He invited the various religious leaders for a meeting to understand the essence of their religions. Akbar issued the infallibility Decree, according to which Akbar became the supreme arbiter of Justice in civil and religious matters. He collected and codified the essences of all religions and openly declared his idea of a universal religion called Din-i-Ilahi. Akbar never forced anybody to join the new religion.

3. Administration: Akbar was a good organizer and administrator. He was a benevolent monarch, having the welfare of the people always in his mind, and took personal interest in the affairs of the state.

The Emperor was the supreme authority in the administration. He was assisted by the council of ministers. The important ministers were the Vakil, Diwan-i-Aii, Mir Bakshi. Sadar – us – Sadar, Khan-i-Saman, Dewan, and Qazi. The government was divided into a number of departments and each was headed by an officer under a minister. Kingdom was divided into a number of provinces called ‘Subas’. Each province was headed by a ‘Subedar’. Province was divided into Sarkars, Paraganas and Villages. Village was the last unit of administration. The important officers of the Provinces were Dewan, Bakshi, Sadar, Faujadar, Kotwal, Qazi and others.

4. Mansabdari system: Akbar introduced a new system of military and civil administration known as ‘Mansabdari System’. The term ‘Mansab’ means an officer of rank or power or dignity. It aimed at fixing a particular person at a particular place, on the basis of his horses, solidiers, his status and salary etc. This army was at the service of the Emperor as and when required. It was composed of infantry, artillery, cavalry and elephantry. The Mansabdars could be transferred from one place to another.

He created 33 grades of mansabdars and these grades ranged from a mansabdar incharge of 10, to a mansabdar controlling 10,000. The grade fixed, generally indicated the number of horse soldiers. The Emperor could appoint, promote and dismiss Mansabdars at his will. The horses under the Mansabdars were branded with the imperial sign. The salaries of Mansabdars were high, They were generally not paid in cash but were alloted Jagirs yielding their respective salaries. There was always the possibility of some powerful Mansabdars revolting against the Emperor with the help of their soldiers, because loyalty of the soldiers was always to the Mansabdar and not to the Emperor.

5. Todarmal’s Bandobust (Revenue System): Land revenue was the main source of income to the state. In 1581 C.E., Akbar’s revenue minister Raja Todarmal reorganised the whole land revenue system with what was known as ‘Zabti System or Ain-deeh-Sala’. The land was surveyed with Jaribs. Land was classified into different categories according to the fertility of the soil, as Polaj, Parauti, Chachar and Banjar. The revenue could be paid in cash or kind. RajaTodarmal provided loans (Taccavi) to the cultivators. Taccavi loans were granted for the development of agriculture, which could be repaid in easy annual instalments. This land revenue system was called as ‘Todarmal’s Bandobust’. The state maintained the documents, Palta and Qabiliyat, which recorded information regaring the land, ownership and land revenue. Corruption among the Government officials was curbed.

6. Literature, Art and Architecture : Akbar was a patron of literature. Abdul Fazl wrote Ain-i-Akbari and Akbar Nama. He was the most renowned Persion writer. The Tabakat-i-Akbari written by Nizamuddin, Ramayana (Haji Ibrahim), Mahabharatha (Nagib Khan), Alharvaveda andLeelavathi (Faizi), Rajatarangini, Panchatantra and the story of Nala Damayanthi etc were translated from Sanskrit to Persion. Some popular Hindi scholars wereTulasidas, Surdas, Abdul Rahim, Ras Khan, Birbal, Mansingh and others.

Birbal was the favourite of Akbar and was conferred with the title ‘Kavi Raja’. Akbar patronized the ‘Nine Jewels’ in his court. They were – (1) Abdul Rahim (2) Abul Fazal, (3) Birbal, (4) Faizi (5) Hamid Human (6) Raja Mansingh (7) Shaikh Mubarak (8)Tansen (9)RajaTodarmal.

Akbar extended liberal patronage to the growth of architecture in India. The first work of Akbar was the ‘HufnayunTomb’ at Delhi, which is in the persian style. Most of the buildings of Akbar’s time were built with red sand stone. The Jodha Bai Palace, Panchamahal are the impressive structures by Akbar at Fathepur Sikri. The massive 176 ft.Gateway or the ‘Buland Darwaza’ is the highest Gateway of India. Red Fort of Agra, Jamma-Masjid, white marble Tomb of Sheikh Salim Chisti, Diwan-i-Am, Diwan – i – Khas, house of Birbal, Sonhal Makan are some other beautiful architectural edicts by Akbar.

Rise of Marathas – Shivaji

2nd PUC History Medieval Period One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who was the founder of the Maratha Kingdom?
Answer:
Shivaji was the founder of the Maratha Kingdom.

Question 2.
Name the treaty signed between Shivaji and Jai Singh.
Answer:
Treaty of Purandhar in 1665 C.E.

Question 3.
What, was the title of Shivaji?
Answer:
Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaja.

Question 4.
In which year did the coronation ceremony of Shivaji take place?
Answer:
In June 1674 C.E. atRaigadh.

Question 5.
What is meant by‘Chauth’?
Answer:
The neighbouring areas of Shivaji’s Kingdom which were not under the direct rule of Shivaji
were to give 1/4 of their Land revenue collection to him. This was known as Chauth.

Question 6.
Who was Shivaji’s teacher?
Answer:
Dadaji Kondadeva was the teacher of Shivaji.

Question 7.
What was the designation of the prime minister of Shivaji?
Answer:
Shivaji’s prime minister was called as Peshwa. ,

Question 8.
What was the name of the council of eight ministers of Shivaji called as?
Answer:
The counci 1 of eight ministers was called as Ashtapradhanas.

Question 9.
In whose service was Shivaji’s father working?
Answer:
Shivaji’s father was in the military services of the Sultan of Bijapur.

Question 10.
Which was the capital of Shivaji?
Answer:
Raigadh was the capital of Shivaji.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Where and when was Shivaji born?
Answer:
Shivaji was bom at the hill Fort of Shivaneridurga in 1627 C.E.

Question 2.
Who were the parents of Shivaji?
Answer:
Shahaji Bhonsle and Jijabai were the parents of Shivaji.

Question 3.
Who were the two personalities who inspired Shivaji?
Answer:
Dadaji Kondadeva and Jijabai were the two personalities who inspired Shivaji.

Question 4.
Name some important Forts of Shivaji?
Answer:
Shivaneridurga, Raigadh, Purandhar, Chakana, Kondana etc.,

Question 5.
Which were the two important taxes collected by Shivaji?
Answer:
Chauth and Sardeshmukhi were the two taxes collected by Shivaji.

Question 6.
Where did Shivaji’s coronation take place? When?
Answer:
Shivaji’s coronation took place at Raigadh, in June 1674 C.E.

Question 7.
Who was the Mughal general defeated by Shivaji at Poona? When?
Answer:
Saista Khan, the Mughal general was defeated by Shivaji at Poona in 1663 C.E.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Describe the life and conquests of Shivaji.
Answer:
Introduction: The decline of Mughals led to the rise of independent states in different parts of India. Among them, the Marathas were prominent. The main objective was protecting the Hindu religion and culture. The disunited people of Marathas were welded together and made a great political power opposing the Mughals. Shivaji was the founder of the Maratha Kingdom. The hilly tracts of the western edge of the Deccan plateau was the home of the Marathas. Geographical conditions had taught them the spirit of hard work, self reliance and independence. Early life of Shivaji: Shivaji was bom at Shivaneridurga in 1627 C.E. His parents were Shahaji Bhonsle and Jijabai. Shahaji was serving under the Sultan of Bijapur, and he had left Shivaji and Jijabai at Poona.

Jijabai showered all her motherly love and affection on Shivaji. He was greatly influenced by his mother. She narrated stories from the Ramayana and the Mahabharatha (Hindu epics), which made him courageous. His tutor and guide Dadaji Kondadeva also shaped his personality. He trained Shivaji in the art of administration, state craft and military activities. Shivaji was also influenced by Guru Ramdas andTukaram, By their teachings, he developed love towards his motherland. Shivaji mastered the art of guerilla . warfare and the geographical feature of the western deccan also influenced Shivaji.

Political career of Shivaji: Shivaji captured the Fort of Torana from the Sultan of Bijapur in 1646 C.E. He constructed a new Fort at Raigadh. He gained control over his father’s Jahagir. He occupied the Forts of Baramathi, Indapura, Purandar and Kondana. His fame began to grow on account of these achievements.

Shivaji and Afzal Khan (Bijapur) 1659-1663 C.E: The growing strength and popularity of Shi vaji was a threat to the Sultan of Bijapur. Sultan decided to take action against Shivaji, and sent Afzal Khan against him. Shivaji very tactfully killed Afzal Khan in 1659 C.E. near Pratapagada and looted his camp. In 1661, the Sultan of Bijapur made peace with Shivaji and recognised his conquests.

Shivaji and the Mughals (Aurangazeb) (1663 C.E.): Shivaji had occupied many territories belonging to Aurangazeb. To check his expansion, Aurangazeb despatched Shaista Khan. Khan succeeded in occupying a vast maratha territory including Poona. UnFortunately, Khan stayed at Poona in the house where Shivaji had spent his childhood. On the 15th April 1663, Shivaji attacked Shaista Khan in his bedroom at midnight. In the confusion, Khan lost his finger and his son Abul Fathe and a few khans from the Deccan. This incident increased the popularity of Shivaji.

Attack on Surat (1664 C.E.): In 1664, Shivaji attacked and plundered Surat. Aurangazeb deputed Raja Jai Singh of Amber against Shivaji. He led an expedition and surrounded Shivaji on all sides and captured many of his Forts like Purandhar, Raigadh etc. Shivaji was defeated and was made to sign the treaty of Purandar on 24th June 1665 C.E. According to the treaty of Purandar, (1) Shivaji surrendered 23 Forts to the Mughals and agreed to pay tribute to Aurangazeb. (2) His son, Sambhaji had to serve the Mughal government as a Mansabdar.

Visit to Agra in 1666 C.E.: Due to the compulsion of Jai Singh, Shivaji visited the Mughal court at Agra in 1666 C.E. But Aurangazab did not show him any respect. Shivaji spoke to Aurangazeb in a bold manner and he was imprisoned. Shivaji, using his usual tact and intelligence, pretended to be ill and started sending baskets of sweets for distribution among the Brahmins and poor people.

When the watchmen were, a little relaxed and not alert, Shivaji took advantage of it and escaped from the prison in a sweet basket and reached his Kingdom in the guise of a sanyasi. This incident compelled Aurangazeb to recognise Shivaji as a King. Shivaji reconquered all the Forts that were surrendered earlier to the Mughals as per the treaty of Purandar.

Shivaji’s coronation in June 1674 C.E.: Shivaji was crowned as the Maratha King in 1674 C.E. His coronation took place at Raigadh with great pomp and as per vedic rites. He assumed the title ‘Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaja’. After that, a new and strong Hindu Kingdom came up in Deccan. Shivaji died in April 1680 C.E.

Question 2.
Give an account of the administrative system of Shivaji.
Answer:
Administration under Shivaji: Shivaji was not only a conqueror and founder of a Kingdom but also a good administrator. He employed people of all castes and tribes, to maintain a balance. In his administration, he was the sole authority of the government, and he assigned separate responsibilites to ministers and also ensured that no official post turned out to be hereditary. He gave special attention towards administation. He carried on his administration with the help of his ministers called “The Ashtapradhans’. There were 18 departments in Shivaji’s administration.

Shivaji was assisted by Ashtapradhans, the eight ministers. They were:

1. Peshwa -The Prime minister, who attended to all types of Government activities.
2. Amatya- Finance Minister.
3. Mantri – Minister dealing with information, diplomacy, war etc.
4. Sumant-In charge of foreign affairs of the state.
5. Sachiva – Home minister who took care of the correspondence of the King.
6. Pandit Rao – dealt with religious matters and ceremonies (Chief priest)
7. Senapati or Sar-i-Navbat- Commander in Chief of the Army.
8. Nyayadhisha – (Chief Justice) who dealt with both civil and criminal Justice.

1. Divisions of the Kingdom: (Provincial Government): Shivaji divided his Kingdom into four Provinces which were called ‘Swarajya’. Each province was controlled by a Viceroy called ‘Sardeshmukh’.EachSwarajyawasdividedintoDeshas whose head waS ‘Deshmukh’. Deshas were further divided into ‘Paraganas’. Desai was the head of aParagana. Village was the last unit of administration. The village administration was looked after by the village assembly (panchayat). Patel was the executive officer of the village. Shivaji abolished the practice of granting Jagirs.

2. Military Administration : Shivaji’s Kingdom was a military state. The army consisted of infantry, cavalary and navy. He maintained a well equipped, disciplined army. Senapathi was the incharge of the army. The foot soldiers were specially trained in guerilla and mountain warfare. The soldiers were paid regular fixed salary. 25 soldiers were placed under a Havaldar, 5 Havaldars were under the control of a Jamladar, 10 Jamladars were under a Hazari, and 5 Hazaris were commanded by a Panjhazari. Shivaji had a fleet, which was stationed at Kolaba. He checked and limited the power of Jinijras the militant tribals. His troops were armed with swords, spears, bows, arrows, daggers, muskets, etc. Hindus and Muslims were recruited in to the maratha army without any discrimination.

3. Judicial System: The King was the highest court of appeal. The civil causes were decided by the village panchayat and criminal cases were decided by Governors. The Judgements of the village court had royal recognition. The King and Nyayadhisha heard over the appeals. Nyayadhisha was responsible for civil and military justices.

4. Revenue System: Shivaji established an excellent revenue system. The assessment was made after a survey and classification of the land according to its fertility and yield. The state demand was fixed at 30% of the total produce. The revenue was to be paid either in cash or kind. In the time of famine, the land revenue was exempted. Landowners were given, a ‘Patta’ and the Jahagir system was abdishod. Regular payment of salary was introduced. Shivaji arranged loans for peasants to encourage cultivation. He levied taxes called ‘Chauth and Sardeshmukhi’.

Assessment: Shivaji occupies an important place in the Indian history. He was brave, adventurous and a bom leader of men. He founded the Maratha Kingdom, and gave to it a very fine rule of administration. He was a good judge of men and tolerant of other religions. He restored Hindu religion and culture. According to K.M. Panicker, “Shivaji was one of the greatest nation builders of the world”.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Ten Marks Questions and Answers

IV. Answer the following question :

Question 1.
Estimate the role of Shivaji as a great conqueror and Empire builder.
Answer:
Introduction: The decline of Mughals led to the rise of independent states in different parts of India. Among them, the marathas were prominent. The main objective was protecting the Hindu religion and culture. The disunited people of Marathas were welded together and made a great political power opposing the Mughals. Shivaji was the founder of the Maratha Kingdom. The hilly tracts of the western edge of the Deccan plateau was the home of the Marathas. Geographical conditions had taught them the spirit of hard work, self-reliance and independence. Early life of Shivaji: Shivaji was born at Shivaneridurga in 1627 C.E.

His parents were Shahaji Bhonsle and Jijabai. Shahaji was serving under the Sultan of Bijapur, and he had left Shivaji and Jijabai at Poona. Jijabai showered all her motherly love and affection on Shivaji. He was greatly influenced by his mother. She narrated stories from the Ramayana and the Mahabharatha (Hindu epics), which made him courageous. His tutor and guide Dadaji Kondadeva also shaped his personality.

He trained Shivaji in the art of administration, state craft and military activities. Shivaji was also influenced by Guru Ramdas and Tukaram, By their teachings, he developed love towards his motherland. Shivaji mastered the art of guerilla. warfare and the geographical feature of the western deccan also influenced Shivaji.

Political career of Shivaji: Shivaji captured the Fort of Torana from the Sultan of Bijapur in 1646 C.E. He constructed a new Fort at Raigadh. He gained control over his father’s Jahagir. He occupied the Forts of Baramathi, Indapura, Purandar and Kondana. His fame began to grow on account of these achievements.

Shivaji and Afzal Khan (Bijapur) 1659-1663 C.E: The growing strength and popularity of Shi vaji was a threat to the Sultan of Bijapur. Sultan decided to take action against Shivaji, and sent Afzal Khan against him. Shivaji very tactfully killed Afzal Khan in 1659 C.E. near Pratapagada and looted his camp. In 1661, the Sultan of Bijapur made peace with Shivaji and recognised his conquests.

Shivaji and the Mughals (Aurangazeb) (1663 C.E.): Shivaji had occupied many territories belonging to Aurangazeb. To check his expansion, Aurangazeb despatched Shaista Khan. Khan succeeded in occupying a vast maratha territory including Poona. Unfortunately, Khan stayed at Poona in the house where Shivaji had spent his childhood. On the 15th April 1663, Shivaji attacked Shaista Khan in his bedroom at midnight. In the confusion, Khan lost his finger and his son Abul Fathe and a few khans from the Deccan. This incident increased the popularity of Shivaji.

Attack on Surat (1664 C.E.): In 1664, Shivaji attacked and plundered Surat. Aurangazeb deputed Raja Jai Singh of Amber against Shivaji. He led an expedition and surrounded Shivaji on all sides and captured many of his Forts like Purandhar, Raigadh etc. Shivaji was defeated and was made to sign the treaty of Purandar on 24th June 1665 C.E. According to the treaty of Purandar, (1) Shivaji surrendered 23 Forts to the Mughals and agreed to pay tribute to Aurangazeb. (2) His son, Sambhaji had to serve the Mughal government as a Mansabdar.

Visit to Agra in 1666 C.E.: Due to the compulsion of Jai Singh, Shivaji visited the Mughal court at Agra in 1666 C.E. But Aurangazab did not show him any respect. Shivaji spoke to Aurangazeb in a bold manner and he was imprisoned. Shivaji, using his usual tact and intelligence, pretended to be ill and started sending baskets of sweets for distribution among the Brahmins and poor people.

When the watchmen were, a little relaxed and not alert, Shivaji took advantage of it and escaped from the prison in a sweet basket and reached his Kingdom in the guise of a sanyasi. This incident compelled Aurangazeb to recognise Shivaji as a King. Shivaji reconquered all the Forts that were surrendered earlier to the Mughals as per the treaty of Purandar.

Shivaji’s coronation in June 1674 C.E.: Shivaji was crowned as the Maratha King in 1674 C.E. His coronation took place at Raigadh with great pomp and as per vedic rites. He assumed the title ‘Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaja’. After that, a new and strong Hindu Kingdom came up in Deccan. Shivaji died in April 1680 C.E.

Administration under Shivaji: Shivaji was not only a conqueror and founder of a Kingdom but also a good administrator. He employed people of all castes and tribes, to maintain a balance. In his administration, he was the sole authority of the government, and he assigned separate responsibilities to ministers and also ensured that no official post turned out to be hereditary. He gave special attention towards administration. He carried on his administration with the help of his ministers called “The Ashtapradhans’. There were 18 departments in Shivaji’s administration.

Shivaji was assisted by Ashtapradhans, the eight ministers. They were:

1. Peshwa -The Prime minister, who attended to all types of Government activities.
2. Amatya- Finance Minister.
3. Mantri – Minister dealing with information, diplomacy, war etc.
4. Sumant-In charge of foreign affairs of the state.
5. Sachi va – Home minister who took care of the correspondence of the King.
6. Pandit Rao – dealt with religious matters and ceremonies (Chief priest)
7. Senapati or Sar-i-Navbat- Commander in Chief of the Army.
8. Nyayadhisha – (Chief Justice) who dealt with both civil and criminal Justice.

1. Divisions of the Kingdom: (Provincial Government): Shivaji divided his Kingdom into four Provinces which were called ‘Swarajya’. Each province was controlled by a Viceroy called ‘Sardeshmukh’.EachSwarajyawasdividedintoDeshas whose head was ‘Deshmukh’. Deshas were further divided into ‘Paraganas’. Desai was the head of aParagana. Village was the last unit of administration. The village administration was looked after by the village assembly (panchayat). Patel was the executive officer of the village. Shivaji abolished the practice of granting Jagirs.

2. Military Administration : Shivaji’s Kingdom was a military state. The army consisted of infantry, cavalary and navy. He maintained a well equipped, disciplined army. Senapathi was the incharge of the army. The foot soldiers were specially trained in guerilla and mountain warfare. The soldiers were paid regular fixed salary. 25 soldiers were placed under a Havaldar, 5 Havaldars were under the control of a Jamladar, 10 Jamladars were under a Hazari, and 5 v Hazaris were commanded by a Panjhazari. Shivaji had a fleet, which was stationed at Kolaba.

He checked and limited the power of Jinijras the militant tribals. His troops were armed with swords, spears, bows, arrows, daggers, muskets, etc. Hindus and Muslims were recruited in to the maratha army without any discrimination.

3. Judicial System: The King was the highest court of appeal. The civil causes were decided by the village panchayat and criminal cases were decided by Governors. The Judgements of the village court had royal recognition. The King and Nyayadhisha heard over the appeals. Nyayadhisha was responsible for civil and military justices.

4. Revenue System: Shivaji established an excellent revenue system. The assessment was made after a survey and classification of the land according to its fertility and yield. The state demand was fixed at 30% of the total produce. The revenue was to be paid either in cash or kind. In the time of famine, the land revenue was exempted. Landowners were given, a ‘Patta’ and the Jahagir system was abdishod. Regular payment of salary was introduced. Shivaji arranged loans for peasants to encourage cultivation. He levied taxes called ‘Chauth and Sardeshmukhi’.

Assessment: Shivaji occupies an important place in the Indian history. He was brave, adventurous and a bom leader of men. He founded the Maratha Kingdom, and gave to it a very fine rule of administration. He was a good judge of men and tolerant of other religions. He restored Hindu religion and culture. According to K.M. Panicker, “Shivaji was one of the greatest nation builders of the world”.

Vijayanagara Empire

2nd PUC History Medieval Period One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Which was the Capital of the Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer:
First capital was Anegondi, near Hampi. Later Hampi was made the capital.

Question 2.
Who was the first Ruler of Vijayanagara?
Answer:
Ilarihara was the first Ruler of Vijayanagara.

Question 3.
To which dynasty did Krishnadevaraya belong?
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya belonged to Tuluva dynasty.

Question 4.
Who was the greatest Ruler of Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya was the greatest Ruler of Vijayanagara Empire.

Question 5.
Who had the title ‘Yavanarajya Pratishthapanacharya’?
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya assumed the title Yavanarajya Pratishthapanacharya.

Question 6.
Name the Persian Ambassador who visited the Vijayanagara Empire.
Answer:
The Persian Ambassador Abdul Razzak visited the court of Devaraya-II.

Question 7.
Who was the author of ‘Madhura Vijayam’?
Answer:
Gangambika wrote Madhura Vijayam (or) Veerakanparaya Charitam.

Question 8.
Which battle led to the downfall of Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer:
Battle of Talikote or Rakkasa-Tangadi in 1565 C.E.

Question 9.
Who was the founder of Bengaluru?
Answer:
Kenpegowda-1 was the founder of Bengaluru in 1537 C.E.

Question 10.
Who is called as’Navakoti Narayana’?
Answer:
Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar (1673-1704 C.E.)

Question 11.
What was Shivappa Nayaka’s’Shistu’?
Answer:
Shivappa Nayaka introduced the Land Revenue reforms which are called Shivappa Nayaka’s Shistu.

Question 12.
Who built the Fort of Chitradurga?
Answer:
Madakari Nayaka- V (1754-1779 C.E.) built the Chitradurga Fort.

Question 13.
Name the Lady who defended the Chitradurga fort?
Answer:
Obavva, heroically protected Chitradurga fort from Hyder Ali.

Question 14.
Name the Ruler who started the Mysore Dasara.
Answer:
Raja Wodeyar in 1610 C.E.

Question 15.
On the banks of which river was the city of Vijayanagara founded?
Answer:
On the banks of river Tungabhadra.

Question 16.
Which was the emblem of the Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer:
Varaha (pig) was the royal emblem of the Vijayanagara Empire.

Question 17.
In whose court did the ‘Ashtadiggajas’ flourish?
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya patronised the Ashtadiggajas in his court.

Question 18.
Who was called ‘Andhra Kavi Pitamaha’?
Answer:
Allasani Peddanna was called as ‘Andhra Kavi Pitamaha’.

Question 19.
Which was the capital of Vijayanagara after the Battle ofTalikote?
Answer:
Penugonda became the capital of Vijayanagara after the Talikote Battle under the Aravidu dynasty.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Who were the founders of Vijayanagara Empire? When was it founded?
Answer:
HariharaandBukkaraya-14thApril 1336C.E.

Question 2.
Mention the literary works of Krishnadevaraya.
Answer:
Krishandevaraya wrote ‘Amuktamalyada’ in Telugu,Jambavathi Kalyana, Madalasacharithe, Rasamanjari and Ushaparinayam in Sanskrit.

Question 3.
Mention any four titles of Krishnadevaraya.
Answer:
Kannadarajyaramaramana, Kavipungava, Karnatakandhrabhoja, Yavanarajya Pratishthapanacharyaetc.,

Question 4.
Who worte’Manucharitamu’and what was his title?
Answer:
Allasani Peddanna-Andhra Kavita Pitamaha.

Question 5.
Mention any four titles of Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar.
Answer:
Apratimavecra, Navakoti Narayana, Maharashtrabhupala Jalaripu, Karnataka Chakravarti, Tenkanaraja, Dharma Prabhu etc., were the titles assumed by Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar.

Question 6.
Which was the first Kannada drama? Who wrote it?
Answer:
The first drama in Kannada was ‘Mitravinda Govinda’ written by Singararaya, the court poet of Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar.

Question 7.
Who wrote Hadibadeya Dharma and which King encouraged her?
Answer:
Sanchi Honnamma – Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar.

Question 8.
Who was Shivappa Nayaka and why was he famous?
Answer:
Shivappa Nayaka was a famous Ruler of the Keladi dynasty. He was famous for his Land Revenue settlement system called’Shistu’.

Question 9.
Which were the four dynasties that ruled the Vijayanagara Empire?
Answer:
1) Sangama dynasty 2) Saluva dynasty 3) Tuluva dynasty and 4) Aravidu Dynasty, ruled the Vijayanagara Empire.

Question 10.
Who was the brave Lady who protected the Fort of Chitradurga and how she did it?
Answer:
Obavva was the brave Lady, who protected the Fort of Chitradurga by killing the soldiers of HyderAli.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
What were the causes and results of the Battle of Talikote? (or) How was Aliya Ramaraya responsible for the Battle of Talikote.
Answer:
The decisive battle ofTalikote was fought in 1565 C.E. between the Vijayanagara (Aliya Ramaraya) Rulers and the combined forces of Shahi Kingdoms on the Banks of river Krishna.

Causes for the Battle :

1. Supremacy over the Doab region: The fertile doab area between the rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra became a bone of contention between the two powers and hence responsible for that battle.

2. Religious difference: The religious and cultural differences between the Hindu Vijayanagara and the Muslim Shahi Kingdoms was one of the causes for the battle.

3. Foreign policy of Aliya Ramaraya: Aliya Ramraya interfered in the internal disputes of the Shahis. He followed the policy of divide and rule with the Shahis of Bijapura and Ahmadnagar. The Shahis forgot their enmity and united through various alliances.
The Sultans of the Deccan (Bijapura, Ahmadhagar, Golkonda, Bidar) realized that Ramaraya’s power had increased immensely due to the lack of unity among themselves. They decided to sink their differences and unite in the name of the religion against the Hindu Kingdom of Vijayanagara.

4. Immediate Cause: Ali Adil Shah of Bijapura demanded the return of Raichur. But Ramaraya refused and asked the Sultan to fight and win it in the battle field. This was the immediate cause for the battle. Course of the battle: Bahamani Sultans set aside their differences and organized a confederacy against Vijayanagara. The combined forces of Bidar. Bijapura, Ahamadnagar and Golkonda marched and crossed the river Krishna and camped at a place between the villages Rakkasagi andTangadagi. Aliya Ramaraya decided to meet this challenge with all his might. Ramaraya personally led the army with his two brothers.

The battle took place on 23rd January 1565 C.E. In the beginning Vijayanagara forces gained upper hand. But during the course of the battle, Ramaraya was captured by the Shahi soldiers and beheaded and his head was paraded in the battle field. This created panic among the Vijayanagara soldiers. They ran away from the battle field. The Shahis won the battle. Venkatadri and Tirumala hurriedly went back to Vijayanagara, took as much wealth as they can carry and fled to Penugonda. This debacle led to the disintegration of the Vijayanagara Empire.

Results of the battle :

1. Vijayanagara Empire lost its glory. The successful Shahi army looted the city of Vijayanagara.
2. Aravidu dynasty continued under the name of Vijayanagara with its new capital at Penugonda in Andhra Pradesh.
3. The Golkonda and Bijapur Sultans captured the northen territories. The feudatories of Vijayanagara like Nayakas and Palegars proclaimed themselves independent. This led to the disintegration of the Vijayanagara Empire.
4. The destruction of the capital city and decline of the Vijayanagara Empire adversely affected the Portuguese trade in India.

Question 2.
Describe the Art and Architecture of the Vijayanagara Empire.
Answer:
Art and Architecture: The Vijayanagara Rulers were great patrons of Art and Architecuture. They used the Dravidian style of Architecture and later added some unique features to it and it came to be called ‘Vijayanagara Style’ of architecture. Hampi was a great centre of Ait and Architecture. Percy brown remarks that “Vijayanagara Art as the supremely passionate flowering of the Dravidian Art”.

The main features of Vijayanagara Art and Architecture:

1. The Vijayanagara Rulers built high (Huge) towers called ‘Raya Gopuras’ above the gateways of the temples.
2. The Kalyana Mantapa at the temple stands on a rectangular platform of 5ft height. The roof of the mantapa is supported by stone pillars and it has no walls around it.
3. The temples consist of Garbhagriha, Sukhanasi, Mahamantapa and Ardhamantapa. An additional Garbhagriha (Sanctum) for the female deity.
4. The remarkable feature of the Vijayanagara temples is the intricate carving on the pillers. A number of pillers were carved each in a unique style.
5. The walls of the temples contain sculptures of Folklore, Gods, Goddesses, Elephants, Horses etc.,

The earliest creation of the Vijayanagara Empire is the most beautiful. Vidyashankara temple at Sringeri which clearly marks the transition from Hoysala to Vijayanagara Style. Temples of this period are found chiefly in Tirupathi, Kanchi, Srirangam, Hampi, Lepakshi, Sringeri, Srisailam, Nandi, Madurai, Chidambaram. Tadapatri etc., The monuments of Vijayanagara are scattered throughout South Indi a.

Important temples in Hampi: The best specimens of the Vijayanagara Architecture are found in the city of Hampi. The temples of Virupaksha, Hajara Ramaswamy, Vijaya Vittalaswamy, Krishnaswamy, Achyutaraya, Mahanavami Dibba and the stone Chariot are noteworthy. The walls and pillers of the Ramaswamy temple are decorated with the scenes from Ramayana. The Lotus (Kamala) Mahal is an excellent example of Islamic style of Architecture. The Ganesha and Narasimha images, the elephant stables, the Queen’s Bath, the Watchtower, The Royal Mint and the market place are also in Hampi.

Sculpture: Religion was the main theme for the sculptures of Vijayanagara. Kadalekalu, Sasivekalu Ganesha and Laxmi Narasimha statues at Hampi are notable. Irugappa Dandanayaka at Tiruparuttikunram was the earliest example of this period. The copper Images of Krishnadevaraya and his two Queens,Tirumaladevi and Chinnadevi at Tirumala are in a devotional mode. Astone statue of Krishnadevaraya is found at Chidambaram.

Paintings: Hampi, Anegondi and Lepakshi were centres of Vijayanagara paintings. Virupaksha temple at Hampi has beautiful paintings depicting Girija Kalyana, Madana Vijaya and Tripura Samhara. The Veerabhadra temple at Lepakshi has on its ceilings paintings representing stories from Shivapurana and is called the ‘Ajantha of the Saivas’.

Fine Art: Dancing and Music were encouraged during Vijayanagara period. Vadiraja, Vyasathirtha, Purandaradasa and Kanakadasa belonged to this tradition. They composed devotional songs called ‘Keerthans’. Purandaradasa is called the ‘Father of Kamatic Music’. There were a good number of dancing halls at Vijayanagara. Bandham Laxminarayana was a dance master in the court of Krishnadevaraya.

Question 3.
Explain the foreign accounts regarding Vijayanagara
(or)
Write a note on Vijayanagara in the view of foreign travellers.
Answer:
Foreign Accounts: Many visitors and travellers visited Vijayanagara from time to time and they have left their observations in writing vividly and these observations are very good sources for reconstructing history.

1. Nicolo Conti: This Italian traveller visited Vijayanagara (Hampi) during Devaraya-I’s reign in 1421C. E. He says “Vijayanagara is surrounded by mountains. Its circumference is 60 miles. The fort walls have been extended almost right up to the foot of the hillocks and there are nearly 90,000 soldiers. Vijayanagara is the most prosperous and grand city. The King is very powerful”.

2. Abdul Razzak : He was the Persion Ambassador to the court of Devaraya – II in 1443 C. E. He says about Vijayanagara (Hampi) that ‘The world had never seen such a glorious Kingdom. The city is surrounded by seven fortification walls, the King is powerful. People loved roses and they were sold everywhere. Precious stones like rubies, diamonds and jewels were sold in the open market without any fear of risk”. He also explained about the celebration of Mahanavami festival with great splendour.

3. Niketin: He was a Russian traveller, who visited the Bahamani Kingdom in 1470 C.E. He wrote about the army, natural defense of the city and its wealth, the social life and splendour of the King etc., in the neighbouring Vijayanagara Empire.

4. Durate Barbosa : He was a Portuguese traveller who visited the court of Krishnadevaraya in 1514 C.E. He gives information about the trade and commerce of Vijayanagara and the fact that the King used to hold discussions with his ministers in the conference hall.

5. Domingo Paes: He was a Portuguese traveller who visited the court of Krishnadevaraya in 1520 C.E. He wrote about the daily life of the people, the city, about the temples, Emperor, festivals etc.,. He has also referred to Krishnadevaraya’s enormous wealth and about his treasury.

6. Fernao Nuniz: He was a Portugal traveller who reached Vijayanagara in 1535 during the period ofAchyutaraya. His accounts throw light on the political and cultural activities of the Vijayanagara Empire. He says that Vijayanagara was a city with the best basic amenities in the world.

7. Ceasar Fredericci: He was an Italian traveller who visited Vijayanagara in 1567 C.E. According to his accounts, Vijayanagara was a ruined city after the Talikote battle. He also says that the people did not live there and only wild animals were living.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Ten Marks Questions and Answers

IV. Answer the following questions in 30 to 40 sentences each.

Question 1.
Write a note on the achievements of Krishnadevaraya.
Answer:
Krishnadevaraya (1509-1529 C.E.) Krishnadevaraya of theTuluva dynasty was the greatest Ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire. He was the son of TuluvaNarasanayaka and Nagaladevi He came to the throne in 1509 C.E. The glory and prestige of the Kingdom reached its zenith during the rule of Krishnadevaraya. He got a good training under his Prime minister’Timmarasa whom he called as Appaji.

Military achievements of Krishnadevaraya :

1. The war of 1510 C.E.: Krishnadevaraya had to fight a war against Mohammed Shah of Bidar and Yusuf Adil Shah of Bijapur whose combined army attacked Vijayanagara. A battle took place in 1510 C.E. near Doni, in which the Muslim army was routed and it ran away from the battle field. Krishnadevaraya pursued the enemy forces upto Govilkonda and once again defeated them. He then occupied the Fort of Raichur and the Krishna-Tungabhadra doab area.

2. Siege of Unimatturu-1513 C.E.: Krishnadevaraya marched against the rebellious chief, Gangaraja of Ummatturu. Gangaraja was defeated and the forts of Shivanasainudra and Srirangapattana were captured. Krishnadevaraya created a new province with its head quarters at Srirangapattana.

3. Kalinga (Orissa) expedition -1513-1518 C.E.: Krishnadevaraya took an expedition to Kalinga to defeat the Gajapalhi Ruler, Prataparudra, which was achieved in stages. Udayagiri Fort was captured first. Next, he signed the Fort of Kondavidu and del bated the Reddies. The administration of the Krishna region of Andhra was entrusted to Salva Thimma. Then he captured the Forts of Vijayawada and Kondapalli. Later, the rest of the Telangana region came under his rule. When the Vijayanagara army reached Cuttack, the capital of the Gajapathis, King Prataparudradcva capitulated and settled for peace in 1518 C.E.

4. Battle or Raichur-1520 C. E.: When Krishnadevaraya was busily engage.! in his Orissa campaign, Sultan Ismail Adil Shah of Bijapur recaptured the fort of Raichur. In 1520, Krishnadevaraya marched against the Sultan, defeated him and took back the Fort of Raichur. In this battle, the Portuguese musketeers helped the Vijayanagara army.

5. Captured the Fort of Gulbarga -1523: Krishnadevaraya went as far as Bijapura, From here, he went to Gulbarga and defeated Amir Barid. Then he went upto Bidar and released the Bahamani Sultan, who had been imprisoned by his own subordinates and placed him on the throne of Gulbarga and took the title ‘Yavanarajya Pralishtapanacharya’.

6. Relation with the Portuguese: Krishnadevaraya maintained friendly relations with the Portuguese at Goa. He did not give help to Albuquerque to conquer Goa from the Bijapur Sultan in 1510 C.E. lie gave permission to the Portuguese to build Fort at Bhatkal. Durate Barbosa (1514-1515 C.E.) and Domingo Paes (1520 C.E.) vis and the court of Krishnadevaraya. They have given information about the Vijayanaga i trade and the personality of Krishnadevaraya.

7. Peace in Ceylon: There was political instability in Ceylon (Srilanka) There wen revolts against King Vijayabahu. Krishnadevaraya intervened in its political affairs and peace was established. Bhuvanaikyabahu, the son of Vijayabahu was brought to power.

8. Extend of his Empirer The Empire extended from river Krishna and Godavari in the North, to Kanyakumari in the South and from the Arabian Sea in the West to the way of Bengal in the East.

Patronage to Literature : Krishnadevaraya was not only a great Ruler but also a agreat scholar in Sanskrit and Telugu. He wrote ‘Amukta Malyada’ in Telugu, Jambavathi Kalyanam Ushaparinayam, Madalasa Charithe and Rasamanjari in Sanskrit. He patronized eights Telugu poets popularly called as the ‘Ashtadiggajas’. He honoured the great scholar vyasateertha and Allasani Peddanna was conferred with the title ‘AndraKaviPitamaha’. Krishnadevaraya is often described as ‘Andhra Bhoja’.

He abolished the marriage tax. In memory of his mother Nagaladevi, he built a new city called Nagalapura and he built Purandara Mantapa at Hampi. He built many tanks and canals for both drinking water and irrigation purposes. He was a devotee of Lord Venkateshwara of Tirupati. He had many titles like Kannadarajya Ramaramana, Kavipungava, Karnatakandhrabhoja, Yavanarajya Pratishthapanacharya etc., The last days of Krishnadevaraya were unhappy. Due to his only son Tirumala’s death under mysterious circumstances in 1524 C. E., Krishnadevaraya was much grieved and died in 1529 C.E.

Question 2.
Describe the Cultural contributions of the Vijayanagara Empire.
Answer:
Administration : Vijayanagara Rulers provided internal peace to the Empire and protection from external threats. They introduced a strong central Government along with decentralization of power.
Central Administration: Monarchy was the existing system. The King was the supreme authority of the state. He enjoyed enormous powers but he always worked for the welfare of the people. The King was the highest court of appeal. Law was based on customs and traditions punishments were very severe like death sentences, trampling to death etc.,

Kingship was hereditary. The King was assisted by a ‘Council of Ministers’ headed by the Prime Minister called ‘Maha Pradhani’. The council of ministers played an important role in the administration. They supervised over many departments and advised the King in taking proper decisions. Important officers were Upa Pradhani (Deputy P.M), Danda Nayaka, Mahasamantadipati (Minister of Feudatories), Raya Bhandari (Treasurer), Sabhanayaka (Leader of the council), Mahasandivigrahi (Foreign Affairs). Yuvaraja was associated with the administration.

Provincial Administration: There were two types of provinces in the Vijayanagara Empire. They were:

1. Provinces which were under the direct rule by the King’s representatives.
2. The provincial rule by the feudatories (Nayakas), which VMS called the Nayankara system.

The Nayankara system gave more autonomy to the feudatories. The King had the power to transfer or remove the provincial officers. Nayakas were to pay annual tributes to the King and had to maintain military troops for wars. These Nayakas maintained Military and Civil representatives in the court of the King. Rajya was further divided into Vishaya and Nadu. Village administration: The village was the last unit of the administration. Village had its own assemblies (Gramapanchyat). The social, administrative and judicial matters in the village were taken care of by the local assemblies. The head of the village administration was ‘Gouda’. Collection of revenue was his main duty and accounts were looked after by the Karanika. Talawara discharged the duties of a policeman.

Revenue System: Land Revenue was the main source of income for the state. It was nearly 1/6 of the gross produce. Property tax, commercial tax, tax on industries, war booty, judicial fines, and taxs of all professions including prostitution, customs and toll were the other sources of income. Taxes were collected either in cash or in kind.

Military Administration: Vijayanagara Empire had a strong military to safeguard the vast area from its enemies. The army administration was looked after by the ‘Dandanayaka’. The army consisted of infantry, cavalry, elephants and artillery. Forts played an important role in the defensive warfare.

2. Social conditions:
1. Caste System: The Vijayanagara society was divided into four castes namely Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Sudras. Brahmans had a high position in the society. Blacksmiths, goldsmiths, weavers, farmers and traders played very important role in the social activities. Social harmony existed in the Empire.

2. Position of Woman : Woman enjoyed a respectable position in the society. They participated in activities like dancing and singing. Few women received education, but they were confined to household work. Social evils like dowry, sati, devadasi, prostitution child marriage and polygamy existed in that society.

3. Social Harmony: Muslims settled in the Empire and they were given security by the Kings. Mosques were built for prayers and Quran was placed in a respectable place. The members of the Royal family worshipped Hindu, Buddha and Jain deities and followed the common tenets of these religions. Hence it is clear that social harmony prevailed in the Vijayanagara Empire. Dasara, Holi and Deepavali were the national festivals. People observed these festivals with great pomp and splendour.

3. Economic Condition: .
1. Agriculture: Agriculture was the main occupation of the people. Land revenue was fixed on the basis of the quality of soil. Land was divided into wet, dry and horticultural land. Rice, wheat, cotton, pulses, spices, arecanuts, ginger, fruits, turmeric etc., were the main products of agriculture.

2. Irrigation: They gave much attention for irrigation. Large number of wells, tanks, lakes, canals and dams were constructed. A huge tank was constructed by Krishnadc varaya near Nagalapura. ADam and a Raya canal were also built by him at Korrangal.

3. Trade and commerce: Internal and external trade flourished under the Vijayanagara Rulers. Vijrakurur mines in Andhra Pradesh supplied the most valuable diamonds. Main exports of the time were cloth, rice, suger, spices, iron etc., The important imports were elephants, horses, pearls, coral, mercury, silks etc., Udayagiri, Tanjore, Madurai, Calicut , Mangalore, Barakur and Bhatkal were the main centers of trade. There were about two hundred ports in the eastern and western coasts. The standard currency was the gold (Varaha) pon. Visa, Kasu and Pagods were the other coins.

Religion: Vijayanagara Rulers encouraged and ensured religious tolerance among the Hindus, Jains and Muslims. The Sangama Rulers encouraged Shaivism and the later Rulers gave importance to Vaishnavism. Devaraya – II built a Jain basadi in the Empire-during his reign. Shravanabelgola inscription of Bukka -1 refers to the peace treaty between the Srivaishnavas and Jains. The Vachana Movement was popular during this time.

The Varkari Movement of 1 .ord Vittala of Pandrapura and the Dasakuta tradition were encouraged. Hampi, Sringeri, Shravanabclagola, Shrishaila, Srikalahashti, Ahobilam, Madurai, Srirangam were the important religious centres. Temples and Mathas were the notable religious institutions. The temples were places of worship and Mathas stood for the spread of religious principles. They encouraged Educatioreand Culture.

Education and Literature: Mathas, Agraharas and Temples played an important role in imparting education. ‘Dhulakshara’ was a system of education, which is referred to in Mohanatarangini’ of Kanakadasa. It was a system of learning to write on sand. Primary education was called ‘Balabodha’. 1 lampi, Kodimatha, Sringeri, Ycdiyur, Kunigal etc., were notable centers of education of that time.

Iiterature: The Vijayanagara Rulers encouraged Sanskrit, Kannada and Telugu literature. I larihara, Bukkaraya, Devaraya – II and Krishnadevaraya extended liberal patronage to scholars and poets. Some important literary works of the period are:

Sanskrit Works: Vidyaranya was a prolific writer in Sanskrit, he wrote more than 60 works. Madhava – Sayana wrote Parasara Madhaviya, Gangadevi, Queen of Veerakampan wrote Maduravijayam (Veerakamparaya Charitam), Tirumalamba wrote Varadambikaprinayam. Gum Vidyaranya wrote Raja Kalanimaya. Krishanadevaraya wrote Madalasacharite, Rasamanjari, Jambavali Kalyanam, Usha Parinayam etc.,

Kannada Works: Tontada Siddalingeshwara wrote Vachanas, Kumaravyasa – Karnataka Kathamanjari (Gadugina Bharala), Nanjunda Kavi – Kumara Ramanakathe, Siddalinga Yathi wrote Shunyasampadane, Ratnakarvami – Bharatesha Vaibhava, Bhimakavi – Basavapurana, Chamarasa – Prabhulingaleeie, Kanakadasa – MohanaTarangini, Nala Charita, Haribhakti Sara etc., Purandaradasa – Keertans, Virupakshapandita – Channabasapurana Narahari – Toravc Ramayana, Nijaguna Shivayogi – Viveka Chintamani.

Telugu : Krishnadevaraya was a great scholar in Telugu. He wrote Amukta Malyada in Telugu. I le patronized eight great Telugu poets in his court who were called ‘Ashtadiggajas’. Allasani Peddanna revered as the father of Telugu was conferred with the title of’Andhrakavi Pitamaha’. Srinatha wrote Kashikhanda Nachaha, Somanatha wrote Harivamsha, Allasani Peddanna wrote Manucharitamu, Vemana wrote poems. Krishnadevaraya is often described as ‘Andhra Bhoja’.

Bahamani and Adil Shahi Sultans

2nd PUC History Medieval Period One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who was the founder of the Bahamani dynasty?
Answer:
Allaud-din-Hasan Gangu Bahaman Shah.

Question 2.
Who was the founder of the Adil Shahi dynasty?
Answer:
Yusuf Adil Khan was the founder of the Adil Shahi dynasty.

Question 3.
Who built the Ibrahim Roza?
Answer:
Ibrahim Adi 1 Shah-II built the Roza at Bijapur. .

Question 4.
Who built the Madarasa at Bidar?
Answer:
Mahmud Gawan builtthe Madarasa at Bidar.

Question 5.
Which is the biggest Mosque in south India?
Answer:
Jami Masjid at Gulbarga is the biggest Mosque in south India.

Question 6.
Who was called ‘Jagadguru Badshah’?
Answer:
Ibrahim Adil Shah-II was called Jagadguru Badshah.

Question 7.
Who wrote the book ‘Kitab-i-Navaras?
Answer:
Ibrahim Adil-Shah-II.

Question 8.
Which city was the first capital of the Bahamani Kingdom?
Answer:
Gulbarga (Kalburgi) was the first capital of Bahamani Sultans.

Question 9.
What was the former name of Allud-din-IIasan Gangu Bahaman Shah?
Answer:
Zafar Khan was the former name of Hasan Gangu Bahaman Shah.

Question 10.
Who was Mahmud Gawan?
Answer:
Mahmud Gawan was the Prime Minister of Mohammad Shah-III.

Question 11.
Which was the birth place of Mahmud Gawan?
Answer:
Mahmud Gawan was bom in 1411 C.E., at Gawan in Persia.

Question 12.
Which was the earliest Mosque built by the Bahamani Sultans?
Answer:
Jama Masjid at Gulbarga (Ahsanabad) was the earliest Mosque built by (Mohammad Shah I) the Bahamani Sultans, in 1367 C.E.

Question 13.
Which was the second capital of the Bahamani Kingdom?
Answer:
Bidar was made the second capital of the Bahamani Kingdom, in 1422 C.E.

Question 14.
Whose capital was Bijapur?
Answer:
Bijapur was the capital of the AdilShahis.

Question 15.
Who was the famous Sultan in the Adil Shahi dynasty?
Answer:
Ibrahim Adil Shah-II (1 580-1625 C.E.) was the famous Sultan.

Question 16.
Who was the architect of Gol Gumbaz?
Answer:
Malik Sandal was the architect of Gol Gumbaz (1626-1650 C.E.).

Question 17.
What is the main point of attraction in Gol Gumbaz?
Answer:
The main attraction of this Gumbaz is its ‘Whispering gallery’.

Question 18.
Which place is called as the ‘Queen of Deccan’?
Answer:
Bijapur is called as the ‘Queen of Deccan’.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Mention the capitals of the Bahamani dynasty.
Answer:
Gulbarga and Bidar were the capitals of the Bahamani dynasty.

Question 2.
Who was Mahmud Gawan and where did he build the Madarasa?
Answer:
Mahmud Gawan was the Prime Minister of Mohammad Shah – III. He built the Madarasa at Bidar in 1472 C.E.

Question 3.
Who was Hajarat Kwaja Bande Nawaj and where is his Darga?
Answer:
Hajarat Kwaja Bande Nawaj was the famous sufi saint of Guibarga. His Darga is in Guibarga.

Question 4.
Where is Gol Gumbaz and who built it?
Answer:
Gol-Gumbaz is in Bijapur. It was built by Sultan Mohammad Adil Shah.

Question 5.
Mention the important monuments of the Adil Shahis of Bijapur.
Answer:
Jami Masjid, Gol Gumbaz, Ibrahim Roza, Muhatas Mahal, Ganga Mahal, Sangeet Mahal, Anand Mahal, Mehtar Mahal, Bara Kaman etc are the important monuments of the Adil Shaihis.

Question 6.
Name two historians from the Adil Shahi period.
Answer:
Mulla Nusrati and Feristha were two famous historians of the Adil Shahi period.

Question 7.
Who founded the Bahamani Kingdom? When?
Answer:
Allaud-din-Hasan Gangu Bahaman Shah – on 3rd August 1347 C.E.

Question 8.
Who shifted the Bahamani capital from Gulbarga to Bidar? When?
Answer:
Ahamad Shah -1 shifted the capital from Gulbarga to Bidar in 1422 C.E.

Question 9.
Name the Five Shahi Kingdoms.
Answer:

1. TheAdil Shahis of Bijapur.
2. The Nizam Shahis of Ahmad Nagar.
3. The Imad Shahis of Berar.
4. The Barid Shahis of Bidar.
5. The Qutub Shahis of Golkonda.

Question 10.
Which monument is known as the ‘Taj Mahal of Deccan’? Where is it?
Answer:
Ibrahim Roza is known as the ‘Taj Mahal of Deccan’ and it is in Bijapur.

Question 11.
Who wrote the book Kitab – i- Navaras? What was his title?
Answer:
Ibrahim Adil Shahi – II wrote the book ‘Kitab-i-Navaras. He earned the title ‘Jagadguru’.

Question 12.
What is Saracenic style or Deccan Style?
Answer:
A mixture of hindu and muslim styles of architecture is known as the Saracenic or Deccan style of architecture.

Question 13.
Name the works of Mahmud Gawan.
Answer:
Gawan wrote Manazir – ul – Insha and Riyaz – ul – Insha.

2nd PUC History Medieval Period Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Explain the achievements of Mahmud Gawan.
Answer:
Mahmud Gawan 1463 -1481 B.C.: He was the Prime minister of Mohammad Shah- III. He was a fascinating personality. He was born in Persia in 1411 C.E. He was well educated and came to India with the intention of carrying on trade. He visited the court of Allauddin Ahmad Shah – II. The Sultan offered Gawan an administrative post. Gawan entered into Sultan’s service and by his sincerity and honesty, rose to the position of the Prime minister (Wazir) in 1463 C.E. He carried on the administration of the state and saved it from all dangers.

Achievements: As Prime minister (Wazir), he undertook many conquests and implemented reforms in the Kingdom.

• Mahmud Gawan first paid attention for the establishment of unity and integrity of the Kingdom.
• Mohammad Khilji of Malwa tried to enter the Deccan Region. Gawan expelled (he Sultan of Malwa beyond Bidar, made a treaty with the Sultan and established political stability.
• Gawan conquered Rajamahendri and Kondaveedu. In the west, he extended the territory to the coast, by annexing Konkan. Gajapathi Kapilendra of Orissa invaded the Kingdom. Gawan successfully repelled his attack.
• He subdued many chieftains in the western coastal belt and conquered Hubli, Belagavi (Belgaum) and Goa regions from the Vijayanagara Empire.
• The number of provinces was increased from 4 to 8 for the convenience of administration. They were called ‘Tarafs’. The Jahagir system was abolished. The administration was highly centralised.
• Gawan classified all the land of the Kingdom on the basis of fertility and irrigation facility. Land was surveyed and the revenue was fixed. The collection of revenue was only in cash.
• Gawan established a Madarasa, a College for higher education, at Bidar in 1472 C.E. He built a library and collected over 3000 manuscripts from all over the world. I fe was a scholar. He wrote books on religion, mathematics, literature and medicine. His important works were Manazir – ul- Insha and Riyaz – ul – Insha.

Gawan’s progress was not tolerated by the native muslim leaders. They made false al legations against him. He was beheaded in 1481 C.E. After his death, the Bahamani Kingdom started declining.

Question 2.
Discuss the progress in literature, art and architecture during the Adil Shahi period
(or)
Describe the contribution of the Adil Shahis of Bijapur, in the field of literature, art and architecture
Answer:
Literature: The Adil Shahis of Bijapur encouraged many scholars and poets in their courts. Arabic, Persian, and Deccani Urdu languages and literature developed. Ibrahim Adil Shah-II was an eminent scholar who wrote the ‘Kitab-i-Navaras’. Scholars like Syed Ahmed Harawi, Maulana Ghiyasuddin, Habibullah and Abdullah were famous. Shah Miranji of Bijapur wrote two poems ‘Khush-Nama and Khush-Naqhz’. The Sufi saints brought about unity among the Hindus and Muslims.

MullaNusrati who wrote the historical work called ‘Ali Nama’ and Ferishta who wrote Tarikh – i -Ferishta, a work on Muslim history, were famous historians during the Adil Shahi’s period. Urdu literature benefitted from the writtings  of Abdul Mani, Mian Nusrati, Mirjan Marisa and others.

Art and Architecture: The monuments built by the Adil Shahis are in Indo-Islamic style. This is also called Deccani style. The early monuments of Adil Shahi period were simple and elegant. They built several Palaces, Mosques, Tombs and Gateways. Some of the noteworthy Palaces were Ganga Mahal, Sangeet Mahal, Mittar Mahal and Asar Mahal.

Ali Adil Sha (1558-1580) built the famous Jami Masjid at Bijapur. It is noted for seven arches, minarets, huge domes and the big prayer hall.

The Ibrahim Roza (1626 C.E.) consists of twin buildings constructed on a raised platform. One of the buildings’is a Mosque and the other is a tomb. It was built by Ibrahim Adi Shah -II. The interior parts of the tomb are profusely decorated, the wall and pillars have been covered by floral and geometric designs. Inside the Roza, a part of the ceiling hangs without any support. The Roza is renowned for its ‘Hanging Roof’. It is called the ‘Taj Mahal of South India’.

Gol Gumbaz (1629-1656 C.E.) at Bijapur is a world-famous monument. Mohammad Adil Shah built it. The huge central dome measures 144 ft in diameter. At the four corners, it hr.:- octagonal towers rising seven stories high The main attraction of this Gumbaz is its ‘Whispering gallery’. Any sound made in this dome, echoes seven times. It is one of the wonders of the world.

Another incomplecte noteworthy monument in Bijapur is Barakaman foundation which was started by Ali Adil Shah – II. It has a raised platform of 20 ft. It consists of eleven big arches. Bade Kaman, Anand Mahal, Taj Bawadi, Chand Bawadi etc are some of the other important monuments.

Question 3.
Explain the cultural contributions of the Bahamani Sultans.
Answer:
Cultural contributions: Education : Reciting Quran was a part of education. Poor muslim students were granted scholarships. There were separate schools for girls. Mahmud Gawan was a great patron of education. He spent his earnings for the spread of education. He built a Madarasa at Bidar in 1472 C.E. This building consisted of 4 blocks of 3 storeys each. It had a well equipped Library, Lecture halls and accommodation for Professors and students. Philosophy, religion, poetry, science and medicine were the subjects taught. It had free toarding and lodging facilites. Persian, Arabic and Urdu were the mediums of instruction.

Literature: The Bahamas encouraged scholars and writers. So, Persian, Arabic and Dcccani Urdu literatures made considerable progress. Sultan Firoz Shah was well versed in philosophy. He was an expert in natural science, geometry and the Quran. He gave patronage to scholars in his court.

Mahmud Gawan, the Prime minister of Mohammad Shah. – III was a scholar. I le wrote books on religion, literature, medicine and maths. His important works were Riyaz-ul-Insha and Manazir-ul-Insha. They give an account on the polity, poetry and other aspects. Calligraphy was used in writing the quotations of the Quran.

The great Persian scholars were Isami, Mulla Harvi, Hakim Tabriz, Ainuddin Bijapuri and others. The history of the Bahamani rulers was composed in verse by Sheikh Adhari as Bahaman – Name – i – Dhakini. A new dialect called ‘Deccani Urdu’ became popular. The famous sufi saint of Gulbarga, Hazarat Khwaja Bande Nawaz has enriched the Urdu language. The Darga of this saint was built at Gulbarga. The Bahamanis have contributed significantly to the growth of literature.

Art and Architecture: The Bahamani Sultans were generous patrons of art and architecture. In general, they followed the Delhi architecture. The architecture of palaces, forts, mosques, tombs etc., is a mixture of Hindu and Muslim (Indo-Islamic) style known as the Deccani style of architecture. The main features of this style are – 1) Tall Minarets 2) Strong arches 3) Huge domes 4) Spacious Hazaras (Big halls) 5. Crescent moon at the top of the buildings. The influence of persian style is also a predominant feature.

Buildings at Gulbarga: Jami Masjid was the earliest building of the Bahamanis. Some of the other notable structures at Gulbarga are the Fort, the Bande Nawaz tomb, Shah Bazaar Mosque, Hafta Gumbaz (Seven tomb complex) etc., The tomb of Bande Nawaz is a very important tomb of this period. Its walls have decorations with calligraphic designs and they are painted in rich colours.

Buildings at Bidar: The Bahamanis have built many buildings at Bidar. These have foreign influence, as they were constructed by craftsmen from Turkey, Persia and Arabia. Solha Khamba Mosque at Bidar resembles a Roman building with its pillars which are round. There are many multi-storied buildings at Bidar which include Rangeen Mahal Palace, Gagan Mahal, Tarkash Mahal, Chine Mahal, Nagina Mahal, Gawan’s Madarasa etc. At Astur (near Bidar), there are 12 tombs, which are larger than the tombs at Gulbarga. They have bigger domes and many more arches.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 4 Social Movements and Their Political Implications

You can Download Chapter 4 Social Movements and Their Political Implications, Notes, 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Political Science Social Movements and Their Political Implications One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Name one of the important personalities who tried to remove caste based discrimination.
Answer:
Basavanna tries to remove caste based discrimination.

Question 2.
Mention the three mantras of Dr.B.R. Ambedkar.
Answer:
Educate. Agitate. Organise are the three mantras of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Question 3.
Who are dalits?
Answer:
Dalits are those who are economically, socially, educationally, culturally exploited.

Question 4.
What is the other name for dalits?
Answer:
Adi Karnataka. Adi Dravida, Adi Andhra. Adi Jambhava, Adi Mahar are the other names of for dalits.

Question 5.
Who are Panchamas?
Answer:
A group of people who are away from the society and separated from the four varnas are called Panchamas.

Question 6.
What is the criteria to identify one’s caste?
Answer:
The criteria to identify one’s caste is by birth.

Question 7.
Name one of great humans who laid the foundation for dalits emancipation.
Answer:
Dr.B.R.Ambedkar laid the foundation for dalits emancipation.

Question 8.
Who was the victim for caste based discrimination?
Answer:
Dalits are the victim for caste based discrimination.

Question 9.
Who lead the mass in the entry of Kalaram temple? (July 2018)
Answer:
Dr.B.R.Ambedkar lead the mass in the entry of Kalaram temple.

Question 10.
How many varnas prevailed in Vedic period?
Answer:
There were 4 varnas prevailed in vedic period.

Question 11.
Who started the news paper “Mooka Naika”? (July 2015)
Answer:
Dr.B.R.Ambedkar started the news paper “Mooka Naika’.

Question 12.
Name one of the movements lead by Dr. B.R.Ambedkar.
Answer:
The movements lead by Dr.B.R.Ambedkar was Bahishkrith Hitakarini Sabha.

Question 13.
Where did Dalit Andolan started?
Answer:
Dalit Andolan w’as started in Karnataka.

Question 14.
Which article of the constitution deals with ‘Equality Before Law’?
Answer:
Article 14 of the Constitution of India deals with ‘Equality before law’.

Question 15.
When did the Prevention of Attrocities Act passed?
Answer:
The Prevention of Attrocities Act was passed in 1989.

Question 16.
When was Manusmriti implemented?
Answer:
The Manusmriti was implemented in 185 B.C

Question 17.
Who are called as backward classes?
Answer:
A group of people who are backwarded economically, socially and educationally, are called backward classes.

Question 18.
Name the concept emphasized by Jyothibha Phule.
Answer:
The concept emphasized by Jyothibha Phule was “Akshara Kranthi’.

Question 19.
Who started ‘Akshara Kranthi’?
Answer:
Jyothibha Phule started “Aakshara Kranthi.

Question 20.
What is social discrimination? (March 2018)
Answer:
Opportunities were denied on the basis of caste and religion in the society is called social discrimination.

Question 21.
What is economic exploitation? (July 2016)
Answer:
Exploitation by the haves over haves not is called economic exploitation.

Question 22.
Who was the first one to introduce reservation to Backward Classes?
Answer:
Sayyaji Rao Gaikwad of Gwalior was the first one to introduce reservation to backward classes.

Question 23.
Which article of the constitution provides reservation in public employment for Backward Classes?
Answer:
Article 16(4) of the Constitution of India provides reservation in public employment for backward classes.

Question 24.
Who is authorized to appoint National Backward Classes Commission?
Answer:
The President is authorized to appoint the National Backward Classes Commission.

Question 25.
Expand NHRC.
Answer:
National Human Rights Commission.

Question 26.
When was the Mandal Commission report come into effect?
Answer:
The Mandal Commission Report was came into effect on 7th August 1990.

Question 27.
Name the persons who struggled to eradicate the Sati system.
Answer:
Sri Raja Ram Mohan Rai struggled to eradicate the Sati system.

Question 28.
When was the Widow Remarriage Act implemented?
Answer:
The Widow Remarriage Act was implemented in 1856.

Question 29.
When was NHRC established ? (March 2018)
Answer:
The NHRC was established in 1994.

Question 30.
Mention one of the functions of NHRC.
Answer:
It conduct the enquiries whenever the human rights are violated.

Question 31.
To which state Savitribai Phule belongs to.
Answer:
Savitribai Phule belongs to Maharashtra.

Question 32.
When was the Domestic Violence Act enforced? (July 2018)
Answer:
The Domestic Violence Act was enforced in 2005

Question 33.
What is State Human Rights Commission?
Answer:
Answer:
An authority to enquire about the violation of human rights with in the jurisdiction of state is called State Human Rights Commission.

Question 34.
When was SHRC was set up in Karnataka?
Answer:
The State Human Rights Commission was set up in 2005.

Question 35.
Who is authorized to look into the details of exploitation of children?
Answer:
The Deputy Commissioner is authorised to look into the details of exploitation of children.

Question 36.
Name one of the matters that child helpline looks into.
Answer:
The Child Help Line register the complaints in matters relating to child labour, child abuse, encouraging begging and others.

Question 37.
Who are called labourers?
Answer:
The workers who invest their physical labour either on agriculture or industry are called labourers.

Question 38.
Expand AITUC.
Answer:
All India Trade Union Congress.

Question 39.
Expand INTUC.
Answer:
Indian National Trade Union Congress.

Question 40.
Which part of the Constitution deals with the Directive Principles of State Policy?
Answer:
Part-IV of the Constitution deals with the Directive Principles of State Policy.

Question 41.
Expand HMS.
Answer:
Hind Mazdoor Sabha.

Question 42.
HQ Expand BMS.
Answer:
Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh

Question 43.
Which day is celebrated as Labours Day? (March 2018)
Answer:
1st of May is celebrated as Labours Day.

Question 44.
Which is the basic profession of Peasants?
Answer:
The basic profession of peasants is agriculture.

Question 45.
Name one of the leaders who fought for the cause of Peasants in Karnataka. (March 2018)
Answer:
Prof.M.D. Nanjundaswamy fought for the cause of peasants in Karnataka.

Question 46.
Expand BKU.
Answer:
Bharatiya Kisan Union.

Question 47.
Expand NCIP.
Answer:
National Crop Insurance Programme.

Question 48.
Expand NAIS.
Answer:
National Agricultural Insurance Scheme.

Question 49.
Expand PLD.
Answer:
Primary Land Development Bank.

Question 50.
Expand NDC.
Answer:
National Development Council.

Question 51.
Expand KRRS.
Answer:
Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sanglta.

Question 52.
ESI Expand UDHR.
Answer:
Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Question 53.
Name the head who protects the Human Rights at the district level.
Answer:
Deputy Commissioner protects the Human Rights at the district level.

Question 54.
What is deforestation?
Answer:
Human beings are exploiting the resources of nature and misusing the forest for their selfish motives, it is called deforestation.

Question 55.
Who is the architect of CHIPKO movement?
Answer:
Chandi Prasad is the architect of CHIPKO Movement.

Question 56.
Who is the architect of APPIKO movement?
Answer:
People of Malnad area started the APPIKO Movement.

Question 57.
Where was APPIKO movement started?
Answer:
APPIKO Movement was started in Malnad area of Karnataka.

Question 58.
Who is the main leader of Narmada Bachavo Andolan?
Answer:
Baba Ampte and Medha Patkar are the leaders of Narmada Bachavo Andolan.

Question 59.
Who filed an affidavit in the Supreme Court for Ganga water cleaning?
Answer:
Sri M.C. Mehta filed an affidavit in the Supreme Court for Ganga Water Cleaning.

Question 60.
When was the Bio-Diversity Act come into effect?
Answer:
The Bio-Diversity Act was came into effect in 2002.

Question 61.
Which is the native district of Saalumarada Thimmakka? (March 2015)
Answer:
Ramanagara is the native district of Saalumarada Thimmakka.

Question 62.
Who started the Western Ghat Movement?
Answer:
Environmentalists of Shivamogga started Western Ghat Movement.

Question 63.
Which day is celebrated as the ‘World Environment Day? (July 22017)
Answer:
5 of June is celebrated as the ‘World Environment Daw

2nd PUC Political Science Social Movements and Their Political Implications Two marks questions and answers:

Question 1.
Mention the cause for Dalit movement.
Answer:
(a) Social injustice
(b) Economic inequality

Question 2.
Who started Dalit Sangarsha Samithi in Karnataka and when?
Answer:
Dalit Sangarsh Samithi was started by Prof.B.Krishnappa in 1974.

Question 3.
What is the specialty of Dalit Act?
Answer:
The speciality of Dalit Act is to take necessary’ action against the attrocities on dalits and impose penalty’ under section 21 of the Act. It also provides legal aid to the victims of attrocities.

Question 4.
Name the varnas that prevailed in the ancient period. (March 2015)
Answer:
(a) Brahmana
(b) Kshatriya
(c) Vaishya
(d) Shudra.

Question 5.
When was the Backward Class agitation started in Karnataka and where?
Answer:
The backward class agitation was started in Karnataka in 1920 I Mysore Province.

Question 6.
How dalits were exploited?
Answer:
Dalits are denied to use public well water, pond and restricted to enter into the temples.

Question 7.
When did Hindu Widows Home established and where? (July 2015)
Answer:
The Hindu Widows Home was established in 1899 in Poona.

Question 8.
Why dalits were kept away from political participation?
Answer:
To get lion share by the upper class in the political field, the dalits have been kept away from political participation.

Question 9.
By which name dalit andolan are called in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu?
Answer:
The dalits are called Adi Andhra in Andhra Pradesh and Adi Dravida in Tamilnadu.

Question 10.
Mention any two Articles which eradicate the gender based inequality.
Answer:
Article 14 and 15 narrates the eradication of gender based inequality.

Question 11.
Name any two Acts which is related to Women Protection. (July 2016)
Answer:
(a) Domestic Violence Act 2005.
(b) Dowry Prohibition Act 1961.

Question 12.
When the Manusmrithi was implemented and by whom?
Answer:
The Manusmrithi was implemented in 185 BC by Pushyamithra Shrunga.

Question 13.
Name anv two backward communities.
Answer:
Kuruba and Madiwala are the two backward communities.

Question 14.
What was the demand of Jyothiba Phule with regard to the students of Backward Community?
Answer:
(a) Promoting literacy through Akshara Kranthi Scheme.
(b) Demanding school facilities and residential facilities to backward class students.

Question 15.
Name any two leaders who fought for the upliftment of Backward Classes in Mysore region.
Answer:
Nalwadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar and Kantharaje Urs are the two leaders who fought for the upliftment of Backward Classes in Mysore region.

Question 16.
Name the jurisdiction of NHRC.
Answer:
It enquire the cases relating to the violation of human rights in any part of the countn with the help of judiciary.

Question 17.
Name any two important communist leaders of India?
Answer:
(a) S.V. Dhange.
(b) C.P. Dutt are the two communist leaders of India.

Question 18.
Name any two Labour Acts.
Answer:
(a) Employees State Insurance Act of 1948.
(b) Employees Bonus Act of 1965 are the two Labour Acts.

Question 19.
Mention any two social security measures for labourers.
Answer:
(a) Providing job security.
(b) Providing Insurance facilities are the two social security measures for labourers.

Question 20.
Write two important reasons for Kheda Movement.
Answer:
(a) Bengal Government banned Blue crop and acquired farmer’s land.
(b) They imposed heavy taxes and enhanced the prices.

Question 21.
What is the meaning of Human Rights?
Answer:
The rights which are not separated from the human beings are called human rights.

Question 22.
Write two causes for the Peasant Movement.
Answer:
(a) Negligence of farmers problem.
(b) Unscientific land acquisition.

Question 23.
What is maryade hatye? (July 2018)
Answer:
Elders of family, to maintain family respect and values go to the extent of killing their daughter if she heading towards inter caste and inter religious marriage.

Question 24.
What is environment? (March 2016)
Answer:
A sum total of all biotic and abiotic (living and non-living) factors and conditions that surround us is called environment.

Question 25.
Name any two Acts which relates to the protection of environment.
Answer:
(a) Water (Prevention and control of pollution) Act 1974.
(b) Environment Maintenance Act of 1986 are the two Acts which relates to the protection of environment.

Question 26.
Who started Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha and when?
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar started Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha in 1924.

2nd PUC Political Science Social Movements and Their Political Implications Five marks questions and answers:

Question 1.
Write the causes for Dalit Movement. (March 2016, 2019)
Answer:
Causes for Dalit Movement:
(a) Social injustice: As per the law of nature, all men are born equally. But in practice, equal treatment and equal opportunities were denied. Exploitation in society was widespread.

(b) Economic inequality: Dalits worked in the lands of upper caste class and were responsible for the wealth of feudalist upper castes. In spite of it, they were treated inhumanly and were not given proper share.

(c) Discrimination: It was rampant in all walks of life. They were not allowed to enter into the temples and not allowed to use the water from public ponds.

(d) Lack of awareness: Dalits were deprived of educational facilities which lead to lack of awareness. Hence atrocities mounted up. To create awareness dalit movement started.

Question 2.
Make a note on legislative provisions in the Constitution for dalits.
Answer:
Legislative provisions in the constitution for Dalits are:
(a) As per Article 14, there should be equality before law.
(b) As per Article 15(1) and (2) there should be no discrimination on the basis of caste.
(c) As per Article 15(4) special provisions have been provided to the weaker sections.
(d) As per Article 16 equal opportunities have been provided in public employment and reservation in appointment and promotion.
(e) As per Article 17 untouchability has been prohibited.
(f) As per Article 38 the state shall strive to promote welfare of the people minimize inequalities in income and eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities.
(g) As per Article 39(a) the state shall direct its police towards securing right to adequate means of livelihood.
(h) As per Article 46 there shall be no social injustice and exploitation on SC ST community.
(i) As per Article 243D and 243T reservation has been provided for SC’s and STs in local body elections.
(j) As per Article 332 reservation has been provided for SCs and STs in Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections.

Question 3.
Write the reasons for Backward Classes Movement (March 2017)
Answer:
The causes for Backward Classes Movement are:
(a) Social discrimination: These communities faced social discrimination like superior and inferior throughout the years. They were not allowed to come to the main stream.

(b) Economic exploitation: Exploitation leads to economic inequality along the Backward Classes. Many of these communities were ‘Below Poverty Line” and were poverty stricken.

(c) Educational backwardness: Upper castes monopolized the field of education and denied access to these communities. The backward class communities were totally neglected from these facilities.

(d) Denial of political representation: A few communities dominated political field and other backward classes were totally neglected and thus their representation was not enough.

(e) unification: It is difficult to achieve anything without unity and integrity. Hence Backward Classes who are more than 350 in number were unorganized and scattered. To unite them and to fight for their cause, movements were started.

Question 4.
Make a note on the Constitutional Provisions in favour of Backward Classes. (March 2018)
Answer:
Constitutional Provisions in favour of Backward Classes are as follow:

(a) As per article 16(4) reservation has been provided for Backward Classes.

(b) According to Article 340 the President of India is authorized to appoint National Backward Classes Commission.

(c) National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation is formed to provide loan and financial assistance to the backward classes.

(d) All the States can form State Backward Classes Commissions and Development Corporations for the welfare of the Backward Classes.

(e) The National Human Rights Commission receives complaints against the violation of rights and discrimination against Backward Classes.

Question 5.
Mention the other provisions for OBC’s in Constitution.
OR
Write a note on Mandal Commission.
Answer:
Other Provisions for Backward Classes in the Constitution:

(a) The Government of India appointed Backward Classes Commission headed by Kaka Kalelkar in 1953.

(b) The Union Government appointed the commission headed by B.P. Mandal in 1979 to recommend the reservation for Backward Classes.

(c) On the recommendations of the Mandal Commission. 27% of reservation facilities have been provided to Backward Classes in both Central and State Governments.

(d) The maximum age limit has been enhanced for Backward Classes in Public employment.

Question 6.
Write the causes of Feminist Movement (March 2015,2016,2018) (July 2015)
Answer:
The causes for Feminist Movement are as follows:

(a) Inequality: It is evident that Indian Society is male dominated and preference is given to the male members. Though men and women are born equally, women are deprived of education, employment, decision making and property rights.

(b) The evils of dowry: The evils of dowry have drawn parents to become debtors, the girls to brothels and uneven ratio through female foeticide and infanticide. As a result of this uneven ratio of men and w7omen in society which leads to rape and other heinous crimes.

(c) Denial of human rights: The atrocities on women have denied the human rights and other. rights like right to life, liberty7, freedom of expression and others.

(d) Social strata based on gender: Men have not spared any of the fields including cultural, social, religious, political and exercise their monopoly and continue their atrocities on women.

(e) Sexual abuse and molestation: Irrespective of age. time and place, sexual harassment and molestation is on in present context in all walks of life.

(f) Domestic violence: Women are exploiting by’ their husbands in the families for various reasons continuously. They became the victims for all the reasons day by day.
Hence for the above all reasons women organize themselves and start agitation.

Question 7.
What are the political implications and legislative measures taken for the improvement of women? (March 2015) (March 2019)
Answer:
Political implications: Feminist movement tries to overcome women exploitation and atrocities. In this behalf various measures have been taken for the empowerment of women as follows:

(a) Constitutional opportunities: Article 14. 15. 15(3), 16, 34(A), 39(B) and 42 of the Constitution of India provides for the removal of inequality and discrimination based on gender.

(b) Legislative measures: Some legislative measures have been taken to eradicate gender based inequality. For example, Rape is a criminal offence under IPC Section 376. kidnapping and using women for illegal purpose is an offence under TPC Section 363-373. Torture for dowry is prohibited under IPC Section 498-A.

(c) Other legislative measures: Family Court Act 1954. Special Marriage Act 1954. Hindu .Marriage Act 1955, The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961. Protection of Women against Domestic Violence Act 2005 and Abolition of Child Marriage Act 2006 have been enforced . to protect the interests of women.

(d) Special privileges for women: National Women Commission was established in 1992 to recommend the government for the improvements of women.

(e) Reservation in local bodies: Through 73ld and 74’h Constitutional Amendment Acts, 33% of seats are reserved for women in Local Body Elections.

(f) National policy of the women empowerment: Department of Women and Child Welfare under the Secretariat of Human Resource Development framed a National Policy for the empowerment of women.

Question 8.
Write a note on the causes for Labour Movement. (March 2015)
Answer:
The causes for Labour Movement are as follows:

(a) Interest of labourers: Generally industrialists concentrate on their profit rather than workers and their welfare. Labours are exploited by way of giving lesser wages, not declaring bonus, extended hours of work, denial of medical facilities, dismissal from service, etc.

(b) Negligence towards employees: The matters concerning to labourers were decided unilaterally by the Apex Body of the company. Naturally the interests of labourers were neglected.

(c) To get facilities: As the labourers are engaged in monotonous physical strain, they need to have a leisure, proper facilities like potable water, cafeteria, toilet rooms, rest rooms, creaches. medical requirements etc., for both men and women.

(d) Welfare programs: The fate of the companies depends upon the welfare and well-being of the workers. They need some benefits like bonus, allowances, loans, insurance, free quarters, transport and education facilities, pension, family pension, etc.

(e) Plight of workers of unorganized sectors: Anganawadi workers, agricultural labourers, workers on daily wages are exploited to the core as they are still fighting for their rights. The above all reasons leads to the Labor Movements.

Question 9.
List out the Constitutional measures taken for the improvement of labourers. (July 2018)
Answer:
To meet the demands of labourers and to provide benefits, the government has taken certain constitutional measures. They are:

(a) Part IV of the Indian Constitution which deals with the Directive Principles of State Policy directs State Governments to adopt socialist measures like equal pay for equal work for both men and women, to provide leave facilities for pregnant women for both prenatal and postnatal care. The concurrent list empowers the governments to legislate on the workers welfare.

(b) The Government of India enforced certain laws for the improvement of labourers. The Labour Laws of 1970 have fixed the wages of workers appointed on contract basis. Workmen Compensation Act of 1923. Salary Payment Act of 1936, Weekly Holidays Act of 1942. Minimum Wages Act of 1948. Employees State Insurance Act of 1948. Employees Provident Fund Act of 1952. Bonus Act of 1965 are the other law7s implemented for the benefit of labourers.

Question 10.
Enumerate the causes for Peasent Movement. (July 2018)
Answer:
The causes for Peasant Movement:

(a) Feeling of deprivation: Peasants are deprived of the facilities when compared to organized
sectors like industry. They face problems like shortage of quality seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, lack of adequate price and support price waiving of loans, subsidies for agricultural implements, insurance for crops, etc. ‘

(b) Negligence of farmers problem: The previous governments have neglected the interests of farmers. In this behalf Bengal Government banned the Blue Crop and acquired farmers’ lands and also imposed heavy taxes.

(c) Unbearable debts: Peasants raise loans from Banks and Financial Institutions but they are not in a position to repay it for reasons like market fluctuation, the tactics of brokers, etc. This leads to unbearable debts and they commit suicide.

(d) Natural calamity: Peasants depend more on monsoon which are usually irregular. Hence it is popularly known as ‘‘Indian agriculture is playing gamble with monsoons”. As a result, floods and famine, diseases to crops, soil erosion leads to infertility of the soil.

(e) Unscientific land acquisition: In the wake of Urbanisation and industrialization, the governments are acquiring cultivable lands of farmers. Many a times, proper compensation is not given and they are not provided with alternate. As a result they become landless and unemployed.

(f) Support price: Amidst innumerable problems, farmers do not get adequate price to their produce. At that time the Government has to intervene and announce support price to the farmers produce. When the Government fails to do so, they intensify agitation.
All the above facts are the main causes for Peasant Movement.

Question 11.
What are the measures taken by the Government of India to reduce the problems of Peasants?
Answer:
The Governments have taken the following measures to reduce the problems of peasants:

(a) Agricultural Loans: The Governments have made provisions for the farmers to avail National Crop Insurance Programme. National Agricultural Insurance Scheme. Weather based Crop Insurance Scheme and Primary Land Development Bank was established to provide agricultural assistance to the farmers.

(b) National Agricultural Scheme: The National Development Council has made enormous arrangements in 2007 for the agricultural improvements. The National Agricultural Scheme was implemented to determine agricultural policy and provide essential facilities.

(c) Waiving of Debt: When farmers are not able to get the yield to their expectations, they cannot clear the debt. To uplift the farmers from debts, the Governments have taken necessary measures to wane the debts of farmers. This has reduced the suicide and death rate of farmers.

(d) Establishment of Peasant Liason Centre: The Peasant Liason Centres are opened to provide necessary information related to protect the farmers from low quality seeds, fertilisers and protection of crops from diseases.

(e) Veterinary Sendees: Government is providing veterinary sendee to the livestock which also supports agriculture. It also encouraging dairying and saavayava krishi.

(f) Land Reforms Act: National Land Reforms Act was implemented to provide justice to the real fanners.

Question 12.
Write a note on the unscientific land acquisition.
Answer:
Unscientific land acquisition is one of the most trouble factor for farmers. It has become so common in the present context. In the name of urbanization and industrialization, the governments are acquiring cultivable lands of farmers. Many a times proper compensation is not given and they are not provided with alternate. As a result they become landless and unemployed. There is a close contact between ruling class and business class for such developments and thus they can get some favours. Finally farmers are going to become victims in this juncture.

Question 13.
What are the causes for Human Rights Movement? (July 2016)
Answer:
The causes for Human Rights Movement are as follows:

(a) To protect civil liberty: All men are born equally and they had the liberty to shape their lives. But in actual practice dalits. women and children are being suppressed and exploited.

(b) To remove slavery: Slavery is constitutionally banned but is active in many parts of the country. Instances like child labour, bonded labour, etc. are seen frequently.

(c) To protect family life: Every citizen has the right to family life. Due to modernization youths are heading towards inter-caste and inter religious marriages. Elders of family to maintain family respect and values go even to the extent of Maryade Hatye.

(d) To protect the right of Dalaits: Injustice, atrocities, social ostracism, mada-made snana, forced to carry night soil, are all the clear violation of human rights of dalits.

(e) Reject to file cases: Though the aggrieved persons approach the authorities to file the case, it is not filed due to the interference of some politicians of dominant castes.

Question 14.
state the political implicaions of Human rights (March 2017)
Answer:
The political implications of Human Rights Movement are as follows:

(a) National Human Rights Commission: It came into existence on 8th January 1994. It prepares a list of human rights and get the approval by the government, whenever violation is done. Systematic inquiries are to be conducted and transparency should be maintained with the help of judiciary. The Commission has to enact new laws whenever the existing laws do not eater to the needs of the inquiry.

(b) State Human Rights Commission: It came into existence in 2005 to look into the matters of the violation of human rights in the state level. ‘

(c) Child rights: Violation child rights are seen everywhere. The Deputy Commissioner is authorized to look into the details of exploitation on children. Measures are to be taken to register the complaints through Child Help Line in matters relating to child labour, child abuse, etc.

(d) Creating awareness: Awareness are being created in various stages against the violation of human rights. Grievances are disposed speedily so as to provide justice to the concerned.

Question 15.
What are the causes for Environment Movement? (July 2015,2016)
Answer:
The causes for environment movement are as follows:

(a) To protect the environmental degradation: The Government of India has taken measures for economic development including industrial and technological development . This has led to industrialization, urbanization and their adverse effects like loss of cultivable land and on the fertility of the soil.

(b) To protect biodiversity: Deforestation for fuel and construction purposes has left the wild life and birds to become orphan. Hence Chipko, Appiko and save Western Ghats Movements started.

(c) Environment education and consciousness: Living amidst environment, formal education in schools, colleges and non-governmental organisations have created awareness and consciousness among human beings. Programmes, Rallies and Jathas have gone a long way in this direction.

(d) To curb environment decay: The greadiness of the people to excavate and exploit resources have resulted in soil erosion, drying up of rivers and reservoirs, pollution of water, air. sound, etc. To maintain equilibrium and to pressurize the people in power to take measures, these movements emerged.

Question 16.
Mention the political implications of Environment Movement? (July 2017)
Answer:
Matters related to environment protections are inserted through 421,d Constitutional Amendment in Part IV of the Constitution. The Government of India established the National Committee for Environmental Planning. Following are some of the measures to control the pollution and save the environment.

(a) Ganga Water Cleaning Plan: Sri M.C. Mehta, Environmentalist filed an affidavit in Supreme Court with regard to cleaning of the ganga water. The committee appointed by the Union Government recommended to establish a processing unit to clean the drainage water near the river and to stop throwing dead bodies to the river and suggested to construct 28 crematoriums.

(b) Committee Report: Sri S.K. Ghosh and R.C. Trivedi conducted a study on the factors responsible for the pollution in and around Taj Mahal. It submitted its report stating that suitable measures are to be taken to protect the Taj Mahal.

Question 17.
List out the legislations made by the Government of India on the environmental protection.
Answer:
Legislations made by the Government of India to save the environment are as follows:
(a) Wild Life Protection Act-1972.
(b) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974.
(c) Protection of Forest Act of 1980.
(d) Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981.
(e) Environmental Maintenance Act of 1986.
(f) Bio Diversity Act of 2002.
(g) Forest (Conservation) Act 1980.
The Government of Karnataka opened Regional Offices to protect the environment effectively. Measures are also taken to punish those who violate the law.

Question 18.
Write a brief note on the achievements of Saalumarada Thimmakka.
Answer:
Thimmakka and Bikkalu Chikkaiali couple of Hulikal village of Magadi Taluk. Ramanagara District were childless. To overcome this, they started planting Banyan saplings in road side between Kudur and Hulikal. They reared, cared and guarded them with their meager earnings with sheer love and affection.

The Government of Karnataka has taken the responsibility of these 248 trees. The great achievement of Saalu Marada Thimmakka is recognized and honoured by awarding Rajyothsava and National Award. A semibar paper was presented in the UN on her contribution to environment. To create awareness among people ‘World Environment Dav‘ is celebrated on 5lh June every year.

2nd PUC Political Science Social Movements and Their Political Implications Ten marks questions and answers:

Question 1.
Explain the causes and political implications of Dalit Movement. (A)
Answer:
Causes:
Causes for Dalit Movement:
(a) Social injustice: As per the law of nature, all men are born equally. But in practice, equal treatment and equal opportunities were denied. Exploitation in society was widespread.

(b) Economic inequality: Dalits worked in the lands of upper caste class and were responsible for the wealth of feudalist upper castes. In spite of it, they were treated inhumanly and were not given proper share.

(c) Discrimination: It was rampant in all walks of life. They were not allowed to enter into the temples and not allowed to use the water from public ponds.

(d) Lack of awareness: Dalits were deprived of educational facilities which lead to lack of awareness. Hence atrocities mounted up. To create awareness dalit movement started.

Political Implications:
Legislative provisions in the constitution for Dalits are:
(a) As per Article 14, there should be equality before law.
(b) As per Article 15(1) and (2) there should be no discrimination on the basis of caste.
(c) As per Article 15(4) special provisions have been provided to the weaker sections.
(d) As per Article 16 equal opportunities have been provided in public employment and reservation in appointment and promotion.
(e) As per Article 17 untouchability has been prohibited.
(f) As per Article 38 the state shall strive to promote welfare of the people minimize inequalities in income and eliminate inequalities in status, facilities and opportunities.
(g) As per Article 39(a) the state shall direct its police towards securing right to adequate means of livelihood.
(h) As per Article 46 there shall be no social injustice and exploitation on SC ST community.
(i) As per Article 243D and 243T reservation has been provided for SC’s and STs in local body elections.
(j) As per Article 332 reservation has been provided for SCs and STs in Lok Sabha and State Assembly elections.

Question 2.
Write the constitutional provisions and political implications of Backward Classes Movement.
Answer:
Constitutional Provisions: Constitutional Provisions in favour of Backward Classes are as follow:
(a) As per article 16(4) reservation has been provided for Backward Classes.
(b) According to Article 340 the President of India is authorized to appoint National Backward Classes Commission.
(c) National Backward Classes Finance and Development Corporation is formed to provide loan and financial assistance to the backward classes.
(d) All the States can form State Backward Classes Commissions and Development Corporations for the welfare of the Backward Classes.
(e) The National Human Rights Commission receives complaints against the violation of rights and discrimination against Backward Classes.

Political Implications: Other Provisions for Backward Classes in the Constitution:
(a) The Government of India appointed Backward Classes Commission headed by Kaka Kalelkar in 1953.
(b) The Union Government appointed the commission headed by B.P. Mandal in 1979 to recommend the reservation for Backward Classes.
(c) On the recommendations of the Mandal Commission. 27% of reservation facilities have been provided to Backward Classes in both Central and State Governments.
(d) The maximum age limit has been enhanced for Backward Classes in Public employment.

Question 3.
Describe the causes and political implications of Feminist Movement.
Answer:
Causes: The causes for Feminist Movement are as follows:

(a) Inequality: It is evident that Indian Society is male dominated and preference is given to the male members. Though men and women are born equally, women are deprived of education, employment, decision making and property7 rights.

(b) The evils of dowry: The evils of dowry have drawn parents to become debtors, the girls to brothels and uneven ratio through female foeticide and infanticide. As a result of this uneven ratio of men and women in society which leads to rape and other heinous crimes.

(c) Denial of human rights: The atrocities on women have denied the human rights and other. rights like right to life, liberty7, freedom of expression and others.

(d) Social strata based on gender: Men have not spared any of the fields including cultural, social, religious, political and exercise their monopoly and continue their atrocities on women.

(e) Sexual abuse and molestation: Irrespective of age. time and place, sexual harassment and molestation is on in present context in all walks of life.

(f) Domestic violence: Women are exploiting by’ their husbands in the families for various reasons continuously. They became the victims for all the reasons day by day.
Hence for the above all reasons women organize themselves and start agitation.

Political Implications: Political implications: Feminist movement tries to overcome women exploitation and atrocities. In this behalf various measures have been taken for the empowerment of women as follows:

(a) Constitutional opportunities: Article 14. 15. 15(3), 16, 34(A), 39(B) and 42 of the Constitution of India provides for the removal of inequality and discrimination based on gender.

(b) Legislative measures: Some legislative measures have been taken to eradicate gender based inequality. For example, Rape is a criminal offence under IPC Section 376. kidnapping and using women for illegal purpose is an offence under TPC Section 363-373. Torture for dowry is prohibited under IPC Section 498-A.

(c) Other legislative measures: Family Court Act 1954. Special Marriage Act 1954. Hindu .Marriage Act 1955, The Dowry Prohibition Act 1961. Protection of Women against Domestic Violence Act 2005 and Abolition of Child Marriage Act 2006 have been enforced . to protect the interests of women.

(d) Special privileges for women: National Women Commission was established in 1992 to recommend the government for the improvements of women.

(e) Reservation in local bodies: Through 73ld and 74’h Constitutional Amendment Acts, 33% of seats are reserved for women in Local Body Elections.

(f) National policy of the women empowerment: Department of Women and Child Welfare under the Secretariat of Human Resource Development framed a National Policy for the empowerment of women.

Question 4.
Explain the causes and political implications of Peasant Movement.
Answer:
Causes: The causes for Peasant Movement:

(a) Feeling of deprivation: Peasants are deprived of the facilities when compared to organized
sectors like industry. They face problems like shortage of quality seeds, fertilizers and pesticides, lack of adequate price and support price waiving of loans, subsidies for agricultural implements, insurance for crops, etc. ‘

(b) Negligence of farmers problem: The previous governments have neglected the interests of farmers. In this behalf Bengal Government banned the Blue Crop and acquired farmers’ lands and also imposed heavy taxes.

(c) Unbearable debts: Peasants raise loans from Banks and Financial Institutions but they are not in a position to repay it for reasons like market fluctuation, the tactics of brokers, etc. This leads to unbearable debts and they commit suicide.

(d) Natural calamity: Peasants depend more on monsoon which are usually irregular. Hence it is popularly known as ‘‘Indian agriculture is playing gamble with monsoons”. As a result, floods and famine, diseases to crops, soil erosion leads to infertility of the soil.

(e) Unscientific land acquisition: In the wake of Urbanisation and industrialization, the governments are acquiring cultivable lands of farmers. Many a tines, proper compensation is not given and they are not provided with alternate. As a result they become landless and unemployed.

(f) Support price: Amidst innumerable problems, farmers do not get adequate price to their produce. At that time the Government has to intervene and announce support price to the farmers produce. When the Government fails to do so, they intensify agitation.
All the above facts are the main causes for Peasant Movement.

Political Implications: The Governments have taken the following measures to reduce the problems of peasants:\

(a) Agricultural Loans: The Governments have made provisions for the farmers to avail National Crop Insurance Programme. National Agricultural Insurance Scheme. Weather based Crop Insurance Scheme and Primary Land Development Bank was established to provide agricultural assistance to the farmers.

(b) National Agricultural Scheme: The National Development Council has made enormous arrangements in 2007 for the agricultural improvements. The National Agricultural Scheme was implemented to determine agricultural policy and provide essential facilities.

(c) Waiving of Debt: When farmers are not able to get the yield to their expectations, they cannot clear the debt. To uplift the farmers from debts, the Governments have taken necessary measures to wane the debts of farmers. This has reduced the suicide and death rate of farmers.

(d) Establishment of Peasant Liason Centre: The Peasant Liason Centres are opened to
provide necessary information related to protect the farmers from low quality seeds, fertilisers and protection of crops from diseases.

(e) Veterinary Sendees: Government is providing veterinary sendee to the livestock which also supports agriculture. It also encouraging dairying and saavayava krishi.

(f) Land Reforms Act: National Land Reforms Act was implemented to provide justice to the real fanners.

Question 5.
Describe the causes and political implications of Labour Movement.
Answer:
Causes: The causes for Labour Movement are as follows:

(a) Interest oflabourers: Generally industrialists concentrate on theirprofit rather than workers and their welfare. Labours are exploited by way of giving lesser wages, not declaring bonus, extended hours of work, denial of medical facilities, dismissal from service, etc.

(b) Negligence towards employees: The matters concerning to labourers were decided unilaterally by the Apex Body of the company. Naturally the interests of labourers were neglected.

(c) To get facilities: As the labourers are engaged in monotonous physical strain, they need to have a leisure, proper facilities like potable water, cafeteria, toilet rooms, rest rooms, creaches. medical requirements etc., for both men and women.

(d) Welfare programs: The fate of the companies depends upon the welfare and well-being of the workers. They need some benefits like bonus, allowances, loans, insurance, free quarters, transport and education facilities, pension, family pension, etc.

(e) Plight of workers of unorganized sectors: Anganawadi workers, agricultural labourers, workers on daily wages are exploited to the core as they are still fighting for their rights. The above all reasons leads to the Labor Movements.

Political Implications: To meet the demands of labourers and to provide benefits, the government has taken certain constitutional measures. They are:

(a) Part IV of the Indian Constitution which deals with the Directive Principles of State Policy directs State Governments to adopt socialist measures like equal pay for equal work for both men and women, to provide leave facilities for pregnant women for both prenatal and postnatal care. The concurrent list empowers the governments to legislate on the workers welfare.

(b) The Government of India enforced certain laws for the improvement of labourers. The Labour Laws of 1970 have fixed the wages of workers appointed on contract basis.
Workmen Compensation Act of 1923. Salary Payment Act of 1936, Weekly Holidays Act of 1942. Minimum Wages Act of 1948. Employees State Insurance Act of 1948. Employees Provident Fund Act of 1952. Bonus Act of 1965 are the other law7s implemented for the benefit of labourers.

Question 6.
Describe the causes and political implications of Human Rights Movement.
Answer:
Causes: The causes for Human Rights Movement are as follows:
(a) To protect civil liberty: All men are born equally and they had the liberty to shape their lives. But in actual practice dalits. women and children are being suppressed and exploited.

(b) To remove slavery: Slavery is constitutionally banned but is active in many parts of the country. Instances like child labour, bonded labour, etc. are seen frequently.

(c) To protect family life: Every citizen has the right to family life. Due to modernization youths are heading towards inter-caste and inter religious marriages. Elders of family to maintain family respect and values go even to the extent of Maryade Hatye.

(d) To protect the right of Dalaits: Injustice, atrocities, social ostracism, mada-made snana, forced to carry night soil, are all the clear violation of human rights of dalits.

(e) Reject to file cases: Though the aggrieved persons approach the authorities to file the case, it is not filed due to the interference of some politicians of dominant castes.

Political Implications: The political implications of Human Rights Movement are as follows:

(a) National Human Rights Commission: It came into existence on 8th January 1994. It prepares a list of human rights and get the approval by the government, whenever violation is done. Systematic inquiries are to be conducted and transparency should be maintained with the help of judiciary. The Commission has to enact new laws whenever the existing laws do not eater to the needs of the inquiry.

(b) State Human Rights Commission: It came into existence in 2005 to look into the matters of the violation of human rights in the state level. ‘

(c) Child rights: Violation child rights are seen everywhere. The Deputy Commissioner is authorized to look into the details of exploitation on children. Measures are to be taken to register the complaints through Child Help Line in matters relating to child labour, child abuse, etc.

(d) Creating awareness: Awareness are being created in various stages against the violation of human rights. Grievances are disposed speedily so as to provide justice to the concerned.

Question 7.
Explain the causes and political implications of Environment Movement.
Answer:
Causes: The causes for environment movement are as follows:

(a) To protect the environmental degradation: The Government of India has taken measures for economic development including industrial and technological development . This has led to industrialization, urbanization and their adverse effects like loss of cultivable land and on the fertility of the soil.

(b) To protect biodiversity: Deforestation for fuel and construction purposes has left the wild life and birds to become orphan. Hence Chipko, Appiko and save Western Ghats Movements started.

(c) Environment education and consciousness: Living amidst environment, formal education in schools, colleges and non-governmental organisations have created awareness and consciousness among human beings. Programmes, Rallies and Jathas have gone a long way in this direction.

(d) To curb environment decay: The greadiness of the people to excavate and exploit resources have resuited in soil erosion, drying up of rivers and reservoirs, pollution of water, air. sound, etc. To maintain equilibrium and to pressurize the people in power to take measures, these movements emerged.

Political Implications: Matters related to environment protections are inserted through 421,d Constitutional Amendment in Part IV of the Constitution. The Government of India established the National Committee for Environmental Planning. Following are some of the measures to control the pollution and save the environment.

(a) Ganga Water Cleaning Plan: Sri M.C. Mehta, Environmentalist filed an affidavit in Supreme Court with regard to cleaning of the ganga water. The committee appointed by the Union Government recommended to establish a processing unit to clean the drainage water near the river and to stop throwing dead bodies to the river and suggested to construct 28 crematoriums.

(b) Committee Report: Sri S.K. Ghosh and R.C. Trivedi conducted a study on the factors responsible for the pollution in and around Taj Mahal. It submitted its report stating that suitable measures are to be taken to protect the Taj Mahal.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 3 Administrative Machinery In India

You can Download Chapter 3 Administrative Machinery In India, Notes, 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Political Science Administrative Machinery In India One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is administration?
Answer:
A machinery which implements the policies, programmes and laws of the government is called administration:

Question 2.
Write the root word of administration.
Answer:
The word administration is derived from the Latin words ‘Ad’ and ‘Ministrare’.

Question 3.
‘Administration is the science of modern civilization’- who said this?
Answer:
Charles A. Beard said that “Administration is the science of modern civilization’.

Question 4.
Which is the primary unit of administration?
Answer:
District Administration is the primary unit of administration.

Question 5.
When did the East India company introduced civil service in India?
Answer:
East India Company introduced Civil Service in India in Middle of the 19th Century.

Question 6.
Which is called the permanent executive?
Answer:
Civil Service is called the permanent executive.

Question 7.
Which is called the political executive?
Answer:
The Council of Ministers which is an elected body is called political executive.

Question 8.
Which article of the Constitution of India provides for the creation of All India Services?
Answer:
Article 312 of Indian Constitution provides for the creation of All India Services.

Question 9.
Expand IAS.
Answer:
Indian Administrative Service.

Question 10.
Expand IPS.
Answer:
Indian Police Service.

Question 11.
Expand IFS.
Answer:
Indian Forest Service.

Question 12.
Where does the Lai Bahadur Shastri Academy situated?
Answer:
Lai Bahadur Shastri Academy is situated at Massourie.

Question 13.
Where does Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Police Academy situated?
Answer:
Sardar Vallabhabhai Patel Police Academy is situated at Hyderabad.

Question 14.
When was the Indian civil serv ice Act got approved?
Answer:
The Indian Civil Service Act approv ed in 1951.

Question 15.
Which article of the Constitution provides powers to the Parliament for the creation of Central Services?
Answer:
Article 312 of Indian Constitution provides powers to the Parliament for the creation of Central Services

Question 16.
Which article of the constitution provides for the creation of State Services?
Answer:
Article 309 of Indian Constitution provides for the creation of State Sendees.

Question 17.
Who acts as the eyes and ears of the Prime Minister?
Answer:
Cabinet Secretary acts as the eyes and ears of the Prime Minister.

Question 18.
How many AH India Services are there in India?
Answer:
There are 3 All India Services in India.

Question 19.
What is AH India Services?
Answer:
A group of persons who are appointed by Union Government and belongs to both central and state governments is called All India Services.

Question 20.
What is Central Services? (July 2018)
Answer:
A group of persons who are appointed by the Union Government and come under the exclusive control of the Central Government is called Central Services.

Question 21.
What is State Services?
Answer:
A group of persons who are appointed by the State Government and working in the departments of state government is called State Services.

Question 22.
Expand KAS.
Answer:
Karnataka Administrative Service.

Question 23.
Who is the Head of State Administration?
Answer:
Chief Secretary is the Head of the State Administration.

Question 24.
Who is the Head of the District Administration?
Answer:
Deputy Commissioner is the Head of the District Administration.

Question 25.
Who functions as District Magistrate?
Answer:
Deputy Commissioner functions as District Magistrate.

Question 26.
Expand CAT.
Answer:
Central Administrative Tribunal.

Question 27.
Expand KAT.
Answer:
Karnataka Administrative Tribunal.

Question 28.
Which Article of the Constitution provides for the formation of Administrative Tribunal?
Answer:
Article 323(A) of Indian Constitution provides for the formation of Administrative Tribunal.

Question 29.
Expand UPSC.
Answer:
Union Public Service Commission.

Question 30.
Expand KPSC.
Answer:
Karnataka Public Service Commission.

Question 31.
Expand JPSC.
Answer:
Joint Public Service Commission.

Question 32.
Who appoints the members of Union Public Service Commission?
Answer:
The President of India appoints the members of Union Public Service Commission.

Question 33.
What is the retirement age of the members of Union Public Service Commission?
Answer:
The retirement age of the members of Union Public Service Commission is 65 years.

Question 34.
Who appoints the members of Karnataka Public Service Commission?
Answer:
The Governor appoints the members of Karnataka Public Service Commission.

Question 35.
What is the retirement age of the members of Karnataka Public Service Commission?
Answer:
The retirement age of the members of Karnataka Public Service Commission is 62 years.

Question 36.
What is the tenure of the members of the Union Public Service Commission?
Answer:
The tenure of the members of the Union Public Service Commission is 6 years.

Question 37.
What is the tenure of the members of Karnataka Public Service Commission?
Answer:
The tenure of the members of Karnataka Public Service Commission is 6 years.

Question 38.
How many members are there in Union Public Service Commission?
Answer:
There are 10 members in Union Public Service Commission.

Question 39.
How many members are there in Karnataka Public Service Commission?
Answer:
There are 9 members in Karnataka Public Service Commission.

Question 40.
Where is KPSC located?
Answer:
KPSC is located in Bengaluru.

2nd PUC Political Science Administrative Machinery In India Two marks questions and answers:

Question 1.
Define administration.
Answer:
According to J.M. Piffner ‘Administration is the organization and direction of the men and material resources to achieve desired ends’.

Question 2.
The concept of welfare state has expanded the scope of administration. Evaluate.
Answer:
The modern states are welfare states and should provide the basic requirements to all the people from birth to death without any discrimination. So the concept of welfare state has expanded the scope of administration.

Question 3.
Define Civil Service. (March 2015)
Answer:
According to R.G. Gettell ‘General body of official serving under heads of various departments and-known collectively as the civil service’.

Question 4.
State the importance of Civil Service.
Answer:
The Civil Service is the backbone and fourth organ of Executive. Without Civil Service, the administration cannot be carried out.

Question 5.
What is civil service according H. Finer?
Answer:
According to H. Finer, Civil Service is a professional body of officials, permanent, paid and skilled’.

Question 6.
What is Administrative Hierarchy?
Answer:
Each civil servant has to obey his immediate superior, where high ranking officers supervises their subordinates, it is called Hierarchy.

Question 7.
What is Political Neutrality? (July 2016)
Answer:
Civil Service is a non-political machinery of the government. They perform their duties without being aligned to any kind of political regime, it is called Political Neutrality.

Question 8.
What is Anonymity? (March 2016)
Answer:
Civil servants will have to work anonymously without disclosing their identity in any manner. They work for the government and for the department concerned, it is called Anonymity.

Question 9.
What is the main objective of All India Services?
Answer:
Promoting coordination between Union and State Governments is the main objective of All India Service.

Question 10.
What are the classification of central services
Answer:
The central services have been classified into four categories. They are Group A, Group B Group C and Group D

Question 11.
Give two examples of Central Services. (July 2018)
Answer:
External Affairs and Railways.

Question 12.
Name any two subjects that come under State Services.
Answer:
Police and Agriculture.

Question 13.
What are the qualifications to become the members of KPSC?
Answer:
(a) Must be a citizen of India.
(b) Must have administrative experience with a minimum of 10 years.

Question 14.
Who is empowered to impeach the chairman and members of UPSC and on what basis?
Answer:
The Chairman and the members of UPSC can be removed from the office only by an order of the President, on the ground of misbehavior proved by the Supreme Court.

Question 15.
Who is empowered to impeach the chairman and members of KPSC and on what basis?
Answer:
The Chairman and the members of the KPSC can be removed under the same circumstances as applicable to the Chairman and members of UPSC.

2nd PUC Political Science Administrative Machinery In India Five marks questions and answers:

Question 1.
List out the features of public administration in contemporary society. (March 2015)
Answer:
The features of public administration in contemporary society are as follows:
(a) Preservation of the polity.
(b) Maintenance of stability and order.
(c) Institutionalization of socio-economic change.
(d) Management of large scale commercial sciences.
(e) Ensuring the growth of economic development.
(f) Protection of the weaker sections of society.
(g) Formation of public opinion.
(h) Influencing public policies and political trends.

Question 2.
Explain the features of Civil Service. (March 2017,2019 – July 2015 – 2018)
Answer:
The features of civil service are as follows:
(a) Professional body: Civil service consists of a professional body of officials who are permanent, paid and skilled. It is a whole time job and career service.

(b) Hierarchy: As per the scalar system, each civil servant has to obey his immediate superior, where high ranking administration officer with discretionary powers supervises their subordinates.

(c) Political neutrality: Civil servants refrain always from political activities. They perform their duties without being aligned to any kind of political regime.

(d) Anonymity: Civil servants work behind the screen and remain anonymous even though they work for the government. Recognition for good work or disrepute for any omission goes only to the minister and not to the civil servants.

(e) Impartiality: The civil servants have to apply the laws of the state while performing the duties without showing any favour, bias or preference to any groups or section of society.

(f) Service motto: They have to work for the welfare of the society. They must be humble and service minded towards the public.

(g) Permanent: Civil servants are called the permanent executive. They discharge duties till they attain the age of superannuation.

(h) Jurisdiction of law: Every civil servant has to function within the prescribed jurisdiction of law. If he crosses the limit, he is met with disciplinary’ action.

(i) Special training: Once the candidates are selected for civil service, they are deputed to in-service training to acquire special skills in administration.

Question 3.
Write a note on Central Secretariat and write the flow chart of administrative hierarchy.
Answer:
The word Secretariat means office of the Secretaries. For the purpose of administration, the. Government of India is divided into Ministry and Departments which constitute the Central Secretariat. For efficient discharge of business allotted to a ministry, it is divided into various Departments, Wings, Branches and Sections.
Hierarchical order of Central Secretariat is as follows:

• Department – Secretary
• Wing – Additional/Joint Secretary
• Division – Deputy Secretary
• Branch – Under Secretary
• Section – Section Officer

Question 4.
Write note on All Indian services (July 2016)
Answer:
Article 312 of the Constitution of India provides for the creation of All India Services for the Union and States. Presently India has three All India Services
(a) Indian Administrative Services.
(b) Indian Police Services.
(c) Indian Forest Services.
The eligible persons to these services are recruited by the Union Government. The sen ice of these officers could be utilized by both the Union and state governments. Parliament is empowered to create All India Services to ensure coordination between Union and State Governments. The service rules and other emoluments are determined by the Parliament from time to time. Article 312(i) of the India Constitution states that, Rajya Sabha initiates a resolution supported by not less than 2/3rd of the members present, to create one or more All India Services.

Question 5.
Write briefly about the Central Services.(March 2016)
Answer:
India is a union of states and hence it provides for division of powers. Subjects mentioned in the union list are to be managed by a separate body of officials under Central Service. Article 312 of the Constitution of India empowers the Parliament to create central services.
The officials appointed to these services come under the exclusive control of the Central Government. The central services are classified into Class-I, Class-II, Class-Ill and Class-IV. Some of the central services are:
(a) Indian Foreign Sendees.
(b) India Railway Services.
(c) Indian Defence Services.
(d) Indian Postal Services.
(e) Indian Information Services.
The eligible persons for central services are recruited by the Union Government and they come under the regulation of Central government. They will work in the Departments of the Central Government.

Question 6.
Write a short note on State Services.
Answer:
Article 309 of the Constitution of India provides for the creation of State Services. These services have listed in the state list. The eligible persons for state services are recruited by the State Government and these services are under the regulation of state government. The service rules and emoluments are determined by state government. The State Services have been classified into Class-I, Class-II, Class-III and Class-IV. The State Services in Karnataka are:
(a) Karnataka Administrative Services
(b) Karnataka State Police Services.
(c) Karnataka Forest Services.
(d) Karnataka Engineering Services.
(e) Karnataka Education Services.
(f) Karnataka Cooperative Services.
(g) Karnataka Food and Civil Supply Services.

Question 7.
List out the primary functions performed by the ministers with the assistance of State Secretariat.
Answer:
The primary functions performed by the ministers with the assistance of state secretariat:
(a) Formulating and modifying legislation from time to time.
(b) Planning and budget formulation.
(c) Co-ordinate with the centre and other states.
(d) Promoting organizational competency.
(e) Answering questions in the Assembly.

Question 8.
Explain the role of Cabinet Secretary in central administration.
Answer:
The Cabinet Secretary is the head of the Central Secretariat and he plays an important role as follows:
(a) Provides assistance to the Council of Ministers.
(b) Ensures the morale of the civil servants in the central administration.
(c) Act as a bridge between the political executive and the civil servants.
(d) Protects the interests of the central service class.
(e) Attend all the meetings of the cabinet and cabinet committees.
(f) Follow the code of secrecy.
(g) Act as a eyes and ears of the Prime Minister.

Question 9.
Write about the functions of Chief Secretary in state administration. (March 2015,2016,2017, July 2015)
Answer:
Chief Secretary is the head of the State Secretariat. His functions are as follows:
(a) He is principal adviser to the Chief Minister.
(b) He acts as the Cabinet Secretary and the only person who attends the Cabinet meeting.
(c) He exercises general supervision and control over the entire Secretariat.
(d) He looks after all matters beyond the purview of other secretaries.
(e) As Chief of all the Secretaries, he presides over a large number of committees and is a member of many others.
(f)  He has control over the staff attached to the ministers.
(g) He is bridge between the State and Central government.

Question 10.
Write about the Central Administrative Tribunal.
Answer:
The Central Administrative Tribunal has been established for adjudication of disputes with regard to recruitment and conditions of service of persons appointed to public service. Article 323(A) of the Indian Constitution provides for setting up of Administrative Tribunals. It goes a long way in reducing the burden of various courts by reducing of cases relating to matters of civil service. It also provides to the officials a speedy and effective remedy.

A Chairman who has been a sitting or retired Judge of a High Court heads the Central Administrative Tribunal. Besides the Chairman, the authorized strength consists of 16 Vice Chairman and 49 Members. The employees of the Central Administrative Tribunal are required to discharge their duties under the general superintendence of the Chairman. Service Rules and other emoluments are determined by Union Government.

Question 11.
Write about the Karnataka Administrative Tribunal.
Answer:
The Karnataka Administrative Tribunal has been established on 6-10-1986 for effective, expeditious and satisfactory disposal of matters relating to service disputes. It has been setting up as independent tribunals to handle pending cases before the Supreme Court and High Courts relating to service matters. It also dealt with the cases of disciplinary action against government sen ants. The Tribunal consists of Chairman, a Judicial Member and three Administrative Members. The Karnataka Administrative Tribunal is located in Bengaluru.

Question 12.
Write the functions of Union Public Service Commission.(March 2018-July 2017,2018)
Answer:
Article 320 of the Constitution of India enumerate the functions of the UPSC.
(a) To conduct examinations for appointment to the central-services and All India Services.
(b) To assist two or more states, on request for joint recruitment for any services.
(c) To advise the Government on matters relating to the methods of recruitment, promotions, transfers, disciplinary actions and inter service matters.
(d) To submit annual report regarding its working to the President.
(e) To exercise such additional functions as provided by an act of Parliament.
(f) To serve all or any needs of the State Government on request by the Governor and with the approval of the President.

Question 13.
Write the functions of Karnataka Public Service Commission.
Answer:
The functions of the Karnataka Service Commission are as follows:
(a) To conduct competitive examinations for the recruitment of candidates to state services.
(b) To conduct departmental examinations.
(c) To prepare rules of recruitment, promotion and transfer of civil servants from one service to another.
(d) To advise the State Government on all matters relating to the matters of civil sendee in the state.
(e) To submit annual report regarding its working to the State Governor.

2nd PUC Political Science Administrative Machinery In India Ten marks questions and answers:

Question 1.
Explain the meaning and features of the Civil Service.
Answer:
The term civil services was used by the East India Company to signify administrative sendee of the state. It includes the entire body of government officials, who are permanently employed and given a regular salary. Its main function is to perform the work of administration of the country. Its features are as follows:-
Features of the civil services: The features of civil service are as follows:
(a) Professional body: Civil service consists of a professional body of officials who are permanent, paid and skilled. It is a whole time job and career service.

(b) Hierarchy: As per the scalar system, each civil servant has to obey his immediate superior, where high ranking administration officer with discretionary powers supervises their subordinates.

(c) Political neutrality: Civil servants refrain always from political activities. They perform their duties without being aligned to any kind of political regime.

(d) Anonymity: Civil servants work behind the screen and remain anonymous even though they work for the government. Recognition for good work or disrepute for any omission goes only to the minister and not to the civil servants.

(e) Impartiality: The civil servants have to apply the laws of the state while performing the duties without showing any favour, bias or preference to any groups or section of society.

(f) Service motto: They have to work for the welfare of the society . They must be humble and service minded towards the public.

(g) Permanent: Civil servants are called the permanent executive. They discharge duties till they attain the age of superannuation.

(h) Jurisdiction of law: Every civil servant has to function within the prescribed jurisdiction of law. If he crosses the limit, he is met with disciplinary’ action.

(i) Special training: Once the candidates are selected for civil service, they are deputed to in service training to acquire special skills in administration.

Question 2.
Write about All India Services, Central Services and State Services.
Answer:
All India services:
Article 312 of the Constitution of India provides for the creation of All India Services for the Union and States. Presently India has three All India Services
(a) Indian Administrative Services.
(b) Indian Police Services.
(c) Indian Forest Services.
The eligible persons to these services are recruited by the Union Government. The service of these officers could be utilized by both the Union and state governments. Parliament is empowered to create All India Sen ices to ensure coordination between Union and State Governments. The service rules and other emoluments are determined by the Parliament from time to time. Article 3 12(i) of the India Constitution states that, Rajya Sabha initiates a resolution supported by not less than 2/3rd of the members present, to create one or more All India Services.

Central services: India is a union of states and hence it provides for division of powers. Subjects mentioned in the union list are to be managed by a separate bodv of officials under Central Service. Article 312 of the Constitution of India empowers the Parliament to create central services.
The officials appointed to these services come under the exclusive control of the Central Government. The central services are classified into Class-I, Class-II, Class-Ill and Class-IV. Some of the central services are:
(a) Indian Foreign Sendees.
(b) India Railway Services.
(c) Indian Defence Services.
(d) Indian Postal Services.
(e) Indian Information Services.
The eligible persons for central services are recruited by the Union Government and they come under the regulation of Central government. They will work in the Departments of the Central Government.

State Services: Article 309 of the Constitution of India provides for the creation of State Services. These Services have listed in the state list. The eligible persons for state Services are recruited by the State Government and these Services are under the regulation of state government. The service rules and emoluments are determined by state government. The State Services have been classified into Class-I, Class-II, Class-Ill and Class-IV. The State Sendees in Karnataka are:
(a) Karnataka Administrative Sendees
(b) Karnataka State Police Services.
(c) Karnataka Forest Services.
(d) Karnataka Engineering Services.
(e) Karnataka Education Services.
(f) Karnataka Cooperative Services.
(g) Karnataka Food and Civil Supply Services.

Question 3.
Explain the powers and functions of Deputy Commissioner. (July 2015, 2016, 2017, March 2019)
Answer:
The Deputy Commissioner is the head of the District Administration. He also acts as District Magistrate. The functions of the Deputy Commissioner are as follows:

(a) Law and order and magisterial powers: Deputy Commissioner also enjoys magisterial powers. Being the District Magistrate, he maintains law and order and performs other judicial functions in the district.

(b) Revenue functions: It includes maintenance of land records and its assessment, collection of land revenue and other public dues and settlement of land disputes.

(c) Developmental functions: It includes Public Health. Education. Rural Development. Social Welfare and welfare of Backward Classes and Minorities and protection of weaker sections of the society.

(d) Electoral functions: Deputy Commissioner is the District Election Officer and he is in charge of elections to Parliament. State Legislature and local bodies.

(e) Municipal administration:- The Deputy Commissioner is generally responsible for the supervision and proper functioning of the urban local bodies. The implementation of various developmental and anti-poverty measures for the urban poor is monitered by the Deputy Commissioner.

(f) Disaster management:- In situations like floods, famines, accidental fires, earthquakes and other natural calamities, the entire district administration is geared to meet the threat and the Deputy Commissioner assumes charge to co-ordinate the activities of various departments.

(g) Public grievances:- The Deputy Commissioner is the District Grievances Officer, by virtue of which he maintains the overall responsibility to ensure proper functioning of all departments in the district.

Question 4.
Explain the composition, powers and functions of Union Public Service Commission.
Answer:
Composition:- Article 315 of the Constitution of India provides for the establishment of the Union Public Service Commission. It is composed of a Chairman and 10 members. They are appointed by the President on the advice of the Union Cabinet. The members should have a minimum of 10 years experience as administrators in Government service. A member of UPSC holds office for a period of 6 years or till he attain the age of 65 years whichever is earlier.

Powers and functions of UPSC: Article 320 of the Constitution of India enumerate the functions of the UPSC.
(a) To conduct examinations for appointment to the central-services and All India Services.
(b) To assist two or more states, on request for joint recruitment for any services.
(c) To advise the Government on matters relating to the methods of recruitment, promotions, transfers, disciplinary actions and inter service matters.
(d) To submit annual report regarding its working to the President.
(e) To exercise such additional functions as provided by an act of Parliament.
(f) To serve all or any needs of the State Government on request by the Governor and with the approval of the President.

Question 5.
Explain the composition, powers and functions of Karnataka Public Service Commission.
Answer:
Composition:- The Constitution of India provides for the establishment of a Public Service Commission for each state. The Karnataka Public Service Commission was set up consisting of a Chairman and 9 other members. The members should have administrative experience with a minimum of 10 years service of the state. The Chairman and members of the KPSC are appointed by the Governor on the recommendations of the State Cabinet. They are appointed for a period of 6 years or till they attain the age of 62 years whichever is earlier.
Powers and functions of KPSC: The functions of the Karnataka Service Commission are as follows:
(a) To conduct competitive examinations for the recruitment of candidates to state services.
(b) To conduct departmental examinations.
(c) To prepare rules of recruitment, promotion and transfer of civil servants from one service to another.
(d) To advise the State Government on all matters relating to the matters of civil sendee in the state.
(e) To submit annual report regarding its working to the State Governor.

Karnataka 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 2 Elections and Party System In India

You can Download Chapter 2 Elections and Party System In India, Notes, 2nd PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Political Science Elections and Party System In India One Mark Questions and Answers One mark questions and answers:

Question 1.
Who elects the representatives in Democratic system.
Answer:
People elects the representatives in democratic system.

Question 2.
Who determines the destiny of Political parties in Democracy?
Answer:
People determines the destiny of political parties in Democracy.

Question 3.
What is the root word of Election?
Answer:
The word Election is derived from the Latin word ‘eligere’.

Question 4.
What is Election? (March 2015)
Answer:
A process of electing the representatives by the people is called Election.

Question 5.
Through what the will of the people is expressed?
Answer:
The will of the people will be expressed through the elections.

Question 6.
What is popular government?
Answer:
The voters by exercising their franchise elect political party of their choice to form democratic government is called popular government.

Question 7.
What is General Election?
Answer:
Elections are held periodically once in a five years, where all the voters exercise their voting rights is called general elections.

Question 8.
What is by Election?
Answer:
Election is held generally to fill the vacancy arising due to the death or resignation or disqualification of an elected member, it is called by election.

Question 9.
HSI What is Repoll?
Answer:
Election is held when the elections are disrupted due to irregularities, it is called repoll.

Question 10.
What is Midterm Election?
Answer:
Elections are held when the Lower House is dissolved before the completion of its term, it is called midterm election.

Question 11.
What is the foundation of democratic government?
Answer:
Elections are the foundations of democratic government.

Question 12.
Which is the barometer of Democracy?
Answer:
Elections are the barometer of Democracy.

Question 13.
What is Direct Election?
Answer:
All the eligible voters of the Nation directly elect their representatives without any intermediaries, it is called Direct Election.

Question 14.
Give an example to Direct Election.
Answer:
Loksabha elections are the example of Direct Election.

Question 15.
What is Indirect Election?
Answer:
Leaders of the Government are elected by the representatives but not by the people, it is called Indirect Election.

Question 16.
Give an example to Indirect Election.
Answer:
President is an example of Indirect Election.

Question 17.
What is Universal Adult Franchise?
Answer:
All the voters who attained the age of 18 years can exercise their voting power without any discrimination, it is called Universal Adult Franchise.

Question 18.
What is the minimum age for the voters in India? (July 2018)
Answer:
The minimum age for the voters in India is 18 years.

Question 19.
How many Election Commissioners are there in India? (March 2018)
Answer:
One Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners are there in Election Commission of India.

Question 20.
Who appoints the Election Commissioners of India? (A) (March 2016)
Answer:
President of India appoints the Election Commissioners of India.

Question 21.
What is the term of office of the Election Commissioners?
Answer:
6 years of service or 65 years of age whichever is earlier.

Question 22.
Who determines the emoluments of Election Commissioners?
Answer:
Parliament determines the emoluments of Election Commissioners.

Question 23.
Who determines the service rules of Election Commissioners?
Answer:
Parliament determines the service rules of Election Commissioners.

Question 24 .
Salaries of the Election Commissioners are borne from which fund?
Answer:
Salaries of the Election Commissioners are borne from the Consolidated Fund of India.

Question 25.
Expand EPIC. (July 2015)
Answer:
Electors Photo Identity Card.

Question 26.
When was the EPIC introduced first in India?
Answer:
EPIC was first introduced in India in 1993

Question 27.
Who made the EPIC compulsory?
Answer:
M.S Gill made the EPIC compulsory.

Question 28.
When the EVMS were introduced for the first time?
Answer:
The EVMs were introduced for the first time in India in 1998.

Question 29.
When did the Negative option voting come into practice?
Answer:
The Negative option voting came in to practice in 2014.

Question 30.
Name one committee which recommended for the state funding of Elections.
Answer:
Indrajit Guptha Committee recommended for the state funding of Elections.

Question 31.
What is meant by political party?
Answer:
A group organized by people for a common purpose of attaining political power through democratic methods is called political party

Question 32.
Name the party system which is prevalent in India. (July 2016)
Answer:
The party system which prevailed in India is Multi Part} system.

Question 33.
Give an example where hi party system is in practice.
Answer:
Bi Party system is practice in USA.

Question 34.
Which is the best example for single party system?
Answer:
Russia is the best example for single party system.

Question 35.
What is multi party system?
Answer:
The presence of more than two political parties in a country is called Multi Party System.

Question 36.
What is National Party?
Answer:
A party which gains 6% of casted valid votes in 4 or more States in Lok Sabha is called National Party.

Question 37.
What is Regional Party. (July 2017)
Answer:
A party which gains 6% of valid votes in the Lok Sabha or Vidhana Sabha elections from the state is called Regional Party.

Question 38.
Who acts as the watch dog of Democracy?
Answer:
Opposition party acts as the watch dog of democracy.

Question 39.
What is the ideology of leftist party?
Answer:
The ideology of the leftist party is belief in revolutionary ideology and drastic changes in the system.

Question 40.
Give an example to leftist Party.
Answer:
Communist Party of India is an example to Leftist Party7.

Question 41.
State an ideology of the rightist party.
Answer:
The ideology of the Rightist Party is belief I moderate changes in the system.

Question 42.
Give an example to rightist party.
Answer:
Bharatiya Janatha Party is an example to Rightist Party.

Question 43.
Who was the founder of Indian National Congress?
Answer:
A.O. Hume was the founder of Indian National Congress.

Question 44.
When was the INC established? (July 2015)
Answer:
The Indian National Congress was established in 1885.

Question 45.
Expand INC.
Answer:
Indian National Congress.

Question 46.
Expand NOTA. (March 2015)
Answer:
None Of The Above.

Question 47.
What was the main objective of INC?
Answer:
Attaining freedom from England was the main objective of INC.

Question 48.
Why did the Muslim League established?
Answer:
Muslim League was established for the separate Pakistan.

Question 49.
Expand NDA. (March 2018)
Answer:
National Democratic Alliance.

Question 50.
Expand UPA.
Answer:
United Progressive Alliance.

Question 51.
When did the BJP came into existence?
Answer:
The BJP came into existence in 1980.

Question 52.
What is Defection?
Answer:
An elected representative who migrates from one party to another party for benefits is called Defection

Question 53.
When did the Anti-defection Act came into force? (March 2016)
Answer:
The Anti-defection Act came into force on 1st April 1985.

Question 54.
What is Anti-defection Law?
Answer:
A law which restrict the representatives from migrating from one part) to another party is called Anti-defection Law.

Question 55.
Who enforced Anti-defection Law?
Answer:
Sri Rajiv Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India enforced Anti-defection Law

Question 56.
Which committee recommended for multi number election commission?
Answer:
Dinesh Goswami committee recommended for multi number election commission

2nd PUC Political Science Elections and Party System In India Two marks questions and answers:

Question 1.
How is political awareness brought about in Democracy?
Answer:
People can get political awareness by participating in the elections through voting and studying the ideologies of all the parties.

Question 2.
Ballet is more powerful than bullet in Democracy. How?
Answer:
Bullet can end one’s life but ballet can end the destiny of one political party. So ballet is more powerful than bullet in democracy.

Question 3.
What is Direct Election? Give an example. (July 2015)
Answer:
When the voters directly participate in elections and choose their representatives, it is known as direct election. Every  voter goes to the polling booth and castes his vote in favour of a candidate of his choice. E.g.. Members of Lok Sabha and State assembly Elections,

Question 4.
What is Indirect Election? Give an example. (March 2016)
Answer:
An election in which the people do not elect the representatives directly is known as indirect election. People elect intermediary voters who form an electoral college which in turn elects the representatives. Eg. Members of Rajya Sabha and State Council elections.

Question 5.
What is Universal Adult Franchise? Where is it in practice?
Answer:
All adult citizens must be given the right to vote. There can be no discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, sex, religion, wealth, it is known as universal adult franchise. It is in practice in India.

Question 6.
How does political awareness brought about in Direct Democracy?
Answer:
People can have an opportunity to participate in the political activities in Direct Election system without any intermediaries. They knows the political ideologies of all die parties and hence political awareness brought in direct election.’

Question 7.
How Electoral College is constituted?
Answer:
Electoral college is constituted to elect the President which consists of the elected members of both the houses of parliament and elected members of all the state assemblies.

Question 8.
Which Article of the Constitution of India is related to Election Commission?
Answer:
Article 324 to 329 of Indian Constitution relates to Election Commission.

Question 9.
What is the main objective of Election Commission of India?
Answer:
The main objectives of the election commission of India is to conduct free and fair elections periodically throughout the country.

Question 10.
State the method of impeachment of the Chief Election Commissioners in India.
Answer:
According to Article 324(5). the Chief Election Commissioner and other Eelection Commissioners can be removed from their office in the same manner as the judges of Supreme Court on the ground of proved misbehavior and incapacity to discharge their Constitutionally obligations.

Question 11.
Name any two committees that recommended for electoral reforms.
Answer:
(a) Indrajit Gupta Committee (1998).
(b) Justice Kuldeep Singh Committee (2002) are the two committees that recommended for electoral reforms.

Question 12.
Define political party according to Edmund Burke.
Answer:
According to Edmund Burke. ‘Political party is a group of people united to promote rational interests by its joint endeavors”.

Question 13.
What is Single Party System? Give an example.
Answer:
The prevalence of single political party in a country is called Single Party System. Eg.China.

Question 14.
What is Bi-Party System? Give an example.
Answer:
The existence of two political parties I the country is called Bi-Party System. Eg.USA

Question 15.
What is Multi-Party System?Give an example. (July 2016/2015)
Answer:
The presence of more than two political parties in a country is called Multi Party Sy stem. Eu. India.

Question 16.
State the contents of election manifesto of political parties.
Answer:
The manifestoes contain objectives, principles, ideologies and aims of the political parties

Question 17.
What are the other names of defection.
Answer:
The other names of defection are Floor Crossing, Carpet Crossing , Turned costs and Fence Sitters

Question 18.
What is coalitian government (July 2017)
Answer:
Formation of government by various political parties with common minimum programme is known as coalitian government

Question 19.
Name any two National Parties (July 2015)
Answer:

1. Bharatiya janatha party
2. Indian National Congress

Question 20.
Name any two Regional parties (March 2015)
Answer:

1. janatha Dal (s)
2. Telugu Desam are the two Regional Parties

2nd PUC Political Science Elections and Party System In India Five marks questions and answers:

Question 1.
Explain the importance of elections in Democracy.
Answer:
The importance of elections in democracy are as follows:
(a) Election is the foundation of democratic government.
(b) It is the key component to provide justice and freedom to all without any discrimination.
(c) It gives a citizen an opportunity to have one’s voice heard and a choice by which one should be governed.
(d) It is the Barometer of democracy and serves as forum for the discussion of public issues and facilitates the expression of public opinion.
(e) It imparts political education and training to voters to actively participate in the activities of the nation.
(f) It protects the interests of the minorities by providing representation in the legislature.
(g) It contributes to the continuation of democratic government and enables the peaceful transfer of power.

Question 2.
Transfer of power is done peacefully through elections. Justify.
Answer:
Elections are inevitable and essential in the modern democratic system. People are the ultimate sovereign authority. People can have an opportunity to elect their representatives by using their voting power and hence they plays an important role in choosing the government.

Here people may determine the destiny of political parties. Power shall be transferred peacefully without any violent way. During the time of elections each and even parties bring their manifestoes before the voters and tries to gain their confidence through various popular schemes and programmes.

People are able to understand the ideologies olf the parties and elect the representatives on their own choice. After the elections, the majority party forms the government and tries to administer the country on the basis of its party manifestoes and thus fulfill the needs and aspirations of the people. So transfer of power is done peacefully through elections in the democratic system.

Question 3.
Explain the features of Direct Elections. (July 2016)
Answer:
(a) Eligible voters have wider choice to elect their representatives directly. It provides for direct relationship between the voter and their representatives.
(b) There is a direct relationship between voters and the representatives in the direct election system and hence the representatives should effectively respond to the needs of the people.
(c) In the direct election, voters come in direct contact with their representatives and can get the remedies for their grievances.
(d) In this system, the voters can get political awareness by participating directly in the process of election.
(e) Here the voters are able to guage the performance, capability of the candidates and finally elect the good and best candidates.
(f) In view of the forthcoming elections, representatives keep regular contact with the constituency and people.

Question 4.
Explain the features of Indirect Elections. (March 2016, 2019)
Answer:
(a) In this system, the heads of the government are elected by the intelligent voters. For example the President of India is elected by the members of Parliament and State Assemblies.
(b) It avoids all sorts of evils like dirty propaganda tricks, instigation of people for petty issues to divide them as in the direct election system.
(c) In this method there is no scope for illegal activities or fights during the election as it happens in the direct election.
(d) In this system, there is no scope for members to influence the voters or misusing sensitive issues for political gains.
(e) Since majority of the voters are ignorant, not educated and intelligent in a countries like India, small group of politically educated and wise voters elect responsible representatives.

Question 5.
Write the organization of Election Commission of India.
Answer:
Article 324 of Indian Constitution provides for the office of the Election Commission of India. It consists of three members. According to Article 342(2) Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners are appointed by the President of India on the advice of Union Cabinet. The term of office is 6 years of service or 65 years of age whichever is earlier. Article 324(6) makes provision for the salaries, allowances and other privileges of the Election Commissioners and personnel.

The Parliament determines their salaries an”d borne by the Consolidated fund of India. According to Article 324(5). the Election Commissioners can be removed from their office in the same manner as the Judges of Supreme Court on the ground of proven misbehavior and incapability to discharge their constitutional obligations.

Question 6.
Explain the powers and functions of the Election Commission of India. (July 2015)
Answer:
The powers and functions of the Election Commission of India are as follows:
(a) Prepares electoral roll and its periodical revision.
(b) Holds elections to Parliament, State Legislatures and Offices of President and Vice President.
(c) It issues the time table for elections in different phases.
(d) It conducts by-election to vacant seats and re-poll in any booth.
(e) It grants recognition to political parties as National and Regional parties and allots symbols.
(f) It scrutinizes the nomination papers.
(g) It appoints officers and other staff members to conduct election and make necessary arrangements.
(h) It undertake the counting process and announce the results.
(i) It enforces code of conduct for the candidates during election.

Question 7.
Prepare a list of Chief Election Commissioners of India since 1950.
Answer:

Question 8.
Write the merits of Electors Photo Identity Card (EPIC).
Answer:
The Electors Photo Identity Card is first introduced by the then Chief Election Commissioner
T.N. Sheshan in 1993. Follow ing are the merits:
(a) It removes the evil practices like corruption, impersonation and bogus voting.
(b) Free and fair elections can be conducted by introducing EPIC.
(c) The real voter can casts the vote by using EPIC.
(d) EPIC is essential to conduct the elections transparently and honestly.
(e) It is an official document issued by the Election Commission to all the eligible voters.
(f) It can also use to get the various benefits of the government.

Question 9.
What are the uses of Electronic Voting Machine? (March 2015-2017)
Answer:
The Electronic Voting Machine is first introduced in 1998. Its uses are as follows:
(a) In this system, the pace of poll is very simple. Voter can press the button against the name of the candidate of his choice.
(b) It can be easily operated and saves time.
(c) It avoids printing of lakhs of ballot papers and thus it is economic and eco friendly.
(d) It avoids invalid votes and irregularities and useful to illiterates.
(e) It ensures the principle of one man one vote.
(f) By using EVMs. accurate result can be declared fastly.

Question 10.
Write about the mandatory disclosures of criminal antecedents of the contestants. (July 2017)
Answer:
To curb criminalization of politics, it is compulsory for all the candidates to show their criminal details while filing the nominations as per the Supreme Court decisions. Disqualification for criminal offences is provided in Representation of Peoples” Act 1951.
(a) As per the Act a person is disqualified from contesting election only on conviction by the court of law.
(b) Cases filed 6 months before election would lead to disqualification.
(c) Cases in which candidates have accused with the offence and sentenced for 2 or more years are disqualified to contest for election.
(d) With the offence proved by the court of law a person is not eligible to contest election or a period of 6 years.
Providing the above details in the nomination paper enable a voter to elect good and best representatives of their own choice.

Question 11.
Write about the mandatory disclosures of education antecedents of the contestants.
Answer:
The candidate has to file an affidavit to give information relating to his educational qualifications to enable a voter to choose his best choice.
(a) Being representative of the people one has to be educated and actively take part in the proceedings of the legislature, administration and in law making process.
(b) By knowing the educational details of the candidates, voters are able to elect qualified representatives.
(c) It is very essential for all the candidates to have at least minimum qualification to know the pulse of the people.
(d) Only educated reprcsentatice can understand the administration and participate actively.

Question 12.
Write a note on property antecedents of the contestant.
Answer:
Contesting an election is an expensive aspect in the present situation. Election Commission of India made it compulsory for all the candidates to furnish their movable and immovable property details while filing the nomination.
(a) It is clear that declaring the property antecedents, people are able to understand the credibility of the candidates.
(b) By declaring their property details, candidates can seek the vote before the people without any prejudice.
(c) it avoids the candidates who earns the property illegally from contesting the elections.
(d) It.curb the corruption in the administration as the people are watching honest) and sincerity of the representatives during their rule.

Question 13.
Write the development of party system in India since 1885.
Answer:
The political parties in India originated during the British rule and the Indian National Congress was the first party which was founded in 1885 by A.O. Hume. The leaders of this organization mobilized national opinion on an unprecedented scale and ultimately won political independence for the country.

Another political party which was founded during the British rule was the Communist Party of India in 1924. Besides these two parties All India Muslim League was emerged in 1906 and Hindu Mahasabha in 1916 which were communal in their outlook and character. Another political party founded in the pre-independence days was the Congress Socialist Party in 1934 and continued to work with the Congress party up to 1948.

Forward Block and Praja Socialist Part) are emerged in the successive years. In addition to these political parties, a number of state parties also made their appearance in the post-independence period in various states. These include Bharatiya Jan Sangh, Janata Dal. Samajawadi Party, Biju Janatha Dal. DMK. AIADMK. Telugu Desham. National Conference. Rashtriya Janata Dal, Trinmul Congress. Akali Dal, BSP. National Congress Party, JMM, Gorka National Liberation Front, Shiva Sena. etc. India has developed a multi-party system and the number of political parties is certainly much more than found in other democratic countries of the world.

Question 14.
Write a note on the Regional Parties.
Answer:
Regional political party means a party which generally operates within a limited geographical area. Its activities are confined to a single or handful of states. The regional parties represent the interests of particular linguistic, religious, ethnic or cultural groups w hich are concentrated in a particular area. The regional parties differ from the national parties both in terms of their outlook as well as the interests which they attempt to serve.

Their activities are focused on specific issues concerning the region and they operate within a limited area. Some of the main regional parties are Janata Dal(S) in Karnataka, Telugu Desham in Andhra Pradesh. DMK and AIADMK in Tamilnadu, Shivasena in Maharastra, Aakalidal in Punjab, National Conference in Jammu and Kashmir, RJD in Bihar. SJP in Uttarapradesh, BJD in Odisha, AGP in Assam, TRS in Telengana.

Question 15.
Write about the era of coalition Government in India.
Answer:
A coalition government emerges in those countries which have a multi-party system. Where a country has many political parties and in an election no single party has been able to secure majority number of seats in the election, a coalition government is formed. Coalition implies a combination of parties. Thus, two or more political parties, due to lack of sole majority, made the alliance and forms the government on Common Minimum Programme. Coalition government was first formed in 1977 under the banner of Janatha party headed by Morarjee Desai.

The first Prime Minister ofa coalition government. Later on. in 1989. National Front was led by V.P. Singh formed coalition gov ernment. In 1996 United Front led by H.D. Devegowda. in 1999 National Democratic Alliance under the leadership of A.B. Vajapayee. in 2004 United Progressive Alliance led by Manmohan Singh and in 2014 National Democratic Alliance headed by Narendra Modi formed the coalition gov ernment in different stages of political situation.

2nd PUC Political Science Elections and Party System In India Ten marks questions and answers:

Question 1.
Explain the powers and functions of the Election Commission of India. (July 2017) (March 2018)
Answer:
According to Article 324(1) of Indian Constitution, the powers and functions of the Election Commission of India are as follows:-

(a) It revise and prepares the electoral roll periodically.
(b) It hold elections to Parliament. State Assemblies, and offices of the President and Vice President.
(c) It announce the elections and issue the time table.
(d) It conducts the by-election to vacant seats and announce the repoll where the elections are disrupted.
(e) It grants recognition to political parties as National and State level parties and also allots ‘ the symbols to the parties.
(f) It scrutinizes the nomination papers and empovver.to reject the uncompleted nomination papers.
(g) It appoints officers and other stall’ members to conduct election and make necessary arrangements.
(h) It appoints the observers and micro observers to keep constant eye on the electoral process.
(i) It can undertake the counting process and declare the results. It can also withhold the election results on valid grounds.
(j) It can advice the President or the Governor at the time of disqualification of members of the House.
(k) It enforces the code of conduct for the candidates and political parties with relates to the election expenses and submission of accounts after election.
(l) As per the Representation of Peoples’ Act of 1950 and 1951, Election Commission of India conducts the process of election.

Question 2.
Describe the electrol reforms in India (March 2017)
Answer:
Elections in India is huge and complex. The electoral process also elaborate. In the course of the last 50 years the election process has show n a number of shortcomings which have arisen out of the politico-social, economic and cultural conditions prevailing in our country. Caste . and religious factors have become predominant. Vote banks, rigging, booth-capturing, proxy voting etc., have become common. In view of these, several electoral reforms have been taken up in recent years. They may be outlined as follows:-

(a) To provide representation to the country, the voting age was reduced from 21 years to 18 years for the Lok Sabha and Assembly elections.

(b) To overcome various problems arising in the election process. Electronic Voting Machines have been introduced.

(c) To discourage candidates who are not serious in contesting in the elections and to avoid multiplicity of such candidates, the deposit amount has been increased.

(d) To deal with proxy voting, identity cards with photographs is being issued to all voters by the Election Commission.

(e) In recognition of the voters right to information, the Election Commission has decided on mandatory disclosure of their antecedents by the candidates.

(f) To curb the role of money in elections and to enable the service minded persons to contest in the elections, Tndraj it Gupta Committee recommended for state funding of elections.

(g) In order to ensure free and fair elections, the candidates should furnish the details about their educational qualifications, movable and immovable property and criminal background.

(h) In order to promote the elections more trustworthy. Election Commission of India has . introduced VVPAT and VSDL! devices along w ith EVMs during pooling.

Question 3.
Explain the mandatory disclosures during elections.
Answer:
Mandatory disclosure of antecedents of the candidates:-
The candidates have to disclose their personal details of criminal, education and property while filing their nominations. This is to facilitate the right candidates to contest the elections.

1. Criminal antecedents: To curb criminalization of politics, it is compulsory for all the candidates to show their criminal details while filing the nominations as per the Supreme Court decisions. Disqualification for criminal offences is provided in Representation of Peoples” Act 1951.

(a) As per the Act a person is disqualified from contesting election only on conviction by the court of law.
(b) Cases filed 6 months before election would lead to disqualification.
(c) Cases in which candidates have accused with the offence and sentenced for 2 or more years are disqualified to contest for election.
(d)  With the offence proved by the court of law a person is not eligible to contest election or a period of 6 years.
Providing the above details in the nomination paper enable a voter to elect good and best representatives of their own choice.

2. Educational antecedents: The candidate has to file an affidavit to give information relating to his educational qualifications to enable a voter to choose his best choice.
(a) Being representative of the people one has to be educated and actively take part in the proceedings of the legislature, administration and in law making process.
(b) By knowing the educational details of the candidates, voters are able to elect qualified representatives.
(c) It is very essential for all the candidates to have at least minimum qualification to know the pulse of the people.
(d) Only educated reprcsentatice can understand the administration and participate actively.

(3) Property antecedents: Contesting an election is an expensive aspect in the present situation. Election Commission of India made it compulsory for all the candidates to furnish their movable and immovable property details while filing the nomination.
(a) It is clear that declaring the property antecedents, people are able to understand the credibility of the candidates.
(b) By declaring their property details, candidates can seek the vote before the people without any prejudice.
(c) it avoids the candidates who earns the property illegally from contesting the elections.
(d) It curb the corruption in the administration as the people are watching honest) and sincerity of the representatives during their rule.

Question 4.
Explain the recommendations of Indrajith Gupta Committee regarding State funding.
Answer:
An educated person with high caliber and social concern fails to get elected due to lack of money. To encourage competent, capable individuals with honesty and integrity’, certain measures have been taken by’ the concern authority. The state by providing material benefits like supply’of fuel for vehicles, papers for election literature and other purposes checks the candidates from becoming corrupt. With regard to state funding of elections. Indrajit Gupta Committee was formed in 1998. The Committee recommended as follows:-

(a) To Minimize the election expenses of political parties, a part of it to be borne by the State.
(b) State funding should be in the form of kind not in cash.
(c) It recommended separate election fund to be created and the annual contribution of central government is Rs.600 crores and that of all the states should be Rs.600 crores.
(d) State funding to be confined to the recognized parties by the Election Commission.
(e) To avail the state funding benefits the political parties must submit their income tax returns.
(f) Free election telecasting and broad casting to all the political parties on government owned Television. Radio and other private channels.
(g) The details of expenditure should be given to the Election Commission within the specified time.
(h) It recommended for reasonable restrictions writing on wall, display of cutouts, banners, posters and buntings.

Question 5.
Describe the nature of Indian party systerm
Answer:
Political parties play a vital role in a democracy. India has the largest democracy in the world. It has many political parties which operate at various levels viz., local, state and national levels. The nature of Indian party system is as follows:

(a) Extra constitutional growth:- There is no reference in the Constitution of India about how many political parties are to be existed in the country. According to Article 19 of the Constitution, all citizens can have freedom to form associations or unions. Political parties established on the basis of this liberty. Hence political parties have no constitutional base.

(b) Prevalence of multi party system: India is a divergent country with many religions, tribes, languages, culture and traditions. The heterogeneity’ leads to the emergence of many political parties to protect their interests in the stream of the country’.

(c) Split and merger: It is a common phenomenon in the Indian party system. Various reasons contributed for split like ideological differences, egoism, power hunger, etc.

(d) End of single party era: India was under Congress rule till 1977. The happenings between 1975 -1977 forced small parties to unit and fight against Congress and capture power and put an end to single party’ era.

(e) Dissident activities: Meanness of leaders like personal attitudes, favoritism, nepotism lead to dissent activities. Repetition of such happenings instigates leaders to go against the ideology of the party and paves way to political instability.

(f) Defection: Elected members of the Legislature change their parties often for personal benefits or differences of opinion and many more reasons. It ruins the values of democracy and destabilizes the government.

(g) Leader worship: Most of the political parties in India emphasize on the leaders then the ideologies of the parties. The leaders decides the destiny of the political party.

(h) Alliances without principles: Political parties are formed with principles of democracy and secularism but they ignore them for want of pow er and make unholy alliances.

(i) Dominance of regional parties: The presence of regional parties during first general election did not influence the voters hence they were rejected. During 1980’s they emerged very strong and dominated the political scenario.

(j) Religious, lingual and regionalism: The basis of political parties in India is religion, language, regionalism and the like.

(k) Leftist and rightist parties: Party system in India consists of Leftist and Rightist ideologies. Eg. CPI, CPi(M) who have belief in revolutionary ideology and drastic changes in the system. Parties like BJP, Akalidal. Shivasena believe in moderate changes in the system.

(l) The era of coalition: When no single political parts secures absolute majority, various political parties come together and made the alliance and form the coalition government. The era of coalition started during 1977 and still existing.

Question 6.
Explain the functions of political parties (July 2015,2016,2018)
Answer:
Political parties are essential in the democratic system. Without political parties democratic government cannot work successfully. In fact they are indispensable to democracy. Democracy and .political parties are inseparable. Political parties perform very vital functions in the democratic process. They are as follows:

(a) To formulate the party programme: In formulating its programmes or policies, eveiy political party tries to keep in view its own ideology, aims and objectives. It then publishes its manifesto on the eve of the elections. Political parties ensure that all sections of the party throughout their ranks, propagate and support them. It then appeals to as large a number of voters as possible.

(b) To propagate the party programme and educate the people: Political parties impart political education to the people and make them to realize their responsibilities. The ideologies along with the previous achievements are highlighted to attract the voters during the electioneering.

(c) To win elections and capture power: This is their main objective. To achieve this objective all political parties field their candidates for the elections and undertake to support by campaigning. It is this process that almost all the political parties have been consumed by the craze for power.

(d) Formation of government: After the declaration of the results, the party- which secures majority forms the government. The administration is earned on in accordance with the mandatory provisions of the Constitution.

(e) Acts as opposition party: The political party which fails to secure majority in the election act as opposition party. It act as constructive opposition against the bad policies and programs of the government.

(f) Public opinion and policy: As in all democracies. Indian political parties function like brokers of ideas. They play an active role in molding public opinion by making use of the publicity media. They present different policy alternativ es to the problems confronting the nation.

Question 7.
Bring out the main provisions of Anti-defection Act (March 2018, July 2015)
Answer:
The Anti-defection Act 1985, also known as the 52nd Constitutional Amendment Act was enacted to prevent the problems of defection of Members of Parliament and State Assemblies from one political party to another. The main provisions of the Act are as follows:-

(a) A Member of Parliament or State Legislature belonging to any political party shall be disqualified if he voluntarily quits his party.

(b) He will be disqualified from his membership if he votes against his party Whip in the session.

(c) A Member of Parliament or State Legislature belonging to any political party shall be disqualified from hi.s membership if he votes in the session without prior permission of his party

(d) A nominated member shall be disqualified from his membership in the Upper House if he joins any political party’ after 6 months from the date on which he assumes his position.

(e) If l/3rd strength of any political party merges with another political party shall be considered as defection.

(f) A person disqualified under this Act shall not be provided any office or profit.

(g) The Anti-defection Law determines the size of the Council of Ministers. The size of the Council of Ministers of Union shall not exceed 15% of the total members of Lok Sabha and similar to that of State Legislative Assembly.

(h) Speaker can initiate action against the members under Anti-defection Law.

(i) The Chairpersons of Legislature are permitted to frame the rules to implement this Law.

(j) An independent member of the house shall be disqualified, if he joins any party after election.

(k) A person shall not be disqualified if his original party merges with another party under this Law.

(l) The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha and Deputy’ Chairman of Rajya Sabha. the Presiding officers of State Legislatures shall not be disqualified under Anti defection Law if they quit their original party.

(m) A person who is disqualified under Anti-defection Law, can challenge the orders of the Speaker before the Court.

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निम्नलिखित अनुच्छेद पढ़कर उस पर आधारित प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए :

1) “राजा राममोहन राय बचपन से ही बड़े प्रतिभाशाली थे। उनके पिता ने उनकी पढाई का समुचित प्रबंध किया। गाँव की पाठशाला में उन्होंने बँगला सीखी। उन दिनों कचहरियों में फारसी का बोलबाला था। अतः उन्होंने घर पर ही मौलवी से फारसी पढ़ी। नौ वर्ष की उम्र में वे अरबी की उच्च शिक्षा के लिए पटना भेजे गए। वहाँ वे तीन वर्ष तक रहे। उन्होंने कुरान का मूल अरबी में अध्ययन किया। बारह वर्ष की उम्र में वे काशी गए। चार वर्ष तक वहाँ उन्होंने संस्कृत का अध्ययन किया। इस बीच उन्होंने भारतीय दर्शन का भी अध्ययन किया।”

प्रश्नः
i) राजा राममोहन राय की पढ़ाई की व्यवस्था किसने की?
ii) राजा राममोहन राय ने बँगला कहाँ सीखी?
iii) उन्होंने अरबी की शिक्षा कहाँ से प्राप्त की?
iv) बारह वर्ष की उम्र में वे कहाँ गए?
v) उन्होंने कितने वर्ष तक संस्कृत का अध्ययन किया?
उत्तरः
i) राजा राममोहन राय की पढ़ाई की व्यवस्था उनके पिता ने की।
ii) राजा राममोहन राय ने गाँव की पाठशाला में बँगला सीखी।
iii) उन्होंने अरबी की शिक्षा पटना से प्राप्त की।
iv) बारह वर्ष की उम्र में वे काशी गए।
v) उन्होंने चार वर्षों तक संस्कृत का अध्ययन किया।

2) “साहित्योन्नति के साधनों में पुस्तकालयों का स्थान अत्यन्त महत्वपूर्ण है। इनके द्वारा साहित्य के जीवन की रक्षा, पुष्टि और अभिवृद्धि होती है। पुस्तकालय सभ्यता के इतिहास का जीता-जागता गवाह हैं। इसी के बल पर वर्तमान भारत को अपने अतीत गौरव पर गर्व है। पुस्तकालय भारत के लिए कोई नई वस्तु नहीं है। लिपि के आविष्कार से आज तक लोग निरन्तर पुस्तकों का संग्रह करते रहे हैं। पहले देवालय और विद्यालय इन संग्रहों के प्रमुख स्थान होते थे। इनके अतिरिक्त विद्वज्जनों के अपने निजी पुस्तकालय भी होते थे। मुद्रणकला के आविष्कार से पूर्व पुस्तकों का संग्रह करना आजकल की तरह सरल बात न थी। आजकल साधारण स्थिति के पुस्तकालय में जितनी सम्पत्ति लगती है, उतनी कभी-कभी एक-एक पुस्तक की तैयारी में लग जाया करती थी। भारत के पुस्तकालय संसार-भर में अपनी सानी नहीं रखते थे। प्राचीन काल से मुगल सम्राटों के समय तक यही स्थिति रही। चीन, फारस प्रभृति सुदूरस्थित देशों से झुण्ड के झुण्ड विद्यानुरागी लम्बी यात्राएँ करके भारत आया करते थे।”

प्रश्नः
i) साहित्योन्नति के साधनों में किसका स्थान अत्यन्त महत्वपूर्ण है?
ii) पुस्तकालय किसका जीता-जागता गवाह है?
ii) पहले पुस्तकालय किन-किन स्थानों पर हुआ करते थे?
iv) पुराने समय में पुस्तकों पर अधिक व्यय क्यों होता था?
v) पुस्तकालयों के कारण भारत को क्या गौरव प्राप्त था?
उत्तरः
i) साहित्योन्नति के साधनों में पुस्तकालयों का स्थान अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण है।
ii) पुस्तकालय सभ्यता का जीता-जागता गवाह है।
iii) पहले पुस्तकालय देवालय और विद्यालयों में हुआ करते थे।
iv) मुद्रणयंत्र न होने के कारण पुराने समय में पुस्तकों पर अधिक व्यय होता था।
v) पुस्तकालयों के कारण भारत को अपने अतीत गौरव पर गर्व है।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्न :

3) सुन्दर प्रतिभा, मनभावनी चाल और स्वच्छन्द प्रकृति ये ही दो-चार बातें देखकर मित्रता की जाती है। पर जीवन-संग्राम में साथ देने वाले मित्रों में इनसे कुछ अधिक बातें होनी चाहिए। मित्र केवल उसे नहीं कहते, जिसके गुणों की तो हम प्रशंसा करें, पर जिसे हम स्नेह न कर सकें। जिससे हम अपने छोटे काम को तो निकालते जाएँ, पर भीतर ही भीतर घृणा करते रहें। मित्र सच्चे पथ-प्रदर्शक के समान होना चाहिए, जिस पर हम पूरा विश्वास कर सकें। भाई के समान होना चाहिए, जिसे हम अपना प्रीतिपात्र बना सकें। हमारे और मित्र के बीच सच्ची सहानुभूति होनी चाहिए, ऐसी सहानुभूति जिससे दोनों मित्र एक दूसरे की बराबर खोय-खबरलें। ऐसी सहानुभूति, जिससे एक के हानि-लाभ को दूसरा अपना हानि-लाभ समझे। मित्रता के लिए आवश्यक नहीं है कि दो मित्र एक ही प्रकार का कार्य करते हों या एक ही रुचि के हों। दो भिन्न प्रकृति के मनुष्यों में भी बराबर की प्रीति और मित्रता देखी जाती है।

प्रश्न:
i) किन बातों को देखकर मित्रता की जाती है?
ii) मित्र किसे नहीं कहना चाहिए?
iii) सच्चा मित्र कैसा होता है?
iv) मित्र के प्रति क्या होनी चाहिए?
v) मित्रता के लिए क्या आवश्यक नहीं है?
उत्तर:
i) सुन्दर प्रतिभा, मनभावनी चाल और स्वच्छन्द प्रकृति ये ही दो-चार बातें देखकरमित्रता की जाती है।
ii) मित्र केवल उसे नहीं कहते, जिसके गुणों की तो हम प्रशंसा करें, पर जिसे हम स्नेह न कर सकें।
iii) सच्चा मित्र पथ-प्रदर्शक के समान होता है, जिस पर हम पूरा विश्वास कर सकें।
iv) मित्र के प्रति सच्ची सहानुभूति होनी चाहिए।
v) मित्रता के लिए आवश्यक नहीं है कि दो मित्र एक ही प्रकार का कार्य करते हों या एक ही रूचि के हों।

4) भारत विश्व सभ्यता का जनक है, क्योंकि इसकी सभ्यता विश्व की प्राचीनतम सभ्यता है। प्रलय के बाद सर्वप्रथम भारत भूमि पर ही मनु द्वारा सृष्टि की रचना हुई। धरती का स्वर्ग तथा अनेक ऋषि-मुनियों, देवताओं और महापुरुषों की पुण्य भूमि भारत पर स्वयं भगवान राम और कृष्ण ने अवतार लेकर इसकी मिट्टी को तिलक करने योग्य बना दिया। दुनिया की अनेक संस्कृतियाँ मिट गई परंतु भारत की संस्कृति आज भी जीवित है। अपने ऐश्वर्य और समृद्धि के कारण यह ‘सोने की चिड़िया’ कहलाया। सभी प्रकार की कलाओं और विद्याओं का शुभारंभ इसी धरती पर हुआ। तथा मोक्ष का मूलमंत्र भी सर्व प्रथम इसी धरती के लोगों के हाथ लगा जिसे संपूर्ण विश्व में फैलाकर भारत ‘विश्वगुरु’ कहलाया। आज भारत ने हर क्षेत्र में अद्भुत प्रगति की है। इसलिए हम गर्व से कहेंगे ‘मेरा भारत महान है’।

प्रश्न:
i) भारत को किसका जनक कहा जाता है?
ii) प्रलय के बाद किसकी रचना हो गई?
iii) धरती को स्वर्ग और मिट्टी को तिलक के योग्य किस-किसने बनाया?
iv) किसके कारण भारत को सोने की चिड़िया कहा जाता है?
v) किसका शुभारंभ भारत भूमि पर हुआ है?
उत्तरः
i) भारत को विश्व सभ्यता का जनक कहा जाता है।
ii) प्रलय के बाद सृष्टि की रचना हुई।
iii) स्वयं भगवान राम और कृष्ण ने अवतार लेकर धरती को स्वर्ग और मिट्टी को तिलक के योग्य बनाया।
iv) अपने ऐश्वर्य और समृद्धि के कारण भारत को सोने की चिड़िया कहा जाता है।
v) सभी प्रकार की कलाओं और विद्याओं का शुभारंभ इसी भारत भूमि पर हुआ है।

5) काशी में संगीत आयोजन की एक प्राचीन एवं अद्भुत परम्परा है। यह आयोजन पिछले कई बरसों से संकटमोचन मंदिर में होता आया है। यह मंदिर शहर के दक्षिण में लंका पर स्थित है व हनुमान जयंती के अवसर पर यहाँ पाँच दिनों तक शास्त्रीय एवं उप-शास्त्रीय गायन-वादन की उत्कृष्ट सभा होती है। इसमें बिस्मिल्ला खाँ अवश्य रहते थे। अपने मजहब के प्रति अत्यधिक समर्पित उस्ताद बिस्मिल्ला खाँ की श्रद्धा काशी विश्वनाथ जी के प्रति भी अपार थी। वे जब भी काशी से बाहर रहते तब विश्वनाथ व बालाजी मंदिर की दिशा की ओर मुँह करके बैठते, थोड़ी देर ही सही, मगर उसी ओर शहनाई का प्याला धुमा दिया जाता और भीतर की आस्था रीड़ के माध्यम से बजती थी। खाँ साहब की एक रीड 15 से 20 मिनट के अंदर गीली हो जाती थी, तब वे दूसरी रीड का इस्तेमाल कर लिया करते थे।

प्रश्नः
i) काशी की प्राचीन एवं अद्भुत परम्परा क्या है?
ii) संकटमोचन मंदिर कहाँ पर स्थित है?
iii) बिस्मिल्ला खाँ की श्रद्धा किसके प्रति अपार थी?
iv) उस्ताद बिस्मिल्ला खाँ किस वाद्य को बजाते थे?
v) खाँ साहब की एक रीड कितने समय में गीली हो जाती थी?
उत्तरः
i) संगीत आयोजन काशी की प्राचीन एवं अद्भुत परम्परा है।
ii) संकटमोचन मंदिर काशी शहर के दक्षिण में लंका पर स्थित है।
iii) बिस्मिल्ला खाँ की श्रद्धा काशी विश्वनाथ जी के प्रति अपार थी।
iv) उस्ताद बिस्मिल्ला खाँ शहनाई वाद्य को बजाते थे।
v) खाँ साहब की एक रीड 15 से 20 मिनट के अंदर गीली हो जाती थी।

6) मित्रता अनमोल धन है। इसकी तुलना किसी से भी नहीं की जा सकती है। हीरे-मोती या सोने-चाँदी से भी नहीं। मैत्री की महिमा बहुत बड़ी है। सच्चा मित्र सुख और दुख में समान भाव से मैत्री निभाता है। जो केवल सुख में साथ होता है, उसे सच्चा मित्र नहीं कहा जा सकता। साथ-साथ खाना-पीना, सैर, पिकनिक का आनंद लेना सच्ची मित्रता का लक्षण नहीं। सच्ची मित्रता की बस एक पहचान है और वह है – विचारों की एकता। विचारों की एकता ही इसे दिनोंदिन प्रगाढ़ करती है। सच्चा मित्र बड़ा महत्वपूर्ण होता है। जहाँ चाह न लगे, वही बाँह बढ़ाकर उबार लेता है। मित्रता करना तो आसान है, लेकिन निभाना बहुत ही मुश्किल। आज मित्रता का दुरुपयोग होने लगा है। लोग अपने सीमित स्वार्थों की पूर्ति के लिए मित्रता का ढोंग रचते हैं। मित्रता जीवन का सर्वश्रेष्ठ अनुभव है। यह एक ऐसा मोती है, जिसे गहरे सागर में डूबकर ही पाया जा सकता है। मित्रता की कीमत केवल मित्रता ही है। सच्ची मित्रता जीवन का वरदान है। सच्चा मित्र मनुष्य की सोई किस्मत को जगा ‘सकता है और भटके को सही राह दिखा सकता है।

प्रश्नः
i) कौन सुख और दुख में समान भाव से मैत्री निभाता है?
ii) मित्रता की क्या पहचान है?।
iii) क्या मित्रता निभाना आसान है?
iv) मित्रता की प्राप्ति किस प्रकार हो सकती है?
v) सच्चा मित्र किसको सही राह दिखा सकता है?
उत्तरः
i) सच्चा मित्र सुख और दुख में समान भाव से मैत्री निभाता है।
ii) विचारों की एकता ही मित्रता की सही पहचान है।
iii) मित्रता निभाना बहुत मुश्किल है।
iv) मित्रता एक ऐसा मोती है, जिसे गहरे सागर में डूबकर ही पाया जा सकता है।
v) सच्चा मित्र भटके को सही राह दिखा सकता है।

7) संसार का प्रत्येक धर्म दया और करुणा का पाठ पढ़ाता है। हर धर्म सिखाता है कि जीव पर दया-भाव रखो और कष्ट में फँसे इंसान की सहायता करो। परोपकार की भावना ही सबसे बड़ी मनुष्यता है। परोपकार की भावना रखने वाला न तो अपने-पराए का भेदभाव रखता है और न ही अपनी हानि की परवाह करता है। दयावान किसी को कष्ट में देखकर चुपचाप नहीं बैठ सकता। उसकी आत्मा उसे दुखी प्राणी के लिए कुछ करने को मजबूर करती है। अगर कोई किसी पर अत्याचार करे या बेकसूर को यातना दे, तो हमारा कर्त्तव्य बनता है कि हम बेकसूर का सहारा बनें। न्याय व धर्म की रक्षा करना सदा से धर्म है। दया-भाव विहीन मनुष्य भी पशु समान ही होता है। जो दूसरों की रक्षा करते हैं, वे इस सृष्टि को चलाने में भगवान की सहायता करते हैं। धर्म का मर्म ही दया है। दया-भाव से ही धर्म का दीपक सदा प्रज्वलित रहता है।

प्रश्नः
i) संसार का हर धर्म किसका पाठ पढ़ाता है?
ii) सबसे बड़ी मनुष्यता क्या है?
iii) दयावान व्यक्ति कब चुपचाप नहीं बैठ सकता?
iv) न्याय व धर्म की रक्षा करना क्या है?
v) सृष्टि को चलाने में भगवान की सहायता कौन करते हैं?
उत्तरः
i) संसार का हर धर्म दया और करूणा का पाठ पढ़ाता है।
ii) परोपकार की भावना ही सबसे बड़ी मनुष्यता है।
iii) दयावान व्यक्ति किसी को कष्ट में देखकर चुपचाप नहीं बैठ सकता।
iv) न्याय व धर्म की रक्षा करना हमारा धर्म और कर्तव्य है।
v) सृष्टि को चलाने में भगवान की सहायता वही करते है जो दूसरों की रक्षा करते हैं।

8) मदर तेरेसा द्वारा किए जा रहे सेवा-कार्यों को समस्त विश्व में प्रतिष्ठा मिली है। उन्हें सम्मानसूचक तथा आर्थिक सहयोग के रूप में जो धन मिलता था, उसे वे सामाजिक सेवा कार्यों के उपयोग में लाती थीं। अधिकतर धनराशी, झुग्गी-झोंपड़ियों के निवासियों के लिए पाठशाला खोलने पर व्यय की जाती थी। अप्रैल 1962 में तत्कालीन राष्ट्रपति जी ने उन्हें ‘पद्मश्री’ से अलंकृत किया था। इसके तत्पश्चात् फिलीपिंस सरकार की ओर से उन्हें 10,000 डालर का पुरस्कार प्रदान किया गया। इस धनराशि से उन्होंने आगरा में कुष्ठाश्रम बनवाया, जहाँ कुष्ठ रोगियों की चिकित्सा की जाती है। सन् 1964 में जब पोप भारत आए थे, तो उन्होंने अपनी कार मदर तेरेसा को भेंट कर दी थी। मदर तेरेसा ने वह कार 59,930 डालर में नीलाम कर दी थी तथा उस धनराशि से कुष्ठ रोगियों की एक बस्ती बसाई, ताकि ऐसे लोगों की चिकित्सा और सही देखभाल की जा सके।

प्रश्नः
i) मदर तेरेसा के सेवा-कार्यों को कहाँ प्रतिष्ठा मिली है?
ii) अधिकतर धनराशि मदर तेरेसा द्वारा कैसे व्यय की जाती थी?
iii) उन्हें ‘पद्मश्री’ की उपाधि से कब अलंकृत किया गया था?
iv) फिलीपिंस सरकार से प्राप्त धनराशि से उन्होंने कहाँ कुष्ठाश्रम बनवाया?
v) किसने अपनी कार मदर तेरेसा को भेंट दी?।
उत्तरः
i) मदर तेरेसा के सेवा-कार्यों को समस्त विश्व में प्रतिष्ठा मिली है।
ii) अधिकतर धनराशि मदर तेरेसा द्वारा झुग्गी-झोंपड़ियों के निवासियों के लिए पाठशाला खोलने पर व्यय की जाती थी।
iii) अप्रैल 1962 में उन्हें ‘पद्मश्री’ की उपाधि से अलंकृत किया गया था।
iv) फिलीपिंस सरकार से प्राप्त धनराशि से उन्होंने आगरा में कुष्ठाश्रम बनवाया।
v) पोप ने अपनी कार मदर तेरेसा को भेंट दी।

9) यह कहावत सत्य है कि समय बलवान है, इस पर किसी का वश नहीं चलता। आनेवाले समय में अच्छा-बुरा क्या घट जाए, कोई नहीं जानता। ऐसे अनिश्चित समय के लिए यदि उसके पास कुछ संचित धन है तो उसके काम आ सकता है। कोई भी व्यक्ति दूसरों के सहारे न तो कल रह सका है, न आज रह पा रहा है, न ही भविष्य में रह सकता है। यह कटु सत्य है। मनुष्य का आज का जीवन कई प्रकार की आकस्मिकताओं वाला बन चुका है। अतः उन आकस्मिकताओं का ठीक प्रकार से सामना करने के लिए, प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को चाहिए कि वह प्रतिदिन जितनी भी हो अधिक-से-अधिक बचत करता रहे। इसी में उसकी भलाई है। आज की गई एक-एक पैसे की बचत कल का अनंत सुख सिद्ध हो सकती हैं। धन की कमी से सुखपूर्वक तो क्या सामान्य जीवन भी जी पाना कतई संभव नहीं है। मनुष्य के जीवन में हमेशा से धन की आवश्यकता बनी रही है। उसे पूरा करने के लिए बचत करना नितांत आवश्यक है। अतः व्यक्ति अपने सभी तरह के स्रोतों से आज और कल में संतुलन बनाए रखकर ही सुख-चैन से जीवन जी सकता है।

प्रश्न:
i) कौन सी कहावत सत्य है?
ii) कटु सत्य क्या है?
iii) मनुष्य की भलाई किस में है?
iv) धन की कमी से क्या संभव नहीं है?
v) व्यक्ति सुख-चैन से कब जी सकता है?
उत्तर:
i) समय बलवान है, इस पर किसी का वश नहीं चलता।
ii) कटु सत्य यह है कि कोई भी व्यक्ति दूसरों के सहारे न तो कल रह सका है, न आज रह पा रहा है, न ही भविष्य में रह सकता है।
iii) मनुष्य की भलाई इस में है कि वह प्रतिदिन जितनी भी हो अधिक-से-अधिक बचत करता रहे।
iv) धन की कमी से सुखपूर्वक तो क्या सामान्य जीवन भी जी पाना संभव नहीं है।
v) व्यक्ति अपने सभी तरह के स्रोतों से आज और कल में संतुलन बनाए रखकर ही सुख-चैन से जीवन जी सकता है।

10) धर्म को लोगों ने धोखे की दुकान बना रखा है। वे उसकी आड़ में स्वार्थ सिद्ध करते हैं। बात यह है कि लोग धर्म को छोड़कर सम्प्रदाय के जाल में फँस रहे हैं। सम्प्रदाय बाह्य कृत्यों पर जोर देते हैं। वे चिन्हों को अपनाकर धर्म के सार-तत्व को छोड़ देते हैं। धर्म मनुष्य को अंतर्मुखी बनाता है। उसके हृदय किवाड़ों को खोलता है, उसी आत्मा को विशाल, मन को उदार तथा चरित्र को उन्नत बनाता है। सम्प्रदाय संकीर्णता सिखाते हैं, जात-पांत, रूप-रंग तथा ऊँच-नीच के भेद भावों से ऊपर नहीं उठने देते।

प्रश्नः
i) धर्म को लोगों ने किसकी दुकान बना रखी है?
ii) लोग धर्म को छोड़कर किसके जाल में फंस रहे हैं?
iii) लोग किनको अपनाकर धर्म के सार तत्व को छोड़ देते हैं?
iv) धर्म मनुष्य को क्या बनाता है?
v) सम्प्रदाय क्या सिखाता है?
उत्तरः
i) धर्म को लोगों ने धोखे की दुकान बना रखी है।
ii) लोग धर्म को छोड़कर सम्प्रदाय के जाल में फंस रहे हैं।
iii) लोग चिन्हों को अपनाकर धर्म के सार-तत्व को छोड़ देते हैं।
iv) धर्म मनुष्य को अंतर्मुखी बनाता है।
v) सम्प्रदाय संकीर्णता सिखाते हैं।

11) इस स्वतंत्र भारत देश के नागरिक होने का गर्व तभी सार्थक कर सकेंगे जब हम आपस की फूट और वैमनस्य से बचकर देश की समृद्धि, संपन्नता एवं सुरक्षा में प्राणपण से योग दें। देश की स्वतंत्रता के लिए हमें अपनी अबाधिक स्वतंत्रता पर नियंत्रण करना होगा। स्वतंत्र देश के नागरिक की भाँति इस अनुशासन में रहना सीखें, हम अपने चुने हुए नेता का आदर करे, विपक्ष की बात सावधानी से सुनने को तैय्यार रहें और देश के हित को पार्टी, जाति, सम्प्रदाय और व्यक्तियों के हित की अपेक्षा अधिक महत्व दें।

प्रश्नः
i) हमें किस देश के नागरिक होने का गर्व है?
ii) हमें किससे बचकर देश की समृद्धि पर योगदान देना है?
iii) हमें किस पर नियंत्रण रखना होगा?
iv) स्वतंत्र देश के नागरिक होने के कारण हमें क्या-क्या करना होगा?
v) स्वतंत्र देश के नागरिकों को किस पर अधिक महत्व देना होगा?
उत्तरः
i) हमें स्वतंत्र भारत देश के नागरिक होने का गर्व है।
ii) हमें आपस की फूट और वैमनस्य से बचकर देश की समृद्धि पर योगदान देना है।
iii) हमें अपनी अबाधित स्वतंत्रता पर नियंत्रण करना होगा।
iv) हमें अनुशासन में रहना, चुने हुए नेता का आदर करने एवं विपक्ष की बात सावधानी से सुनने को तैयार रहना होगा।
v) स्वतंत्र देश के नागरिकों को पार्टी, जाति, संप्रदाय हित से आगे देशहित को रखना होगा।

12) संसार के सभी नेताओं ने अपनी प्रतिज्ञा में देश की भलाई के लिए निष्ठा से सेवा करने के सिद्धांतों की सत्यता पर विश्वास करके अपने कदम को आगे बढ़ाया है। अनुयायियों के विश्वासघात के भय से उन्होंने पलायन नहीं किया न आतताइयों के भय से उन्होंने उनके सामने सर झुकाया। मेरे जीवन की अपेक्षा मेरी मृत्यु से ही सत्य का अधिक कल्याण होगा – यह कहते हुए महात्मा ईसा सूली पर चढ़ गये और महान दार्शनिक सुकरात मुस्कुराते हुए जहर का प्याला पी गये। इतिहास साक्षी है कि महात्मा ईसा के साथ उनका धर्म सूली पर नहीं चढ़ाया जा सका और न ही सुकरात के साथ उनके शाश्वत सिद्धांतों का अंत हुआ।

प्रश्न:
i) संसार के सभी नेताओं ने कैसे अपने कदम को आगे बढ़ाया है?
ii) नेताओं ने किसके विश्वासघात के भय से पलायन नहीं किया?
ii) नेताओं ने किसके सामने अपना सर नहीं झुकाया?
iv) ‘मेरे जीवन की अपेक्षा मेरी मृत्यु से ही सत्य का अधिक कल्याण होगा’ इसे किस महात्मा ने कहा?
v) किसके शाश्वत सिद्धांतों का अंत न हुआ?
उत्तर:
i) संसार के सभी नेताओं ने देश की भलाई के लिए निष्ठा से सेवा करने के सिद्धांत की सत्यता पर विश्वास करके अपने कदम को आगे बढ़ाया है।
ii) नेताओं ने अनुयायियों के विश्वासघात के भय से पलायन नहीं किया।
iii) नेताओं ने आतताइयों के भय से उसके सामने अपना सर नहीं झुकाया।
iv) ‘मेरे जीवन की अपेक्षा मेरी मृत्यु से ही सत्य का अधिक कल्याण होगा’ इसे महात्मा ईसा ने कहा।
v) सुकरात के शाश्वत सिद्धांतों का अंत नहीं हुआ।

13) मनुष्य सुखाभिलाषी प्राणी है। सुख व आनंद प्राप्त करने के लिए वह कर्म करता है। यद्यपि इस कार्य में परिश्रम और कष्ट तो करना पड़ता है, तो भी परिणति आनंद में होती है। मनुष्य धन कमाता है, उससे जरूरत की चीजों के अतिरिक्त ऐश्वर्य और विलास की वस्तुयें खरीदता हैं। किसलिए? आनंद पाने के लिए। आनंद के बिना मानव का जीवन शून्य है। किसी काम को करने का आनंद तभी मिलता है जब वह स्वेच्छा से किया गया हो। एक प्रसन्नचित्त व्यक्ति अपने आस-पास के वातावरण की कभी नीरस होने नहीं देता। मानव के स्वभाव का असर दूसरे व्यक्तियों पर पड़ें बिना नहीं रहता।

प्रश्नः
i) मनुष्य कैसा प्राणी है?
ii) मनुष्य कर्म किसलिए करता है?
iii) मनुष्य धन क्यों कमाता है?
iv) आनंद के बिना मनुष्य का जीवन कैसा है?
v) एक प्रसन्नचित्त व्यक्ति किसे नीरस होने नहीं देता?
उत्तरः
i) मनुष्य सुखाभिलाषी प्राणी है।
ii) मनुष्य सुख और आनंद प्राप्त करने के लिए कर्म करता है।
iii) मनुष्य धन, ऐश्वर्य और विलास की वस्तुयें खरीदता है।
iv) आनंद के बिना मनुष्य का जीवन शून्य है।
v) एक प्रसन्नचित्त व्यक्ति अपने आसपास के वातावरण को नीरस होने नहीं देता।

14) हमारे देश में प्राचीन काल से अच्छे स्वास्थ्य के लिए उचित आहार पर जोर दिया गया है। चिकित्सा शास्त्र के आचार्यों और ऋषि-मुनियों ने आयुर्वेद में आहार की महत्ता प्रतिपादित की है। उपनिषद् में कहा गया है – अन्न ही हमारे मन का निर्माण करता है। चरक संहिता में लिखा है – अन्न प्राणियों का प्राण है। श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता के अनुसार भोजन अथवा आहार यथायोग्य होना चाहिए। हमारा आयुर्वेद तो भोजन अथवा आहार संबंधी हिदायतों से भरा पड़ा हैं। लेकिन फिर भी यह विडम्बना ही है कि भारत में आधे से अधिक बच्चे कुपोषण से किसी न किसी रूप में ग्रस्त हैं तथा एक-तिहाई के लगभग महिलाएं कुपोषण की शिकार हैं। आयुर्वेद में पथ्य एवं कुपथ्य को भी बहुत अधिक महत्व दिया गया हैं। आयुर्वेद में शरीर और मन के लिए हितकारी आहार को पथ्य एवं शरीर को नुकसान पहुंचाने वाले भोज्य पदार्थों को कुपथ्य कहा गया है।

प्रश्नः
i) हमारे देश में प्राचीन काल से अच्छे स्वास्थ्य के लिए किस पर जोर दिया गया है?
ii) उपनिषद् में क्या कहा गया हैं?
iii) श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता के अनुसार आहार किस प्रकार का होना चाहिए?
iv) भारत में आधे से अधिक बच्चे किससे व्यस्त हैं?
v) शरीर और मन के लिए हितकारी आहार को क्या कहते हैं?
उत्तरः
i) हमारे देश में प्राचीन काल से अच्छे स्वास्थ्य के लिए उचित आहार पर जोर दिया गया है।
ii) उपनिषद् में कहा गया है कि अन्न ही हमारे मन का निर्माण करता है।
iii) श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता के अनुसार आहार यथायोग्य होना चाहिए।
iv) भारत में आधे से अधिक बच्चे कुपोषण से ग्रसित है।
v) शरीर और मन के लिए हितकारी आहार को पथ्य कहा गया है।

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Karnataka 2nd PUC Hindi Workbook Answers रचना पत्र-लेखन

1) अपने मित्र को नववर्ष की शुभकामना देते हुए पत्र लिखिए।

सरस्वतीपुरम
मैसूर
दिनांकः 3 अप्रैल 2019

प्रिय मित्र राजेश,

सप्रेम नमस्ते।
अंग्रेजी कैलेंडर के अनुसार जनवरी की पहली तारीख को नया वर्ष मनाया जाता है। भारतीय परंपरा के अनुसार हमारे देश में प्रतिवर्ष चैत्र शुक्ल प्रतिपदा को भी नया वर्ष मनाया जाता है। इस दिन को ‘गुड़ी पड़वा’ या ‘युगादि’ भी कहते हैं। इस वर्ष यह 31 मार्च को मनाया गया। मैं अपनी तथा अपने परिवार की ओर से तुम्हें ‘नव वर्ष की शुभकामनाएँ’ भेज रहा हूँ और कामना करता हूँ कि यह नया वर्ष तुम्हारे जीवन में नई उमंग और उत्साह लाये।

तुम्हारा प्रिय मित्र,
गोकुल

सेवा में,
राजेश
नं. 121, जयनगर,
बैंगलूर।

2) चरित्र प्रमाण पत्र प्राप्त करने हेतु अपने महाविद्यालय के प्राचार्य को आवेदन – पत्र लिखिए।

राममंदिर रोड,
बिजापुर
दिनांक : 10 जून 2019

सेवा में,
प्राचार्य जी,
सरकारी महाविद्यालय,
बिजापुर।

महोदय,
विषय : ‘चरित्र प्रमाण – पत्र’ सम्बन्धी आवेदन पत्र।

सविनय निवेदन है कि मैं इसी वर्ष आपके कॉलेज में बी.ए. प्रथम श्रेणी में उत्तीर्ण हुआ हूँ और अब धारवाड़ में हिन्दी एम.ए. करना चाहता हूँ। अतः मुझे ‘चरित्र प्रमाण पत्र’ की आवश्यकता है। कृपया मुझे उक्त प्रमाण – पत्र प्रदान करेंगे, तो मैं सुविधानुसार कर्नाटक विश्वविद्यालय में प्रवेश ले पाऊँगा।

कष्ट के लिए क्षमा करें।
धन्यवाद।

आपका शिष्य,
मल्लिकार्जुन

3) अपने क्षेत्र में डेंगू के प्रकोप का वर्णन करते हुए उचित कार्यवाही के लिए क्षेत्रिय स्वास्थ्याधिकारी को पत्र लिखिए।

नं. 121, गोलठाना,
रायचूर
दिनांकः 06 जून 2019

सेवा में,
स्वास्थ्य अधिकारी,
रायचूर जिला क्षेत्र
रायचूर।

महोदय,
विषय : ‘डेंगू रोग के नियंत्रण सम्बन्धी पत्र। जैसे कि आप को ज्ञात ही हैं पिछले 15 दिनों से रायचूर जिले में डेंगू’ का प्रकोप अत्यधिक होने से लोग परेशान हैं। यद्यपि आपने रोग – नियंत्रण के लिए कुछ प्रयास जरूर किये हैं, फिर भी पूरे जिले में रोग बढ़ता जा रहा है। अतः आपसे आग्रह किया जाता है, कि ठोस कार्यवाही की जाए, ताकि आम जनता चैन से अपना कार्य करने लग जाये।

धन्यवाद।

भवदीया,
सुमित्रा

4) छात्रावास से अपने पिता को एक पत्र लिखिए।

भगवान महावीर छात्रावास,
जैन कॉलेज, बेंगलूरु – 18
21 मई 2019

पूज्य पिताजी,

सादर चरण – स्पर्श।
आपका पत्र मिला। पढ़कर प्रसन्नता हुई। आपके विशेष प्रयत्न से मुझे एक अच्छा छात्रावास मिला है। यहाँ मेरी पढ़ाई तो अच्छी होती ही है, साथ ही साथ यहाँ के अच्छे वातावरण ने तथा सहपाठियों ने मेरा मन मोह लिया है। आप विश्वास रखें कि मैं आपके पास किसी प्रकार की शिकायत नहीं आने दूंगा। हमारे छात्रावास – प्रबंधक भी बहुत अच्छे हैं। वे हमें पूरा सहयोग देते हैं।

शेष सर्व कुशल।

आपका आज्ञाकारी पुत्र,
उत्तमचंद

सेवा में,
नवीन शर्मा
515, स्वामी विवेकानंद मार्ग
मैसूर – 570 024.

5) व्यायाम के महत्व को दर्शाते हुए अपने छोटे भाई को पत्र लिखिए।

बसवेश्वरनगर,
बेंगलूरु।
25 अप्रैल 2019

प्रिय रमेश,

शुभाशीर्वाद।
कल पिताजी का पत्र मिला। पता चला कि तुम्हारा स्वास्थ्य ठीक नहीं है। तुम जानते हो कि स्वस्थ शरीर में स्वस्थ मन रहता है। लगता है, तुम देर से उठते हो और व्यायाम करना भी छोड़ दिया है। इतना आलस्य ठीक नहीं। व्यायाम करने से शरीर में स्फूर्ति आती है। व्यायाम करनेवाला विद्यार्थी कभी परीक्षा में असफल नहीं होता। अतः सुबह जल्दी उठकर, घूमने जाया करो और नियमित व्यायाम भी करो।

आशा है, मेरी बातों की ओर ध्यान दोगे और अगले पत्र में इसके परिणाम के बारे में जरूर लिखोगे।

तुम्हारा अग्रज,
उमेश

सेवा में,
रमेश
501, राजाजीनगर
मंगलौर – 575 002

अतिरिक्त प्रश्न :

6) आप किसी यात्रा का वर्णन करते हुए अपने मित्र के नाम पत्र लिखिए।

18/70, मल्लेश्वरम्
बेंगलूरू
दिनांक : 07 अप्रैल 2019

प्रिय मित्र मोहन,
पर्यटन स्थल की यात्रा पूरी करके आने पर तुम्हारा पत्र मिला। समाचार पाकर खुशी हुई। यह बताते हुए खुशी हो रही है कि हमारी आगरा की यात्रा बहुत ही मनोरंजक और ज्ञानवर्धक रही। आगरा में मुझे ताजमहल की सुन्दरता मनमोहक लगी जिसमें कि चाँदनी रात में इसकी सुन्दरता देखते ही बनती है। वह मुमताज महल की स्मृति में शहजहाँ द्वारा बनवाया गया हैं। यह संगमरमर का बना हुआ है। इसके किनारे यमुना नदी बहती है। संगमरमर के विशाल चबूतरे पर इसका निर्माण किया गया है। चबूतरे के चारों कोनों पर चार-गगनचुम्बी मीनारें हैं। इस विशाल भवन के बीचों-बीच शहजहाँ और मुमताज की कब्र हैं।

पूर्णिमा की चाँदनी रात में महल के सौंदर्य को और महल की शिल्पकारी देखकर इसके कारीगरों की प्रशंसा किए बिना नहीं रहा जाता।

मित्र, इस बार उम्मीद करता हूँ कि तुम अपने माता-पिता के साथ इसे, इसके सौंदर्य को अवश्य देखने जाओगें। तभी मेरे इस आनंद का अनुभव कर सकोंगे।

माताजी और पिताजी को प्रणाम कहना। तुम्हारा मित्र तुम्हारे अगले पत्र के इंतजार में रहेगा।

तुम्हारा दोस्त
श्याम

सेवा में,
मोहन
101, एम.जी. रोड़
मैसूर – 570 006.

7) परीक्षा में सफल होने पर बधाई देते हुए अपने छोटे भाई को एक पत्र लिखिए।

515, स्वामी विवेकानन्दा मार्ग
मैसूर
15 मई, 2019

प्रिय अरुण,

शुभाशीष।
कल पिताजी के पत्र से ज्ञात हुआ कि तुमने हिन्दी भाषा-भूषण परीक्षा प्रथम श्रेणी में उत्तीर्ण की है। मुझे यह जानकर बड़ी प्रसन्नता हुई। तुम्हें इस सफलता के लिए मेरी हार्दिक बधाई।

मेरी शुभकामना है कि तुम जीवन में इसी तरह बराबर सफल होते रहो। यहाँ पर सब कुशल है।

तुम्हारा शुभाकांक्षी भाई
शरद

सेवा में,
अरुण
श्री विद्या निकेतन
201, महात्मा गाँधी मार्ग
कोलार

8) परीक्षा शुल्क भरने के लिए 500 रुपए माँगते हुए अपने पिता के नाम पत्र लिखिए।

267, 2 मेन रोड़
गांधी नगर
बेंगलूरु।
दिनांकः 10 जनवरी 2019

आदरणीय पिता जी

सादर प्रणाम।
आपका पत्र मिला। यह जानकर प्रसन्नता हुई कि घर में सभी सदस्य स्वस्थ हैं। मैं भी यहाँ कुशलतापूर्वक हूँ। अगले महीने से हमारी वार्षिक परीक्षाएँ होने जा रही है। मुझे परीक्षा शुल्क के रूप में 500 रुपये जमा करने के लिए कहा हैं।

अतः आपसे निवेदन है कि कृपा करके 500 रुपये का इंतजाम कर, डाक द्वारा शीघ्र भिजवा दीजिए।
अब पत्र समाप्त करता हूँ। माताजी को प्रणाम एवं छोटों को प्यार। पत्र अवश्य लिखते रहिएगा।

आपका आज्ञाकारी पुत्र
रमेश

सेवा में,
श्री रामचन्द्र
28/12
आर.वी. रोड़
मैसूर।

9) अपने क्षेत्र में मच्छरों के प्रकोप का वर्णन करते हुए उचित कार्यवाही के लिए स्वास्थ्य अधिकारी को पत्र लिखिए।

डॉ. एस रवीन्द्रन
आर.के. पुरम
बेंगलूरु।
दिनांक: 25 अप्रैल 2019

सेवा में,
स्वास्थ्याधिकारी
सिटी नगरपालिका
बेंगलूरु।

विषय : स्वास्थ्य अधिकारी को मच्छरों के प्रकोप के संबंध में
उचित कार्यवाही के लिए पत्र।

महोदय,
विनम्र निवेदन है कि बेंगलूरु के आर.के. पुरम इलाके में मच्छरों का भयंकर प्रकोप छाया हुआ है। इस साल लगातार वर्षा के कारण पानी जगह-जगह इकट्ठा हो गया है। पानी की उचित निकासी नहीं होने के कारण मच्छरों का प्रकोप बढ़ गया है। डेंगू और मलेरिया से लोग परेशान हो रहे हैं; बल्कि इसके चलते कई लोगों की मृत्यु भी हो चुकी है। हमारे क्षेत्र में सफाई कर्मी भी ठीक से सफाई नहीं करते हैं, और न ही किसी प्रकार की दवाइयों का छिड़काव ही हो रहा है।

आपसे अनुरोध है कि मलेरिया के मच्छर न फैलने पाएँ, इस ओर ध्यान देकर नगर की सफाई व रोगों से रक्षा के लिए उचित प्रबंध करें।

आपकी अति कृपा होगी।
धन्यवाद।

भवदीय
रवीन्द्रन

10) अपनी छोटी बहन को अच्छे स्वास्थ्य का महत्व बताते हुए एक पत्र लिखिए।

27, जयनगर
9वाँ ब्लॉक,
बेंगलूरु।
दिनांक: 30 मार्च, 2019

प्रिय शुभेक्षा

शुभाशीर्वाद।
पिताजी का पत्र मिला। जानकर बहुत हर्ष हुआ कि तुम आजकल बड़े मनोयोग से पढ़ाई कर रही हो। पिताजी ने यह भी लिखा कि तुम्हारा स्वास्थ्य ठीक नहीं रहता।

तुम्हें यह याद रखना चाहिए कि स्वस्थ शरीर में स्वस्थ मस्तिष्क निवास करता है। अतः तुम्हें रोज व्यायाम और सुबह-सुबह टहलना चाहिए। खानपान का समुचित ध्यान रखना चाहिए। व्यायाम और खानपान में भी उसी मनोयोग से ध्यान दो जिस मनोयोग से पढ़ाई में ध्यान देती हो। मुझे उम्मीद है कि अगले पत्र में तुम्हारी दिनचर्या में परिवर्तन और स्वस्थ होने की सूचना मिलेगी।

तुम्हारा भाई
अर्णित

सेवा में,
201, जयलक्ष्मीपुरम
कालिदास रोड़
मैसूर।

11) छात्रवृत्ति के लिए अपने कालेज को आवेदन पत्र लिखिए।

मोहन भागवत्
के.आर. पुरम्
बेंगलूरु।
दिनांक: 2 अप्रैल 2019

सेवा में,
मान्य प्रधानाचार्यजी
न्यू पब्लिक पी.यू. कालेज
जयनगर VI क्रास
बेंगलूरु।

मान्य महोदय,
विषय : छात्रवृत्ति के लिए प्रार्थना पत्र।

सेवा में निवेदन है कि मैं पी.यू.सी. द्वितीय वर्ष का ‘सी’ विभाग का विद्यार्थी हूँ। पी.यू.सी. प्रथम वर्ष की अंतिम परीक्षा में भी मैने 96% अंक पाये हैं।

मेरे घर की आर्थिक परिस्थिति अच्छी नहीं है। मेरे पिताजी एक फैक्टरी में सामान्य नौकर है। वे पूरी फीस देकर पढ़ा नहीं सकते।

मैं खेल-कूद में भी अच्छा हूँ। मैंने पिछले साल राज्यस्तर के बैस्कटबाल प्रतियोगिता में, 100 मी., 200 मी. दौड़ में भी प्रथम स्थान पाया है।

अतः आप से प्रार्थना है कि मेरी पढ़ाई के लिए छात्रवृत्ति देकर, मुझे पढ़ाई में आगे बढ़ने ‘का मौका प्रदान कीजिए।

धन्यवाद।

आपका आज्ञाकारी छात्र
मोहन भागवत्

12) अपनी बहन की शादी में भाग लेने केलिए चार दिन की छुट्टी माँगते हुए अपने महाविद्यालय के प्रधानाचार्य को आवेदन-पत्र लिखिए।

रामकृष्ण आश्रम रोड़
बसवनगुड़ी
बेंगलूरु।
दिनांकः 10 जून 2019

सेवा में,
श्रीमान प्रधानाचार्य
सरकारी महाविद्यालय
बेंगलूरु।

मान्यवर महोदय,
विषय : चार दिन की छुट्टी प्रदान करने के संबंध में आवेदन पत्र। – सविनय निवेदन है कि दिनांक 20 जून को मेरी बहन की शादी है। मुझे इस महत्वपूर्ण अवसर पर शादी की तैयारियों में मदद करने एवं विवाह में उपस्थित रहने के लिए चार दिनों के अवकाश की जरूरत है। अतः महोदय आपसे अनुरोध है कि मुझे 18 जून से 21 जून तक छुट्टी प्रदान करने का कष्ट करें।

आपकी अति कृपा होगी।

आपका आज्ञाकारी
मंजुनाथ स्वामी

13) आपके मोहल्ले में आए दिन चोरियों हो रही हैं। उनकी रोकथाम के लिए थानाध्यक्ष को गश्त बढ़ाने हेतु पत्र लिखिए।

जयलक्ष्मीपुरम
मैसूरु
दिनांकः 10 अगस्त, 2018

सेवा में,
थानाध्यक्ष जयलक्ष्मीपुरम पुलिस थाना,
मैसूरु।

मान्यवर,
विषय : मोहल्ले में हो रही चोरियों के रोकथाम के संबंध में प्रार्थना पत्र। मैं इस पत्र के माध्यम से आपका ध्यान हमारे मोहल्ले में आए दिन होनेवाली चोरियों के संबंध में आकर्षित करना चाहता हूँ। महोदय पिछले दो महीने से हमारे जयलक्ष्मीपुरम मोहल्ले में चोरी की वारदाते काफी बढ़ गयी है। कार्यवाही नहीं होने से चोरों के हौसलें बुलंद है। मोहल्ले के लोग दहशत और डर के साए में जीने को विवश है। आपसे अनुरोध है कि शीघ्रताशीघ्र चोरी की वारदातों पर लगाम कस कर इलाके में शांति व्यवस्था बहाल करने का प्रयास करें।

धन्यवाद सहित।

निवेदकः
तुषार नायक
एवं समस्त मोहल्लावासी
जयलक्ष्मीपुरम
मैसूरु।

14) शैक्षणिक प्रवास में भाग लेने के लिए अपने पिताजी से १५०० रु. माँगते हुए एक पत्र लिखिए।

दि.: 12 अप्रेल 2018

पूज्य पिताजी,

सादर प्रणाम।
मैं यहाँ आपके आशीर्वाद से कुशल हूँ। आपका पत्र मिला, पढ़कर अत्यंत खुशी हुई। मेरी पढ़ाई ठीक चल रही है। आपकी आज्ञानुसार मन लगाकर दिन-रात पढ़ाई में व्यस्त रहता हूँ। खेलकूद या गपशप में ज्यादा समय गँवा नहीं रहा हूँ।

हमारे स्कूल की ओर से अगले महीने 10 से 13 तारीख तक शैक्षिक-यात्रा का आयोजन हुआ है। उसमें मेरे सारे मित्र जा रहे हैं। उनके साथ मैं भी जाना चाहता हूँ। इसलिए मनीआर्डर द्वारा मुझे तुरंत १५०० रुपये भेजने की कृपा करें। माताजी को मेरा प्रणाम, छोटी बहन प्रिया को ढेर सारा प्यार।

आपका आज्ञाकारी बेटा,
हर्ष

सेवा में,
श्री प्रभाकर बी.एम.
घर नं. 521, भरत निवास
कर्नाटक स्कूल के समीप
राजेश्वरी नगर, बीदर जिला।

15) अपने शैक्षणिक प्रवास के अनुभव का वर्णन करते हुए अपनी माँ को पत्र लिखिए।

सरस्वती विद्या मन्दिर
राजाजीनगर, बेंगलूरु
दिनांक : 7 फरवरी 2018

पूज्य माताजी

सादर प्रणाम।
उम्मीद है आप और पिता जी कुशल मंगल होंगे। इस बार हमारे विद्यालय की ओर से आयोजित शैक्षणिक भ्रमण के लिए हमें विजयनगर साम्राज्य की राजधानी हंपी ले जाया गया। यह एक ऐतिहासिक नगर है जो कभी सुख समृद्धि में पूरे विश्व में मशहूर था। अब केवल यहाँ खंडहरों के रूप में अवशेष ही बचे हैं। हम्पी का विशाल फैलाव गोल चट्टानों के टीलों में विस्तृत है। इनमें मंदिर, महल, तहखाने, जल-खंडहर, पुराने बाजार, शाही मंडप, गढ़, चबूतरे, राजकोष आदि अनेक इमारतें हैं।

हम्पी का विठ्ठल मंदिर शानदार स्मारक है। इसके मुख्य हॉल के पूर्वी हिस्से में प्रसिद्ध शिला रथ है जो वास्तव में पत्थर के पहियों से चलता था। इसके अलावा कमल महल और जनानखाना भी ऐसे आश्चर्यों में शामिल है। शहर के शाही प्रवेश-द्वार पर हजारारामा मंदिर बना है। इस प्रकार इस शैक्षणिक भ्रमण से हमें कर्नाटक राज्य के इतिहास को जानने का अवसर मिला जिसे मैं आपको बताना चाहती थी। पिताजी को प्रणाम और छोटे भैया को ढेर सारा प्यार।

आपकी सुपुत्री
शुभेक्षा

सेवा में, श्री आनंद एस.
घर नं. 284, भारत निवास
डाकघर के समीप महालक्ष्मी नगर,
मैसूरु।

16) अपने क्षेत्र में बिजली आपूर्ति की समस्या के संबंध में संबंधित अधिकारी को पत्र लिखिए।

दिनांक : 25 मार्च 2018

प्रेषक
रामचन्द्र शर्मा
चौड़ेश्वरी देवालय मार्ग
आनेकल (बेंगलूरू)

सेवा में
मुख्याधिकारी महोदय,
बिजली बोर्ड कार्यालय,
आनेकल शाखा (बेंगलूरु जिला)

महोदय,
विषय : बार-बार बिजली चले जाने पर समस्याएँ बताने हेतु। सविनय निवेदन है कि हम चौड़ेश्वरी देवालय मार्ग के निवासी हैं। यहाँ पिछले एक सप्ताह से प्रति दिन 5 घंटे बिजली चली जाती है। वार्षिक परीक्षाएँ नजदीक आ जाने से बच्चों को भी पढ़ाई करने में काफी दिक्कत आ रही है। इतना ही नहीं, घरों में आजकल बिजली चालक यंत्रों पर निर्भर होना पड़ता है। आनेकल में पावरलूम अधिक रहने के कारण, सारा उद्योग ही ठप पड़ जाता है।

अतः आपसे अनुरोध है कि आप इसके लिए कोई ठोस कदम उठाएँ। हम आपके आभारी होंगे।

धन्यवाद।

भवदीय
रामचन्द्र शर्मा

17) अपने क्षेत्र में सार्वजनिक पुस्तकालय एवं वाचनालय खोलने की प्रार्थना करते हुए संबंधित अधिकारी को पत्र लिखिए।

4/37, सुभाष नगर
बेंगलूरु
दिनांकः 3 मार्च, 2019

सेवा में,
सचिव शिक्षा विभाग
बेंगलूरु.

महोदय,
विषय : सार्वजनिक पुस्तकालय एवं वाचनालय की स्थापना निवेदन है कि हम बेंगलूरु के नव-स्थापित इलाका सुभाष नगर के निवासी हैं। हम पिछले 3 वर्षों से यहाँ रह रहे हैं। यहाँ परिवहन, सड़क, जल, बिजली, खेल का मैदान आदि सभी मूलभूत आवश्यकताओं की पूर्ति हो चुकी है, लेकिन किसी पुस्तकालय या वाचनालय खोलने की ओर ध्यान नहीं दिया गया है। पुस्तकालय से संबंधित किसी भी काम के लिए लोगों को यहाँ से तीन किलोमीटर दूर जाना पड़ता है, जिससे बहुत परेशानी होती है। खासतौर पर बूढ़े और महिलाओं को बहुत कष्ट उठाना पड़ता हैं। आपसे निवेदन है कि कृपया इस ओर ध्यान दें। हमारे इलाके में एक नियमित पुस्तकालय तथा वाचनालय खोलने की कृपा करें।

धन्यवाद।

भवदीय
समीर

You can Download Chapter 4 Ancient Period Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC History Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 2nd PUC History Question Bank Chapter 4 Ancient Period

Vedic Culture

2nd PUC History Ancient Period One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
What do you mean by the term Arya?
(or)
What is the meaning of the term Arya?
Answer:
Aryan means noble or master or a person dependent on agriculture.

Question 2.
From which word is the term veda derived?
(or)
From which language is the term veda derived?
Answer:
Veda is derived from the Sanskrit word ‘Vid’ which means wisdom.

Question 3.
What is meant by veda?
Answer:
Veda means knowledge or wisdom.

Question 4.
Name the first veda. (or) Which is the earliest among the vedas?
Answer:
There are four vedas, and Rig veda was the first to be composed.

Question 5.
Who was accepted as the head of the family during the Vedic period?
Answer:
During Vedic period, the eldest male member was the head of the family. He was called KulapathiorGrihapathi.

Question 6.
What was the main occupation of the Aryans?
Answer:
Agriculture was the main occupation of the Aryans.

Question 7.
What was ‘Kshetra’?
Answer:
Aryans called the cultivated land as ‘Kshetra’

Question 8.
What was considered as wealth by the Aryans?
Answer:
Cattle (cows) was considered as wealth by the Aryans.

Question 9.
What was the ceremony performed to send a child to school?
Answer:
Upanayanam was the ceremony performed to send a child to school. Vedic education commenced with the ceremony called upanayanam.

Question 10.
Which part of India became the birthplace of Vedic culture?
Answer:
Saptha Sindhu (present Punjab) area, called as Brahmavarta or Aryavarta, which means “Country created by God for the Aryans” was the birthplace of Vedic culture.

2nd PUC History Ancient Period Two marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Name any two vedas?
Answer:
The four vedas are

1. Rig veda
2. Yajur veda
3. Sama veda
4. Atharvana veda

Question 2.
Which two political institutions assisted the King in the administration, during the vedic period ? (or)
Which were the two representative assemblies of the vedic age?
Answer:
Sabha and Samithi were the two politcal institutions which assisted the King in the administration of the land during the vedic period.

Question 3.
Name any two varnas?
(or)
Which were the four varnas in the vedic age?
Answer:

• Brahmanas
• Kshatriyas
• Vaisyas and
• Shudras.

Question 4.
Name the ashramas of Aryans.
Answer:

• Brahmacharya (acquiring education)
• Gruhastya (house holder)
• Vanaprastha (dwelling in the forest) and
• Sanyasa (complete renunciation)

Question 5.
Mention some amusements of the vedic people.
Answer:
Gambling, chariot racing, horse racing, music, dancing etc., were the different forms of amusements.

Question 6.
Name a few learned women of the vedic period.
Answer:
Gargi, Maitreyi, Shashwati, Lopamudra, Apala, Arundhathi, Ghosha, Vishwavana were some of the famous learned women of the vedic period.

Question 7.
What were the two intoxicants consumed by the vedic people?
Answer:
Soma and sura were the intoxicants consumed by the vedic people.

Question 8.
Which coins were used by the vedic people as the medium of exchange?
Answer:
Nishka (a piece of gold) and Shatamana were the coins used.

2nd PUC History Ancient Period Five mark Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Give an account of the political condition of Aryans.
Answer:
Political condition: During the early vedic age, their organization was tribal in character. Some of the important tribes were the Bharatas the Purus, Yadus, Anu etc. They were called ‘Janas’. The primary unit of the administration was the village (Grama) and Gramini was the head of the grama. Next administrative unit was the ‘Vis’ headed by ‘Vispathi’. The King (Rajan) was the head of the state.

Duty of the Kings: The tribes quarrelled with each other over cattle ownership and territories. The primary duty of the King was the protection of his tribe and he received gifts from the people. King (Rajan) was assisted by the purohita, sangrahatri, senapati, vispathis and graminis in the administration. Sabha (group of elders) and Samithi (group of experts) acted as a check on the possible misuse of power by the King. Sabha and samithi were two powerful bodies, who acted on democratic lines and decisions were taken by a majority of votes. The laws were based on customs and traditions.

During the later vedic period, the Kingdoms were divided into provinces and further subdivided into gopas, vishyas and gramas. Kingship became hereditary. Kura, Panchala, Kashi, Videha, Vidharbha etc., were the important Kingdoms. Imperialism came into existence. Kings began to perform (yagas) sacrifices like Rajasuya, Ashwamedha and Vajapeya for establishing their political supremacy. The Kings were assisted bby acouncil of ministers and officers. The sabha and samithi also continued to monitor.

The military consisted of infantry, elephant riders and the cavalry. Simple weapons of the early vedic age were replaced in the later vedic age by improved war weapons like bows and arrows, swords, spears, maces, axes etc. Helmets and armours used for protection made their appearance.

Question 2.
Explain the social conditions of Aryans during the vedic period.
Answer:
Social conditions: The earlly vedic people developed a highly organised society, that was based on the principle of monogamy. Polygamy was practiced only among the royal families. The eldest male member was the head of the family and was called ‘Kulapathi ’ or ‘Grihapathi ’. There was no system of child marriage but widow remarriage prevailed. Marriage was considered a sacred bond and after marriage the bride lived in the house of the bridegroom. Usually a joint family system prevailed among the Aryans.

Social divisions: The social divisions, chaturvarnas were based on professions. They were Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Sudra. People could change professions and hence change their varnas. Thus, there was mobility among the varnas.

Position of the women: The status of women in the family and in the society was high and they had equal rights with men. Women were educated and highly civilized for e.g., Gargi, Maithreyi, Apala, Ghosha, Vishwavara and others. Girls had considerable freedom in selecting their life partners. Women freely moved out of their houses and attended public functions. A high standard of morality was maintained.

Food and entertainment: People consumed wheat, barley, rice, fruit, vegetables, fish and meat and intoxicating drinks like soma and sura. Aryans wore clothes made of cotton and wool. Ornaments were used by both men and women, made of gold, silver and flowers. Gambling, chariot and horse racing, hunting and dance were the popular entertainments. Education on the whole was oral. It aimed at the development of character and was religions in nature.

During the later vedic period, polygamy and polyandry came into practice. Patriarchal system still continued, and the joint family system was quite common. Women were still allowed to get higher education and participate in the religious rites. But the women were now under the protection of father or husband or a son. On the whole, position of the women had considerably come down.

Varnas turned into many castes. Caste system became hereditary and very rigid. Brahmanas and Kshatriyas enjoyed a higher status compared to Vaishyas and Shudras. Life of an individual was divided into four stages called ashramas. They were Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha and Sanyasa. Education was imparted by learned teachers to the students. The aim of education was to develop knowledge, character, truthfulness and devotion. Gurus enjoyed great respect.

Living standard of the people was usually the same as it was in the early vedic civilization. People still lived in villages and small towns. Agriculture was the main profession of the people.

Question 3.
Enumerate the religious condition of Aryans.
Answer:
Vedic religion is also known as ancient (sanatan) Hinduism and Brahmanical religion. The early vedic Aryans worshipped nature Gods. They worshipped Indra (God of Heaven), Varuna (rain), Agni (fire), Vayu (air), Surya (sun), Pruthvi (earth), Soma (plants), and Aditi and Usha the female Goddesses. There was no idol worship. The mode of worship was in the form of prayers and sacrifices.

The vedic people believed that God was most powerful, strong and moved the universe. Cow was considered a sacred animal and slaughter of cows was forbidden. Rig veda prescribed elaborate rules and procedures for the performance of sacrifices. Hotri, Adhvasya and Udgathri were the important priests to get favours from the God. Sacrifices were performed with milk, grains, ghee, soma and juice etc.

In the later vedic period, the practice of religion became highly complex and rigid. Idol worship came into existence. The number of Gods increased, and new deities like Brahma, Vishnu, Maheshwara, Ganesha, Kartikeya, Parvati, Laxmi, Kali, Durga etc. came to the worshipped. The practice of vedic religion became costly. They believed in magic and considered that with the help of magic and sorcery, many evils befalling could be prevented. New ideas had developed about soul. Vamas, Ashramas and Purusharthas (Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha) were an integral part of the vedic religion.

The entire life of a Hindu was guided by samskaras. It also believes in the concept of the transmigration of soul. The main objective of the soul is to attain salvation (Moksha). They developed the concept of monism-Atman (the true self) and Brahman (the ultimate reality). Knowledge was the best means of salvation. Bhakti, Jnana, Karma and Yoga were prescribed as the many paths to attain salvation. They also began to believe in the Karma theory. Karma must be rewarded in the next life. So Aryans lived a very pure, simple and contented life. The sacred books of Hindus are the Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas and Smrithis. Ramayana and Mahabharata were also given much importance.

Question 4.
Write a short note on education and science during vedic age.
Answer:
There were no regular educational institutions in the present sense of the term. Education was imparted in Gurukulas, Pathashalas, Agraharas, Temples and Ghatikas. Education on the whole was oral. Education was imparted by learned teachers to the students, who stayed with the teacher throughout their educational career. The aim of education was to develop knowledge, character, truthfulness and devotion. The teacher enjoyed great respect. The Panchalaparishad was a great academy of learning.

Higher education was imparted at the universities like Kanchi andTaxila. Education commenced with a ceremony called upanayanam. Both men and women received education. Gargi, Maithreyi, Lopamudra, Shaswathi and others were important women scholars. Vedas, Puranas, philosophy, logic, mathematics, astronomy, astrology, medicine etc, were the important subjects taught. Sanskrit was the medium of instruction.

Science: Aryans achieved great progress in mathematics, geometry, medicine and metal Iurgy. Calculations like the distance between the Sun and Moon, Earth and Moon and Sun and Earth were known to them. They also had knowledge of the occurance of eclipses, movement of Comets etc. Cure of diseases was done by using herbs, roots, leaves, oils, salts and mud. They followed the lunar calendar. We can see in the manufacture of the chariots, textiles, metal goods, musical instruments, ornaments etc of these people, the progress made by them in technology.

Rise of new Religion

2nd PUC History Ancient Period One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who was the founder of Jainism?
Answer:
Rishabhanatha was the first Thirthankara who founded Jainism. (It is popularly believed that
Mahaveera, the 24th thirthankara, was the founder of Jainism).

Question 2.
Who was the 23rd Thirthankara of Jainism?
Answer:
Parshwanatha was the 23rdThirthankara.

Question 3.
Where was Vardhamana born? ‘
Ans.
Vardhamana was bom in 599 BCE at Kundagrama near Vaishali.

Question 4.
Where did Vardhamana attain enlightenment?
Answer:
Vardhamana attained enlightenment at Jrimbhi kagrama in Bihar.

Question 5.
Where did Mahaveera attain Nirvana.
Answer:
Mahaveera attained Nirvana at Pavapuri near Rajagruha in Bihar.

Question 6.
Who was the founder of Buddhism? (or) Who founded Buddhism?
Answer:
Gautama Buddha was the founder of Buddhism.

Question 7.
Where was Buddha born?
Answer:
Gautama Buddha was born in Lumbinivana (now in Nepal)

Question 8.
What was the original name of Buddha?
Answer:
Siddhartha was the original name of Buddha.

Question 9.
What is the meaning of the term ‘Buddha’?
Answer:
Buddha means the enlightened one.

Question 10.
In which place did Siddhartha attain enlightenment?
Answer:
Siddhartha attained enlightenment under a pipal tree at Gaya.

Question 11.
Where did Buddha deliver his first speech (sermon)?
Answer:
Buddha preached his first speech in the Deer park at Saranath near Varanasi.

Question 12.
Where did Buddha attain Nirvana?
Answer:
Buddha attained Nirvana at the age of eighty in Kushinagar(U.P).

Question 13.
Which is the symbol of Jainism?
Answer:
Swastik is the symbol of Jainism. Swastik means auspiciousness. It represents the world wheel. *

Question 14.
Which is the symbol of Buddhism?
Answer:
Turning of the wheel of Dharma (Law) or Dharma Chakra Parivarathana is the symbol of Buddhism.

2nd PUC History Ancient Period Two Mark Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Who were the parents of Vardhamana?
Answer:
Siddhartha and Trishala were the parents of Vardhamana.

Question 2.
Mention the Trirathnas (Jewels) of Mahaveera.
Answer:
1. Right knowledge 2. Right faith 3. Right conduct are the trirathnas of Mahaveera.

Question 3.
Where were Jain councils held?
Answer:
The first Jain Council was held at Pataliputra in 300 B.C.E. (during Chandragupta Maurya’s reign). The second Jain council was held at Vallabhi in Gujarat in 512 B.C.E.

Question 4.
Which are the two sects of Jainism?
Answer:
The Shwetambaras (who wear white clothes) and the Digambaras (who do not wear any clothes).

Question 5.
Who were the parents of Gautama Buddha?
Answer:
Shuddhodana and Mayadevi were the parents of Buddha.

Question 6.
Mention the noble truths preached by Buddha?
Answer:
Buddha preached four noble truths (Arya satyas). They are

1. The world is full of sorrow, (pain or misery)
2. Desire is the root cause for all sufferings, (sorrow)
3. Sorrowing can be ended only by the elimination of desires.
4. Desire can be overcome by following Asthangamarga or eightfold path.

Question 7.
Name any two Kings who patronized Buddhism.
Answer:
Great Emperors like Ashoka, Kanishka and Harshavardhana patronized Buddhism.

Question 8.
Mention any two of the Tripitakas.
Answer:
The teachings of Buddha are collected in Tripitakas. They are:

1. Vinaya Pitaka
2. Sutta Pitaka and
3. Abhidamma Pi taka. Tripitakas are the holy or sacred books of Buddhism.

Question 9.
Name the two sects of Buddhism.
Answer:
Hinayana and Mahayana are the two sects of Buddhism.

Question 10.
Where were the Buddhist councils held?
Answer:
1 st Buddhist council was held circa 487 BCE at Rajagriha.
2nd Buddhist council was held circa 387 BCE at Vaishali.
3rd Buddhist council was held circa 251 BCE in Pataliputra.
4th Buddhist council was held circa 100 CE in Kashmir.

Question 11.
Which are the three Jewels (Triralnas) of Buddhism?
Answer:
Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are the three Jewels of Buddhism.

2nd PUC History Ancient Period Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentence each

Question 1.
What.were the factors responsible for the rise of new religions?
Answer:
Introduction: 6th century B.C.E. was a period of religious movement in India. There were several factors which contributed to the social upheaval of that period. The irregularities (caste, injustice and rigid practices) in the existing social and religious systems were exposed and there was a growing awareness about the drawbacks if one’s own culture, and it led to the growth of new religions.

Factors responsible for the rise of new religions:

1. Complications in the Vedic religion: In the beginning, vedic religion was very simple. The Aryans worshipped nature. Religion was not costly and there were sacrifices. Later, due to the influence of priests, a number of rigidities crept into religion. People got dissatisfied and they wanted changes which they found in the new religions.

2. Supremacy of the priestly class: In the early vedic age, no priests were needed to perform Yajna, but gradually things became complicated. It became more or less impossible for the family people to perform Yajnas by themselves without the help of priests. The Brahmanas enjoyed a number of special privileges and regarded themselves as superiors to all others.

3. Costly rituals in religion: Earlier there were no rituals associated with religion. The performance of simple rituals gradually became expensive and elaborate. Moreover, the performance of meaningless rituals was regarded as a waste by rationalists of that age. People were seeking a religion which would emphasize on simple ethics and righteous code of conduct.

4. The performance of sacrifices: During the later vedic age, the practice of performing sacrifices got started. Animal sacrifices formed part of the rituals, which became very costly and meaningless. So, people became disenchanted with the existing religions. They wanted a change, which they found in the new religions.

5. Sanskrit Hymns (mantras): Vedic literature was in Sanskrit, which was mastered only by the priestly class. Common people were unable to understand Sanskrit. The popular belief was, that the recital of the hymns alone would ensure prosperity and health, but gradually people lost faith in chanting mantras (hymns) blindly and were looking out for a religion based on simple ethical principles.

6. The caste system: Social system was rigid. There was discrimination among the di fferent classes of people. Intercaste marriage and even interdining were prohibited. A person bom in a particular caste was forced to follow the profession of his caste irrespective of his interest and attitude. Brahmanas enjoyed high status, but shudras had to suffer untold miseries. People became discontented due to the inequality in the society.

7. Birth of Great personalities: When people were unhappy and discontented, there arose two great personalities, namely Mahaveera and Buddha. They preached simple principles of Life in the Language of the common people. The simple path of salvation preachead by the new religions attracted the common people towards the new faiths.

Conclusion: All the above factors led to the growth of discontentment among the common people. It led to the growth of rational outlook and the spirit of enquiry. It led to the establishment of new religions like Jainism and Buddhism.

Question 2.
Discuss the life and teachings of Mahaveera.
Answer:
Vardhaman Mahaveer : (599-527 B.C.E.) Life of Mahaveera: He was the 24th Thirthankara and the real founder of Jainism. He was born in Kundagrama near Vaishali in 599 BCE in a kshatriya family. His parents were Siddhartha and Trishala. Siddhartha was the head of a kshatriya clan called Janatrika. Vardhaman had a very comfortable early life. At the age of 18, he married Yashoda and subsequently a daughter was born. Her name was Anojja or Priyadarshini. Mahaveera was inclined towards spiritual life and renounced worldly life.

He left home and wandered naked in search of the truth and the real meaning of life. He lived the life of self-mortification (renunciation) and deep meditation. Finally one day in Vaishaka, he attained Supreme Knowledge (Enlightenment) of Kaivalya (Jnana) and became Kcvalin (omniscient) at Jrimbhikagrama in Bihar. Later he became also known as Jina, which means conqueror of all likings and dislikings. His followers came to be known as Jains. Vardhaman was hailed as Mahaveer or the Great Conqueror.

Propagation of the Religion: Mahaveera spent the rest of his life in preaching his doctrines to the people of Magadha, Anga, Mithila, Kosala and other parts of India. His religion attracted a large number of followers and also Kings like Bindusara and Ajatashatru. He accepted the teachings of Parshwanatha its the basis of Jainism. He lived till the age of 72 years and passed away at Pavapuri near Patna, in 527 BCE.

Teachings of Mahaveera: The main basis of Jainism is the belief in soul and karma. The main objective of Jainism is the attainment of salvation by freeing the soul from the earthly pleasures. Mahaveera preached five vows and three jewels for the attainment of salvation.

Three jewels or thiratnas:

1. Right Knowleage is understanding the doctrines of Jainism.
2. Right Faith is the firm belief in the omniscience of Mahaveera.
3. Right action or conduct is the fulfilment of the five great vows.

The main teaching of Mahaveera was “Ahimsa Paramodharma”. He paid great importance to non-violence and rejected the authority of the vedas and the supremacy of the brahmins. He believed in establishing an order which would lead the people to the path of truth and salvation. To liberate the soul from the bondage of karma, it is necessary to destroy the latter. This can be achieved by an individual by practicing the five vows or principles.

Five vows (principles) or avoidance of the five evil karmas: Mahaveera preached the ethical code and insisted that the following five should be practiced.
They are:

• Non – violence (Ahimsa): Jainism believed in an extreme form of non-violence. Ahimsa means that violence should not be caused by words, thoughts and actions. There should be no harm or ill-treatment to any living being.
• Truth (Satya): One should not speak untruth, and should also avoid speaking a bitter truth.
• Non-stealing (Asteya): One should never steal or pick up things that do not belong to them cither directly or indirectly.
• Non-possession (Aparigraha): Aparigraha means one is to avoid the longing for worldly things, possession of wealtth and property.
• Chastity (Brahmacharya): Chastity means control of passions, emotions and desires. Purity of thought, words and deed are to be cultivated.

All these five principles will lead to the path of salvation.
Mahaveera did not believe that the universe was created by God nor did he make any reference to Him. He preached that change was a natural phenomenon. Birth and death were natural and applicable to men and matter. He condemned the caste system and the sacrificial rituals. Nirvana should be the ultimate aim of a soul.

2nd PUC History Ancient Period Ten Marks Questions and Answers

IV. Answer the following in 30 to 40 sentences.

Question 1.
Sketch the life and teachings of Buddha.
Answer:
Life of Gauthama Buddha: Gautama Buddha was the founder of Buddhism. He was bom at Lumbinivana in 583 BCE. He was the son of a shakya chief Shuddhodhana and Mayadevi. Gauthama lost his mother and was brought up by his stepmother, Mahaprajapati Gautami. The early name of Gauthama was Siddhartha. He was brought up in great luxury and manned Yashodhara at the age of 16. A son was born to them, who was named Rahula. According to a Jataka story, one day when Siddhartha went out with his charioteer Channa, he saw for the first time in his life four ominous sights. Seeing an old man, a diseased (sick) person, a dead body and an ascetic (sage), resulted in bringing in him a realization of the miseries of the world.

He renounced the world to find a remedy to end these human woes. This event is known as “The Great Renunciation”. To find a solution to the problems of old age, sickness, and death, he left his home, went out to Uravcla forest near Gaya and spent six years wandering in that pursuit. During that period he seif inflicted maximum pain to his body and soul and finally came to the conclusion that hunger and starvation was not the way to find the truth. Thereafter he spent some period, meditating under a pipal tree at Bodhgaya. He got enlightenment at last, about the truths regarding life and death. Having received the light, Gauthama became Buddha or the Enlightened one. He was also called “Thathagatha” which means one who has realized the truth.

Gautama as a preacher: After attaining Knowledge (Enlightenment), he decided to spread his ideas among the suffering humanity. In the Deer park near Saranath (near Benaras), he delivered his first sermon and converted five disciples into Buddhism. This is known as the Dharma Chakra Pravarthan or turning of the wheel of law (Dharma). Dharma chakra is the symbol of Buddhism. Buddha went on preaching, travelling from place to place. His personality and simplicity attracted people towards Buddhism. Buddha attained parinirvana at Kushinagara (U.P.) at the age of eighty. Edwin Arnold refers to him as ‘The light of Asia”. His birth day (ful 1 moon day) is famous and celebrated as ‘Buddha Poornima”.

Teachings orBuddha: Buddha wanted to prescribe a new code of conduct, which would lead to the spiritual development of the soul. He condemned the authority of the Vedas, superiority of Brahmins, meaningless performance of sacrifices and the caste system. He laid down the Principles of equality among all human beings. Buddha never wished to discuss about the Creator of the Universe or God.

Buddha taught his preachings through conversation, lectures and parables. His method of teaching was unique. He preached that the world was full of sorrow and ignorance. Ignorance produces desire, desire leads to action (karma), action leads to impulses, to be born again and again in order to satisfy the desires. Thus, he believed in transmigration and that the chain of rebirth can be stopped if the person realises that worldly things are not permanent. Buddha laid down the analysis of life with four different principles. His favourite sutra was ‘Four Noble Truths or Aryasatyas’, which emphasised the fact that life was full of pain (misery) which could be removed only by the removal of all desires.

His four noble truths are:

1. Life is full of sorrow and pain. (Existence of sorrow)
2. Desire is the root cause for sorrow. (Cause of sorrow)
3. To destroy misery, desire must be destroyed first. (The removal of sorrow)
4. Desire can be overcome by following the ‘ Asthangamarga or the Middle Path’.

When desire ceases, rebirth ceases and the soul can find peace and enjoy emal bliss. Buddha prescribed the Middle path or Asthangamarga, in order to achieve self control and salvation. The eightfold path or the midde path consists of

1. Right faith
2. Right thought
3. Right speech
4. Right conduct
5. Right effort
6. Right meditation
7. Right livelihood and
8. Right mindfulness.

This path is known as the middle path or eightfold path. Buddha ruled out completely self-indulgence and self-mortification. Buddhist teachings consitute the three pitakas.

Buddha prescribed several codes of conduct for his followers such as – not to steal other’s properties, not to kill (non-violence), not to use intoxicants, not to tell lies, not to accept or keep money, not to commit adultery, not to sleep on comfortable beds, always intent upon achieving their sacred goals. Nirvana is the final result of the end of all desires. Man is to be judged by his deeds rather than by his birth and family. IIe opposed caste system and advocated equality. He gave importance to non-violence. He did not refer to God. Buddha. Pharma and Sangha are the three gems of Buddhism.

Mauryans (320-180 BCE)

2nd PUC History Ancient Period One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who was the founder of the Mauryan dynasty?
Answer:
Chandragupta Maurya was the founder.

Question 2.
Which was the capital of the Mauryans?
Answer:
Pataliputra (present Patna) was their capital.

Question 3.
Which was the Royal emblem of the Mauryans?
Answer:
Dharmachakra was the Royal emblem of the Mauryans.

Question 4.
Who was the author of Mudrarakshasa?
Answer:
Vishakadatta was the author of Mudrarakshasa.

Question 5.
Who wrote Arthashasthra?
Answer:
Kautilya wrote Arthashasthra.

Question 6.
Who wrote the book ‘Indica’?
Answer:
Megasthanes the Greek Ambassador wrote the book Indica.

Question 7.
Who helped Chandragupta to establish the Mauryan Empire?
Answer:
Kautilya (Chanakya).

Question 8.
Who was the Nanda ruler defeated by Chandragupta Maurya?
Answer:
Dhanananda was the Nanda Ruler defeated by Chandragupta Maurya.

Question 9.
Who sent Megasthanes as Ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya?
Answer:
Seleucus sent Megasthanes as Ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya.

Question 10.
Name the Greek Ruler defeated by Chandragupta Maurya.
Answer:
Seleucus was the Greek Ruler defeated by Chandragupta Maurya.

Question 11.
Name the Mauryan Ruler who followed Jainism.
Answer:
Chandragupta Maurya.

Question 12.
Where did Chandragupta Maurya spend his last days?
Answer:
Chandragupta Maurya spent his last days at Shravanabelagola in Karnataka.

Question 13.
Who was the greatest Ruler of the Mauryan dynasty?
Answer:
Ashoka. .

Question 14.
Which edict of Ashoka tells us about the Kalinga war?
Answer:
Rock edict XIII gives us details about the Kalinga war.

Question 15.
Who embraced Buddhism after the Kalinga war?
Answer:
Ashoka embraced Buddhism.

Question 16.
Where was the Third Buddhist Council held?
Answer:
The Third Buddhist Council was held at Pataliputra in 250 BCE.

Question 17.
Which was the biggest stupa built by Ashoka?
Answer:
Sanchi Stupa in Madhya Pradesh was the biggest Stupabuiltby Ashoka.

Question 18.
Which is the National emblem of India.
Answer:
The Dharmachakra and on the abacus four Lions which are seated back to back is the National emblem of India.

Question 19.
Who was the founder of the Sathavahana dynasty?
Answer:
Simuka was the founder of the Sathavahana dynasty.

Question 20.
Which was the capital of the Sathavahanas?
Answer:
Prathisthana or Paithan was the capital of the Sathavahanas.

Question 21.
Who wrote the book ‘Gathasapthasati’?
Answer:
King Hal a wrote Gathasapthasati in Prakrit language.

Question 22.
Which was the inscription issued by Gautami Balashri?
Answer:
The Nasik cave inscription.

Question 23.
Which event (incident) was the turning point in the life of Ashoka?
Answer:
Kalinga war (261 B.C.) was the turning point in the life of Ashoka.

Question 24.
What was the advice given by Ashoka to his subjects in his edicts?
Answer:
Ashoka always wished for mutual reverence, toleration and morality.

Question 25.
Which inscriptions mention the name of Ashoka?
Answer:
The Maski and Calcutta edicts refer to the King as ‘Devanampriya Ashokasa’.

Question 26.
Who converted Ashoka to Buddhism?
Answer:
Upa Gupta, the Buddhist monk converted Ashoka to Buddhism.

Question 27.
Which were the titles assumed by GautamiputraSathakarni?
Answer:
Tri SamudraToyaPithavahanaandShaka-Yavana-PahlavaNisudhana.

2nd PUC History Ancient Period Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentence each

Question 1.
Name the important sources which help us to know’ about the Mauryan dynasty.
Answer:
Arthashasthra of Kautilya, Indica of Megasthanes, Mudrarakshasa of Vishakadatta, the Jain works (Parishishtaparva and Kalpasutra), Buddhist works (Deepavamsa and Mahavamsa), Ashokan edicts, Monuments etc.,

Question 2.
Where do we find Ashokan inscriptions in Karnataka?
Answer:
Ashokan inscriptions are found at Maski (RaichurDist), Gavimatha and Palkigonda (Koppala Dist), Brahmagiri, Siddapura and Jatingarameshwara (Chitradurga Dist), Nittur and Udayagollam (Bellary Dist) and Sannathi (Yadagiri Dist).

Question 3.
Which were the two types of courts that existed in the Mauryan period?
Answer:
Dharmastheyas (Civil cases) and Kantakashodana (Criminal cases).

Question 4.
In which district of Karnataka is Maski located? What is the importance of it?
Answer:
Maski is located in Raichur District. This ediet which refers to ‘Devanampriya Ashokasa’
confirms that Ashoka had the titles ‘Devanampriya’and ‘Priyadarshi Raja’.

Question 5.
Who was Megasthanes? Name his work.
Answer:
Megasthanes was the Greek Ambassador of Seleucus to the court of Chandragupta Maurya. He wrote the book called Indica.

Question 6.
Name any two works of Vishakadatta.
Answer:
Mudrarakshasa and Devi Chandraguptham.

Question 7.
Who was Kautilya? Which was his famous work? (or) For what was Kautilya famous?
Answer:
Kautilya was a Statesman, Scholar and teacher of Chandragupta Maurya. He is famous for his work Arthashastra which explains the art of governance of a country.

Question 8.
Which ruler appointed Dharmamahamathras? What was their duty?
Answer:
Ashoka appointed Dharmamahamathras to spread Buddhism among the people.

Question 9.
Name the important Rulers of Sathavahanas.
Answer:
Simukha, Hala, Gautamiputra Sathakami, Vashistiputra Pulamayi, Yajnashri and others were the important Sathavahana Rulers.

Question 10.
Name the important architectural centres of the Sathavahanas.
Answer:
Nasik, Ajantha, Amaravathi, Nagarjunakonda, Ghantasala, Karle, Kanheri, Kondane, Gudiwada, Jaggayapeta, etc., are the important architectural centres of the Sathavahanas.

Question 11.
Name the administrative provinces of Mauryans.
Answer:
The Mauryan Empire consisted of 5 provinces whose capitals were:

1. Gimar
2. Taxila
3. Ujjain
4. Suvamagiri and
5. Tosali.

2nd PUC History Ancient Period Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Explain (he achievements of Chandragupta Maurya.
Answer:
Chandragupta Maurya 324-300 BCE: Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the Mauryan dynasty. There is very little information about his parents, his birth and early childhood, lie was born in the capital city of Pataliputra. Kautilya, better known as Chanakya, a brahmin from Takshashi la took the orphan under his care, educated him in all the princely requirements and trained him to be a worthy commander and Ruler. Chandragupta was fortunate to come under the influence of this great thinker, politician and statesman.

Military Achievements:

1. Conquests of Punjab: Chandragupta built a strong army under the guidance of
Chanakya and defeated the petty Rulers of Punjab and annexed their regions. He then marched against Magadha.

2. Defect of the Nanda ruler: Chandragupta made several attempts to defeat the Nandas. Chanakya had vowed to depose Dhanananda, because he had insulted Chanakya. Dhanananda was finally defeated and killed and Chandragupta Maurya became the King of Magadha and established the Mauryan dynasty. After overthrowing and ending Dhanananda’s oppressive rule, Chandragupta consolidated his power and freed the country from foreign occupation. The Greek Governors appointed by Alexander in the Sindh and Punjab provinces were defeated and the territories were annexed by Chandragupta.

3. War with Seleucus: After the death of Alexander, the eastern part of his Empire went over to Seleucus. A war ensued between Seleucus and Chandragupta Maurya. Seleucus was defeated, and he had to sign a treaty with Chandragupta and had to surrender the provinces of Kabul, Afghanistan, Kandahar and Baluchistan. This victory of Chandragupta spread his Kingdom upto the frontiers of Hindukush (Afghanisthan)in the north west. Seleucus maintained friendly relations with the Mauryas and sent Megasthanes as his A mbassador to Patal i putra.

Assessment: Chandragupta was undoubtedly one of the greatest Rulers of India. He expelled the Greeks from the country. According to Jain tradition, in the last days of his reign, Chandragupta abdicated the throne and embraced Jainism under the influence of the Jain scholar Bhadrabahu. lie spent his last days at Shravanabelagola in Karnataka and died by performing ‘Sallekhana’ in 300 BCE.

Question 2.
What were the measures taken by Ashoka for the spread of Buddhism?
Answer:
The greatness of Ashoka is not only due to his territorial expansion, but for his moral greatness and the practical ethics which he propagated. The Kalinga war was a turning point in the life of Ashoka. Seeing the extent of the loss of human li fe and bloodshed, Ashoka was fi 1 led with sorrow and vowed to stop ‘Digvijaya or Bhcri Ghosha (Beating of war drums) and to take up ‘Dharmavijaya’ (Winning the hearts of the people). He declared “The Chief conquest is the conquest by right path and love and not by might and sin”. The Bhabru edict clearly indicates Ashoka’s faith in Buddha, Sangha and Dharmas.

The intention of Ashoka was to spread Buddhism not only in India but also outside India. He took many measures for the same. They were:

• He visited the holy places from the life of Buddha such as Lumbini, Kapilavastu. Gaya, Saranath and arranged discourses on religion.
• He constructed a large number of monasteries all over the Empire and gave liberal grants for such institutions.
• He spread the doctrines of Buddha by engraving them on rocks, pillars and on the walls of the caves throughout his Empire.
• Ashoka appointed officers called Dharmamahamathras, Yukthas and Rajjukas to spread Buddhism among people. He also appointed Sthree Adhyaksha Mahamalras to take care of women and bring religious awareness among them.
• He organised the 3rd Buddhist Council at Pataliputra which was presided by Moggaliputra Tissa in 250 BCE. The purpose was to settle the differences among the Buddhists.
• Ashoka sent missionaries to preach Buddhism in Afghanisthan, Burma, Srilanka and Europe. He deputed his son Mahendra and daughter Sanghamithra to Srilanka with a Bodhi Sapling as a symbol of peace.
• He undertook many welfare activities like digging of wells, building rest houses, planting of fruit-bearing trees etc., He constructed hospitals for men and animals. He made arrangements to feed the poor and physically disabled persons. His aim was “Service and Sacrifice”.

Ashoka believed that a moral life was the pre-requisite for a happy life. He laid emphasis on simple living, high thinking and a good moral life. On account of his extensive propagation, Buddism became a religion of the masses in India and it also spread to Nepal, Tibet, China, Japan, Burma and many South-east Asian countries and thus became a world religion during his period.

Question 3.
Explain the contributions of Mauryans to Art and Architecture
(or)
What were the main contributions of Mauryans to Art and Architecture?
Answer:
Mauryans built several buildings, palaces and monuments. They used wood, bricks and stones as building materials.
Stupas: The stupas were dome like mounds of brick or stone, built in honor of Buddha. The purpose of erecting stupas was to enshrine some of the relics of Buddha. It is believed that Ashoka built about 84,000 stupas all over his Empire, The best of them are still surviving at Sanchi, Barahut and Saranath. Sanchi stupa is the biggest Stupa.

Rock-cut halls or Caves: Ashoka and his grandson Dasharatha built caves for meditation for the Buddhist monks. The Sudhama cave which was dedicated to the Ajivika monks and Lamasha Rishi Cave at the Barabar hills near Gaya (Bihar) were built by Ashoka. The largest cave of Dasaratha’s time was the Gopi cave at the Nagarjuna hills.

Monolithic Pillars : Stone pillars of various designs were erected during the reign of Ashoka. Such pillars were generally installed in front of places of worship. Each pillar weighs about 50 tons and measures 30 feet in height. The pillars consist of a base, a shaft and on top of these pillars there are figures of animals such as lion, elephant or horse on an inverted lotus called Capitals.

The most important among them is the pillar at Saranath. It consists of an inverted lotus, the Dharmachakra and on the abacus four lions which are seated back to back. The Chakra and the Animals all have a deep symbolism and are connected with the life and teachings of Buddha in some form. The Saranath Capital was adopted as our national emblem by the Indian Government on 26th January 1950.

Palaces: The palaces in Pataliputra were renowned for their beauty. Megasthenes has given a good description of this city. According to them, the Royal Palace was one of the best in the world. The Chinese pilgrim Fa-hien has also given us a good description of that period.

Question 4.
Describe the administration of Mauryans.
Answer:
Mauryan Administration: The Mauryans established an efficient.system of administration.
Their administration was benevolent in nature. They followed certain principles of Dharma to establish an uniform administrative system. The basic principle of administration was the promotion of welfare of the people.

The Central Government:

1. King: King was the supreme authority in the state. Kings did not enjoy absolute monarchy. They followed certain principles of Dharma. The main duty of the King was to work for the welfare of the people. Kautilya always considered the King as a “Dharma Pravartaka and Public servant”.

2. Mantri Parishad (The Council of Ministers): The Mantri Parishad was an important organ of the administration in the Mauryan Empire. The Mantri Parishad was established to assist the King in the administration. The ministers were appointed by the King on the basis of their merits and abilities. Each minister was in charge of a department. The mantris were higher officials like Prime Minister, Purohit, Senapati, Yuvaraja, Amatya and others. All matters were considered and discussed in the Mantri Parishad.

3. Secretarial: Administrative matters of the Central Government were divided into 30 departments, each under a superintendent. They dealt with the activities of the state such as irrigation, market, education, famine relief etc.,

4. Judicial Administration: King was the supreme authority in the Judiciary. His court was the final authority of appeal, There were two kinds of courts called Dharma Stheyas which dealt with Civil cases and Kantakashodanas which dealt with Criminal causes. A uniform system of law was introduced throughout the Kingdom. Justice was imparted without any delay. Village heads solved the cases within the villages. The Mauryan Penal Code was very severe.

5. Revenue (Finance) Administration: Land tax was the main source of income of the state. of the annual produce was fixed as the tax. Taxes were collected both in cash and kind. Samahart was the in charge of Revenue. Taxes were also levied on professions, houses, cattle, sales tax forest products etc.,

Provincial Administration: Mauryan Empire was divided into Five provinces with their capitals at Gimar, Taxi la, Ujjain, Tosaii andSuvamagiri. Princes (Kumaras) or Governors were incharge of the provinces. Each province was divided into a number of Mandalas or Districts that were governed by Sthanikas. Village was the Primary unit of administration. Gramika was its head. The official in charge of ten villages was called as ‘Gopa’

Pataliputra Administration: The Greek Ambassador Megasthanes gives us a very good account of the administration of the Pataliputra. According to him, administrative work was earned by a council of 30 members divided into 6 boards of five members each. Each board was in charge of a particular branch of Municipal work.

Military Administration: The Mauryans had developed a well organised Military system. Kautilya gives us an elaborate account of the Mauryan army. It was very large, well equipped and disciplined. Kautilya speaks of four kinds of Forts (Duigas) for security. The King personally led the army during wars. The army of Chandragupta consisted of 6,00,000 infantry, 30,000 cavalry and 9000 elephants. The war office was administered by six boards, each consisting of five members. They were: 1) Navy, 2) Transport, 3) Infantry, 4) Cavalary, 5) Chariots and 6) Elephant force. ‘Senapati’ was the highest officer of the army.

2nd PUC History Ancient Period Ten Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 30 to 40 sentences.

Question 1.
Explain the life and achievements of Ashoka.
Answer:
Ashoka the Great: Ashoka was the greatest ruler of the Mauryas and one of the renowned Rulers of the world. He is mentioned in his edicts as ‘Devanampriya’ and “Priyadarshi’. He considered his subjects as his own children and considered that the Primary duty of the King was to promote the welfare of the people. He came to power in 273 BCE, but his coronation was celebrated only in 269 BCE.

Kalinga War (261 BCE) : Ashoka waged a war against the Kalinga Kingdom as he considered war and annexation as the rightful duty of a King. It was this imperialistic consideration that prompted Ashoka to conquer Kalinga. Rock Edict XIII of Ashoka tells us that the war ended with bloodshed and misery. One lakh people died, 1.5 lakh were taken as prisoners of war. This event had a deep impact on his mind. Kalinga War was the turning point in the life of Ashoka becuase after the war he embraced Buddhism by the influence of Upagupta and followed the principles of non-violence.

Ashoka was filled with sorrow at the sight of all that bloodshed, that this became his last war as he decided not to wage wars in future. He changed his foreign policy from ‘Digvijaya or Bherighosha’ (Beating of war drums) to ‘Dharmaghosha orVijaya (winning the hearts of the people). He declared that ‘The real conquest was the conquest by right path and love and not by might and sin”. Ashoka did not wage any war further and dedicated his whole life for the propagation of Dhairna and Peace.

Ashokan Empire extended from Kashmir and Afghanisthan in the North to Karnataka in the South, from Bengal in the East to Sindu and Baluchis than in the West.

Edicts of Ashoka: Ashoka issued a number of Inscriptions which throw light on the religion, society and administration of the Mauryans. Ashokan inscriptions are found throughout the extent of his Empire. The languages of these edicts were Pali and Prakriti and the script used was Brahmi and Kharoshti. Brahmi script, which was a riddle for a long time was deciphered by James Princep in 1831. Ashokan inscriptions are found in places like Pataliputra, Rampurava, Rummindei, Sravasti, Bodhgaya, Bhabru, Barabara, Sanchi, Kausambi, Maski, Taxila etc., The edicts are classified into 1) Major rock edicts, 2) Minor rock edicts, 3) Pillar inscriptions and 4) Cave inscriptions.

Edicts in Karnataka: A number of Ashokan edicts have been discovered in Karnataka. They have been found at Maski (Raichur dist). Gavimatha and Palkigonda (Koppal Dist), Siddapur, Brahmagiri and Jatingarameshwar(Chitradurga dist) Nittur and Udayagollam (Bellary Dist) and Sannathi (Yadagiri). Most of the edicts of Ashoka, preach moral values to the people and about the teachings of Buddha. The Maski and Calcutta edicts refer to King Ashoka as ‘Devanampriya Asokasa’. Thus these edicts helped in identifying the other edicts of Ashoka. He wanted to inculcate the virtues of practical morality, compassion to animals, reverence and obedience to teachers, elders and parents, truthfulness etc.,

Religion: Ashoka made a great contribution to religion. He believed that a moral life was a pre-requisite of happy life. He propogated the ideas of developing virtues like truthfulness, purity of thought, kindness, honesty, gratitude, self-restraint and compassion. He laid emphasis on simple living, high thinking and leading a good moral life. The Bhabru edict clearly indicates Ashoka’s faith in Buddha, Sangha and Dharma. Ashoka took many measures for the spread of Buddhism.

He visited the holy places from the life of Buddha. He constructed monasteries and gave liberal grants to them. He followed the policy of religious tolerance. He assumed the title ‘Devanmapriya’ (beloved of the Oods). He spread the doctrines of Buddha by engraving them on rock edicts throughout the Empire. He appointed officers called Dharmamahamathras, Yukthas, Rajjukas and Sthree Adhyaksha Mahamatras to spread Dharma among the people. Ashoka organised the 3rd Buddhist council at Pataliputra in 250 BCE, to settle the internal differences among the Buddhists. He took much interest and adopted special measures to propagate Buddhism. He sent
Buddhist missionaries to far off lands to preach the Gospel of Buddha.

He deputed his son Mahendra amd daughter Sanghamitra to Sri Lanka to spread Buddhism. It was on account of his extensive propagation that Buddhism became a religion of the masses in India and also spread to Nepal, Tibet, China, Japan, Burma and many South¬East Asian Countries. He took many welfare activities and made arrangements to feed the poor and physically disabled people. He was concerned with the moral and spiritual welfare of his people. H.G Wells remarks that “Amidst the tens of thousands of Majesties and Royal Highnesses and the like, the name of Ashoka shines and shines along like a Star”.

Kushanas

2nd PUC History Ancient Period One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Which was the original home of the Kushanas?
Answer:
China was the original home of the Kushanas. They originally belonged to a nomadic race known as ‘Yueh-chi’.

Question 2.
Who was the first ruler of the Kushanas?
Answer:
KujulaKadphisis was the first ruler of the Kushanas.

Question 3.
Who was the greatest King of the Kushanas?
Answer:
Kanishka was the greatest ruler of the Kushanas.

Question 4.
Name the Chinese general who defeated Kanishka.
Answer:
Kanishka was defeated by the Chinese general Pan-Chao.

Question 5.
Which was the capital of Kanishka?
Answer:
Purushapura (Peshawar in Pakistan) was the capital of Kanishka.

Question 6.
Who influenced Kanishka to embrace Buddhism?
Answer:
Ashwaghosha influenced Kanishka to embrace Buddhism.

2nd PUC History Ancient Period Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
When and why was the fourth Buddhist council held?
Answer:
The main aim of the 4th buddhist council was to patch up the differences existing in Buddhism at that time. But, ultimately Buddhism divided into Hinayana and Mahayana schools of thought. The 4th council was held in 102 C.E., during the reign of Kanishka, at Kundalavana in Kashmir..

Question 2.
Write any two measures of Kanishka for the spread of Buddhism.
Answer:

1. Kanishka gave royal patronage to Buddhism and it was also extended to the buddhist monks.
2. A large number of missionaries were sent to foreign countries like Japan, Tibet and Central Asia for spreading Buddhism.
3. Kanishka conducted the 4th buddhist council in Kashmir in 102 C.E., presided by
   Vasumithra. The purpose of this council was to settle the disputes that were existing in Buddhism at that time. .

2nd PUC History Ancient Period Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentence each

Question 1.
Explain the achievements of Kanishka
(or)
What were the contributions of Kanishka to the indian history?
Answer:
Kanishka was the greatest of the Kushana Emperors. There are controversies about the date of Kanishka’s accession. The most probable date is 120 C.E. Another school of thought projects Kanishka as the founder of the Saka era (78 CE). Purushapura (present Peshawar in Pakistan) was his capital.

Conquests (Expeditions): Kanishka was a great warrior, ambitious and imperialistic Ruler. He extended his Empire in different directions very rapidly. His Empire consisted of Baclria, Persia, Afghanistan, Punjab and a large portion of Sindh.

Kashmir: Kanishka annexed Kashmir during his early reign and founded a city called Kanishkapura (the present day Srinagar), where he built many monuments.

Expeditions on Magadha, Saka and Sathrapas: He conquered Kashmir, occupied Punjab, . Mathura, Saketa and Benaras. Then he turned towards the famous city of Pataliputra (Patna). After a glorious victory, he returned to his capital Purushapura along with the famous buddhist scholar, Ashvaghosha. Towards the west, Kanishka marched against the Parthians and got victory over them, and established his supremacy over a very large area.

War with China: After the conquest of the northern India, Kanishka turned his attention towards China. Kadphises-II (Kushana) had suffered defeat at the hands of the Chinese general Pan-Chao and as a result of this defeat, the Kushanas had to pay a heavy annual tribute to the Chinese King. Kanishka stopped paying the tribute and invaded China, but the Chinese general Pan-chao defeated him.

After making renewed preparations, he attacked China once again but the Chinese general Pan-Chao had died by then and his son Pan-Chanang, the new general was defeated by Kanishka and he annexed three Chinese provinces into his Empire. Kanishka was the first Indian ruler who established territories outside India. His Kingdom extended to Kashgar in the north, Sindh in the south, Benaras in the East and Afghanistan in the west.

Religion (Kanishka’s religious policy): The Kushanas who belonged to the Yuch-Chi tribe, followed tribal religious customs. After their settlement in India, they adopted Indian culture and Hinduism. Kanishka was also a follower of Hinduism. In course of time, he was attracted towards Buddhism by the influence of Ashwaghosha. Kanishka attempted to serve and spread Buddhism in China, Tibet, Japan and other central Asian countries. He organized the 4lh buddhist council in Kashmir. The main purpose of the council was to settle the dispute existing in Buddhism at that time. During his rule, Buddhism split into Hinayana and Mahayana Sects.

Patronage to art (Gandhara art): Kanishka was a great lover of art and literature. He patronished Sanskrit language and had great scholars like Ashwaghosha, Vasumitra, Nagarjuna and Charaka in his court. Ashwagandha wrote Budda charita and Sutralanara. Nagarjuna wrote Madhyamika sutra and Charaka wrote a treatise on Ayurveda.

Kanishka was a great builder, and fine buildings of architectural beauty are found at Gandhara, Mathura, Kanishkapura and Taxila. The Kushana period was important for the growth of Gandhara art. it became the meeting ground of eastern and western cultures, known as the Greco-buddhist style. Combining Indian and Greek styles, there arose a new school of art called ‘The Gandhara School of Art’. This style originated in the Gandhara region, now in Afghanistan.

Question 2.
Describe the chief characteristics of the Gandhara school of art.
Answer:
Gandhara art: The Kushana period was famous for the growth of Gandhara ait. The important centres of this art were Jalalabad, Hadda and Baniyan in Afghanistan. Peshawar became the meeting ground^of the eastern and western cultures. Greek and roman sculptors and artists were brought to construct buildings, Viharas and Chaityas.,This art was a combination of the Indian and Greek (Greco-Buddhist) styles. This new school of art called the Gandhar school of art originated in the Gandhara region, now in Afghanistan.

Main characteristics of the Gandhara art:

1. In this school of art, the life size statues of Buddha were carved. Until then, the Buddhist existence was shown only in the form of symbols like lotus, umbrella etc.
2. While carving the statues, utmost care was given to the symmetry of the body including the muscles and moustaches which were shown in a natural setting.
3. In the specimens of the craftsmanship of this art, the folds and turns of the clothes were exhibited with minute care and skill.
4. In this art, the ornaments that were carved on the statues received much attention which added to the physical beauty of the statues.
5. Polishing the statues was an important feature of this ait.
6. The specimens were mostly prepared in stone, terracotta and clay.

The technique used in making the statues was greek but, the idea, inspiration, and personality were all indian. According to Dr. R.C. Mazumdar – ‘The Gandhara artist had the hand of a Greek but the heart of an indian. It is for this reason, that in the statues and images made under this art, an attempt was made to carve Lord Buddha like the Greek God Appolo. The Gandhara style spread to south east Asian countries as the parent of the Buddhist art.”

Guptas (300-600CE)

2nd PUC History Ancient Period One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who was the founder of the Gupta dynasty?
Answer:
Sri Gupta was the founder of the Gupta dynasty.

Question 2.
When did the Gupta era commence?
Answer:
The Gupta era began in 320 CE during the reign of Chandragupta-I

Question 3.
Who composed the Allahabad pillar inscription?
Answer:
Harisena who was the commander-in-chief and court poet of Samudragupta, composed the Allahabad pillar inscription.

Question 4.
Which inscription of Samudragupta throws light on his expeditions?
Answer:
The Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta, informs about his expeditions.

Question 5.
Who was the author of Kavyamimamse?
Answer:
Rajashekarawas the author of Kavyamimamse.

Question 6.
Who was the greatest ruler of the Gupta dynasty?
Answer:
Samudragupta was the greatest ruler of the Gupta dynasty.

Question 7.
Which Gupta ruler performed Ashwameda sacrifice? ,
Answer:
Samudragupta performed Ashwameda (horse) sacrifice.

Question 8.
Who had the title ‘Kaviraja’?
(or)
Which Gupta King was called as Kaviraja?
Answer:
Samudragupta was called as Kaviraja.

Question 9.
Who wrote Shakunthala?
Answer:
Kalidasa wrote the famous drama Shakunthala.

Question 10.
Who wrote Aryabhata? (or) Who was the author of Aryabhata?
Answer:
Aryabhatta was the author of Aryabhata.

Question 11.
Who had the title Vikramaditya?
Answer:
Chandragupta-II had the title Vikramaditya.

Question 12.
Who wroteAmarakosha?
Answer:
Amarasimha wroteAmarakosha.

Question 13.
Who was the author of Brihathsamhithe?
Answer:
Varahamihira wrote Brihathsamhithe.

Question 14.
Who wrote‘Gho-ko-ki’?
Answer:
The Chinese traveller Fa-hien wrote the book ‘Gho-ko-ki’.

Question 15.
Name the author of Kiratarjuneeyam.
Answer:
Bharavi was the author of Kiratarjuneeyam.

Question 16.
Who is called ‘The father of Indian Medicine’?
Answer:
Dhanwanthri is called ‘The father of Indian Medicine’ (Ayurveda).

Question 17.
Where is the iron pillar of the Gupta age found?
Answer:
Their on pillar of the Gupta age is found at Mehrauli near Delhi.

Question 18.
Who is called as the Indian Napolean’?
Answer:
V.A. Smith the historian called Samudragupta as the ‘Indian Napolean’.

Question 19.
Who was the Chinese Pilgrim who visited India during the reign of Chandragupta-II (Vikramaditya-II)?
Answer:
Chinese pilgrim Fa-hien (399-414 CE) visited India, during Chandragupta – II’s period. He wrote a book ‘Gho-ko-ki’ which throws light on the administration of Guptas.

Question 20.
Who is called as the ‘Indian Shakespeare’?
Answer:
Kalidasa is called as the Indian Shakespeare.

2nd PUC History Ancient Period Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Which were the two capitals of the Guptas?
Answer:
Pataliputra was the first capital and Ujjain became the second capital during Chandragupta- II’s reign.

Question 2.
Which inscription describes the conquests of Samudragupta? Who composed it?
Answer:
The Allahabad pillar inscription describes the conquests of Samudragupta. Harisena composed the Allahabad pillar inscription.

Question 3.
Name some poets of the Gupta period.
Answer:
Kalidasa, Shudraka, Bharavi, Dandi, Vishakadatta, Vishnusharma, Amarasimha and Shanku were some important poets of the Gupta period.

Question 4.
Mention some works of Kalidasa.
Answer:
The famous works of Kalidasa were Abhijnana Shakuntala, Raghuvamsha, Meghadhoota, Kumarasambhava,Vikramorvashiya, Malavikagnimitra, Ritusamharaetc.

Question 5.
Who was Fa-hien? Why did he come to India?
Answer:

Fa-hien was a Chinese pilgrim, who visited India during the reign of Chandragupta-II. He came to India to study Buddhism.

Question 6.
Which sources are helpful to us in the study of Gupta history?
Answer:
Some important sources that help us to study the Gupta history are:

• The Allahabad pillar inscription of Samudragupta.
• Mudrarakshasa and Devi Chandraguptam of Vishakadatta.
• Works of Kalidasa and Kavyamimamse by Rajashekara.
• Writings of Fa-hien and Itsing.

Question 7.
Name the northern Rulers defeated by Samudragupta.
Answer:
The nine northern Rulers of Aryavartha defeated by Samudragupta were, Nandin, Balavarman, Chandravarman, Nagadatta, Nagasena, Ganapathinaga, Achyathanaga, Mathila and Rudradeva.

Question 8.
Name the southern Kingdoms defeated by Samudragupta.
Answer:
The twelve southern Kingdoms defeated by Samudragupta were, Mahendra of Kosala, Vyagraraja of Mahakanthara, Mantharaja of Kowrala, Mahendra of Pistapura, Swamydatta of Kottura, Damana of Yarandapalli, Vishnugopaof Kanchi, Hasthivarman of Vengi, Neelaraja of Avamuktha, Ugrascna of Palakkad, Kubcra of Devarasthra and Dhananjaya of Kustalapura.

Question 9.
Name any two well known Universities of the Gupta period.
Answer:
Taxila, Nalanda, Ujjain, Ajantha, Saranatha, PataliputraaridVallabhi were the well known educational centres of the Gupta period.

Question 10.
Name any two works of Varahamihira.
Answer:
Panchasiddantika (astronomy), Brihadjataka andLaghujataka (astrology) and Brihatsamhita were the famous works of Varahamihira.

Question 11.
Name any two architectural centres of the Gupta period.
Answer:
Mathura, Benaras, Pataliputra, Udayagiri, Devgarh etc. were the architectural centers of the Gupta period.

Question 12.
What is the importance of the Allahabad inscription?
Answer:
The author of this edict was Harisena. It is made of 33 lines of Sanskrit prose and verse. This inscription is in the nature of a prasasti. It throws light upon personal qualities and conquests of Samudragupta.

Question 13.
Who were the important scientists of the Gupta period?
Answer:
The well known scientists of the Gupta period were, Aryabhatta, Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, Vriddh Vagbhata, Dhanvantari, CharakaandShushrutha.

Question 14.
Which Gupta ruler patronized the nine gems (Navaratnas) in his court? Name them.
Answer:
Vikramaditya-II (Chandragupta-II) patronized the nine gems in his court. They were, 1) Kalidasa
(Poet) 2) Varahamihira (Astronomer), 3) Shanku (Architect), 4) Dhanvantari (Physician), 5) Amarasimha (Lexicographer), 6) Kshapanaka (Astrologer), 7) Vararuchi (Grammarian), 8) Vethalabhatta (Magician) and 9) Ghatakarpara (Poet).

Question 15.
Name the works of Aryabhatta.
Answer:
Aryabhatta wrote Surya siddhanta, Aryabhata, and Dasagitika (Trigonometry).

2nd PUC History Ancient Period Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Explain the conquests of Samudragupta (or)
Samudragupta is called as the Indian Napolean. Explain why?
Answer:
Samudragupta (335 to 375 CE): The most outstanding ruler of the Gupta dynasty was Samudragupta, who was the son and successor of Chandragupta-I. He was an ambitious, ablest and most distinguished ruler and wanted to be an ‘Emperor’ (Chakravarthi).

The Allahabad pillar inscription (Prayag) throws much light on his conquests and personal qualities. The author of this edict was Ilarisena, the court poet as well as the commander – in – chief of Samudragupta. It is in Sanskrit prose and verse and contains 33 lines. The inscription is in the nature of a prasasti (ponegric). The military conquests mentioned in the inscription may be divided into four distinct campaigns.

1) Northern campaign (Aryavartha): The early yearssof his reign were spent in subduing the provinces of the Gangetic plain called ‘Aryavartha’. According to the inscription, he defeated nine Kings in his northern campaign and annexed their territories into his Empire. The Rulers who were defeated by Samudragupta were i) Nandin, ii) Balavarman, iii) Chandravarman, iv) Nagadatta, v) Nagasena, vi) Ganapathinaga, vii) Achyutanaga, viii) Mathila and ix) Rudradeva. After the conquest, he performed Ashwamedha yaga and became the master of Aryavartha.

2) Conquest of the Forest Kingdoms (Central India): Samudragupta conquered the forest Kingdoms of Abhiras, Madrakas, Kakas, Reva, Jabalpur, Nagapur and Bhaghelkhanda in the upper Vindya regions, many of whom surrendered to him voluntarily.

3) Southern Campaign: After consolidating his authority in the north, he turned his attention towards the South and took an expedition. Samudragupta derived hisjiame and fame by his compaigns in South India and he did not extend his direct rule over this region. The inscription refers to the twelve Kings of the south who were defeated and later reinstated to rule under him. They were: i) Mahendra of Kosala, ii) Vyagraraja of Mahaknathara, iii) Mantaraja of Kowrala, iv) Mahendra of Pistapura, v) Swamydatta of Kottura, vi) Damana of Yarandapalti, vii) Vishnugopa of Kanchi, viii) Hasthivarman of Vengi, ix) Neelaraja of Avamuktha, x) Ugrasena of Palakkad, xi) Kubera of Devarashtra and xii) DhananjayaofKustalapura.

The southern states were far away from his capital Pataliputra, and so they could not be brought under his direct control. The defeated rulers accepted his sovereignty and paid him tributes. No territory was annexed.

4) Annexation of the frontier Kingdoms: The frontier area also came under the control of Samudragupta. They accepted his authority and paid tributes to him. They were Kamarupa (Assam), Samataka (Bengal), Karthripura (Punjab), Devaka (Nepal) and Rohilkhanda.

5) Extended the Kingdom: Samudragupta’s Empire had extended from Bengal in the east to Punjab in the west, Himalayas in the north and upto the Vindya mountains in the south. The fame of Samudragupta reached far and wide. He maintained friendly relations with Ceylon. He was triumphant everywhere in India. Hence, Dr. V.A. Smith, the historian has called him as the ‘The Indian Napolean’. After his conquests, he performed ‘Ashwameda Yaga (horse sacrifice) to commemorate his victories. He also issued gold coins of various denominations. He composed many poems and thereby earned the title ‘Kaviraja’.

Question 2.
What were the contributions of Guptas to the Held of literature and science ?
Answer:
Literature: The Gupta age was also the golden age of Sanskrit literature. Guptas were not only warriors, but also patronized literature and science. Harisena’s prasasli as recorded on the Allahabad pillar, is in chaste Sanskrit prose and verse. Itcontains 33 lines and is a remarkable example of the poetry of the Gupta age. Samudragupta himself was a poet and scholar and he got the title of ‘Kaviraja’. Chandragupta-II patronized the ‘Nine Gems’ (navarathnas), the Sanskrit scholars in his court.

They were i) Kalidasa (Poet), ii) Dhanvantari (Physician), iii) Varahamihira (Astronomer), iv) Amarasimha (Lexicographer), v) Shanku (Architect), vi) Kshapanaka (Astrologer), vii) Vararuchi, (Grammarian), viii) Vetalabhatta (Magician) and ix) Ghatakarpara (Poet).

The most outstanding literary figure of that age was Kalidasa. He wrote a number of excellent works like Shakuntala, Malavikagnim’itra, Raghuvamsha, Kumarasambhava, Meghadhoota, Ritusamhara, Vikramorvashiyam etc. Both in drama and poetry, he stands unsurpassed and unrivalled even today. Kalidasa emerged as the King of all poets and hailed as the ‘Indian Shakespeare’.

Bhasa was another Sanskrit dramatist of this period. He was the author of 13 dramas, which are considered as the treasure in Sanskrit literature. The important dramas include Swapnavasava, Charudatta and Urubhanga. Vishakadatta wrote Mudrarakshasa and Devi Chandraguptam. Sudraka wrote Mrichchakatika. Bharavi was the author of Kirathaijuneeyam. Dandi wrote Dashakumaracharita and Kavyadhara, Vishnusimha composed Panchatantra and Amarasimha wrote Amarakosa.

The Nitisara of Kamandaka and the smritis of Yagnavalkya are also noteworthy. Some of the buddhist scholars of this period were Asanga, Vasubandhu, Dignaga, Chandragomin and others, who wrote many works in Sanskrit. The literary standard of this period was high. Sanskrit became the common as well as the official language. Naturally, this led to a renaissance in Sanskrit literature. The development of Sanskrit reached its zenith.

Development of science: The Gupta age made tremendous progress in the field of science, especially in the disciplines of Astronomy, Medicine, Astrology, Mathematics and Metallurgy. Dhanvantri and Vagbhatta were great physicians. Aryabhatta, Varahamihira and Brahmagupta were the great astronomers and mathematicians of that age.

1) Aryabhatta was one of the greatest scientists of the Gupta period. He wrote two great works on astronomy namely, Aryabhata and Suryasiddhanta. His major contributions : i) To find the place value of numbers from 1 to 9, ii) The discovery of the exact value of 22pi (TC) viz or 3.14159, iii) The formula to calculate the area of a triangle, iv) The true 7 cause of why solar and luner eclipses occur, v) The rotation and revolution of Earth on its axis, vi) The decimal system of notation. An indian satellite sent into space has been named Aryabhatta in his honour.

2) Varahamihira wrote Brihathsamhithe, Panchasiddantika, Brihadjataka and Laghujataka. He studied and wrote about the movements of the heavenly bodies. He was an authority on Astronomy, Botany, Mathematics and Geography.

3) Brahmagupta was the great astronomer who wrote the book ‘Brahmaputra Siddhanta’. He declared that all things fall to the Earth, by a law of nature. He showed the importance of zero.

4) Bhaskaracharya was a renowed mathematician.

5) Vridha Vagbhata was the great physician and author of Ashtanga sangraha.

6) Dhanvantari was a great physician and he wrote Ayurveda Nighantu. He is regarded as the ‘Father of Indian medicine’ (Ayurveda).

7) Charaka and Sushrutha were physicians, and wrote samhithes.
The iron pillar near the Kutb minar atMeharauli (Delhi) is the best example of the progress in metallurgy achieved by the Guptas. That pillar’s weight is about 6 tonnes, height 23.8 ft and a diameter of 16.4 inches at the base. It is still free from rust, even though it is exposed to the elements, like wind, rain, sun etc., all these years.

2nd PUC History Ancient Period Ten Marks Questions and Answers

IV. Answer the following question in 30 to 40 sentences.

Question 1.
Why is the Gupta age called ‘The golden age’ in Indian history?
Answer:
Introduction : Gupta period was a unique phase in the Indian history, due to the all round development during this age. It has been described as the ‘Golden age’ and the “Classical period of Indian history”. Dr. R.N. Saletore has compared it with the ages of Augustus Caesar of Rome and Queen Elizabeth of England. Dr. L.D. Barnet compared it with the age of Pericles of Greece. The achievements in the fields of religion, education, literature, art, architecture, science and technology were extraordinary.

Religion: Revival of Hinduism (Hindu renaissance) was one of the outstanding features of the Gupta age. Guptas followed vedic religion, but they were tolerant towards the other religions. The worship of Vishnu, Shiva and Durga became very popular. Pashupata sect of Shaivism became very popular. Worship of the Saptamatrikas became widespread. The Shiva temple at Deogadh, the temple of Bhumara and the Mahakal temple ofUjjain were built in the Gupta age.

The Gupta Rulers performed vedic rites and sacrifices. Samudragupta and Chandragupta-II, were worshippers of Vishnu. They assumed the titles ‘Parama Bhagavatha’ (Devotee of Vishnu). Image worship, rites and ceremonies became very common. The vedic rituals like Ashwameda, Vajapeya and Rajasuya yagas were performed with all splendour. Buddhism also enjoyed great popularity during the Gupta age The Buddhist caves at Ajantha, Ellora, Kanheri and Karle belong to the Gupta period. Some of the Gupta rulers followed Buddhism and extended patronage to it. In fact, Buddha was adopted into Hinduism and he was regarded as one of the Avataras of Vishnu.

Education: Education flourished well under the Guptas. The rulers themselves were great scholors. They paid special attention to education. Taxila, Nalanda, Ajantha and Saranatha were well known Universities of the Gupta era. Pataliputra and Vallabhi were great educational centres. The important subjects taught were Puranas, Literature, Philosophy, Arithmatic, Astrology and Science.

Literature: The Gupta age is called ‘the Golden age of Sanskrit literature’. Samudragupta has been described as a King among poets in the Allahabad inscription. He got a title of ‘Kaviraja’. Chandragupta-II (Vikramadhitya-II) partronized the ‘Nine gems’ (navaratnas) of Sanskrit scholors in his court. Among them, Kalidasa was the most outstanding literary figure of that age. He wrote a number of excellent works like Malavikagnimithra, Vikramorvashiya, Shakunthala, Raghuvamsa, Kumarasambhava, Meghaduta, Rithusamhara etc., Kalidasa emerges as the King of all poets and hailed as the ‘Indian Shakespeare”.

Other important writers and their works: Sudraka wrote Mrichchakatika, Bharavi – Kirataijuneya, Dandhi – Kavyadhara, Vishnusimha – Panchatantra, Amarasimha- Amarakosa, Vishakadatta – Mudrarakshasa, Bhavabuthi-Uttararamacharithe, Charaka-Charakasamhithe, Shanku – Shilpashastra, Kshapanaka – Jyothishashastra, Vethalabhatta-Manthrashaslhra and others. The literary standard of this period was high and Sanskrit became the common as well as the official language. Naturally, this led to a renaissance in Sanskrit literature.

Development of science: The Gupta age made a tremendous progress in the Held of science, especially in the disciplines of Astronomy, Astrology, Mathematics, Medicine and Metallurgy. Aryabhatta was one of the greatest scientists of this period. He wrote two great works- Aryabhatia and Surya siddhantha. He gave very valuable contributions to indian science. Brahmagupta was the great astronomer and mathematician, who wrote the book ‘Brahmaputra siddhantha.

He showed the importance of zero. Varahamihira was the astronomer, who wrote Brihatsamhithe. Vridha Vagbhata (physician) wrote Ashtanga Sangraha. Dhanvantari (physician) wrote Ayurveda Nighantu. He was regarded as the father of indian medicine. Charaka and Sushrutha were the physicians who wrote Samhithes. The Meharauli iron pillar discovered near Delhi is an outstanding example of the metallurgical skill of that period. It is still free from rust, even though it has been exposed to the elements like wind, rain, sun etc., all these hundreds of years.

Art and Architecture: The basic structural features of the Indian temple architecture were developed during the Gupta period. The Gupta art is famous for its simple expression and spiritual purpose. The art of the Guptas was purely Indian in nature. Naturalism, beauty, spiritualism and realism were the main features of their art. Mathura, Benaras, Pataliputra, Udayagiri, Devgarh etc were the centres of their artistic activities.

The Gupta architecture is represented by many brick temples. The temples have pyramidal roofs and the walls are decorated with scenes from Hindu mythologies. The Dashavatara temple of Devgarh (MP), has a tower of about 40 feet. It’s doorway is excellently carved and decorated.

Many images of Shiva such as the Ekamukhi and Chaturmukhi Shi valings were also carved during this period. The Ardhanarishwara i.e., oneness of Shiva and Shakti is also a remarkable

Cholas

2nd PUC History Ancient Period One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentences each.

Question 1.
What is meant by Sangam?
Answer:
Sangam refers to the Tamil literary union. The period of the three literary unions between 200 B.CE to 500 C.E. is called the Sangam age.

Question 2.
Who was the first Chola King of the Sangam age?
Answer:
Ilain Chola was the first Chola King and Uraiyur was his capital.

Question 3.
Who built the Rajarajeshwara temple at Tanjore?
Answer:
Rajaraja Chola-I built the Rajarajeshwara temple at Tanjore.

Question 4.
Which inscription tells about the Chola village administration?
Answer:
Uttarameruru inscription of Paranthaka -1, tells about the Chola village administration.

Question 5.
What is meant by‘Kuduvalai’?
Answer:
The representatives of the people (members) for the village administration were elected through a lucky draw system which was called “Kuduvalai.”

Question 6.
What is meant by ‘Variyam’?
Answer:
Elected representatives for the village administration had to work in the Annual, Garden and Tank Bund commitees which were called as variyams.

Question 7.
Which dynasty patronized Sangam literature?
Answer:
The Pandyas of Madurai, patronized Sangam literature.

Question 8.
Who was the greatest ruler of the Cholas?
Answer:
Rajaraja Chola-I (985-1014 C.E) was the greatest Chola ruler.

Question 9.
Who was the last ruler of the Sangam age?
Answer:
Sengunnian was the last Chola ruler of the Sangam age.

Question 10.
Which battle led to the decline of the Chola Empire?
Answer:
The Takkolam battle between Cholas and Rastrakutas in 949 C.E. led to the collapse of the Chola Empire.

Question 11.
Which was the capital of the Cholas?
Answer:
Tanjore was the capital of the Cholas.

2nd PUC History Ancient Period Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Name some famous works of the Sangam Age.
Answer:
Tirukkural, Silappadigaram and Manimekhalai are the famous works of the Sangam age.

Question 2.
When and between whom did the battle of Takkolam take place?
Answer:
The battle of Takkolam was fought between Cholas and Rastrakutas in 949 C.E.

Question 3.
Mention any two titles of Rajendra Chola-I.
Answer:
Rajendra Chola had assumed titles like Pandita Chola, Gangaikonda Chola and Kedarukonda Devaetc.,

Question 4.
Name the powerful rulers of the cholas.
Answer:
Rajaraja Chola-I and Rajendra Chola-I were the powerful rulers.

Question 5.
Which temple in India has the biggest and tallest shikhara? Who built it?
Answer:
Brihadeshwara or Rajarajeshwara temple in Tanjore has the biggest and tallest shikara in India. It was built by Rajaraja Chola I.

Question 6.
Mention the titles assumed by Rajaraja Chola -I
Answer:
Rajaraja Chola -1 assumed titles like Shivapadashekhara, Cholendra Simha, Mummadi Chola deva, Jayagonda, Chola Martanda etc.,

2nd PUC History Ancient Period Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Describe the achievements of Rajendra Chola-I.
Answer:
Rajendra Chola -1 (Reign 1014 to 1044 C.E.): Rajendra Chola was the son and successor of Rajaraja Chola -1. He came to the throne in 1014 C.E. He was also known as Gangaikonda Chola or Ultama Chola. Under him, the Chola Empire became the most extensive and powerful Empire. He gained a number of victories over the Ceylonese, Pandyas, Cheras and Eastern Chalukyas.

Conquests: Rajendra Chola defeated Mahendra – V, the King of Ceylon in 1018 C.E. After the death of Mahendra- V in prison at Tanjore, Ceylon became a part of the Chola empire. War with Chalukyas of Kalyana: Rajendra Chola declared war on Jayasimhall of Kalyana Chalukyas in 1021 C.E. and defeated him in Masangi (Maski). Vijayaditya of Vengi who came to the support of Jayasimha was defeated and expelled from the Empire. Rajendra Chola placed RajarajaNarendra on the throne of Vengi.

Northern expedition: Rajendra marched towards Orissa and defeated King Mahipala of Bengal. The Chola army marched onwards till the Ganga river. His northern expedition was successful. To commemorate this event, he assumed the title of ‘Gangaikonda Chola’ and built a new capital Gangaikonda Cholapuram near Tiruchirapally in honour of this conquest.

Expedition towards south east: In 1025 C.E. Rajendra Chola took an expedition to Shailendra in South east Asia, with his powerful army. Crossing the Bay of Bengal, he conquered Jawa, Sumatra and defeated Sangrama Vijayottunga Varman, the King of Shai lendra. He built the Gangaikonda Chola Shiva temple at Shailendra, in memory of this victory.

Rajendra Chola -1 was an able administrator and also a patron of learning. He established a higher education centre at Ennayiram (South Arcot) in 1025 C.E. Free boarding and lodging facility was arranged for 340 students, who were studying at this educational centre. Rajendra Chola -1 had many titles like ‘Pandita Chola, Gangaikonda Chola and Kedarakonda Deva etc. He increased his dignity and honour by sending his Ambassadors to China in 1033 C.E.

Question 2.
Describe the village (local) Administration of the Chola rulers.
Answer:
Village (local sell) Administration: An important feature of the Chola administration was the village autonomy. People of a village looked after administration through their own elected bodies. The Chola inscriptions mention the existence of two types of villages Ur and Brahmadeya Villages. Ur had its own local assembly, consisting of all the male members of the village excluding untouchables. It looked after all aspects of the village administration. The Brahmadeya villages (Agraharas) were granted by the King to learned brahmins. They had their own assemblies called Mahasabhas, which had complete freedom in governance.

Uttarameruru inscription of Paratanka -1, gives us a detailed information about the village administration. (Uttarameruru is in the Chengulpet district of Tamilnadu). The villages enjoyed complete independence in the management of local affairs. Two kinds of assemblies existed which were 1. Ur or Urar (kuri) and 2. The Mahasabha.

According to the Uttarameruru inscription, Uttarameruru village was divided into 30 parts (Kudumbu). One member from each unit was elected for a period of one year. The representatives of the people were elected through a lucky draw (Kuduvalai) system. Vil lagers assembled in the temple and conducted an election through a lucky draw. The names of the candidates were written on palm leaves and put in a pot. Then a small boy was asked to pick out the leaves one after the other in the presence of the people and thus the representatives were elected.

Elected representatives had to work in the Annual, Garden (Tottavariyam) and Tank Bund (Erivariyam) committees called ‘Variyams’. The representatives were called ‘Variya Perumakkal’. The village assemblies were autonomous and democratic institutions.

Duties of the committees: The village committees performed duties like the protection of the village properties, collection of taxes and the protection of temples, lakes, groves and forests etc. The resolutions of the committees were written down. The central administration did not interfere in the village administration.

Minimum qualifications of members: The Uttarameruru inscription deals with rules and regulations regarding the election, the qualifications and disqualifications of members. These committees worked for 360 days when fresh elections were held.

Qualifications needed for a member to be elected:

1. The candidate should possess a minimum of 1/2 acre of taxable land.
2. He should reside in his own house built on his own site.
3. Candidate should be more than 35 years old and less than 70 years of age.
4. Candidate should have knowledge of Vedas, Brahmanakas and Commerce.
5. Candidate should possess a good character.

Disqualifications of members:

1.  A member was disqualified for re-election if he had been a member of any committee continuously for the previous 3 years.
2. Those who were in the committee and who had not submitted accounts and their close relatives.
3. Persons who were wicked, cheats, alcoholics, thieves, accused of murdering brahmins and committing adultery.

This way, certain minimum qualifications and disqualifications were enforced in the village administration. Scholars have termed the Chola village administration as “Small Democratic States”.

Vardhanas and Early Chalukyas – Pallavas

2nd PUC History Ancient Period One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who was the greatest Ruler of the Vardhanas?
Answer:
Harshavardhana was the greatest Vardhana Ruler.

Question 2.
Which was the capital of Harshavardhana?
Answer:
Thaneshwar was the capital of Harshavardhana.

Question 3.
Who was the sister of Harshavardhana?
Answer:
Rajashri was Harshavardhana’s younger sister.

Question 4.
Who wrote Ilarshacharite?
Answer:
Banabhatta was the author of ‘Harshacharite’.

Question 5.
Who was famous as ‘Ultarapatheshwara’?
Answer:
Harshavardhana was famous as ‘Uttarapatheshwara’.

Question 6.
Who presided over the religious conference at Kanauj?
Answer:
Hieuntsang presided over the religious conference at Kanauj.

Question 7.
When was the Buddhist council at Prayag held?
Answer:
Harashavardhana organized a Buddhist council at Prayag in 643 C.E.

Question 8.
Who was the founder of the Kadamba dynasty?
Answer:
Mayuravarma was the founder of the Kadamba dynasty.

Question 9.
Which was the first Kannada inscription?
Answer:
Halmidi inscription issued by Kakusthavarma in 450 CE, was the first Kannada inscription.

Question 10.
Who was the most famous ruler among the Ganga Kings?
Answer:
Durvinitha was the most famous ruler of the Ganga dynasty.

Question 11.
Which was the capital of the early Chalukyas?
Answer:
Badami (Vatapi) was the capital of the early Chalukyas.’

Question 12.
Who was the most famous ruler among the Chalukyas of Badami?
Answer:
Pulikeshi – II was the most famous ruler among the Chalukyas of Badami.

Question 13.
Which was the royal emblem of the Chalukyas of Badami?
Answer:
Varaha (Pig) was the royal emblem of the Chalukyas of Badami.

Question 14.
Who was famous as ‘Dakshina Patheshwara?
Answer:
Pulikeshi – II was famous as ‘Dakshina Patheshwara’.

Question 15.
Who composed the Aihole Inscription?
Answer:
Aihole inscription was composed by Ravi Keerthi.

Question 16.
Name the work composed by Vijayabhattarika.
Answer:
Vijayabhattarika wrote ‘Kaumudi Mahotsava’.

Question 17.
What was the name of the book written by Hieun Tsang?
Answer:
Hieun Tsang wrote a book “Si-Yu-Ki.”

Question 18.
Who was the originator (founder) of the Vardhana dynasty?
Answer:
Pushyabhuthi was the originator of the Vardhanas.

Question 19.
Whose capital was Banavasi?
Answer:
Banavasi (Vanavasi) was the capital of the Kadambas.

Question 20.
Which was the royal emblem of the Kadamba dynasty?
Answer:
Lion and a flag with a picture of a monkey, was the emblem of the Kadambas.

Question 21.
Who were the founders of the Ganga dynasty?
Answer:
Dadiga and Madhava were the founders of the Ganga dynasty.

Question 22.
Which was the capital of the Gangas.
Answer:
Talakadu was the capital of the Gangas.

Question 23.
Whose emblem was the musk Elephant?
Answer:
Musk elephant was the royal emblem of the Gangas.

Question 24.
Which place is called as the museum of Jainism?
Answer:
Shravanabelagola (Hassan dist) is called as the museum of Jainism.

Question 25.
Which Chalukyan King assumed the title ‘Parameshwara’?
Answer:
Pulikeshi-II assumed the title‘Parameshwara’.

2nd PUC History Ancient Period Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Who were the parents of Harshavardhana?
Answer:
Prabhakara Vardhana and Yashomathi were the parents of Harshavardhana.

Question 2.
Name the literary works of Harshavardhana.
Answer:
Harshavardhana wrote dramas like Rathnavali, Priyadarshika and Nagananda in Sanskrit.

Question 3.
Who erected the Gommateshwara statue and where?
Answer:
Chavundaraya erected the Gommateshwara statue at Shravanabelagola in 983 C.E.

Question 4.
Mention the titles assumed by Pulikeshi – H. (What were the titles of Pulikeshi)?
Answer:
Pulikeshi – II assumed the title ‘Parameshwara’ after the battle of river Narmada. Other titles
were “Sri Prithvivallabha, Dakshinapatheshwara, Satyashraya, Kanchigonda, Paramabhaghavata” etc.

Question 5.
Name any two temples at Aihole.
Answer:
Durga temple (Sun God), Meguthi Jain temple, Jyothirlinga, Mallikarjuna, Siddeshwara etc.,

Question 6.
Name any two temples of Pattadakallu.
Answer:
Virupakshatemple, Kasi Vishwanatha, Papanatha, Jambulingeshwara, Sangamcshwara and Mallikarjuna temples.

Question 7.
Name any two important architectural centres of Pallavas.
Answer:
Kanchi and Mahabalipuram were the important architectural centres of the Pallava period.

Question 8.
Name the Chinese pilgrims, who studied at the Nalanda University?
Answer:
Hieun Tsang and Itsing studied at the Nalanda University.

Question 9.
Name the important centres of education during the Kadamba period.
Answer:
The Agraharas, Ghatikas, Brahmapuris, Mathas, Buddhist and Jain monasteries were the important centres of education.

Question 10.
Name the art and architecture centres of the Gangas.
Answer:
Varuna, Manne, Talakadu, Nandi, Aralaguppe, Kolar, Javagal, Kuppatture, Chikkahanumanasoge, Shravanabelagola, etc.,

Question 11.
Who issued the Aihole inscription? Whose achievements are recorded in it?
Answer:
Pulikeshi – II issued the Aihole inscription. It gives the details about the campaigns of Pulikeshi – II.

Question 12.
What is Vesara or new style? Name the art and architectural centres of Badami Chalukyas.
Answer:
A combination of Nagar and the Dravidian style of architecture is called Vesara or new style. Badami, Aihole, Mahakuta, Pattadakallu and other places, were the noteworthy centres.

Question 13.
Who was the founder of Pallava dynasty? Which was his capital?
Answer:
Pallava dynasty began with Shivaskanda Varma and Kanchi was his capital.

2nd PUC History Ancient Period Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Describe the achievements of Harshavardhana.
Answer:
Harshavardhana (606-647 C.E): Harshavardhana was the greatest ruler of the Vardhanas. He came to power in 606 C.E. Prabhakara Vardhana and Yashomathi were his parents. He had an elder brother Rajavardhana and a younger sister Rajyashri. Prabhakara Vardhana was succeeded by Rajavardhana. Yashomathi pained by the death of her husband, committed Sati in 605 C.E. Devagupta of Malwa killed Rajyashri’s husband Gruhavarma and imprisoned her at Kanauj. Rajavardhana who went to get her released, was killed by Shashanka of Gaudadesha. Harshavardhana came to power under such painful circumstances.

Immediate tasks and conquests : The immediate task of Ilarsha was twofold One to crush his enemies and the other to save his sister from the ememy’s prison. King Shashanka of Bengal was responsible for the murder of Harsha’s brother and even for imprisoning Rajyashri. Harsha marched against Shashanka and won a diplomatic victory by concluding a treaty of friendship with Bhaskaravarma of Kamarupa, then attacked Shashanka and took revenge. Harsha’s first act was to rescue Rajyashri.

She had escaped from prison (Kanauj) and went towards the Vindhya forests. Harsha searched for her with great difficulty, saved her and brought her back to Kanauj. Rajyashri did not agree to rule Kanauj. Harsha was compel led to accept that and he united the Kingdoms of Thaneshwar and Kanauj. Later he shifted his capital to Kanauj. Later, he defeated Devagupta of Malwa and annexed his Kingdom. By 612 C.E., he achieved complete control over the five sindus of Punjab, Kanauj, Goudadcsha, Mithila, Orissa and other places and annexed them to his Kingdom.

Annexation of North India: HaVshavardhana won Orissa, Magadha, Vodra, Ganjam and Bengal. Later he defeated the ruler of Nepal and received tributes from him. He established his supremacy by defeating most of the north Indian Kingdoms. In commemoration of these achievements, he took the title‘Uttarapatheshwara’.

War with Pulikcshi – II : After the northern campaign, Harsha turned his attention towards south. However, he received resistance from the Chalukyan ruler, Pulikeshi – II when he tried to extend his Empire in the south. Armies of the two Emperors met on the banks of Narmada, in 634 C.E. In the battle of Narmada, Harshavardhana was defeated. Pulikeshi – II won the battle and took the title ‘Parameshwara’. As a result, the river Narmada became the boundary line of both the Empires. Aihole inscription says, that Harsha’s Harsha” (happiness) flew away, ^ seeing his war elephants falling in the battle field.

Extent of the Kingdom: I larsha exchanged Ambassadors with China. The credit for uniting north India after the Guptas, goes to I Jarshavardhana. His Empire extended from Bengal and Orissa in the east, Punjab in the west, Himalayas in the north and Narmada river in the south.

Religion: Harsha was a devotee of Lord Shiva and called himself ‘Parama Maheshwara’. Later, he embraced Buddhism due to the influence of Hieun Tsang. He built stupas at a few prominent places of Buddhism. He conducted a Buddhist council at Kanauj for a religious debate in 643 C.E. 3000 Buddhist monks, 1000 scholars, 20 Kings, 3000 brahmins and Jains attended the conference. A golden statue of Buddha, as well as that of the King were installed in the Auditorium. Hieun Tsang explained the philosophy of Mahayana in this council. Harshavardhana organised the Mahamoksha Parishat, at Prayag in 643 C.E. Hieun Tsang was invited to it and a procession of Buddha’s idol along with that of Shiva and Surya was taken out.

Literature: Harsha was an able administrator, patron of literature and cared for the welfare of his people. He wrote the following dramasRatnavali, Nagananda and Priyadarshika in Sanskrit. He patronised the famous poet Biinabhatta, author of Harshacharite. The celebrated Chinese pilgrim and scholar Hieun Tsang adorned his court. Nalanda University, which was established by Kumara Gupta, spread Mahayana Buddhist Philosophy and received the patronage and reached the zenith of its glory, during the reign of Harshavardhana.

Question 2.
Explain the Chalukya and Pallava conflict.
Answer:
The Chalukyas and Pallavas were contemporary Rulers in the south. So, for the establishment of supremacy over each other, there was an ongoing conflict between them from the 6th to the 8th century C.E. Pandyas played an important role in this conflict. The conflict was to establish control over the Krishna – Tungabhadra doab region.

In the first stage of the conflict, Pulikeshi – II defeated Mahendravarman -1 in the battle of Pallalur. Then he annexed Kanchi. Later, Narasimhavarman -1, son of Mahendravarman -1 defeated Pulikeshi -II and seized the Chalukyan capital, Badami in 642 A.D.

Vikramaditya -1 (son of Pulikeshi II) conquered Badami back from the Pallavas. He defeated the Pallava rulers Narasimhavarman I, Mahendravarman II and Parameshwaravarman -1. Later, his son, Vinayaditya defeated Mahendravarman – II and conquered Kanchi. His grandson Vijayaditya, defeated Parameshwaravarman – V. Finally, there was peace with Narasimhavarman – II, and many temples were built at Kanchi.

Pallava and Chalikya conflict started once again, during the reign of Vikramaditya – II. He invaded Kanchi, defeated the then Pallava ruler Parameshwaravarman – II at Vilanda in 731 C.E., and invaded Kanchi again in 735 C.L. and conquered it by defeating Nandivarman. He donated a lotto the Rajasimha temple at Kanchi and got an inscription composed about his victory; When the Rashtrakutas reduced the influence of the Chalukyas, the continuous conflict between the Chalukyas and Pal lavas came to an end. ,

3. Write about the contributions of Chalukyas of Badami to art and architecture.
Answer:
Art and Architecture: The Chalukyas of Badami, have given some noteworthy contributions to the Indian art and architecture. Building of Sthambha, Navaranga arid Sukhanasi along with the Garbhagruha (Sanctum) were the unique contributions of the Chalukyas in temple architecture. The Chalukyas developed their own style of architecture known as Vesara or new style or Chalukyan style of architecture, which was a combination of the Nagara style and Dravidian style.

They built many temples. The chalukyan art took its birth at Aihole and developed in Badami and Pattadakallu. The great art critic Percy Brown remarked that Aihole was “The cradle of Indian temple Architecture” and Dr. Shivarama Karanth has commented about Chalukyan period as the “Golden age of Karnataka Art”.

Important Characteristics of Chalukyan Architecture:

Chalukyas adopted the following features in their constrution of temples. They are:

1. Small base design
2. Horse shoe base
3. Square sanctum (Garbhagruha)
4. Inner pradakshanapatha
5. Mukhamantapa, Navaranga, Sukhanasi and Pyramidical Tower on the Sanctum
6. Ekakuta, (one cell) Dwikuta and Trikuta temples.

The Chalukyan monuments could be broadly classified into two majar categories viz.,

1. Rock – cut (Cave) temples
2. The structural temples.

1. Rock-cut (cave) temples: Mangalesha and Kirthi varma built the 4 rock-cut temples on the hill at Badami. Two of them are dedicated to Vishnu, one to Shiva and the other is a Jain temple. These are connected to one another by a causeway. These caves contain a varanda with stone pillars, a hall with columns and small deeply cut garbhagrihas. These temples have gigantic images of Ardhanarishwara, Harihara, Mahishasuramardhini, Vishnu seated on the serpent, Narasimha, Trivikrama and Nataraja.

The Jain cave has the sculptures of Mahaveera and the 23rd JainThirthanakara. Probably, the ceillings of the caves had paintings, which have faded away over time. In fact, the Chalukyas were the first to construct rock-cut temples in south India.

Rock-cut temples at Aihole: There are two rock cut temples at Aihole. One is for Shiva and other is a Jain one. These rockcut temples have a square mantapa and have a special plan of their own.

2. The structural temples: The Chalukyas have built more than 100 temples. Badami, Aihole, Pattadakallu, Mahakuta etc, are religious as well as architectural centres of the Badami Chalukyas. The Shiva temple at Gokak, Mahalakshmi temple at Kollapura are examples of early Chalukyan architecture.

The Chalukyan temples, in the beginning, had flat or slightly inclined rooftops. Later, tower-like structural levels appeared. A big prayer hall, sanctum and an intervening room (Sukanasi) were included in the temple structure. ,
Aihole: Aihole contains over 70 temples. The structural temples of Aihole, represent the best of Chalukyan temple architecture. Thus Percy Brown rightly called Aihole as the cardie of Indian temple architecture.

Ladhkan temple: Among the most important temples, Ladhkhan Temple is one of the earliest. A muslim saint by name Ladhkhan lived here for a long time and so people started calling it as Ladhkhan temple. It contains a Mukhamantapa and a Garbhagruha with a Nandi idol. The tower lies not above the Sanctum, but over the centre of the temple.

The Durga temple: This temple is designed like a horseshoe and a Buddhist Chaityalaya. There is a Rangamantapa with two rows of pillars and the verandas on the two sides go till the Garbhagruha and merge in a semicircle. The temple is surrounded by a fort wall and so it is called the fort (durga) temple. The back view of the temple resembles the posterior view of an elephant. The Shikara resembles the Shikara of the Orissa temples.

The Huchimalii temple: This temple contains the Shikara (Tower) of the Nagara style, It has square pillars and simple construction details. This is a very special feature of Chalukyan architecture.

Meguthi Jain temple built by Ravikirthi near Aihole, has a sanctum and two platforms built in the dravidian style. The other important temples of Aihole are Jyothirlinga, Mallikarjuna and Siddheswara etc.,

Pattadakallu: The ancient name of Pattadakallu was ‘Kisuvolalu’. 10 temples of Badami Chalukyas are here. The Virupaksha or Lokeshwara temple is quite a famous one. This was built by Lokamadevi. (Queen of Vikramaditya – II). The architect of this temple was Anirvathachari Gunda. It contains two main entrances at the east and west. In front of the Nandi mantapa, on either side of the big platform, there are two Sanctums. Next is the main garbhagruha, where a Shivalinga is installed with a pradakshanapatha. Above these, there is a tower built in the Dravidian style. The temple is 224 ft long and 150 ft broad.

Mallikarjuna or Trilokeshwara Temple was built by Trilokamadevi, the other queen of Vikramaditya – II. Papanatha, Karisiddeshwara, and Jambulingeshwara temples are in the Nagar style. Sangameshwara, Virupaksha, and Mallikarjuna temples are in the Dravidian (Pallava) style.

2nd PUC History Ancient Period Ten Marks Questions and Answers

IV. Answer the following in 30 to 40 sentences.

Question 1.
Describe the achievements of Pulikeshi – II.
Answer:
Pulikeshi – II (609-642 C.E.): Pulikeshi – II was the most outstanding personality among the Chalukyas of Badami. He was a benevolent monarch and people enjoyed plenty and prosperity under him. Pulikeshi – II was the son of Keertivarma – I. He was still a boy when Keertivarma died. Hence, Mangalesha (Brother of Keertivarma) took over the charge of administration. Mangalesha planned to pass on the throne to his son instead of Pulikeshi – II, the rightful heir. This led to a civil war between the two.

Finally, Mangalesha was defeated and he died in the battle.  Pulikeshi came to the throne in 609 C.E. Hieun Tsang’s Si-Yu-Ki, Bana’s – Harshacharite, Aihole inscription etc, give information about Pulikeshi – II. This civil war was an unfortunate incident, but became inevitable for Pulikeshi, and the throne inherited by him was not a bed of roses. This indicates that the civil war had caused a confused situattion in the Kingdom. Many chiefs wanted to take advantage of the situation and become independent. Hence they rebelled against Pulikeshi – II.

Conquests of Pulikeshi – II :

1. Attack on the Rashtrakuta chiefs : The Rashtrakutas were following a policy of aggression and expansion during the time of Pulikeshi. The Rashtrakuta chiefs Appayika and Govinda rebelled against Badami rule. Pulikeshi crushed them in a battle on the banks of river Bhima. Appayika ran away from the battle field, while Govinda surrendered to Pulikeshi.

2. Subjugation of the Kadambas, Mauryas, Alupas and Gangas : After strengthening his power and resources, Pulikeshi – II adopted a policy of conquest. He took an expedition against the Rulers of places surrounding Badami. He subjugated the Kadambas of Banavasi, Mauryas of Konkan, Alupas of south Canara and Gangas of Talakadu.

3. Attack on Lata, Malwa and Gurjaras : Pulikeshi – II set his eyes towards the North –  west, on Lata, Malwa and Gurjaras. As a result, these Rulers were also defeated and he extended his territories upto Malwa. He appointed his brother, Jayasimha as the Governor of Gujarath.

4. War with Harshavardhana: The most significant and memorable of his military career was  his victory over Harshavardhana of Kanauj. A powerful Kingdom had been established by Harsha who had conquered most of north India, and was making an attempt to extend his reign in the south also. Pulikeshi took an expedition towards north, and Harsha came into conflict with Pulikeshi – II. But Pulikeshi who had camped on the banks of the river Narmada, did not allow Harsha to cross the river.

Harshavardhana was defeated by Pulikeshi in the battle of Narmada in 634 C.E. Narmada became the common frontier of the two Kingdoms. After the battle, Pulikeshi assumed the title of ‘Parameshwara and Dakshinapatheshwara’. Hieun : Tsang’s record and the Aihole inscriptions give testimony to this victory of Pulikeshi – II.

5. Expedition towards East: After the Northern campaign, Pulikeshi turned his eyes towards  east and conquered Kosala and Kalinga regions and the important fort of Pistapura (Godavari). He appointed his brother Kubja Vishnuvardhana as the Governor of these provinces. Kubja Vishnuvardhana became the founder of the Eastern Chalukya dynasty.

6. Expedition in South: The Pallava ruler Mahendravarma -1 had become powerful in the south. Pulikeshi invaded the Pallava Kingdom and defeated Mahendravarma -1 in the battle of Pallalur. Then he annexed other Pallava territories also and seized Kanchi in 632 C.E. After these successful military campaigns, Pulikeshi returned to his capital and reigned in peace for quite some time. His name and fame began to spread far and wide. He performed the ‘Ashwamedha Sacrifice’ to commemorate his victory and assumed titles like ‘Sathyashraya, Vikrama, Parameshwara, Dakshinapatheshwara, Pruthvi Vallabha, Maharajadhiraja etc.,

Extent of his Kingdom : The Kingdom of Pulikeshi – II extended from the Kosala and Kalinga (Bay of Bengal) in the east, to Konkana in the west, the river Narmada in the north and upto river Cauveri .in the south.

Due to the campaigns of Pulikeshi, his name and fame began to spread far and wide. He maintained cultural and commercial contacts with Persia and exchanged Ambassadors with the Persian Emperor Khusru – II (Ajantha cave paintings depict this scene). The Chinese pilgrim Ilieun Tsang visited the court of Pulikeshi – II in 641 C.E. He has given us afactual and reliable description about the King and his Empire.

In his last days, Pulikeshi – II had to face the attack of the mighty Pallava forces under Narasimhavarman -1. Pulikeshi was defeated in the battle, and Narasimhavarman seized the Chalukyan capital in 642 C.E. In memory of this victory, Narasimhavarman assumed the title ‘Vatapikonda’.

RASHTRAKUTAS (753-978 C.E)

2nd PUC History Ancient Period One Marks Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
What was the Royal Emblem of the Rashtrakutas?
Answer:
Eagle (Garuda) was the Royal Emblem of the Rashtrakutas.

Question 2.
Which was the capital of the Rashtrakutas?
Answer:
Manyakheta or Malakheda was the capital of the Rashtrakutas.

Question 3.
Who was the founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty?
Answer:
Dantidurga was the founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty.

Question 4.
Who was the greatest ruler of the Rashtrakutas?
Answer:
Amoghavarsha I (814-878 C.E.).

Question 5.
Who was the Arab traveller who visited the court of Amoghavarsha?
Answer:
The Arab traveller Sulaiman visited the court of Amoghavarsha.

Question 6.
Which was the earliest kannada literary work?
Answer:
Kavirajamarga was the earliest kannada literary work.

Question 7.
Who is called ‘Ubhaya Kavichakravarthi? (or) Who received the title ‘Ubhaya Kavi Chakravarthi’?
Answer:
Ponna is called ‘Ubhaya Kavichakravarthi’, patronised by Krishna – III.

Question 8.
Who patronised Ponna?
Answer:
Krishna III.

Question 9.
Who is called ‘Adikavi’ of Kannada? (or) Who is famous as Adikavi?
Answer:
Pampa is called the Adikavi of Kannada, patronised by Arikeshari-II.

Question 10.
Who patronised Pampa?
Answer:
Arikesari -II,

Question 11.
What does the word Rashtrakuta denote?
Answer:
In the word Rashtrakuta, ‘Rashtra’ means country and ‘kuta’ means head.

Question 12.
What are the other names of Amoghavarsha?
Answer:
Sharva, and Sreevijaya were some other names of Amoghavarsha.

Question 13.
Who was the eminent commander of Amoghavarsha?
Answer:
Bankesha was the eminent commander of Amoghavarsha.

Question 14.
Why was Bankapura built by Amoghavarsha?
Answer:
In the memory of his North Karnataka campaigns and to honour Bankesha, Bankapura was built by Amoghavarsha.

Question 15.
Who was honoured with the title ‘Kavi Chakravarthi’?
Answer:
Ranna was honoured with the title ‘Kavi Chakravarthi’.

Question 16.
Which book is called the first prose work of old Kannada?
Answer:
Vaddaradhane is called the first prose work of old Kannada.

Question 17.
Name the literary work by Amoghavarsha.
Answer:
Amoghavarsha wrote Prashnottara Ratnamala in Sanskrit.

Question 18.
Which was the first capital of the Rashtratutas?
Answer:
Latur was the first capital of the Rashtrakutas.

2nd PUC History Ancient Period Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Who built the Kailasanatha temple? Where was it built?
Answer:
Krishna-I built the Kailasanatha temple at Ellora.

Question 2.
Name any two titles of Dhruva.
Answer:
Dharavarsha, Srivallabha, Narendrasena, Kalivallabha.

Question 3.
Write any two titles of Govinda-III.
Answer:
Govinda – III was honoured with the titles like Jagattunga, Prabhuthavarasha. Sri Vallabha andTribhuvanadhavala.

Question 4.
Mention the titles of Amoghavarsha.
Answer:
Amoghavarsha had titles like Athishayadhavala, Nrupatunga, Veeranarayana, Sri Vallabha, Rattamarthanda etc.

Question 5.
Name any two works of Ponna.
Answer:
Ponna wrote Shanthinathapurana, Bhuvanaikya Ramabhyudaya and Jinaksharamale.

Question 6.
Name any two works of Pampa.
Answer:
Pampa hailed as the first poet (Adikavi) of Kannada, wrote Adipurana, Pampabharata or Vikramaijuna Vijaya.
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Question 7.
Who were the famous Rulers of the Rashtrakuta dynasty?
Answer:
Dantidurga, Krishna-I, Govinda – II, Dhruva, Govinda – III, Amoghavarsha, and Indi a – III, were some great Rashtrakuta Rulers. ‘

Question 8.
Who were the trinity (Three Gems) of Kannada literature?
Answer:
Pampa, Ponna and Ranna were considered as the trinity of Kannada literature.

Question 9.
Who was Sulaiman? In whose reign did he visit?
Answer:
Sulaiman was an Arab traveller. He visited the Rashtrakuta Empire during the period of Amoghavarsha in 851 C.E.

Question 10.
Which was the first Kannada literary work? Who wrote it?
Answer:
Kavirajamarga was the first Kannada literary work. Srivijaya was the author of this treatise.

Question 11.
Who wrote the first prose work in old Kannada? Which was his work?
Answer:
Shivakotyacharya wrote the first prose work in old Kannada. Vaddaradhane was his work.

2nd PUC History Ancient Period Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Describe the achievements of Govinda – III
Answer:
Govinda – III (793-814 C.E.) He was the third son of Dhruva and he ascended the Rashtrakuta throne in 793 C.E. His rule was marked by splendid military achievements. He had to face the revolt of his brothers (Sthamba andlndra). Sthamba, who lost the chance of succeeding his father, was unhappy and broke out in revolt. Govinda – III successfully subdued his brother’s rebellion. Govinda treated his rebellious brothers leniently and allowed them to continue as the Governors of Gangawadi and Gujarath.

Northern Victories: Govinda – HI turned his attention towards north. He defeated Nagabhatta – II, successor to Vatsaraja of Prathihara near Bundelkhanda. Dharmapala of Bengal and Chakrayudha of Kanauj were also forced to accept the sovereignty of Govinda – HI. His . campaign Went as far as the Himalayas.

Sanjan copper plates remark that his horses drank the flowing waters at the foothills of the Himalayas and his war elephants bathed in the Ganga waters.

Southern campaign: The Northern victories brought him wealth and fame, but he did not , annex those territories to his.Kingdom. In the south, Pallavas, Pandyas, Cholas, Cheras and Gangas had formed an alliance to fight against Govinda. But they could not withstand his attacks in the battle.

Inscription of 805 C.E. remarks that Govinda snatched away ‘Fish’ from the Pandyas, the ‘Bull’ from the Pallavas, the ‘Tiger’ from the Cheras and the “Varaha” from the Chalukyas. (they were the respective emblems of those Kingdoms). On coming to know about this, the King of Ceylon voluntarily surrendered to Govinda – III, The whole of India from Kanauj to Kanyakumari and from Broach to Benaras accepted his supremacy. The Rashtrakuta pow&r reached the zenith of its glory under Govinda – III. He assumed titles like Srivallabha, Prabhutavarsha, Jagattunga,Tribhuvanadavala, Janavallabha and Kirthinarayana.

Question 2.
Explain the life and achievements of Amoghavarsha.
Answer:
Amoghavarsha (814-880 C.E.) After Govinda – III, his son Amoghavarsha came to the throne in 814 C.E. lie was the greatest ruler among Rashtrakutas. His early name was Sharva, and Sreevijaya was another name by which he was known. He was only 14 years old, when he ascended the throne. His uncle Karkasuvamavarsha became his guardian. Taking advantage of this, many subordinate Kings under the Rashtrakutas, rose in rebellion against Amoghavarsha.

Achievements: The Ganga ruler Shivamara – II rose against Amoghavarsha and after His death his son Rachamalla continued the war against the Rashtrakutas. Amoghavarsha’s commander Bankesha fought against the Gangas. Neither side could achieve superemacy. At hist, Amoghavarsha gave his daughter Chandralabbe in marriage to the Ganga Prince Bhutuga -1.

This matrimonial alliance between them, finally brought peace with the Gangas.
In 830 C.E., Amoghavarsha declared war against Vijayadhitya of the Vengi Chalukyas. He defeated the Chalukyas finally-at Vingavalli. Later, he developed matrimonial relations with the Chalukyas by giving his daughter Sheelamahadevi to the Chalukyan prince Vishnuvardhana – V (son of Vijayadhitya) and brought peace in that front.

Amoghavarsha had similar relations with the Pallavas too, by giving his daughter Sankha in marriage to Nandivarma – III of the Pallava dynasty. Thus, Amoghavarsha achieved much peace by matrimonial alliances with the Gangas, Chalukyas and Pallavas.

According to the inscriptions of Neelagunda and Sinir, Amoghavarsha was respected in Anga, Vanga, Magadha, Malwa and Vengi Kingdoms. In his last days, he had to face the rebellion of his own son.

The Arab traveller Sulaiman, visited his court in 851 C.E. He remarked that ‘The Kingdom of Amoghavarsha was one of the four great Empires of the world”. (The others being the Roman Empire, the Chinese Empire and the Khalifa of Baghdad).

During his last days, Amoghavarsha had to face the rebellion of Yuvaraja Krishna. Banks faced this rebellion ably. In memory of this victory, Amoghavarsha built the city of ‘Bankapura’ to honour Bankesha and made him the Governor of Banavasi. He built the new Rashtrakuta capital of Malakheda. Inscriptions have described that “Amoghavarsha’s capital was so great and grand, that it would put to shame even the capital of Lord Indra”.

Religion and Literature : Even though Amoghavarsha was the follower of Jainism, he extended equal respect and importance to other religions. He granted liberal grants and endowments to all religious institutions. He was a great devotee of Goddess Mahalakshmi of Kolhapur. Sanjan inscription says that he cut off his left thumb as a sacrifice to Mahalakshmi, to protect his subjects from plague and famine.

Amoghavarsha was peace loving, a patron of literature and a scholar himself. He wrote Trashnottara Ratnamala’ in Sanskrit. He patronised scholars like Jinasenacharya, Mahaveeracharya, Shakatayana, Srivijaya and others, Srivijaya wrote “Kaviraja Marga” in Kannada. Kaviraja’marga was the first literary work in Kannada. It refers to the fact that Karnataka was extending from Cauvery to Godavari. Amoghavarsha had titles like Nrupatunga, Athishayadhavala, Veeranarayana, Nitinirantara, Rajasimha, Rattamarthanda, Laxmi Vallabendra, Sri Vallabha etc., vested on him.

2nd PUC History Ancient Period Ten Marks Questions and Answers

IV. Answer the following in 30 to 40 sentences.

Question 1.
Explain the cultural contributions of Rashtrakutas to the Indian culture.
Answer:
Cultural contributions of Rashtrakutas: Religion: Rashtrakuta rulers practised religious tolerance towards all religions. Even though they were followers of the vedic religion, they also patronised Jainism and Buddhism. Amoghavarsha was a great devotee of Goddess Mahalaxmi. They granted liberal grants and endowments to all religious institutions. Rashtrakutas constructed a number of temples in Malkehda, Mudhola, Lakshmeshwar, Naregal, Jogeshwar, Ellora etc., in different parts of their Kingdom. Brahmanas were engaged to perform yagnas and yagas. Kings respected them and gave them money generously.

Development of literature: The Rashtrakuta period witnessed great literary activity in both Kannada and Sanskrit. Amogahavarsha himself was a scholar and he wrote ‘Prashnottara Ratnamala’ in Sanskrit. He patronised scholars like Jinasenacharya who wrote Adipurana and Parshwabhyudaya, Mahaveeracharya who wrote Ganita Sara Sangraha and Shakatayana who was the author of Shabdanushasana. Srivijaya wrote ‘Kavirajamarga’, which was the earliest work of Kannada literature. It refers to the fact that Karnataka extended from Cauvery to Godavari. Asaga wrote VardhamanaPurana, Halayudha wroteKavirahasyaandMruta Sanjeevini andTrivikrama wrote Madalasachampu.

Pampa was given patronage by Arikeshari – II. Pampa is respected as the ‘Adikavi ’ of Kannada. He wrote Vikramarjuna Vijaya (Pampabharatha) and Adipurana (Champu Work). Ponna was called ‘Ubhaya Kavichakravailhi’ and he lived in the court of Krishna – III. He wrote Bhuvanaika Ramabhyudaya, Jinaksharamala and Shanthinathapurana. Pushpadantfaa wrote Mahapurana and Nayakumar Charite. Shivakotyacharya wrote Vaddaradhane, which is accepted as the first prose work of old Kannada. Harisena and Gunabhadra were other well known writers.

Art and Architeture: The contributions of the Rashtrakutas to the field of art and architecture are memorable. The architectural monuments of the Rashtrakutas are found at Ellora, Elephanta, Naregal, Malkheda, Mudhola, Lakshmeshwara, Jogeshwari, Mandapcshwaraetc.,The Pallava (Dravidian) style of architecture was adopted by the Rashtrakutas. Temples were built consisting of Pradakshanapatha, Mukhamantapa, Sabhamantapa, Antarala and Garbhagruha. The Rashtrakuta contributions to art and architecture are reflected in the splendid rock cut (Cave) shrines at Ellora, Ajantha and Elephanta. There are 34 cave temples at Ellora. They belong to Buddhist, Hindu and Jain deties. .

The Kailasanatha Temple: The most extensive temple is the Kai Iasanatha temple at Ellora, (Aurangabad Dist) built by Krishna -1 in the 8th century C.E. The temple is divided into four main parts. It was carved out of a single rock. This storied temple is supported by life-size elephants at the base. It is 276 ft long, 154 feet wide and 107 feet deep. On the walls of the temples are the figures like Ravana lifting mount Kailasa, adorned with Nandi, Vishnu, Bairava, Laxmi, Shiva and Parvathi which attracts one’s attention. There are other such scenes of carvings in bas relief like Shiva in dancing pose and Vishnu and Lakshmi listening to the music. Some other noteworthy and famous rock cuts are Ravana’s cave, Rameshwara cave No. 21, Neelakhantacave, Jagannatha sabha, Dasavatharacave -15 etc.,

Dashavatara Cave: It consists of two storeys and the underground hall measures 97 ft x 50 ft. The sculptured figures of Vishnu and Shiva and the scene of death of I Hiranyakashipu are excellent.

Elephanta Caves (Trimurthi Temple): Elephanta is an island near Bombay. It has a big hall, 130 feet long and 129 feet wide. It has three enttrances leading to the hall. At the end of this hall is the garbhagruha with Linga. Opposite to the central hall at the back, is the gigantic image of Thrimurthi which is 25 feet high. Dwarapalaka, Ardhanareshwara, Shiva – Parvathi and other bas – reliefs have been beautifully carved. The paintings in the cave temples of Ellora are a witness to the fact that the Rashtrakutas patronised paintings.

Later Chalukyas and Hoysalas

2nd PUC History Ancient Period One Mark Questions and Answers

I. Answer the following questions in one word or a sentence each.

Question 1.
Who was the founder of the Chalukya dynasty of Kalyana?
Answer:
Tailapa-II was the founder of the Chalukya dynasty of Kalyana.

Question 2.
Which was the first capital of the Chalukyas of Kalyana?
Answer:
Manyakheta was their first capital. Someshwara-I, shifted the capital to Kalyana.

Question 3.
Who was the patron of Ranna?
Answer:
Ranna was patronized by Sathyashraya.

Question 4.
Who was conferred with the title ‘Kavichakravarthi’?
Answer:
Ranna was conferred with the title‘Kavichakravarthi’.

Question 5.
Which work is considered as ‘The first Encyclopaedia’ of Sanskrit?
Answer:
Someshwara-III’s ‘Abhiiashithartha Chintamani or Manasollasa’ is considered as the first Encyclopaedia of Sanskrit.

Question 6.
Who was the founder of the Iloysala Kingdom?
Answer:
Sala was the founder of the Hoysala Kingdom.

Question 7.
What was the Royal Emblem of the Iloysalas?
Answer:
A depiction of Sala killing a tiger, was the Royal Emblem of the Hoysalas.

Question 8.
Who was the greatest Ruler of the Chalukyas of Kalyana?
Answer:
Vikramaditya-VI was the greatest Ruler among the Chalukyas of Kalyana.

Question 9.
Which was the first work in Kannada on Astrology?
Answer:
Sreedharacharya wrote ‘JatakaTilaka’, the first work in Kannada on Astrology.

Question 10.
Which was the first work in Kannada on Veterinary science?
Answer:
Kirthivarma wrote ‘Govaidya’ the first Kannada work on Veterinary science.

Question 11.
Who was the author of Panchatantra in Kannada?
Answer:
Durgasimha was the author of Panchatantra in Kannada.

Question 12.
Who was the court poet of Vikramaditya-VI?
Answer:
The Kashmiri poet Bilhana was the court poet of Vikramaditya – IV.

Question 13.
Whose feudatory were the Hoysalas?
Answer:
Hoysalas were the feudatories of Chalukyas of Kalyana.

Question 14.
Who converted Vishnuvardhana to Vaishnavism?
Answer:
Vishnuvardhana was converted to Vaishanavism by the influence of Ramanujacharya.

Question 15.
Who possessed the title ‘Talakadugonda’?
Answer:
Vishnuvardhana assumed the title ‘Talakadugonda”.

Question 16.
Who was called as ‘AbhinavaPampa’?
Answer:
Nagachandra was called as‘AbhinavaPampa’.

Question 17.
Which temple is considered as the jewel of Indian architecture?
Answer:
Hoysaleshwara temple at Halebeedu is considered as the jewel of Indian architecture.

Question 18.
Who was the general of Allauddin Khilji who invaded the Iloysala Kingdom?
Answer:
Malik Kafur invaded the Hoysala Kingdom, during the reign of Ballala-III.

2nd PUC History Ancient Period Two Marks Questions and Answers

II. Answer the following questions in two words or two sentences each.

Question 1.
Who started the ‘Vikrama Era’? When did it begin?
Answer:
Vikramaditya-VI started the Vikrama era in 1076 CE.

Question 2.
Mention any two titles of Vikramaditya-VI.
Answer:
Vikramaditya assumed titles like Permadideva andTribhuvanamalla. He is called as the ‘Moon of Karnataka’. (Karnataka Chandra).

Question 3.
Name any two works of Ranna.
Answer:
Ranna wrote Ajitanatha Purana and Sahasa Bhima Vijaya (Gadhayuddha).

Question 4.
Who was the court poet of Vikramaditya- VI? Name his work.
Answer:
Bilhana was the court poet of Vikramaditya-VI. He wrote Vikraman ka Deva Charitham (Biography of Vikramaditya-VI).

Question 5.
Name the capitals of the Hoysalas.
Answer:
Dwarasamudra (Halebeedu), Belur, Bankapura, Hakkundi and Kannanur were the capitals of the Hoysalas during different periods under different rulers.

Question 6.
Name some titles of Vishnuvardhana (or) What were the titles assumed by Vishnuvardhana?
Answer:
Talakadugonda, Kadanaprachanda, Kanchigonda, Viraganga, Maleperulganda, Mahamandaleshwara, Satyaratnakara, Veeranarayana were the titles of Vishnuvardhana.

Question 7.
Name any two famous temples of the Hoysala period.
Answer:
Channakeshava temple at Belur built by Vishnuvardhanain 1117 C.E., Hoysaleshwara temple at Halebeedu built by Narasimha-I in 1121C.E., Keshava temple at Somanathapura built by
Narasimha-III in 1268 C.E.

Question 8.
Which temple is called as ‘Emperor of temples’? Who built it?
Answer:
Mahadeva temple at Itagi (Gadag)MahadevaDandanayaka built it.

Question 9.
Name the important art and architectural centres of the Hoysala period.
Answer:
Gadag,Bankapura, Arasikere,Harihara,Belur,Halebeedu, Somanathapura, Haradanahalli, Bhadravatietc., .

Question 10.
Who was the famous Queen of Vishnuvardhana? Which was her faith?
Answer:
Shantaladevi (called as Natya Saraswati) was the Queen of Vishnuvardhana. She was a follower of Jainism.

2nd PUC History Ancient Period Five Marks Questions and Answers

III. Answer the following questions in 15 to 20 sentences each.

Question 1.
Explain the cultural contributions of the Chalukyas of Kalyana.
Answer:
Cultural contributions: Literature: The Chalukyas of Kalyana followed the great tradition of the Chalukyas of Badami and made rich contributions to the culture of Karnataka, espectially in literature, art and architecture. Kannada and Sanskrit literature developed during this period. The famous Kannada poet Ranna was the court poet of Satyashraya.

He wrote Sahasabhimavijaya (Gadhayuddha) and Ajithanatha purana. He was bestowed upon with the title ‘Kavichakravarlhi’ and was honoured in the court of Tailapa II. Nagavarma-I wrote Karnataka Kadambari and Chandombudi. Chavundaraya – II wrote Lokopakara which deals with Astronomy, Astrology, Sculpture and Medicine. Sreedharacharya wrote Jaatakatilaka which was the first work in Kannada on Astrology.

Kirti varma wrote Govaidya, a work on Veterinary science. King Someshwara-III wrote Manasollasa or Abhilashithartha Chinthamani, which is considered as the first encyclopedia in Sanskrit. The great court poet of Vikramadithya- VI, Bilhana wrote Vikraman ka Devacharitam. Vijnaneshwara another great scholar, wrote Mitakshara Samhita, Nayasena wrote Dharmamrutha, and Durgasimha wrote Panchatantra in Kannada. Shantinatha wrote Sukumara Charithe. Vikramaditya’s Queen Chandralekha was a great exponent of dance and music, and she had the titles Nritya Vtdyadhari and Abhinaya Saraswati.

Art and Architecture: Chalukyas of Kalyana were great patrons of art and architecture. They continued the architectural style of the Chalukyas of Badami. The Kalyana Chalukyas’ period consists of certain distinctive, features of architecture. They are: i) The tower of the temple was pyramidical in shape, the Garbhagriha (Sanctum) was enclosed by the inner pradakshinapatha. (ii) The doorways of the temples were richly carved, (iii) The decorations of the exterior walls of the temples were an amalgam of both Nagara and Dravidian styles, (iv) The pillars of the temples added to the artistic beauty of the whole structure.

The earliest examples of the Kalyana Chalukyan style are found at Kukkanur. Kalleshwara and Navalinga temples at Kukkanur resemble the temples of Aihole and Pattadakallu. The Jai n temple at Lakkundi (Gadag) forms the next step in the improvement of their style, introducing a greater ornamental effect in the treatment of the surface.

The Shiva temple at Jalasanghvi (near Humnabad), has the most wonderful sculpture of dancing Ganapathi on the wall of the temple. The Doddabasappa temple at Gadag has been built in star-shape. Kashivishweshwara temple at Lakkundi, Mallikarjuna temple at Kuruvatti, Someshwara temple at Laxmeshwara, Kalleshwara temple at Hirehadagali, Dambala – Doddabasaveshwara, Hanagal-Tharakeshwara, and Mahadeva temple at Itagi etc are fine examples for the later Chalukyan architecture. The Mahadeva temple at Itagi (near Gadag) built by Mahadeva, the Dandanayaka of Vikramaditya-VI is called as the ‘Emperor of Temples’. Chalukyas contributed immensely to the culture of Karnataka and have left an indelible impression on the style of architecture in India.

Question 2.
Describe the achievements of Vishnuvardhana.
Answer:
Vishnuvardhana 1108-1152 CE: Bittideva or Vishnuvardhana was the greatest Hoysala ruler. He was the son of Ereyanga, and he ascended the throne in 1108 CE. He had taken part in many wars during his brother Ballala-I’s reign. He gained a lot of experience in administration, as the Governor of Nanjangud province. He had ambitions of making the Kingdom independent. He was the first Hoysala King to revolt against the Chalukyas of Kalyana and tried to establish an independent Kingdom. But, he was defeated by Vikramaditya-VI. By his ability and might, he became a powerful ruler.

Military achievements of Vishnuvardhana:

(1) War with Cholas: The aim of Vishnuvardhana was to defeat and expel the Cholas from Gangavadi. He sent an army to conquer Talakadu, Kolar and Mysore. He completely routed the Cholas from Gangavadi in the battle of Talakadu in 1114 CE and took the title ‘Talakadugonda’. In commemoration of this victory, he built the K’irtinarayana temple at Talakadu and the Channakeshwara temple at Belur.

According to the Malavalli inscription, Vishnuvardhana himself chased the Cholas and occupied Kolar. Later, he drove back the Cholas upto Kanchi and earned the title Kanchigonda. From there, he raided Madurai and defeated Pandyas. After conquering Pandyas of Uchchangi in 1117 CE in the ‘Battle of Dumme’, he marched upto Rameshwara. He defeated the Nidugal Cholas and Cheras also.

(2) Defeated the Kongalavas and Alupas: According to the Belur inscription, Vishnuvardhana defeated the Kongalava King and married his daughter Chandala Devi. While returning, he defeated Rattar of Halasagi and Alupas of South Canara.

Chamarajanagar inscription of 1117 CE, infers that Vishnuvardhana threatened the Todas, destroyed the Pallavas by killing their King Kala and made the Kongas run away.

War with the Chalukyas of Kalyana : Vishnuvardhana wanted to free his Kingdom from the yoke of Chalukyan imperialism. But, he was defeated by Vikramaditya – VI in 1118 CE in the battle of Kannegala. The Chalukyan sovereign continued till the death of Vikramaditya- VI.

Titles of Vishnuvardhana: He had titles like Mahamandaleshwara, Chalukyamani, Mandalika Chudamani, Maleperolganda, Talakadugonda, Kanchigonda, Veeraganga, Nolambagonda, Kaliyaga Partha, Kirthinarayana, Vikramaganga etc.,

Religious Policy: Vishnuvardhana became a great follower of Ramanuja and embraced Sri Vaishnavism. During his rule, Jainism had also attained the highest position. His Queen Shantala and general Gangaraja were devout jains. Gangaraja was given enough grants to renovate all the basadies in Gangavadi. Vishnuvardhana practised religious tolerance towards Basadies and temples atTalakadu, Belur, Melukote,Tonnur, Gadag, Bankapura etc.,

Art and Architecture: Vishnuvardhana was a great patron of art and architecture. During his regime, a unique style of temple building began. His period was called ‘the golden age of temple building’ and he laid the foundation for the Hoysala architecture.
Important temples built by him were the Channakeshwara and Kappechanniga temples at Belur, Kirtinarayana temple of Talakadu, Veeranarayana temples at Gadag andTonnur, Chaluvanarayana temple at Melukote, Mahalakshmi temple of Doddagaddavalli and Gangadhareshwara temple at Shivaganga etc.,

Literature : Vishnuvardhana encouraged literature too. Jain scholar Rajadhitya wrote, Kshetraganitha, Vyavaharaganitha andLeelavathi in Kannada. Nayasena wrote Dharmamrutha, Ramanujacharya wrote Vedanthasara, Vedanthadeepika and Vedanthasangraha.

Question 3.
Illustrate Hoysala contributions to religion and literature.
Answer:
Hoysala rulers have contributed a lot in the fields of religion, literature, art and architecture. A unique style of architecture and sculpture was developed during this period. It is known as ‘The golden age of temple architecture’.

Religion: The Hoysala period witnessed great religious activities. Hoysalas patronised Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Jainism. Most of the Hoysala rulers were devout Jains and patronised Jainism. Bittideva (Vishnuvardhana) was initially a Jain, but by the influence of Ramanujacharya, he embraced Srivaishnavism. He changed his name from Bittideva to Vishunardhana. His Queen Shantaladevi and his general Gangaraja were Jains.

Shaivism was encouraged by the Hoysala Kings like Ballala-II and Someshwara. Sivacharya wrote commentaries on the Gita and Brahma sastras. By the 12th century, a dynamic form of Saivism known as Virasaivism came into existence. Ramanujacharya’led the spread of Srivaishnavism in Karnataka. People had complete freedom in their religious activities. This led to the construction and renovation of a number of temples and basadies in different parts of the Kingdom.

Literature: Kannada and Sanskrit literature flourished during this period. Nagachandra was patronised by Ballala-I. He was called as ‘Ahinava Pampa’ or ‘Kavita Manohara’. He was the author of books like Mallinathapurana, Ramachandra charitha and Pampa Ramayana. Janna was in the court of Ballala-II, and he received the title ‘Kavichakravarthi’. Janna wrote Yashodacharitre and Ananthanatha Purana. Keshiraja wrote Shabdamanidarpana, the first Kannada grammer treatise. Nayasena was the author of Dharmamrutha.

Among the several other celebrities were Harihara who wrote Girija Kalyana, Pampashataka and Shivaksharamale and Raghavanka, who wrote Harischandrakavya and Siddaramapurana. Rajaditya was the author of Kshetra Ganitha, Vyavahara Ganitha and Leelavathi. Thrivikramapanditha wrote Ushaharana, Narayanapanditha wrote Mandhava Vijaya and Manimanjari and Sakala, Vidyachakravarthi-III wrote Rukmini Kalyana. All these were in Sanskrit.

Question 4.
Explain the main features of the Hoysala architecture.
Answer:
Hoysala art and architecture: Hoysalas occupy a unique place in the Indian architectural history. Hoysalas adapted the Vesara and Dravidian styles and developed a new style of architecture. So, it is nothing but the culmination of the Chalukyan architecture and is called ‘The Hoysala style’ of architecture. The great sculptors who built most of the Hoysala temples were Dasoja, Chavana, Kedaraja, Nagoja, Jakkanna, Mallitamma, Byroja and others.

The main characteristics (Salient features) of the Hoysala temples:

1. Hoysala temples are star-shaped. The temples have a tower (sikhara) above the sanctum (Garbhagriha). This tower is in the form of a pyramid.
2. Hoysala temples are constructed on a raised platform (jagati) of 4 to 5 feet. The walls of the basement are covered with stone carvings.
3. Just above the platform, space is left all around the temple, to do pradakshana of the temple, which is called Pradhakshinapatha.
4. The temples have carved stone windows with apertures and the walls are covered with ornamental sculptures.
5. The outer walls of the temples have stone carvings, The bottom portion consists of a row of elephants, horses, flower designs, swans, stories from the epics and puranas.
6. The doorways of the temples have beautiful carvings in stone and a pair of dwarapalakas stand on either side.
7. The centreof the ceiling of the hall has intricate carvings of Bhuvaneshwari. Above the
   pillars, on the brackets stand the statues of dancing girls in different poses.
8. Hoysala temples have been classified as per the number of cel ls'(kutas)e.g., One cell (ekakuta) temples to five cells (panchakuta) temples. The sanctums (Garbhagriha) are small and simple square chambers.

Hoysala temple constructions : Hoysalas built more than 100 temples between the 11th and 13th centuries. Vishnuvardhana period was the ‘Golden age’ of temple building in the Hoysala Kingdom. Vishnuvardhana built, Kiithinarayana temple atTalakadu, Cheluvanarayana temple at Melkote, Channakeshava temple and Kappechenniga temples at Belur, Mallikaijuna and Rangantha temples at Huliyur, Veeranarayana temples at Gadag and Bankapura.

Channakeshava temple (Ekakuta) at Belur is the epitome of the Hoysala style. Ballala-III (1173-1220 CE) built Amrulheshwara and Ballaleshwara temples at Arasikere and Kedareshwara temple at Halebeedu. Narasimha-I and his deputy Ketamalla built the Hoysaleshwara (Dwikuta) temple (1121 CE) at Halebeedu.

Narasimha II built the Harihareshwar temple at Harihara, Lakshminarasimha temple at Bhadravati, and Someshwara and Keshava temples at Haradanahalli. Narasimha-III built Keshava temple (Thrikuta) at Somanathapura in 1268 CE., Lakshmi temple (chathuskuta) at Doddagaddavalli andPanchalingeshwara temple (Panchakuta) at Govindanahalli.

The Channkeshava temple (1117 CE) built by Vishnuvardhana at Belur, The Hoysaleshwar temple (1121 CE) built by Ketamalla at Halebeedu and the Keshava temple (1268 CE) built by Narasimha – III at Somanathapura are the best examples of the best variety. According to Fergusson the famous historian, Hoysaleshwara temple can be termed as the ‘Jewel of Indian Architecture’.

Question 5.
Describe the achievements of Vikramaditya-VI.
Answer:
Vikramaditya-VI (1076-1126 CE): He was the most outstanding ruler of the Chalukyas of Kalyana. He was the Governor of Gangavadi during the reign of his brother Someshwara-II. Vikramaditya-VI overthrew his brother and proclaimed himself as the King of Chalukyas of Kalyana in 1076 CE. To commemorate his accession to the throne, he started a new era known as the Vikrama era from 1076 C.E.

1) The revolt of Jayasimha-IV: In 1080 CE, Jayasimha-IV (younger brother) who had been appointed as the Governor of Banavasi rose in revolt and made an attempt to seize the throne. Vikramaditya-VI defeated him and kept him in prison.

2) Interference in Paramara politics: The Paramara ruler Udayaditya passed away and a conflict for the throne began amongst his sons. Vikramaditya-VI helped Jayadeva to secure the throne. As a result, Jayadeva remained the most trusted feudatory of Vikramaditya-VI.

3) Conquest on Hoysalas: The Hoysalas were feudatories of the Chalukyas of Kaylana, but under the leadership of the ambitious Vishnuvardhana, they wanted to overthrow the Chalukyan yoke. In 1117 C.E., Vishnuvardhana invaded and occupied, the Chalukyan territory of Nolambavadi. But in 1118 C.E., Vishnuvardhana after a bitter struggle lost in the battle of KannegalatoVikramaditya-VI.

4) War with Cholas: Vikramaditya-VI marched against the Cholas and captured Kanchi. Kulottunga Chola had captured Vengi, but it was reconquered by Vikramaditya-VI in 1118 CE. He turned his attention towards north. The northern rulers like Gurjaras, and later Malwa and Sindhe were all routed by him and accepted the supremacy of Vikramaditya-VI.

5) Expedition to south: Southern rulers like the Kadambas of Hanagal, Pandyas of Uchchangi, Shiiaharas of north Konkan, Alupas, Sevanas and others were also defeated and accepted the sovereignty of Vikramaditya-VI.

6) Extention of the Kingdom: Vikramaditya extended his Kingdom towards east upto Godavari, west upto Konkana, north upto river Narmada and in south upto southern Karnataka.

Vikramaditya was an able ruler and well-known patron of learning. He patronized scholars like Bilhana, Vijananeshwara and others. Vikramaditya assumed titles like Permadideva and Tribhuvanamalla. He was also called as the ‘Moon of Karnataka’. He maintained cordial relations with Ceylon. He started the ‘ Vikrama era’ in 1076 C.E.