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Karnataka 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers Sahitya Vaibhav Chapter 16 कुटिया में राजभवन

कुटिया में राजभवन Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

I. एक शब्द या वाक्यांश या वाक्य में उत्तर लिखिएः

प्रश्न 1.
सीता जी का मन कहाँ भाया?
उत्तर:
सीता जी का मन कुटिया में भाया।

प्रश्न 2.
सीता जी के प्राणेश कौन थे?
उत्तर:
सीता जी के प्राणेश सम्राट श्रीराम थे।

प्रश्न 3.
सीता जी कुटिया को क्या समझती हैं?
उत्तर:
सीता जी कुटिया को राजभवन समझती हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
नवीन फल नित्य कहाँ मिला करते हैं?
उत्तर:
डाली-डाली में नित्य नवीन फल मिला करते हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
सीता की गृहस्थी कहाँ जगी?
उत्तर:
सीता जी की गृहस्थी वन में जगी है।

प्रश्न 6.
वधू बनकर कौन आयी है?
उत्तर:
जानकी वधू बनकर आई है।

प्रश्न 7.
सीता की सखियाँ कौन हैं?
उत्तर:
मुनि बालायें सीता जी की सखियाँ हैं।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 8.
कुटिया में सचिव कौन थे?
उत्तर:
कुटिया में देवर लक्ष्मण सचिव थे।

प्रश्न 9.
कुटिया में आकर सभी को कौन आशीष देते हैं?
उत्तर:
कुटिया में मुनिवर आकर सभी को आशीष देते हैं।

प्रश्न 10.
तट पर आकर कौन पानी पीते हैं?
उत्तर:
मृग एवं सिंह तट पर आकर पानी पीते हैं।

प्रश्न 11.
किसलय-कर किस हेतु हिला करते हैं?
उत्तर:
किसलय-कर स्वागत हेतु हिला करते हैं।

प्रश्न 12.
प्रकृति निधि खोले क्या दिखा रही है?
उत्तर:
प्रकृति निधि खोले प्रकृति की निज माया दिखा रही है।

प्रश्न 13.
सीता जी के लिए क्या क्रीडा सामग्री बन गई है?
उत्तर:
सीता जी के लिए स्वयं की छाया क्रीडा सामग्री बन गई है।

प्रश्न 14.
‘कुटिया में राजभवन’ कविता के कवि कौन हैं?
उत्तर:
‘कुटिया में राजभवन’ कविता के कवि मैथिलीशरण गुप्त हैं।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिएः

प्रश्न 1.
सीता जी अपनी कुटिया में कैसे परिश्रम करती थीं?
उत्तर:
सीता जब वनवास जाने के लिए राजभवन छोड़कर श्रीराम और लक्ष्मण सहित वन में कुटिया बसाती है, वहाँ उसका काम करने के लिए कोई दासी नहीं होती। वह स्वयं पसीना बहाकर सारे गृह कार्य जैसे भोजन बनाना, कुटिया की सफाई, पानी लाना आदी करती है जिससे उसका ‘आत्म स्थैर्य बड़ता है और दूसरों पर निर्भर होने की आदत छूट जाती है। कुटिया में आकर उसे घर और परिवार के महत्व का पता चलता है।

प्रश्न 2.
सीता जी प्रकृति-सौंदर्य के बारे में क्या कहती हैं?
उत्तर:
सीता जी प्रकृति-सौंदर्य के बारे में कहती हैं कि – यह मेरा सौभाग्य है कि मुझे प्रकृति में रहने का, विचरण करने का अवसर मिला है। यहाँ की हरियाली, शुद्ध हवा, पशु-पक्षियों का कलरव, लता-फूल आदि मन को प्रसन्न-चित्त करने वाली प्रकृति की शोभा है। यह प्रकृति का मायालोक किसी राजभवन से कम नहीं।

प्रश्न 3.
सीता जी कुटिया में कैसे सुखी हैं?
उत्तर:
‘सीता जी को कुटिया ही राजभवन की तरह लग रही है। क्योंकि उनके प्राणेश उनके साथ हैं, देवर लक्ष्मण भी सचिव की तरह प्रहरी बने हुए. है। इसके अलावा प्राकृतिक सौन्दर्य ने उनको मोह लिया है। सीताजी स्वावलम्बी बनी हुई हैं.। प्रकृति के कण-कण को सीता जी ने राजभवन के सुख-वैभव के रूप में अपना लिया है।

प्रश्न 4.
‘कुटिया में राजभवन’ कविता का आशय संक्षेप में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
‘कुटिया में राजभवन’ इस कविता का आशय है- सीता जी वन में भी राजसुख भोगती हैं। श्रीरामचंद्र जी स्वयं सीता जी के साथ-साथ रहते हैं। देवर लक्ष्मण मंत्री के रूप में कार्य कर रहे हैं। यहाँ धन और राज-वैभव का कोई मूल्य नहीं है।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 5.
कुटिया में रहते हुए सीताजी राजसुख के बारे में क्या सोचती हैं?
उत्तर:
सीताजी कहती है कि मेरा मन इस कुटिया में राजभवन की तरह लग गया है। मैं यहाँ दूसरों की सेवा चाकरी के बल पर नहीं पलती हूँ। यहाँ श्रम करने से स्वास्थ्य भी अच्छा रहता है। वन में ही मैं गृहस्थ जीवन जी रही हूँ। मेरा यह जीवन ही सबसे बड़ा राजसुख है। यही सच्चा राजसुख है।

प्रश्न 6.
सीता जी अपने भाग्य के बारे में क्या कहती हैं?
उत्तर:
सीता जी वनवास में जीवन यापन करते हुए कहती हैं कि कौन कहता है मेरा भाग्य रूठ गया है। बल्कि मेरा तो भाग्य यहाँ आकर खुल गया है। अब मैं असली जीवन का आनंद ले रही हूँ। यहाँ तो जानकी वधू बनकर आयी है। यहाँ धन और राजवैभव का कोई मूल्य नहीं है।

III. ससंदर्भ भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए:

प्रश्न 1.
औरों के हाथों यहाँ नहीं पलती हूँ,
अपने पैरों पर खड़ी आप चलती हूँ,
श्रमवारि-बिन्दु फल स्वास्थ्य-शुक्ति फलती हूँ
अपने अचल से व्यंजन आप झलती हूँ।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘कुटिया में राजभवन’ नामक आधुनिक कविता से लिया गया है। इसके रचयिता मैथिलीशरण गुप्त हैं।
संदर्भ : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियों में सीता जी खुद फल-फूल लाकर उनसे खाना पकाती हैं सुखी और स्वस्थ जीवन का आनंद उठाती है।
स्पष्टीकरण : उक्त पंक्तियों में सीता जी अपने स्वावलंबन के बारे में कह रही हैं कि मैं यहाँ अपने पैरों पर खड़ी हूँ, दूसरों पर निर्भर नहीं हूँ। मेरे शरीर का वास्तविक आनंद तो परिश्रम से ही प्राप्त होता है। अपने हाथों से हवा स्वयं झलती हूँ।

प्रश्न 2.
कहता है कौन कि भाग्य ठगा है मेरा?
वह सुना हुआ भय दूर भगा है मेरा।
कुंछ करने में अब हाथ लगा है मेरा,
वन में ही तो गार्हस्थ्य जगा है मेरा।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘कुटिया में राजभवन’ नामक आधुनिक कविता से लिया गया है। इसके रचयिता मैथिलीशरण गुप्त हैं।
संदर्भ : जब सीता जी प्रभु रामचन्द्र के साथ वन में कुटिया बनाकर रहती है, वन में एक साधारण नारी की तरह अपने परिवार की जिम्मेदारी निभाने का सौभाग्य पाती हैं।
स्पष्टीकरण : गृहस्थ जीवन का आनंद वन में अनुभव करते हुए सीता जी कहती हैं कि कौन कहता है कि हमारा भाग्य ठगा गया है? वास्तव में यहाँ हमारा भय मिट गया है। यहाँ रहकर कुछ न कुछ करने में मन लगता है। ऐसा लग रहा है कि वन में ही गृहस्थ जाग गया है।

कुटिया में राजभवन कवि परिचयः

हिन्दी साहित्य के आधुनिक काल के प्रख्यात रचनाकार मैथिलीशरण गुप्त जी का जन्म सन् 1886 ई. में चिरगाँव, झांसी (उत्तर प्रदेश) में हुआ। आप मूलतः राष्ट्रीय भावना के पोषक कवि माने जाते हैं। आपने अपनी रचनाओं के माध्यम से जनजागरण का प्रयास किया। अतीत की गरिमा तथा वैभव को प्रेरणा के रूप में ग्रहण करते हुए आपने भारतवासियों को वर्तमान दुरावस्था से उभरने के लिए प्रोत्साहित किया। आपकी मृत्यु 1964 ई. में हुई।
प्रमुख रचनाएँ : ‘साकेत’ और ‘जय भारत’ आपके दो प्रसिद्ध महाकाव्य है। ‘पंचवटी’, ‘झंकार’, ‘यशोधरा’, ‘द्वापर’, ‘विष्णुप्रिया’, ‘भारत-भारती’, ‘जयद्रथ वध’ आदि अन्य रचनाएँ हैं।

प्रस्तुत पद्यभाग ‘साकेत’ महाकाव्य से लिया गया है जो आधुनिक रामकाव्य परम्परा की अनुपम कड़ी मानी जाती है। खड़ीबोली को काव्यभाषा बनाने तथा उसकी अभिव्यक्ति क्षमता को बढ़ाने में गुप्त जी की उल्लेखनीय भूमिका रही है।

सीताजी वन में राज सुख भोगती है। श्री रामचंद्रजी स्वयं उनके साथ-साथ रहते हैं और देवर लक्ष्मण मंत्री के रूप में कार्य कर रहे हैं। यहाँ धन और राजवैभव का कोई मूल्य नहीं है। इस भाग में सीता जी के मन की भावना को कवि ने सुंदर रूप में व्यक्त किया है।

कुटिया में राजभवन Summary in Hindi

1) मेरी कुटिया में राजभवन मन भाया
सम्राट स्वयं प्राणेश, सचिव देवर हैं,
देते आ कर अशीष हमें मुनिवर हैं,
धन तुच्छ यहाँ, यद्यपि असंख्य आकर हैं।
पानी पीते मृग, सिंह एक तट पर हैं।
सीता रानी को यहाँ लाभ ही लाया।
मेरी कुटिया में राजभवन मन भाया।

सीता जी वन में श्रीरामचन्द्र जी के संग रहते हुए वन को तथा कुटिया को राजभवन की तरह मानकर जीवन-यापन करती हैं। सीता जी कहती हैं- मेरा मन इस कुटिया में राजभवन की तरह लग गया है। स्वयं प्राणेश साथ में हैं और देवर लक्ष्मण सचिव बने हुए हैं। मुनिवर हमें यहाँ आशीर्वाद देते हैं। यहाँ की वन-संपत्ति के सामने बाकी धन तुच्छ है। एक ही नदी-तट पर मृग और सिंह पानी पीते हैं। सीता जी को यहाँ लाभ ही लाभ है।

शब्दार्थ :

• मन भाया – मन को अच्छा लगा;
• सचिव – मंत्री;
• अशीष – आशीर्वाद;
• आकर – खजाना;
• भाया – अच्छा लगा;
• प्राणेश – पति।

2) औरों के हाथों यहाँ नहीं पलती हूँ,
अपने पैरों पर खड़ी आप चलती हूँ,
श्रमवारि-बिन्दु फल स्वास्थ्य-शुक्ति फलती हूँ
अपने अंचल से व्यंजन आप झलती हूँ।
तनु-लता-सफलता-स्वादु आज ही आया
मेरी कुटिया में राजभवन मन भाया।

सीता जी कहती हैं कि मैं यहाँ औरों के हाथों नहीं पलती हूँ, अपने पैरों पर खड़ी हूँ, श्रम करने से स्वास्थ्य अच्छा है, अपने आँचल से हवा कर लेती हूँ। तन-बदन लता-बेलों की तरह लग रहा है।

शब्दार्थ :

• श्रमवारि-बिन्दु – परिश्रम से निकलने वाला पसीना, पसीना;
• शुक्ति – कहावत

3) किसलय-कर स्वागत हेतु हिला करते हैं
मृदु मनोभाव-सम सुमन खिला करते हैं
डाली-डाली में नव फल नित्य मिला करते हैं
तृण-तृण पर मुक्ता-भार झिला करते हैं।
निधि खोले दिखला रही प्रकृति निज माया,
मेरी कुटिया में राजभवन मन भाया।

कोमल पत्ते स्वागत करते हैं, मन को प्रफुल्लित करने वाले सुमन खिले हैं, डाली-डाली पर नित्य फल, मिल रहे हैं। तृण-तृण पर मानों मोतियों का भार झिलमिला रहा है। प्रकृति ने मानो अपनी निधि दे दी है।

शब्दार्थ :

• किसलय-कर – कोमल हाथ;
• मुक्ता – मोती;
• सुमन – फूल;
• झिलाते – सुंदर लगते, झिलमिलाते हैं।

4) कहता है कौन कि भाग्य ठगा है मेरा?
वह सुना हुआ भय दूर भगा है मेरा।
कुछ करने में अब हाथ लगा है मेरा,
वन में ही तो गार्हस्थ्य जगा है मेरा।
वह वधू जानकी बनी आज यह जाया
मेरी कुटिया में राजभवन मन भाया।

कौन कहता है कि भाग्य ठगा गया, जब कि भाग्य खुल गया है। भय दूर भाग गया है। कुछ करने की इच्छा होती है। वन में ही गृहस्थी है मेरी। जानकी वधू बनकर आयी है।

शब्दार्थ :

• निधी – खजाना;
• ठगा – धोखा देना;
• गार्हस्थ्य – ग्रहस्थ, पारिवारिक जीवन

5) फल-फूलों से हैं लदी डालियाँ मेरी,
वे हरी पत्तलें-भरी थालियाँ मेरी,
मुनि बालायें हैं यहाँ आलियाँ मेरी।
तटीनी की लहरें और तालियाँ मेरी।
क्रीडा-सामग्री बनी स्वयं निज छाया।
मेरी कुटिया में राजभवन मन भाया।

फल-फूलों से डालियाँ सजी हुई हैं, हरी पत्तलें मानो थालियाँ है, मुनि बालाएँ सखियाँ हैं, नदी की लहरें तालियाँ हैं, सारी क्रीड़ा-सामग्री यहाँ उपलब्ध हैं। इस प्रकार मेरी कुटिया में मुझे राजभवन भाता है|

शब्दार्थ :

• जाया – पत्नी;
• आलियाँ – सखियाँ
• तटिनी – नदी

कुटिया में राजभवन Summary in Kannada

कुटिया में राजभवन Summary in English

This is a poem by one of the foremost Hindi poets of the modern era, Maithilisharan Gupt.

When Sita was in exile with Lord Rama, she felt as if the forest and the hut in which they lived were like a palace. Sita says that her mind is at ease in the little hut as much as it would be in a large royal palace. Lord Rama himself is with her, and so is her brother-in-law Lakshman. The sages grant them their blessings and nothing compares to the wealth that the bountiful nature provides. One can see a deer and a lion drinking from the same river bank. Sita feels that there are only advantages in living in exile.

Sita says that she is not cared for by others and she takes care of herself, is independent and because of the hard work that is needed, her health is good. She fans herself with her own tresses. Her body feels like it is made of flowers.

Tender leaves welcome her, while her mind is inspired by the flowers and everyday branches bear fruits which are available to them. It is as if in every nook and corner, large hordes of pearls are glimmering. It is as if nature has given them her treasures.

Whoever said that their fate was sealed is wrong. Their fates are glimmering now, according to Sita. She feels like doing something; she is inspired. The forest itself is her household. Janaki herself has come in the form of a woman.

The branches are decorated with flowers and fruits. The green leaves are like plates. The daughters of the sages are like her friends. The waves of the river are like applause. All the raw materials and ingredients are available to her in the forest. Therefore, she finds herself at home in the forest and in her hut as if it was a palace.

You can Download Chapter 15 रसखान के सवैये Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers Sahitya Vaibhav Chapter 15 रसखान के सवैये

रसखान के सवैये Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

I. एक शब्द या वाक्यांश या वाक्य में उत्तर लिखिएः

प्रश्न 1.
रसखान मनुष्य रूप में अगला जन्म कहाँ लेना चाहते हैं?
उत्तर:
रसखान मनुष्य रूप में अगला जन्म ब्रजभूमि (बृंदावन) में लेना चाहते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
रसखान पशु रूप में जन्म लेने पर कहाँ रहना चाहते हैं?
उत्तर:
रसखान पशु रूप में जन्म लेने पर नंदबाबा की गौओं में किसी गौ के रूप में जन्म लेना चाहते हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
रसखान पक्षी रूप में जन्म लेने पर किस डाली पर बसना चाहते हैं?
उत्तर:
रसखान पक्षी रूप में कालिंदी नदी के किनारे, कदंब के वृक्षों की डाली पर बसेरा करना चाहते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
गोपी सिर पर क्या धारण करना चाहती है?
उत्तर:
गोपी सिर पर मोर-मुकुट धारण करना चाहती हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
गोपी कृष्ण की मुरली कहाँ नहीं रखना चाहती?
उत्तर:
गोपी कृष्ण की मुरली अपने अधरों या ओंठों पर नहीं रखना चाहती।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 6.
रसखान पक्षी रूप में जन्म लेने पर किस डाली पर बसना चाहते हैं?
उत्तर:
रसखान पक्षी रूप में जन्म लेने पर कदम्ब की डाल पर बसना चाहते हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
गोपी गले में कौन-सी माला पहनना चाहती है?
उत्तर:
गोपी गले में गुंज की माला पहनना चाहती हैं।

प्रश्न 8.
गोपी पीतांबर पहनकर किसके संग घूमना चाहती है?
उत्तर:
गोपी पीतांबर पहनकर ग्वालिनों के संग घूमना चाहती हैं।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिएः

प्रश्न 1.
रसखान ब्रजभूमि में क्यों जन्म लेना चाहते हैं?
उत्तर:
रसखान को कृष्ण की क्रीड़ा-स्थली ब्रजभूमि से बड़ा लगाव है। अतः वे कहते हैं कि यदि मैं अगले जन्म में मनुष्य बनूँ, तो गोकुल के ग्वालों के बीच मेरा जन्म हो, पशु हो तो नंदबाबा की गौओं में, पक्षी हों तो कालिंदी-कूल या यमुना के तट स्थित कदंब डालों पर और यदि पत्थर भी बनूँ तो गोवर्धन पर्वत के पत्थर के रूप में जन्म लूँ।

प्रश्न 2.
गोपी क्या-क्या स्वांग भरती है?
उत्तर:
गोपी अपने प्रियतम श्रीकृष्ण को पाने के लिए मोर-पंख का मुकुट पहनकर, गुंज की माला (रत्नों की माला) गले में धारण कर, पितम्बर ओढ़कर हाथ में लकुटिया लेना चाहती है। वह कृष्ण के सभी स्वाँग भरकर गोधन और ग्वालिनों के संग फिरना चाहती है परन्तु मुरलीधर की मुरली अपने अधरों पर नहीं रखना चाहती है।

प्रश्न 3.
गोपियों का कृष्ण के प्रति अनन्य प्रेम कैसा है?
उत्तर:
गोपियों का कृष्ण के प्रति अनन्य प्रेम है। वे अपने कृष्ण को पाने के लिए. कृष्ण को रिझाने के लिए कुछ भी करने के लिए तैयार हैं; परन्तु अपनी मर्यादा के साथ रहना चाहती हैं। गोपियाँ ब्रजभूमि, ब्रज के पशु-पक्षी तथा ब्रज की गौएँ आदि को कृष्णभक्ति में सहायक मानती हैं।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 4.
रसखान ब्रज में किन रूपों में जन्म लेने की इच्छा प्रकट करते हैं?
उत्तर:
रसखान कहते हैं- यदि मैं अगले जन्म में मनुष्य बनकर आऊँ, तो ब्रज के गोकुल गाँव में ग्वाला बनकर ही आऊँ। यदि पशु बनूँ तो नंद बाबा की गौओं के बीच में ही कोई गाय बनूँ। यदि पत्थर ही बन जाऊँ, तो वही गोवर्धन पर्वत का पत्थर बनूँ, जिसे कृष्ण ने इन्द्र के प्रकोप से ब्रजवासियों को बचाने के लिए उठाया था। यदि पक्षी बनूँ तो यमुना नदी के किनारे कदम्ब वृक्षों पर रहने वाले पक्षियों के बीच मेरा बसेरा हो।

III. ससंदर्भ भाव स्पष्ट कीजिएः

प्रश्न 1.
मानुष हों, तो वही रसखानि बसौ ब्रज गोकुल गाँव के ग्वारन।
जो पसु हौं, तो कहा बसु मेरो, चरौ नित नंद की धेनु मँझारन।।
पाहन हौं, तो वही गिरि कौ, जो धरयौ कर छत्र पुरन्दर धारन।
जो खग हौं, बसेरो करौं मिलि कालिन्दी-कूल-कदम्ब की डारन॥
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत सवैया हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘रसखान के सवैये’ नामक शीर्षक से लिया गया है जिसके रचयिता रसखान हैं।

संदर्भ : प्रस्तुत सवैये में रसखान हर स्थिति में ब्रज गोकुल में ही जन्म लेना चाहते हैं। वह अपना संबंध उन्हीं से जोड़ना चाहते हैं जिनके साथ कृष्ण का संबंध रहा है।

स्पष्टीकरण : इस सवैये के माध्यम से कृष्णभक्त कवि रसखान श्रीकृष्ण पर अनन्य भक्ति तथा ब्रजभूमि के प्रति अपनी श्रद्धा प्रकट करते हैं। कवि अपना संबंध उन्हीं से जोड़ना चाहते हैं जिनका संबंध श्रीकृष्ण से है। रसखान को ब्रजभूमि से इतना लगाव हो गया है कि वे कहते हैं – यदि मेरा अगला जन्म मनुष्य रूप में हो तो मैं ब्रजभूमि में रहनेवाले गोकुल गाँव के ग्वालों में जन्म लूँ। पशु के रूप में मेरा जन्म हो जाये तो मैं नंदबाबा द्वारा चराई जानेवाली गौओं के झुंड में कोई एक गौ बनूँ। पत्थर भी बन जाऊँ, तो गोवर्धन पर्वत का पत्थर बनूँ, जिसे ब्रज की रक्षा के लिए कृष्ण ने छाते के रूप में उठाया था। यदि पक्षी बनूँ, तो कालिंदी नदी के किनारे स्थित कदम्ब के पेड़ों पर वास करने वाले पक्षियों में जन्म लूँ। अर्थात् “कहीं भी रहूँ, कैसे भी रहूँ, ब्रजभूमि का होकर रहूँ” यह भाव स्पष्ट होता है।

प्रश्न 2.
मोर-पखा सिर ऊपर राखिहौं, गुंज की माला गरें पहिरौंगी।
ओढ़ि पितम्बर लै लकुटी बन, गोधन ग्वारनि संग फिरौंगी॥
भावतो वोहि मेरो ‘रसखानि’, सो तेरे कहें सब स्वांग करौंगी।
या मुरली मुरलीधर की, अधरान-धरी अधरा न धरौंगी॥
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत सवैया हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘रसखान के सवैये’ नामक शीर्षक से लिया गया है जिसके रचयिता रसखान हैं।

संदर्भ : गोपियों का कृष्ण के प्रति अनन्य प्रेम है। वे अपने कृष्ण को पाने के लिए, कृष्ण को रिझाने के लिए कुछ भी करने के लिए तैयार हैं।

स्पष्टीकरण : एक गोपी अपनी सखी से कहती है कि कृष्ण मेरा प्रिय है और उसे प्राप्त करने के लिए तेरे कहने पर सारा स्वांग भर लूँगी। वह मोर का पंख अपने सिर पर रख लेगी, गुंज की माला गले में पहन लेगी, पीला वस्त्र बदन पर ओढ़कर हाथ में लकुटी लेकर गोधन को ले ग्वालों के साथ वन में फिरेगी। जैसी सखी की इच्छा वह सब करेगी परन्तु कृष्ण की मुरली को अपने होटों से छूकर अपवित्र नहीं कर सकती।

रसखान के सवैये कवि परिचयः

रसखान का जन्म सन् 1559 में दिल्ली के प्रतिष्ठित पठान परिवार में हुआ था। आप कृष्णभक्त मुस्लिम कवियों में सर्वोपरि माने जाते हैं। गोस्वामी विठ्ठलनाथ से दीक्षा लेने के कारण आपको वल्लभ संप्रदाय का अनुयायी माना जाता है। ‘252 वैष्णवन् की वार्ता’ में भी आपका उल्लेख बड़े आदर से किया गया है। आपकी मृत्यु सन् 1628 में हुई।

प्रमुख रचनाएँ : ‘सुजान-रसखान’ और ‘प्रेमवाटिका’।
प्रस्तुत पद में रसखान हर स्थिति में ब्रज में ही जन्म लेना चाहते हैं। आपने अपना संबंध उन्हीं से जोड़ने की इच्छा प्रकट की है जिनसे कृष्ण का संबंध रहा है। दूसरे पद में गोपी अपनी सखी से कहती है कि कृष्ण मेरा प्रिय है और उसे प्राप्त करने के लिए तेरे कहने पर सारा स्वाँग भर लूँगी.

पद का भावार्थः

1) मानुष हों, तो वही रसखानि बसौ ब्रज गोकुल गाँव के ग्वारन।
जो पसु हौं, तो कहा बसु मेरो, चरौ नित नंद की धेनु मॅझारन॥
पाहन हौं, तो वही गिरि कौ, जो धरयौ कर छत्र पुरन्दर धारन।
जो खग हौं, बसेरो करौं मिलि कालिन्दी-कूल-कदम्ब की डारन ॥१॥

भावार्थ : रसखान इस सवैये में ब्रज में ही जन्म लेने के लिए तथा ब्रज से ही जुड़े रहने के लिए अपनी इच्छा प्रकट कर रहे हैं। वे कहते हैं कि यदि मैं अगले जन्म में मनुष्य बनकर आऊँ, तो ब्रज के गोकुल गाँव में ग्वाला बनकर ही आऊँ। लेकिन मेरे बस की बात नहीं यदि पशु बनूँ, तो नंदबाबा की गौओं के बीच में कोई गाय बनूँ। यदि पत्थर ही बन जाऊँ, तो वही गोवर्धन पर्वत का पत्थर बनूँ, जिसे कृष्ण ने इन्द्र के प्रकोप से ब्रज वासियों की रक्षा के लिए उठाया था। यदि मैं पक्षी के रूप में जन्म लूँ, तो कालिंदी नदी (यमुना नदी) के किनारे रहने वाले कदंब वृक्षों की डालियों पर रहने वाले पक्षियों में मेरा बसेरा हो। तात्पर्य यह है कि कवि रसखान को ब्रजभूमि से इतना लगाव है कि किसी भी हालत में, किसी भी रूप में वे ब्रजभूमि में जन्म लेना चाहते हैं।

Raskhan tells us of his wish to be born in Braj (a district near Mathura) and to be connected with Braj for the rest of his life. He says that if he is reborn as a human being, he wishes to be born in the Gokul town of Braj as a cowherd. However, he admits that rebirth as a human is beyond his control, and if he is born as an animal, then he wishes to be born as a cow among the many cows belonging to Nandbaba (Lord Krishna).

Even if he is born as a stone, then he wishes to be a stone on the Govardhan Mountain which Lord Krishna lifted in order to protect the residents of Braj from the anger of God Indra. If he is born as a bird, then he wishes to be one of the birds which live on the branches of the Kadamba tree which is on the banks of the river Yamuna. What Raskhan is implying through this verse is that he is so attached to Braj (where Lord Krishna lived) that under any circumstances and in whatever form possible, he wants to be born in the holy land of Braj.

शब्दार्थ :

• मानुष – मनुष्य;
• ब्रज – ब्रजभूमि;
• ग्वारन – ग्वाला;
• मँझारन – मध्य में;
• पाहन – पत्थर;
• छत्र – छाता;
• पुरन्दर – इन्द्र;
• धारन – धारण, गर्व नष्ट करने के लिए;
• कालिन्दी-कूल-कदम्ब – यमुना के तट स्थित कदम्ब वृक्ष;
• डारन – डालियों में।

2) मोर-पखा सिर ऊपर राखिहौं, गुंज की माला गरें पहिरौंगी।
ओढि पितम्बर लै लकुटी बन, गोधन ग्वारनि संग फिरौंगी॥
भावतो वोहि मेरो ‘रसखानि, सो तेरे कहें सब स्वांग करौंगी।
या मुरली मुरलीधर की, अधरान-धरी अधरा न धरौंगी ॥२॥

भावार्थ : प्रस्तुत सवैये में एक गोपी दूसरी गोपी (सखी) से कहती है कि मैं अपने प्रिय कृष्ण को पाने के लिए उनकी इच्छानुसार सभी स्वाँग करने के लिए तैयार हूँ। कवि रसखान वर्णन करते हैं – मोर-पंख वाले मुकुट (किरीट) को सिर पर धारण करके, गुंजों (रत्नों) की माला गले में पहनूंगी। पीताम्बर ओढ़कर, हाथ में लकुटिया लेकर वन में गौओं के संग ग्वालिनी के साथ फिरूँगी। परन्तु कृष्ण के अधरों पर सुशोभित होने वाली वंशी को अपने होठो पर नहीं रदूंगी क्योंकि उनका यह विश्वास था कि कृष्ण हमारी अपेक्षा इस मुरली को अधिक प्रेम करते हैं। तथा यह हमसे अधिक सौभाग्यशाली है, हर समय कृष्ण के अधरों का प्यार पाती रहती है। इसलिए गोपियाँ इससे सौतिया डाह करती हैं। अतः वह सब कुछ करने को तैयार हैं, केवल मुरली को धारण करना नहीं चाहती।

In this verse, one milkmaid is telling another milkmaid (her friend) that in order to be close to her beloved Lord Krishna, she is prepared to wear the garb that is liked by Lord Krishna.

The poet, Raskhan, describes these – a crown of peacock feathers on her head, a necklace of jewels worn on her neck. She drapes herself with the yellow silk cloth (Pitambar), with a small stick in hand, she goes into the woods with the cows and roams around with the other milkmaids. She says that she will, however, not put on her lips the flute which has been blessed by the touch of the lips of Lord Krishna because it is their belief that Lord Krishna loves his flute more than them (the milkmaids). She says that the flute is much more blessed than them because it receives the love of Lord Krishna’s lips. This is why all the milkmaids are jealous of the flute and treat it as their rival. Thus, she is prepared to do anything and everything except to put the flute to her lips.

शब्दार्थ :

• मोर-पखा – मोर-मुकुट;
• पितम्बर – पीला वस्त्र (कृष्ण की धोती);
• अधरा – ओंठ;
• गुंज की माला – रत्नों की माला;
• ग्वारनि – गाय चरानेवाली कृष्ण की सखियाँ

You can Download Chapter 14 शरण वचनामृत Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers Sahitya Vaibhav Chapter 14 शरण वचनामृत

शरण वचनामृत Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

I. एक शब्द या वाक्यांश या वाक्य में उत्तर लिखिएः

प्रश्न 1.
कनक, कामिनी और माटी को लोगों ने क्या कहा?
उत्तर:
कनक, कामिनी और माटी को लोगों ने माया कहा है और माया नहीं भी कहा है।

प्रश्न 2.
अल्लमप्रभु देव के आराध्य देव कौन थे?
उत्तर:
अल्लमप्रभु देव के आराध्य देव गुहेश्वर थे।

प्रश्न 3.
बसवेश्वर के अनुसार ज्ञान से क्या दूर होता है?
उत्तर:
बसवेश्वर के अनुसार ज्ञान से अज्ञान दूर होता है।

प्रश्न 4.
ज्योति से क्या दूर होता है?
उत्तर:
ज्योति से तमंध अथवा अंधकार दूर होता है।

प्रश्न 5.
बसवेश्वर के आराध्य देव का नाम क्या है?
उत्तर:
बसवेश्वर के आराध्य देव का नाम कूडलसंगम देव है।

प्रश्न 6.
सत्य से क्या दूर होता है?
उत्तर:
सत्य से असत्य दूर होता है।

प्रश्न 7.
पारस से क्या दूर होता है?
उत्तर:
पारस से लोहत्व दूर होता है।

प्रश्न 8.
पर्वत पर बसाकर घर किससे नहीं डरना चाहिए?
उत्तर:
पर्वत पर घर बसाकर, जंगली जानवरों से नहीं डरना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 9.
हाट में बसाकर घर किससे नहीं डरना चाहिए?
उत्तर:
हाट में (बाजार में) घर बसाकर, शोरगुल से नहीं डरना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 10.
जगत में जन्म लेने के बाद किससे नहीं डरना चाहिए?
उत्तर:
जगत में जन्म लेने के बाद निन्दा और स्तुति से नहीं डरना चाहिए।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 11.
अल्लमप्रभु माया का सही अर्थ क्या समझाते हैं?
उत्तर:
अल्लमप्रभु माया का सही अर्थ समझाते हुए कहते हैं कि मन के आगे जो चाह है, वही माया है।

प्रश्न 12.
कूडलसंगम देव के शरणों के अनुभाव से क्या छूट गया?
उत्तर:
कूडलसंगम देव के शरणों के अनुभाव से भव छूट गया।

प्रश्न 13.
सागर किनारे घर बसाकर किनसे नहीं डरना चाहिए?
उत्तर:
सागर किनारे घर बसाकर लहरों से नहीं डरना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 14.
अक्कमहादेवी के आराध्य देव का नाम क्या है?
उत्तर:
अक्कमहादेवी के आराध्य देव चन्नमल्लिकार्जुन हैं।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिए:

प्रश्न 1.
अल्लमप्रभु देव ने माया के सम्बन्ध में क्या कहा है?
उत्तर:
अल्लमप्रभु देव ने माया के बारे में कहा है कि – लोग कनक को माया मानते भी हैं और नहीं भी। कामिनी या स्त्री को माया मानते भी हैं और नहीं भी। माटी को माया मानते भी हैं और नहीं भी। अतः मन के आगे जो चाह है, वही माया है।

प्रश्न 2.
कविता में व्यक्त बसवेश्वर के विचारों को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
महात्मा बसवेश्वर कहते हैं कि ज्ञान से अज्ञान मिटता है, ज्योति से अंधकार मिटता है, सत्य
से असत्य मिटता है, पारस से लोहत्व मिटता है। इसी प्रकार हे कूडलसंगम देव आपके शरणों के अनुभाव से या साक्षात्कार से या ज्ञान से मेरा सांसारिक मोह भी छूट गया, हे कूडलसंगम देव।

प्रश्न 3.
अक्कमहादेवी के अनुसार भवसागर में कैसे रहना चाहिए?
उत्तर:
अक्कमहादेवी कहती हैं कि पर्वतों पर घर बसाकर, जंगली जानवरों से क्या डरना? सागर के किनारे रहकर, लहरों से क्या डरना? हाट में रहकर, शोरगुल से कैसे डरना? हे चन्नमल्लिकार्जुन सुनो, संसार में जन्म लेने पर स्तुति-निंदा से क्या डरना? मन में क्रोध न करके हर हाल में समानभाव से, शांत चित्त रहना ही उचित है, यही सही मायने में जीना है।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 4.
महात्मा बसवेश्वर का परिचय दीजिए।
उत्तर:
महात्मा बसवेश्वर जी का जन्म कर्नाटक के बिजापुर जिले के इंगळेश्वर-बागेवाड़ी अग्रहार में हुआ था। उनके पिता मादरस एवं माता मादलांबिका थीं। उनका परिवार शिव का उपासक था। आपका जीवन काल 1105 से 1167 तक माना जाता है। उन्होंने ‘कायक ही कैलास’ के द्वारा सामाजिक क्रांति लाकर शारीरिक परिश्रम से जीवन यापन करने की पद्धती को महत्व दिया।

प्रश्न 5.
शिवशरणी अक्कमहादेवी का संक्षिप्त परिचय दीजिए।
उत्तर:
अक्कमहादेवी जी अनुभव मंडप की महिला शिवशरणियों में सर्वश्रेष्ठ शिवशरणी मानी जाती हैं। आपने शिमोगा जिले के उड़तड़ी ग्राम में शिवभक्त दंपति निर्मल शेट्टी और माता सुमती की पुत्री के रूप में जन्म लिया। आपके वचनों का अंकित नाम श्री चन्नमल्लिकार्जुन देव है।

III. ससंदर्भ भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए:

प्रश्न 1.
कहते हैं कनक माया है, कनक माया नहीं
कहते हैं कामिनी माया है, कामिनी माया नहीं.
कहते हैं माटी माया है, माटी माया नहीं
मन के आगे जो चाह है, वही माया है, गुहेश्वर।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत वचनों को हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘शरण वचनामृत’ नामक काव्यपाठ से लिया गया है, जिसके रचयिता अल्लमप्रभु हैं।
संदर्भ : प्रस्तुत वचन में अल्लमप्रभु मन की ईच्छा को माया बता रहे हैं। मन की चाह ही माया है।
स्पष्टीकरण : इस वचन में अल्लमप्रभु कहते हैं – कई लोग कहते हैं, कनक माया है। सोने को ही कनक कहा गया है। वहीं कुछ लोग स्त्री को माया कहते हैं। माया को महाठग भी कहा गया है जो हमें धोखा देती है, भ्रमित करती है, सांसारिक चीजों में उलझाती है। परन्तु अल्लमप्रभु कहते हैं कि स्त्री भी माया नहीं है। कुछ लोग माटी को अर्थात् जमीन जायदाद को माया कहते हैं लेकिन वह भी माया नहीं है। असल बात यह है कि जो मन की इच्छा है, चाह है, वहीं वास्तविकता में माया है। वही हमें भटकाती है।
विशेष : कन्नड़ से हिन्दी अनुवाद। कन्नड़ भक्ति कालीन संतों के उपदेशपरक वचनों में जनकल्याण का भाव निहित है।

प्रश्न 2.
ज्ञान से अज्ञान दूर होता है,
ज्योति से तमंध दूर होता है,
सत्य से असत्य दूर होता है,
पारस से लोहत्व दूर होता है,
आपके शरणों के अनुभाव से
मेरा भव छूट गया, कूडलसंगम देवा।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत वचनों को हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘शरण वचनामृत’ नामक काव्यपाठ से लिया गया है। इसके रचयिता महात्मा बसवेश्वर हैं।
संदर्भ : प्रस्तुत वचन के माध्यम से बसवेश्वर कहते हैं कि ज्ञान प्राप्त करने से अज्ञानता अपने आप चली जाती है। अर्थात परमात्मा का ज्ञान पाकर इस संसार के मोह माया से व्यक्ति मुक्त हो जाता है।
स्पष्टीकरण : महात्मा बसवेश्वर इस वचन के माध्यम से कहते हैं कि ज्ञान से अज्ञान, ज्योति से अंधकार, सत्य से असत्य, पारस से लोहत्व दूर होता है। इसी तरह हे कूडलसंगम देव! आपके शरणों के अनुभाव से मेरा यह भव छूट गया है।

शरण वचनामृत शरणों का परिचयः

बारहवीं शती के वचन साहित्य को कन्नड़ साहित्य के विकास में सुवर्ण युग माना जाता है।
महात्मा बसवेश्वर ने विश्वमानव धर्म के प्रचार-प्रसार के लिए आध्यात्मिक और दार्शनिक योगी अल्लमप्रभु जी की अध्यक्षता में अनुभव मंडप की स्थापना की। सभी मुमुक्षु, संतों को इस अनुभव मंटप ने आकर्षित किया।

1. अल्लमप्रभु बारहवीं शती के शिवशरणों में सर्वश्रेष्ठ माने जाते हैं। आप अनुभव मंडप के प्रथम अध्यक्ष थे। ‘हरिहर का प्रभुदेव रगळे’ और चामरस का ‘प्रभुलिंगलीले’ तथा अन्य शिवशरणों के वचनों में आप का जीवन परिचय मिलता है। वैराग्यमूर्ति, अनुभावी अल्लमप्रभु कर्म, भक्ति एवं ज्ञान के प्रतिपादक थे।

2. महात्मा बसवेश्वर का जन्म कर्नाटक के बिजापुर जिले के इंगळेश्वर-बागेवाड़ी अग्रहार में शैवोपासक ब्राह्मण दंपति मादरस, मादलांबिका के यहाँ हुआ था। आपका जीवनकाल सन् 1105 से 1167 तक माना जाता है। ‘कायक ही कैलास’ (Work is Worship) के द्वारा सामाजिक क्रांति लाकर शारीरिक परिश्रम से जीवन व्यापन करने की पद्धति को महत्व दिया। ये विचार विश्वज्योति बसवेश्वर जी के सामाजिक सुधार के मूल मंत्र माने जाते हैं।

3. अक्कमहादेवी अनुभव मंडप की महिला शिवशरणियों में सर्वश्रेष्ठ शिवशरणी मानी जाती है। आपने शिमोगा जिले के उडतड़ी ग्राम में शिवभक्त दम्पति निर्मल शेट्टी और माता सुमती की पुत्री के रूप में जन्म लिया। आपने उड़तड़ी विरक्तमठ के पट्टाध्यक्ष जी से शिवदीक्षा प्राप्त किया। श्रीशैल का चन्नमल्लिकार्जुन देव के कीर्तन-ध्यान में सदा मग्न रहती थीं। आपके वचनों का अंकित नाम श्री चन्नमल्लिकार्जुन देव है।

वचनों का आशयः

प्रस्तुत वचनों में शरणों के अपने-अपने अनुभव ही ‘वचन’ के रूप में अभिव्यक्त हुए हैं। उन्होंने जाति, कुल, लिंग के भेद को जड़ से मिटा दिया और ईश्वर की भक्ति, निष्काम कर्म को प्रधानता दी। धार्मिक, आध्यात्मिक, सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक और साहित्यिक क्रांति कन्नड़ साहित्य की देन है।
आध्यात्मिक योगी अल्लमप्रभु की माया, महात्मा बसवेश्वर के अनुभाव और शिवशरणी अक्कमहादेवी के लोकानुभव इन वचनों में मिलते हैं।

वचनों का भावार्थः

1) कहते हैं कनक माया है, कनक माया नहीं
कहते हैं कामिनी माया है, कामिनी माया नहीं
कहते हैं माटी माया है, माटी माया नहीं
मन के आगे जो चाह है, वही माया है, गुहेश्वर।
– आध्यात्मयोगी अल्लमप्रभु

भावार्थ : इस वचन में अल्लमप्रभु कहते हैं – कई लोग कहते हैं, कनक माया है, धन-दौलत, सोना है। पर कनक माया नहीं हैं। कई लोग कहते हैं, स्त्री माया है, पर स्त्री माया नहीं है। कुछ लोग कहते हैं, जमीन-जायदाद माया है, जमीन जायदाद पर माया नहीं है। लेकिन मन की चाह, इच्छा जो है वही माया है।

Allama Prabhu was a 12th century mystic-saint and Vachana poet of the Kannada language, propagating the unitary consciousness of self and Shiva. In this verse, Allama Prabhu says that many people believe gold, i.e., wealth, to be illusion (delusion). However, it is not so. Many people say that woman is illusion, but she is not. Some people say that land or property is illusion, but it is not. However, addressing Lord Shiva (Guheshwara) Allama Prabhu says that the desires and wants of the mind are illusions.

शब्दार्थ :

• कनक – सोना;
• माया – भ्रम, अज्ञान;
• कामिनी – स्त्री/सुंदरी।

2) ज्ञान से अज्ञान दूर होता है,
ज्योति से तमंध दूर होता है,
सत्य से असत्य दूर होता है,
पारस से लोहत्व दूर होता है,
आपके शरणों के अनुभाव से
मेरा भव छूट गया, कूडलसंगम देवा।
– महात्मा बसवेश्वर

भावार्थ : महात्मा बसवेश्वर इस वचन में इस तरह कहते हैं– ज्ञान से अज्ञान दूर होता है। ज्योति से अंधकार दूर होता है.। सत्य से असत्य दूर होता है। पारस (स्पर्शमणि) से लोहे की शक्ति दूर होती है और वह सोने में परिवर्तित हो जाता है। हे कूडलसंगम देव, आपके शिवशरणों . के अनुभाव से मेरी लौकिकता छूट गयी।

Basaveshwara was a 12th century Indian philosopher, statesman, Kannada poet in the Shiva-focussed Bhakti movement and a social reformer. In this verse, Basaveshwara says that knowledge drives away ignorance. From light, darkness is driven away. Truth drives away falsehood. The philosopher’s stone causes iron to lose its quality and get turned into gold. Basaveshwara addresses Lord Shiva as ‘Kudalasangamadeva’ and says that through His great power, the worldliness has been driven away from Basaveshwara.

शब्दार्थ :

• तमंध – अंधकार;
• पारस – स्पर्शमणि;
• अनुभाव – महिमा;
• भव – संसार।

3) पर्वत पर बसाकर घर, जंगली जानवरों से क्या डरना?
सागर किनारे बसाकर घर लहरों से क्या डरना?
हाट में बसाकर घर, शोरगुल से क्या डरना?
चन्नमल्लिकार्जुन सुनो,
जगत में जन्म लेने पर, स्तुति-निंदा से क्या डरना?
मन में क्रोध न करके समचित रहना चाहिए।
– शिवशरणी अक्कमहादेवी

भावार्थ : शिवशरणी अक्कमहादेवी कहती है- हे मानव, पर्वत पर घर बसाकर, जंगली जानवरों से क्या डरना? सागर के किनारे घर बसाकर लहरों से क्या डरना? हाट में या बाजार में घर बसाकर, शोरगुल से क्या डरना? चन्नमल्लिकार्जुन सुनो – जगत में जन्म लेने पर, स्तुति-निंदा से क्या डरना? मन में क्रोध न करके समान भाव से रहना चाहिए।

Akkamahadevi was one of the early women poets of the Kannada language and a prominent personality in the Veerashaiva Bhakti movement of the 12th century. In this verse, Akkamahadevi asks why one should fear wild animals if one has made his/her home on a mountain. Similarly, if a person has made his home on the seashore, why should he fear the waves and tides? If one has made a home in the marketplace, then what is the point in dreading the noise and commotion? Akkamahadevi addresses Lord Shiva as ‘Chennamallikarjuna’ and says that similarly, when one has taken birth as a human being on earth, then praise and blame are bound to follow. One must keep calm without giving way to anger.

शब्दार्थ :

• हाट – बाजार;
• शोरगुल – तेज आवाजें;
• समचित – वह जिसका मन सब अवस्था में समान रहता हो।

Karnataka 1st PUC Geography Question Bank Chapter 4 Landforms

You can Download Chapter 4 Landforms Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Geography Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

1st PUC Geography Landforms One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is geomorphic process? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
The process carried out by Endogenic and Exogenic forces are called as geomorphic process.

Question 2.
Define Diastrophism? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
All processes that move, elevate or build up portions of the earth’s crust are called diastrophism.

Question 3.
Mention the force responsible for mass movement? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
Gravity is responsible for mass movement.

Question 4.
What is Endogenic Forces?
Answer:
The internal forces are also known as endogenic forces. These are mainly the land building forces.

Question 5.
What is Exogenic Forces?
Answer:
The external forces are also known as external forces. These are found on the surface of the Earth.

Question 6.
What is weathering? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
The process of disintegration and decomposition of rocks is known as “Weathering”.

Question 7.
Name any two factors of Mechanical weathering? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
Temperature, frost and wind are the factors of Mechanical weathering.

Question 8.
How does granular disintegration occur?( T.B.Qn)
Answer:
Rocks consist of different types of minerals. Some minerals get heated faster than others. As a result of differential expansion of minerals, the rocks break up into mineral grains. This is called granular disintegration.

Question 9.
What is the role of oxygen in Oxidation? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
The rain water with oxygen, reacts on rocks containing iron and produce oxides. This chemical reaction is known as “oxidation”.

Question 10.
Which region is predominant in Carbonation? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
Carbonation is very active in limestone regions.

Question 11.
What is mechanical weathering?
Answer:
Disintegration of rocks into smaller pieces by mechanical agents is known as mechanical weathering

Question 12.
What kind of weathering is predominant in the limestone regions?
Answer:
Chemical weathering

Question 13.
Why the process of rocks disintegration is called weathering?
Answer:
The process is carried various elements like carbon dioxide and also by various organisms.

Question 14.
What are the important types of weathering?
Answer:
There are three types of weathering

• Mechanical weathering
• Chemical weathering
• Biological weathering

Question 15.
Which zone is the sources of weathering?
Answer:
Lithospheres the zone of weathering.

Question 16.
Which type of weathering is mining?
Answer:
Mining is a type of Biological weathering.

Question 17.
Which type of weathering is oxidation?
Answer:
Oxidation is a type of chemical weathering

Question 18.
Mention the types of chemical process of weathering?
Answer:
Oxidation, Carbonization, Hydration and solution are the major types of chemical weathering.

Question 19.
Mention the types of Block disintegration of rocks?
Answer:
Block disintegration is a type of mechanical weathering.

Question 20.
What is River capture? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
It is formed mainly due to head-ward erosion by the river near its source. When the source of a river is captured by another major and strong river it is called ‘River Capture’.

Question 21.
How are Ox-bow lakes formed? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
The river which flows through the shorter route leaving the curve of the meander cut off and, crescent-shaped lake is formed known as‘Ox-bow lakes’.

Question 22.
What is denudation?
Answer:
The wearing away of the surface of the earth by natural agents is known as denudation.

Question 23.
What is Sculpturing of the earth?
Answer:
Large landmass is uplifted by various internal forces of the earth, the subaerial agents begin to wear and reshape it. It is known as Sculpturing of the earth’s surface.

Question 24.
What are the agents of denudation?
Answer:
River, glacier, underground water, winds, sea waves are the major agents of denudation.

Question 25.
Which denudation agent is formed V shaped valleys?
Answer:
River denudation is formed v shaped valleys.

Question 26.
Define the source of the river?
Answer:
The place of its origin of the river is called a source of the river

Question 27.
Define the Mouth of the river?
Answer:
The place where the river reaches its end or sea is called the mouth of the river.

Question 28.
Where the natural levees are found?
Answer:
Natural levees are found in lower course of the river.

Question 29.
What type of lakes is found in the flood plain?
Answer:
Ox-bow Lake is found in the flood plain.

Question 30.
What is Course of river?
Answer:
The path of the river in which it flows from its source to its mouth is called Course of the River.’

Question 31.
What is River Mouth?
Answer:
The place where the river meets or drains into a sea or an ocean is called River mouth.

Question 32.
What is River Basin?
Answer:
The area drained by a river, and its tributaries including distributaries form “River basin”.

Question 33.
What is Water divide?
Answer:
A ridge of high land which separate two river (stream) system is called ‘Water shed’.

Question 34.
What is confluence?
Answer:
The place where a tributary river joins the main river or another river is called confluence.

Question 35.
What is Erosion?
Answer:
The process of wearing and taking away the part of rock is known as ‘Erosion’.

Question 36.
What is Catchment Area?
Answer:
It is the region from which a river or stream receives water from different sources.

Question 37.
What are the three stages of a river course?
Answer:
Youth stage, mature stage and old stage are the three stages of a river course.

Question 38.
What are the three types of works of agents of denudation?
Answer:
Erosion, transportation and deposition are the three stages of denudation.

Question 39.
What is a drainage basin?
Answer:
The entire region through which a river flows with its tributaries is called the river basin.

Question 40.
What is limnology?
Answer:
The scientific study of lakes and ponds with respect to their physical, chemical and biological.

Question 41.
In which stage of the river waterfalls are found?
Answer:
In upper course or Youth stage waterfalls are formed.

Question 42.
Who used the term of Delta for the first time in the world?
Answer:
The term delta was first used by the Greek historian Herodotus.

Question 43.
What are the pot holes?
Answer:
The irregular river bed with boulders, the river water develops spirals and whirlpools. The rock pieces during circulation along with water grind out circular holes in the bed rocks. They are known as pot holes.

Question 44.
Which is the highest water fall in the world?
Answer:
Angel falls of Venezuela (Orinoco River) is the highest water fall in the world.

Question 45.
On which river is Niagara Falls found?
Answer:
The Niagara Falls, located on the Niagara River draining Lake Erie into lake Ontario in the North America.

Question 46.
Why denudation is also called degradation?
Answer:
The word denudation is used to denote the process of wearing away of the earth’s surface. It includes the process of degradation.

Question 47.
What is river confluence?
Answer:
The point where the river joins the other is called confluence.

Question 48.
Mention the types of delta?
Answer:
Accurate or triangular delta and Bird foot delta are the major type of delta

Question 49.
What is floatation?
Answer:
The light material like wood floats down the river. This is known as Floatation.

Question 50.
What is Siltation?
Answer:
Small fragments of rocks move downward by leaping and jumping along the bed of a river. This work is known siltation.

Question 51.
What is suspension?
Answer:
Fine powder like mud or salt is suspended in water and is carried away to a great distance. This work is known as suspension.

Question 52.
What is solution?
Answer:
Chemicals like lime are dissolved in waster and are carried in solution form. This work is known as solution.

Question 53.
What is Traction?
Answer:
Bigger rock pieces like gravels, pebbles and boulders are dragged or rolled along the bed by the force of running water and these rock prices also help in the work of erosion. This process is known as traction.

1st PUC Geography Landforms Two Marks Questions And Answers

Question 1.
State the difference between Endogenic and Exogenic forces? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
These are mainly the land building forces. Diastrophisnr includes all these processes tat move, elevate or build portions of the earth’s crust. The internal forces are also known as endogenic forces.

These forces are found on the surface of the Earth, Which bring changes through degradation and aggradations process. River, glacier, wind, sea waves are the major sources of external forces.

Question 2.
What is Mass movement? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
Mass movement includes a variety of gravity induced movements of slope material, but excludes transportation by running water, wind, and glacier. Transfer of one mass of rock debris down the slopes is the regular activity of mass movement. Rockfall, talus, Earth flows, landslides, are the major forms of mass movements.

Question 3.
Name any two types of weathering processes? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
The process of disintegration and decomposition of rocks is known as “Weathering”. Temperature, pressure, rainfall, frost, wind, plants, animals, and human beings are responsible for weathering.

Question 4.
Distinguish between Oxidation and Hydration? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:

The rain water with oxygen reacts on rocks containing iron and produce oxides. This chemical reaction is known as Oxidation.

The rock minerals take up water, the increased volume creates physical stress within the rock. As a result certain minerals like feldspar and gypsum are reduced into powder. This process is called “Hydration”.

Question 5.
How does Biological weathering take place? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
The roots of the plant grow through soil and in the cracks of rocks to find water and minerals. As the roots grow deep in the rock they widen and disintegrate the rocks, The burrowing animals like rats, rabbits, ants influence in the braking up of rocks. The human activities on the earth surface like mining, agriculture, quarrying, and deforestation rocks are disintegrated on a large scale.

Question 6.
Name any two types of weathering processes? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
Physical weathering and chemical weathering are the major types of weathering.

Question 7.
Distinguish between Oxidation and Hydration? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
The rain water with oxygen reacts on rocks containing iron and produce oxides. This chemical ‘ reaction is known as Oxidation.

The rock minerals take up water, the increased volume creates physical stress within the rock. As a result certain minerals like feldspar and gypsum are reduced into powder. This process is called “Hydration”.

Question 8.
How does Biological weathering take place? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
The roots of the plant grow through soil and in the cracks of rocks to find water and minerals. As the roots grow deep in the rock they widen and disintegrate the rocks. The burrowing animals like rats, rabbits, ants influence in the braking up of rocks. The human activities on the earth surface like mining, agriculture, quarrying, and deforestation rocks are disintegrated on a large scale.

Question 9.
What is solution?
Answer:
Rain water is able to dissolve certain minerals in the soil, such as potash, rock salt and gypsum. Then, minerals are taken to the lower layers of the soil and the rock’s chemical composition changes. This process is called solution. This happens in very wet regions.

Question 10.
What is block disintegration?
Answer:
Due to temperature variation, there is continuous expansion and contraction in the rocks causing tension and stress. Later these rocks disintegrate into blocks known as ‘Block distintegration’.

Question 11.
What is granular disintegration?
Answer:
Rocks consist of different types of minerals. Some minerals get heated faster than others. As a result of differential expansion of minerals, the rocks break up into mineral grains. This is called granular disintegration.

Question 12.
What is chemical weathering?
Answer:
Chemical weathering causes decay and decomposition of rocks. It is carried out chiefly by rain water atmospheric gases as well as minerals of the rocks. Chemical weathering reduced the size of rocks and also results in decomposition.

Question 13.
What is Exfoliation?
Answer:
Due to the heat of the Sun, outer surface of rocks gets heated up, but inside it remains almost cool. This makes the rock to expand and crack. The think layer of rocks peeis off, like the peeling of an onion. This process is called “Exfoliation”.

Question 14.
What Hydration?
Answer:
The rock minerals take up water, the increased volume creates physical stress within the rock. As a result certain minerals like feldspar and gypsum are reduced into powder. This process is called “Hydration”.

Question 15.
Mention two agents of mechanical weathering.
Answer:
Temperature, frost, wind, gravitation and sea-waves are the agents of mechanical weathering.

Question 16.
Mention any two agents of denudation? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
The natural agents which are responsible for the modeling and shaping of the Earth’s surface are called “Agents of Denudation”.

• River-Its activity is common in the drainage regions
• Glaciers- Its activity is widespread in the polar and high mountain regions.

Question 17.
What is Canyon? Give example? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
It is a wide, deep and steep valley almost with vertical walls like feature found in the arid or semi arid regions is called ‘Canyon’ eg. Grand Canyon of River Colorado in USA.

Question 18.
Distinguish between Meanders and Ox-bow lakes? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
In the plain section, the river flows slowly because of gentle slopes heavy load. In this course even with a little abstruction, the river takes a turn rather than eroding. Such ‘S’ shaped curves of the-river are called meanders.
The river which flows through the shorter route leaving the curve of the meander cut off and crescent shaped lake is formed known as Ox-bow lakes.

Question 19.
What is Delta? Name any two types of delta? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
A triangular shaped alluvial deposition formed at the mouth of the river is called ‘Delta. Important types of deltas are a. Arcuate or common delta b. Bird-foot delta

Question 20.
Mention the difference between Tributaries and Distributaries? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
A tributary is that river which joins the main river and increases the volume of water. It is generally found in the upper or the middle course of a river, eg. Yamuna is the main tributary of Ganga.

A distributary is that river which originates from a main river. It is formed near the river’s mouth before it falls into the sea. It is found in the lower course of the river. Eg. Hooghly is the main distributary of the Ganga.

Question 21.
What is Erosion? Mention the types of erosion.
Answer:
The process of wearing and taking away the part of rock is known as ‘Erosion’. There are two types of erosion, a. Mechanical erosion b. Chemical erosion.

Question 22.
What are Gorges?
Answer:
As a result of vertical down cutting of the river, particularly in the resistant rock beds, the valleys are deep with steep sided walls known as gorges. For example rivers like Indus, Brahmaputra has carved out deep gorges in the Himalayan Mountains while entering India.

Question 23.
What is triangular delta?
Answer:
These are most common in every continent of the world. The Nile delta is a best example. Most of the India Rivers draining into the Bay of Bengal have formed Arcuarate Delta.

Question 24.
What is Bird foot delta?
Answer:
It resembles the talons of a bird and is formed with the deposition of finer sediments carried down by the river in suspension. The delta of Missippi is a best example of this type.

Question 25.
What is Corrosion?
Answer:
The beds or sides of the river are scratched or cut with the help of the load that the river carries. Thus the valleys are depended or widened. This is called corrosion or abrasion.

Question 26.
What is Attrition?
Answer:
The rock pieces carried by the river dash against each other and break into smaller pieces, and are rounded to form pebbles. This is called attrition.

Question 27.
What are rapids?
Answer:
These features are formed as a result of unequal erosion of different rock beds of the river course. When soft and hard layers are arranges vertically one after the other, soft riverbeds are more eroded than the hard layers. So the water jumps over the hard layer. If the jumps are small they are known as rapids.

Question 28.
What is transportation?
Answer:
The rock pieces carried by the river form the load. Steep slopes and large volume of water help the transportation of the load. Lighter marital is carried further down the river than heavier material.

Question 29.
What are Alluvial fans?
Answer:
A fan-shaped land form, composed of alluvium deposits, formed where a river enters a main valley form a mountain area or a gently sloping plain is called alluvial fan.

Question 30.
What are ox-bow lakes?
Answer:
A small crescent-shaped lake in a flood plain of a river’is called ox-bow Lake.

Question 31.
What is Meanders?
Answer:
A curve or loop in the course of a river channel is called river meander. The bends in the river are called meanders.

Question 32.
What is a natural levee?
Answer:
Natural embankments built up by a river along the edge of its channels are known as natural levees. These are formed during floods.

Question 33.
What is the erosional work of the river as an agent of denudation?
Answer:
Erosion: Erosion is the wearing away of the land surface. It is faster, if the slope is steep, the volume of Water is more. The speed of the flow is great and the rocks are soft. The erosion work of river consists of four actions. Hydraulic, abrasion, attrition on and solution.

Question 34.
What is Hydraulic action?
Answer:
This is mechanical action done by running waster by wasting away the loose rock material which is disintegrated due to weathering. This process is called hydraulic action

Question 35.
What is Abrasion?
Answer:
The beds or sides of the river are scattered or cut with the help of the load that the river carries. Thus the valleys are deepened or widened. This is called abrasion.

Question 36.
What are the Iandforras formed in Erosion work of rivers:
Answer:
The erosion work of rivers forms certain kinds of landforms. They are V shaped valleys gorges, canyons, waterfalls, rapids, cascades and pot holes.
V = Shaped valley: A river with v cross section is called V shaped valley.
Gorgers: A very deep and narrow valley with very steep sides is known a s a gorge

Question 37.
What is Canyons?
Answer:
Deep valleys with step, almost vertical walls are called canyons
Waterfall: A vertical drop of water from a great height along the course of a river is called a waterfall.

Question 38.
What is potomology?
Answer:
The scientific study of rivers.

Question 39.
What is Cascades?
Answer:
A series.of rapids bit and small, are known as cascades.

Question 40.
What are the processes of Transportation by river?
Answer:
Rivers transport rock pieces form one placed to another. This is known as transportation. The rock materials carried by the river from the upper course to the lower course are called the load of the river. Steep slopes and larger volume of water help the transportation of the load. The river caries its load in four different ways. They are: flotation and siltation, suspension, solution and traction.

Question 41.
What is Flotation and saltation?
Answer:
The light material like wood floats owns the river. This is known as floatation. Some fragments of the rocks move downward by leaping and jumping along the bed of a river. This is known as saltation.

Question 42.
What is Suspension?
Answer:
Some particles like mud or salt is suspended in water and is carried away to a greater distance. This is known as suspension

Question 43.
What is load?
Answer:
The rock materials and eroded particles carried by a river is called load.

Question 44.
What is Traction
Answer:
Bigger rock pieces like gravel,-pebbles, boulders etc. are dragged and rolled along the bed by the force of running water. This process is called traction.

Question 45.
What is alluvial fan?
Answer:
A fan shaped land form, composed of alluvium deposits. Formed where a river enters a main valley from a mountain area or a gently sloping plain is called alluvial fan.

Question 46.
What is Flood plain?
Answer:
A low-lying land that borders a river which has been formed form the deposition of sediments carried down by the river is called “flood plain”.

Question 47.
What are potholes?
Answer:
These are the small depressions in the rocky beds of the river valley. They are formed by corrosion. Pebbles, sand and small rocks are carried by the river swirled around on the river bed.

1st PUC Geography Landforms Five Marks Questions And Answers

Question 1.
What is landform? Explain the different types of geomorphic processes. ?(T.B.Qn)
Answer:
A land form is any natural formation of rock and dirt, found on the earth. A landform can be as. large as a mountain range or as small as a hill. Landforms are natural features of the landscape, natural physical features of the earth’s surface eg. Valleys, plateaus, Mountains, plains, hills loess plains. The minor landforms include hills, ridges, valleys, basin etc. According to Geo-scientist the landforms are formed by the forces acting from the interior and on the surface of the Earth.

The processes carried out by Endogenic and Exogenic forces are called geomorphic processes. Endogenic forces: The internal forces are also known as endogenic forces. These are mainly the land building forces. Diastrophism includes all these processes; that move, elevate or build portions of the earth’s crust.

The internal forces are also known as endogenic forces. Exogenic Forces: The external forces are also known as Exogenic forces. These forces are found on the surface of the Earth, Which bring changes through degradation and aggradations process. River, glacier, wind, sea waves are the major sources of external forces.

Question 2.
Describe the factors affecting Physical weathering? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
The disintegration of rocks without any chemical change in their compost in is known as mechanical or physical weathering. The disintegration of rocks occurs mainly due to the influence of temperature variation, frost action, wind action, rainwater, etc.

A. Surface are heated and expand. During the nights the rock surfaces are cooled due to , fall in temperature, rocks contact. The repetition of exemptions and contraction causes tension and stress which leads to cracks in the rocks. Then the rocks disintegrate into i blocks. This process is known as Block disintegration, Rocks are made of different types of minerals.

So the different parts of the same rock mass react differently to temperature. This leads to differential expansion and contraction inside the rocks. The rocks break up into smaller grains. This process of weathering is, called “Granular disintegration”. Due to variat Temperature in the upper and lower layers, the outer layers of rocks peel out into the uric shells. This process of weathering is known as “Exfoliation”.

B. Frost: Rocks are disintegrated due to freezing and thawing of water in the cracks or joints in the rocks. This frost action is more important in the temperate and cold regions. The water present in the cracks of rocks freezes during the night due to fall in temperature below freezing point. When water freezes it expands by 1/10 its volume. It thaws (melts) during the day, due to increase of temperature and it contracts in volume. This alternative freezing and melting of water widens other cracks in the rocks, splits and breaks then into blocks. This is known as frost shattering.

C. Rain: Sometimes, when rain falls suddenly on highly heated rocks in hot desert numerous cracks are developed. This is just like a heated chimney of a lamp, when a drop of water falls on it. The repetition of this mechanism causes disintegration of rocks. In humid region, when torrential rain occurs, the drops strike the rock surface and loosen the particles.

D. Wind: In the deserts the wind blows with greater speed carrying with it sand and rock materials, they collide with each other or strike against the loose rock and cause weathering. In deserts the wind cause this type of weathering on a large scale.

E. Sea waves: Sea waves strike the costal rocks. Repeated striking enlarges the incipient joints. Fractures and cause breaking of rocks into small blocks. Weathering also takes place due to hydraulic pressure, abrasion and attrition caused.

F. Slope: A steep slope helps in weathering. In mountainous and hilly area, sometimes, on account of gravity, blocks of rocks move down the slope while rolling down the slope, they strike against other block and break up into pieces.

G Gravitation: the gravity of Earth makes the huge rocks to roll towards the slope. Rolling rocks strike against each other and break up into pieces.

Question 3.
Explain chemical weathering with examples. (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
Disintegration and Decomposition of rocks by chemical processes is called “Chemical weathering”.
In this process secondary or new minerals are developed from the original minerals of the rocks. The rain water and atmospheric gases are the main agents of chemical weathering. It is vey common in humid regions.

There are four types of chemical weathering process. They are:

a. Oxidation: The rain water with oxygen reacts on rocks containing iron and produce oxides. This chemical reaction is known as “oxidation”. The common process of rusting of iron is an example of oxidation. .

b. Carbonation: The rain water with carbon-di-oxide becomes a weak carbonic acid and it reacts with calcium carbonate or limestone to form calcium bicarbonate, which dissolves easily. This process is called “Carbonation”. It is very active in limestone regions.

c. Hydration: The rock minerals take up water the increased volume creates physical stress within the rock. As a result certain minerals like feldspar and gypsum are reduced into powder. This process is called “Hydration”.

d. Solution: The rain water is able to dissolve some of the soluble minerals, such as rock- salt, gypsum, potash. This process is called “Solution”.

Question 4.
Explain Biological weathering with examples.
Answer:
The disintegration of rocks caused by plants, animals and human beings is called “Biological Weathering”.
(a) Plants: The roots of the plant grow through soil and in the cracks of rocks to find water and minerals. As the roots grow deep in the rock they widen and disintegrate the rocks. This process is rn’ost prominent in thick forests and vegetative regions.

(b) Animals: The burrowing animals like rats, rabbits, ants, earthworms and termites influence in the breaking up of rocks and make passages below the ground. The seepage of air and water through these passage results in rapid weathering of rocks.

(c) Human beings: Human beings play an important role weathering of rocks, through activities like agriculture, mining quarrying, oil drilling, deforestation etc.

Question 5.
Explain the process of Physical weathering with examples.
Answer:
The disintegration of rocks by mechanical way and without any chemical changes is called “Mechanical weathering”. It is also called “physical weathering”.
The process of Mechanical weathering is in various forms, depending the types of rock. They are:

a. Block disintegration: Due to temperature variation, there is continuous expansion and contraction in the rocks causing tension and stress. Later these rocks disintegrate into blocks known as “Block Disintegration”.

b. Granular disintegration: Rocks consist of several types of minerals and these minerals
react differently to heat. As a result, the rocks break into different mineral grain known as “Granular Disintegration”.

c. Exfoliation: Due to the heat of the Sun, outer surfaced of rocks gets heated up, but inside it remains almost cool. This makes the rockto expand and crack. The thin layer of rocks peels off, like the peeling of an onion. This process is called “Exfoliation”.

Question 6.
Explain the types of River Course.
Answer:
The entire path of the river from source to mouth is divided into three courses.

a. The upper course: It is near the source of a river and is normally found in mountainous areas. Here erosional work is dominant, because the river flows I steep slopes with great velocity. This stage of the river course is known as ‘Young Stage’.

b. The Middle course: The middle course begins when the river enters the plateau and plains from the mountains the dominant work of the river in this stage is transportation. This stage of the river course is called ‘Mature stage’.

c. The lower course: It is the plain course of a river neat its mouth. In the lower course the slope is very gentle, the valley is broad, the speed of the river is very slow, and hence deposition work is dominant. This stage f the river is known as ‘Old Stage’.

1st PUC Geography Landforms Ten Marks Questions And Answers

Question 1.
Describe the Landforms associated to work of river. (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
River is an important external agent of denudation on the ever-changing face of the Earth. The work of river is more or less common in all the drainage systems of the world.
The work of river consists of three closely interrelated activities.

1. Erosional work: The process of wearing and taking away the part of rock is known as ‘Erosion’. It depends upon the volume and velocity of water, nature of slope and the nature of rocks. The erosional work of the river is performed in two ways.
a. The Mechanical and b. The Chemical erosion.
There are various Iandforms associated to erosional work of river.

a. ’V’ Shaped valley: In the mountain course the speed of the river is greater and volume is less. As the water rushes down the steep slopes there is maximum vertical , or later erosion. The rapid down cutting or vertical erosion results in the formation of ‘V’shaped valley.

b. Gorge: A deep and narrow valley with steep rocky, sides in the river course is known as ‘Gorge’. They are formed by the regular vertical cutting by the rivers in the valleys eg. Narmada gorge.

c. I shape valley: Avey steep, deep river valley formed by the river, lookinglike T, is called ‘I’ Shaped valley. These are very deep compared to gorges.

d. Canyon: It is a wide, deep and steep valley almost with vertical walls like feature found in the arid or semi arid regions is called ‘Canyon’ eg. Grand Canyon of River Colorado in USA.

e. Potholes: These are the small depressions in the rocky beds of other river valley. They are formed by corrosion. Pebbles, sand and small rocks carried by the river swirled around on the river bed. This action erodes the rock on the river bed forming potholes.

f. Waterfalls: Huge volume of water falling from a great height along the course of a river is called “Waterfalls’. They are formed when the hard and soft rocks come in the way of flowing river. The soft rock gets eroded faster and hard rock does not erode easily. Therefore huge amount of water falls from great height and creates waterfalls. Eg. The Jog falls, The Angel falls, The Victoria falls.

g. River Capture: It is formed mainly due to head-ward erosion by the river near its source. When the source of a river is captured by another major and strong river it is called‘River Capture’.

2. Transportational work: The process of carrying away the eroded materials is known as ‘Transportation’. The rock materials and eroded particles carried by a river is called its Load. The transportation capacity of a river is based on velocity of water, volume of water, load, slope, smooth valley floor etc.

The major landforms associated with the transportational work of the river are:

a. Alluvial fans: The term alluvium refers to the debris transported and deposited by rivers. When the fast flowing river enters the plateau or plain region, it experience sudden decline in gradient and obstruction in its path. Due to obstruction of the river spreads and deposits many of its light materials in fan shape known as ‘alluvial fans’.

b. Alluvial cones: In the plateau and foot hill region when the river spreads out, the eroded materials carried by the river is deposited in conical shape called ‘Alluvial cones’.

3. Depositional work: The process of carrying and accumulating the eroded materials by the river at the lower course is called ‘deposition’. In the lower course due to gentle slope the river slows down and deposits most of its materials on the banks, course and the mouth.

The important landforms resulting from depositional work of the river are:

a. Meanders: In the lower course, river flows slowly in zig zag or curved manner due . to smaller obstruction in its path. A curve or loop formed by the river in its path is called ‘Meander’. When the river course formed by such crescent shaped loops due to continuous lateral deposition it is called meandering course.

b. Ox-bow Lakes: The ox-bow lakes are formed by depositional and erosional actions taking place simultaneously and they are a result of excessive meandering. The River which flows through the shorter route leaving the curve of the meander cut off and crescent shaped lake is formed known as‘Ox-bow lakes’.

c. Flood Plains: When the river is in floods the water overflows on its bank and spreads in the surrounding regions. The silt carried by the water gets deposited in these areas and creates flat plains on both the banks of the rive known as ‘Flood Plains’.

d. Delta: A triangular shaped alluvial deposition forced at the mouth of the river is called ‘Delta’. Important types of deltas are

a. Arcuate or Common delta
b. Bird-foot delta

e. Distributaries: As the river approaches the sea or Ocean, due to reduction in gradient, joining of tributaries, its volume increases, speed decreases hence, the rivet begins to break up into a number of branches from the main river called ‘Distributaries’.

f. Estuary: Estuaries are the tidal mouth of a river having a narrow, gradually widening lay at the mouth. In Estuary River water is mixed with seawater. Eg. The Narmada estuary, The Kali estuary.

You can Download Chapter 13 मीराबाई के पद Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers Sahitya Vaibhav Chapter 13 मीराबाई के पद

मीराबाई के पद Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

I. एक शब्द या वाक्यांश या वाक्य में उत्तर लिखिए:

प्रश्न 1.
मीराबाई ने किसे अपना आराध्य माना?
उत्तर:
मीराबाई ने श्री कृष्ण (गिरिधर गोपाल) को अपना आराध्य माना।

प्रश्न 2.
मीराबाई ने किसके लिए सारा जग छोड़ा?
उत्तर:
मीराबाई ने श्री कृष्ण (गिरिधर गोपाल) के लिए सारा जग छोड़ा।

प्रश्न 3.
मीराबाई ने किसकी संगति में बैठकर लोक-लाज छोडा?
उत्तर:
मीराबाई ने साधुओं की संगति में बैठकर लोक-लाज छोड़ा।

प्रश्न 4.
मीराबाई ने कृष्ण प्रेम को किससे सींचा?
उत्तर:
मीराबाई ने कृष्ण प्रेम को आँसुओं से सींचा।

प्रश्न 5.
विष का प्याला किसने भेजा था?
उत्तर:
विष का प्याला राणा ने भेजा था।

प्रश्न 6.
मीराबाई की लगन किसमें लगी है?
उत्तर:
मीराबाई की लगन अपने इष्ट गिरिधर गोपाल में लगी है।

प्रश्न 7.
श्रीकृष्ण के चरणकमल कैसे हैं?
उत्तर:
श्रीकृष्ण के चरणकमल अविनासी हैं।

प्रश्न 8.
किसका घमंड नहीं करना चाहिए?
उत्तर:
मनुष्य देह (शरीर) का घमंड नहीं करना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 9.
यह संसार किसका खेल है?
उत्तर:
यह संसार चिड़ियों का खेल है।

प्रश्न 10.
मीराबाई किन बन्धनों को नष्ट करने के लिए प्रार्थना करती हैं?
उत्तर:
मीराबाई सांसारिक बन्धनों को नष्ट करने की प्रार्थना करती हैं।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 11.
मीराबाई का मन किसे देखकर रोता है?
उत्तर:
मीराबाई का मन जग (इस संसार) को देखकर रोता है।

प्रश्न 12.
मीराबाई ने प्रेम मग्न होकर क्या पी लिया?
उत्तर:
मीराबाई ने प्रेम मग्न होकर विष का प्याला पी लिया।

प्रश्न 13.
देह किसमें मिल जाएगी?
उत्तर:
देह मिट्टी में मिल जाएगी।

प्रश्न 14.
कौन स्वयं को कृष्ण की दासी मानती है?
उत्तर:
मीरा स्वयं को कृष्ण की दासी मानती हैं।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिएः

प्रश्न 1.
मीराबाई की कृष्णभक्ति का वर्णन कीजिए।
उत्तर:
मीराबाई कृष्ण की अनन्य भक्त है। वह अपना सब कुछ कृष्ण के लिए समर्पित करती है। वह कहती है, मेरे तो केवल गिरधर गोपाल हैं, दूसरा कोई नहीं है। इसी कारण मैं ने उसे पाने के लिए भाई-बन्धु, समस्त परिवार को छोड़ दिया है। साधु-संतों की संगती में बैठकर लोक लाज़ खोया है। अपने आँसुओं से सींच-सींच कर अपने हृदय में कृष्ण के प्रेम की बेल बो लिया है। जब राणा ने मुझे कृष्ण भक्ति से विमुख करने के लिए विष का प्याला भेजा तो प्रसन्नता से पी लिया। मेरी लगन गिरधर कृष्ण से लग गई है, यह छूट नहीं सकती।

प्रश्न 2.
मीराबाई ने जीवन के सार तत्व को कैसे अपना लिया?
उत्तर:
मीराबाई ने अपने इष्ट गिरधर गोपाल की सच्चे मन से भक्ति की है। उसने जीवन के सारतत्व को अपना लिया है। अर्थात् तीर्थाटन, व्रत-उपवास अथवा कासी में करवट लेने जैसे पाखंड (दिखावटी) भक्ति न करके, काया-वाचा-मनसा वाली सच्ची भक्ति की है।

प्रश्न 3.
मीराबाई ने जीवन की नश्वरता के सम्बन्ध में क्या कहा हैं?
उत्तर:
मीराबाई के अनुसार धरती और आसमान में जितनी दूर तक दृष्टि जाए, सबकुछ नश्वर है। जो जन्म लेता है, वह एक-न-एक दिन अवश्य मरता है। यह शरीर नश्वर है। मनुष्य को इस नाशवान शरीर के लिए गर्व नहीं करना चाहिए। क्योंकि यह शरीर मिट्टी से बना है और मिट्टी में मिल जायेगा। यह जीवन चिड़ियों के खेल के समान है, जीवन की साँझ होते ही सबकुछ खतम हो जायेगा।

प्रश्न 4.
मीराबाई सांसारिक बन्धन से क्यों मुक्ति चाहती हैं?
उत्तर:
मीराबाई का मानना है कि इस संसार में जो आता है, वह मोह-माया के बन्धन में फँस जाता है और वह ऐसी स्थिति में ईश्वर को नहीं पा सकता। इतना ही नहीं, उसे मुक्ति या मोक्ष भी मिलना कठिन हो जाता है। इस आकाश और भूमि के बीच दिखाई पड़नेवाला सब नष्ट होनेवाला है। तीर्थयात्रा, वृत, ज्ञान की बातें, और काशी में करवट लेने की बात झूठी और आडंबर मात्र है। शरीर का घमण्ड नहीं करना है। यदि ईश्वर को पाना है और मोक्ष पाना है, तो संसार के बन्धनों से छुटकारा पाना अति आवश्यक है। इसलिए मीराबाई इस सांसारिक बन्धन से मुक्ति चाहती है।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 5.
मीराबाई ने उनके ऊपर हुए अनाचारों का वर्णन कैसे किया है?
उत्तर:
मीराबाई कहती हैं- राणा ने मुझे भगवान की भक्ति से विमुख करने के लिए विष का प्याला भेजा था, जिसे मैने प्रसन्न होकर पी लिया। राणा नहीं चाहते थे कि उनके घराने की स्त्री साधुओं के साथ सत्संग करें। राणा ने तरह तरह से उन्हें यातनाएँ दी।

प्रश्न 6.
‘मीराबाई की भक्ति दैन्य एवं माधुर्य भाव की है’- इस कथन को स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
मीरा की कृष्ण भक्ति में दैन्य और माधुर्य भाव का अद्भुत समन्वय है। वे कृष्ण की दैन्य भाव अर्थात् दास भाव से भी भक्ति करती हैं तो वे कृष्ण की सखा, प्रियतम, पति रूप में मानकर माधुर्य भाव से भक्ति भी करती है।

III. ससंदर्भ भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए:

प्रश्न 1.
म्हारां री गिरधर गोपाल दूसरां न कूयां।
दूसरां न कोवां साधां सकल लोक जूयां।
भाया छांड्या बंधां छांड्या सगां सूयां।
साधां संग बैठ बैठ लोक लाज खूया।
भगत देख्यां राजी ह्ययां जगत देख्यां रुयां।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘मीराबाई के पद’ से लिया गया है, जिसकी रचयिता मीराबाई हैं।
संदर्भ : प्रस्तुत पद में मीराबाई कहती हैं कि मैंने सारा संसार देख लिया है इस संसार में कोई किसी का नहीं होता है, एक प्रभु कृष्ण ही हैं और कोई नहीं है।
स्पष्टीकरण : मीराबाई कहती हैं कि मेरे तो गिरधर गोपाल हैं, दूसरा कोई नहीं है। साधुसंतों के बीच बैठकर मैं खुश हूँ और अपने इष्ट की प्राप्ति के लिए ही मैंने भाई-बन्धु तथा अपने सगे-संबंधियों को छोड़ दिया है। साधुसंग बैठकर मैंने लोकलाज त्याग दी है। भक्तों की संगत उन्हें खुशी देती है। जगत के लोगों का इस तरह संसार रूपी मायाजाल में फँसा देखकर उन्हें रोना आता है। लोग इस बात को नहीं जानते। मैं तो कृष्ण की दीवानी हूँ।

प्रश्न 2.
या देही रो गरब ना करना माटी मा मिल जासी।
यो संसार चहर री बाजी साँझ पड्या उठ जासी।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘मीराबाई के पद’ से लिया गया है। इसकी रचयिता मीराबाई हैं।
संदर्भ : प्रस्तुत पद में मीराबाई शरीर की नश्वरता, क्षणभंगुरता के बारे में बता रही हैं।
स्पष्टीकरण : मीराबाई आमजन को संदेश देती हुई कहती हैं कि इस शरीर पर घमंड नहीं करना चाहिए। इसका नष्ट होना तय है। यह मिट्टी का शरीर मिट्टी में ही मिल जाएगा। इस पर क्या गर्व करना? अर्थात् पंचमहाभूत से बना यह शरीर पंचमहाभूत में ही विलिन हो जाएगा। इसलिए अपने जीवन को सार्थक कामों में लगाना चाहिए। यह संसार चिड़िया के खेल की तरह है। जिस प्रकार चिड़िया दिनभर कलरव करती हैं, व्यस्त रहती हैं और शाम होते ही अपने घौंसलों में लौट जाती है, वैसे ही यह जीवन भी है। इसको भी एक दिन अपना काम समेटकर उठ जाना है। विशेष : भाषा राजस्थानी मिश्रित हिन्दी।
शरीर की क्षणभंगुरता का संदेश।
पंचमहाभूत – अग्नि, जल, हवा, आकाश एवं पृथ्वी।

मीराबाई के पद कवयित्री का परिचयः

मध्यकालीन कृष्णभक्ति काव्यधारा की श्रेष्ठ कवयित्री मीराबाई का जन्म राजस्थान में मेड़ता के पास कुड़की (चौकड़ी) नामक स्थान पर सन् 1498 में हुआ था। मीराबाई जोधपुर के महाराजा राव रत्नसिंह की पुत्री और उदयपुर के राजकुमार भोजराज की पत्नी थीं। विवाह के थोड़े समय .. के बाद ही वे विधवा हो गयी और बचपन की कृष्णभक्ति की प्रवृत्ति पुनः जाग उठी। आपकी मृत्यु सन् 1546 में हुई।

प्रमुख रचनाएँ : ‘गीत गोविंद की टीका’, ‘नरसी जी रो माहेरो’, ‘राग-गोविन्द’, ‘सोरठ संग्रह’, ‘मीरा की पदावली’ आदि हैं। मीराबाई की काव्य भाषा राजस्थानी, गुजराती और ब्रज मिश्रित है।
प्रस्तुत पदों में मीराबाई ने कृष्ण को अपना प्रियतम माना है। दर्द और भावों की गहरी अनुभूति मीराबाई के काव्य की विशेषता है। आपने अपने ऊपर होनेवाले अत्याचारों का भी विरोध किया है। मीराबाई की भक्ति दैन्य एवं माधुर्यभाव की है।

पद का भावार्थः

1) म्हारां री गिरधर गोपाल दूसरां न कूयां।
दूसरां न कोवां साधां सकल लोक जूयां।
भाया छांड्या बंधां छांड्या सगां सूयां।
साधां संग बैठ बैठ लोक लाज खूया।
भगत देख्यां राजी ह्ययां जगत देख्यां रूयां।
असवां जल सींच सींच प्रेम बेल बूयां।
राणा विषरो प्याला भेज्यां पीय मगन हुयां।
अब तो बात फैल पड्या जाणं सब कूयां।
मीरां री लगन लग्यां होना होजू हूँया।

भावार्थ : मेरा तो गिरधर गोपाल के अलावा और कोई दूसरा नहीं है, अर्थात् वही मेरा एकमात्र प्राणाधार (जीवन का आधार) है। हे साधु! मैंने सारा जग देख लिया है, कृष्ण के अतिरिक्त मेरा कोई दूसरा है ही नहीं। उस कृष्ण के लिए मैंने अपना भाई छोड़ दिया है; अर्थात् उसके लिए संसार के समस्त प्रिय रिश्ते-नाते छोड़ दिए हैं। मैंने साधुओं के पास बैठ-बैठ कर लोक की लाज को खो दिया है। कृष्णभक्त को देखकर मैं प्रसन्न होती हूँ और संसार की सांसारिकता को देखकर मुझे रोना आता है। मैंने अपने आँसुओं से सींच-सींच कर अपने हृदय में कृष्ण के प्रेम की बेल बो ली है और दही को मथ कर उसमें से घी निकाल लिया है तथा छाछ को छोड़ दिया है। अर्थात् सार तत्व ग्रहण कर लिया है और असार तत्व छोड़ दिया है। राणा ने मुझे कृष्ण भक्ति से विमुख करने के लिए विष का प्याला भेजा था, जिसे मैंने प्रसन्न होकर पी लिया। मीरा कहती है कि अब तो मेरी लंगन गिरधर कृष्ण से लग गई है, यह छूट नहीं सकती, चाहे जो हो।
विशेष : इसमें मीरा की अनन्य भक्ति की सुन्दर अभिव्यंजना हुई है।

Meera says that for her there is no one else except ‘Giridhar Gopala’ (Lord Krishna). He is the sole life-force of Meera. She says that she has seen the whole universe but, for her, there is none other than Lord Krishna. For that Krishna, Meera says, she has left her brother — that is, for the sake of Lord Krishna, Meera has abandoned even the closest of earthly ties. By sitting around with saints and ascetics for far too long, Meera has lost her worldly honour. She says that she finds pleasure in looking at devotees and in devotion to Lord Krishna itself, whereas the worldliness and materialism of the world bring her to tears. She says that with her tears, she has watered the plant of devotion to Lord Krishna, the seeds of which she had sown in her heart.

She says that she has churned the curd and extracted the butter (which Lord Krishna was very fond of), leaving only the buttermilk. Metaphorically, Meera is saying that she has imbibed all the good qualities and left out the bad ones. The Rana (her brother-in-law) sent her a vessel filled with poison, in order to release her from her devotion to Lord Krishna, which she drank happily with a smile. Meera says that she has been wed to Lord Krishna and now there is no undoing it, come what may.

शब्दार्थ :

• म्हारां – मेरा;
• कूयां – कोई;
• साधाँ – साधु;
• जूयां – देख लिया;
• न कोवो – न कोई;
• भाया – भाई;
• छांडया – छोड़ दिया;
• बंधा – बंधुलोग;
• सगां-सूयां – सगे-संबंधी;
• घूया – खो लिया;
• ह्ययां – हुई;
• रुयां – रोई;
• असवां – आँसू
• बूयां – बोया है;
• राणा – उदयपुर का राणा (मीराबाई का देवर);
• मगन – प्रसन्न।

2) भज मन चरण कंवल अविनासी ॥टेक॥
जेताइ दीसां धरनि गगन मां ते ताईं उठि जासी।
तीरथ बरतां आन कथन्तां कहा लयां करवत कासी।
या देही रो गरब ना करना माटी मा मिल जासी।
यो संसार चहर री बाजी साँझ पड्या उठ जासी।
कहा भयां था भगवां पहा, घर तज लयां संन्यासी।
जोगी होय जुगत ना जाना उलट जनम रां फाँसी।
अरज करंस अबला स्याम तुम्हारी दासी।
मीरां रे प्रभु गिरधर नागर कांट्या म्हारी गांसी॥

भावार्थ : हे मन! उस अविनाशी कृष्ण के चरण-कमलों का स्मरण कर। इस धरती और आकाश के बीच जितना जो कुछ भी दिखाई देता है, वह सबका सब नष्ट हो जायेगा। तीर्थयात्रा .. करना, व्रत रखना या ज्ञान की बातें कहना और काशी में करवट लेना आदि सब बातें झूठी हैं और आडम्बर हैं। इस शरीर का घमंड नहीं करना चाहिए। यह तो नश्वर है और एक दिन मिट्टी में मिल जायेगा। यह संसार तो चिड़ियों का खेल है, जो संध्या समय होते ही समाप्त हो जायेगा। इस भगवे कपड़े को पहनने से क्या लाभ और घर छोड़ संन्यास लेने से क्या फायदा, यदि योगी होकर मुक्ति को नहीं जान पाया। इस प्रकार केवल दिखावा करने से आवागमन (जीवन-मरण रूपी चक्र) की फाँसी समाप्त नहीं होती। हे श्याम! तुम्हारी दासी मीरा हाथ जोड़कर विनती कर रही है कि हे गिरिधर नागर! मेरे सांसारिक बंधनों को नष्ट कर दो।

Meera tells her mind to remember the lotus-feet of the immortal Lord Krishna. She says that whatever it is that can be seen between the earth and the sky will all be destroyed one day. Going on pilgrimages, keeping fasts, or talking about the wisdom or doing circumambulations in holy places like Kashi – all these acts are lies and false displays. One must not be proud of his bodily form. The body is impermanent and one day, it will be mixed with the earth.

What is the use of wearing these saffron clothes, and what is the use of leaving our home and becoming an ascetic, if one cannot ‘understand ‘Mukti’ (Nirvana) even after doing all this? Thus, just by showy acts and pomp, one cannot escape the unending cycle of births and deaths. Meera calls out to ‘Shyam’ (Lord Krishna) and tells Him that His servant/devotee Meera is calling out to her master, Giridhar (Lord Krishna), and asking Him to release her from worldly ties and earthly bonds.

शब्दार्थ :

• अविनासी – कभी न नाश होनेवाला;
• जेताई – जितना;
• दीसाँ – दिखाई देता है;
• तेताई – उतना ही, सब का सब;
• उठिजासी – नष्ट हो जाएगा;
• चहर री बाजी – चिड़ियों का खेल है;
• जुगत – युक्ति;
• गांसी – बंधन;
• बरता – बांटना;
• आन – मर्यादा;
• करूँसा – करूँगी;
• गरब – गर्व;
• अरज – आरजू;
• कांट्या – मुक्त कर देना।

Karnataka 1st PUC Geography Question Bank Chapter 3 Interior of the Earth

You can Download Chapter 3 Interior of the Earth Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Geography Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

1st PUC Geography Interior of the Earth One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is Continental Crust? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
This is the uppermost layer of the crust and the earth. The mean thickness of Continental Crust around 30km.

Question 2.
Name the discontinuity found between Mantle and Core. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Gutenberg/Oldham discontinuity found between Mantle and Core.

Question 3.
Why the inner core is called ‘solid core’? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
It is the lower layer of the Core consisting of hard molten rocks. Most of the materials are in molten form.

Question 4.
Mention the three major layers of the interior of the Earth.
Answer:
The three major layer of the interior of the Earth are the crust, the mantle and the core.

Question 5.
What is the crust?
Answer:
The outer or upper most thin and lightest layer of the earth is the crust.

Question 6.
What are the two layers of the lithosphere?
Answer:
Sial and Sima are layers of the lithosphere.

Question 7.
Where is Mohorovicic discontinuity?
Answer:
It is a boundary that separates the earth’s crust and the mantle.

Question 8.
Which layer is called pyrosphere?
Answer:
The layer lies in between the crust and the core of the earth is known as pyrosphere. It begins from Mohorovicic discontinuity and continues up to a depth of Gutenberg discontinuity.

Question 9.
What is Nife?
Answer:
The inner core of the barrysphere is called ‘Nife’ as it consists of Nickel and Ferrous (Iron).

Question 10.
Where is Gutenberg discontinuity?
Answer:
The boundary that separates the mantle from the core is known as ‘Gutenberg Discontinuity’.

Question 11.
Which zone is called as Mantle zone?
Answer:
The Pyrosphere is also called Mantle zone.

Question 12.
Which zone is called Core?
Answer:
The zone of Barrysphere is called as Core. It is the innermost layer of the earth.

Question 13.
What is Sima?
Answer:
The lower part of the earth’s crust is named as ‘Sima’ As it consists of Silica and Magnesium.

Question 14.
What is sial?
Answer:
The outer portion or top layer of the crust is made up of granite rocks in which silica and aluminum elements predominate is known as Sial.

Question 15.
Name the instrument used to record seismic waves. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Seismograph is used to record seismic waves.

Question 16.
Which is the most destructive earthquake wave? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Surface waves (long period waves) are most destructive earthquake wave.

Question 17.
Define Tsunami. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
A large sea wave occasionally experienced along the sea coast caused by an underwater or sub-marine earthquake is called Tsunami.

Question 18.
What is Homo-seismal line? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Lines drawn on the map to show the places recording the same time of occurrence of earthquake.

Question 19.
Mention the region which record more seismic activities in the world. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The Circum-pacific belt record more seismic activities in the world.

Question 20.
What are the three concentric zones of the earth?
Answer:
Lithosphere, Pyrosphre and the core are the three concentric zones of the earth.

Question 21.
What do you mean by Seismology?
Answer:
The science of study of earthquakes is called seismology.

Question 22.
What is iso-seismal line?
Lines drawn on the map to show the places experiencing the same intensity of earthquake.

Question 23.
What is Homo-seismal lines?
Answer:
Lines drawn on the map to show the places experiencing the same time of occurrence of earthquakes.

Question 24.
Mention the two scales of earthquakes.
Answer:

• Richter scale
• Mercalli Scale

Question 25.
What is co-seismal line?
Answer:
Lines drawn on the map to show the places experiencing same intensity and same time of occurrence of earthquake.

Question 26.
Which zone is called ‘Zone of fracture’?
Answer:
The mid-continental belt.

Question 27.
Which waves are called transverse waves
Answer:
Secondary waves.

Question 28.
Which zone is called Core
Answer:
The zone of Barrysphere is called as Core.

Question 29.
Who is ‘Seismologist’?
Answer:
The Person who is specialized in the study of earthquakes are called Seismologist.

Question 30.
Which waves are called ‘transverse’ waves?
Answer:
Secondary waves are called transverse waves.

Question 31.
What is Earthquakes?
Answer:
It means Vibration of the earth crust. The shaking or sudden vibration or series of vibrations are resulted from sudden movements of the earth’s crust.

Question 32.
What is seismograph?
Answer:
An instrument devised to record and measure the intensity of earthquake is known as ‘seismograph’.

Question 33.
What is Seismogram?
Answer:
It is the science which studies various aspects of seismic waves generated during the occurrence of earthquakes.

Question 34.
Where are the seismograph Stations established in India?
Answer:
In India, the seismograph centers are located at Kodaikanal (T.N), Poona, Kolaba (Maharashtra) Kolkata (W.B) and Gowribidnur (Karnataka).

Question 35.
Who and when postulated the elastic rebound theory?
Answer:
Elastic rebound theory was propounded by Harry Fielding Reid, and American Geologist in 1911.

Question 36.
What are the Tsunamis?
Answer:
These are the waves of greater height produced by the earthquakes in the oceans. Tsunami is a Japanese term. Tsu means port and nami means waves. Thus waves approaching the port are called Tsunamis.

Question 37.
Mention the waves of Earthquakes?
Answer:
There are three major waves

1. Primary waves (P)
2. Secondary waves (S) and Surface waves (L).

Question 38.
What is Focus?
Answer:
The place of the origin of an earthquake in the earth’s crust is called focus

Question 39.
Which earthquake belt is known as zone of fracture?
Answer:
The Mid- continental belt.

Question 40.
What is Epicenter?
Answer:
The point where the earthquake waves or shock waves reach the surface for the first time is called epicenter.

Question 41.
Which waves of earthquakes are highly destructive?
Answer:
The surface waves or Long wave are most destructive as they vibrate much.

Question 42.
Who invented the Richter scale?
Answer:
Charles Richter of U.S.A in invented Richter scale in 1935.

Question 43.
Mention the region which record more seismic activities in the world. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The Circum-pacific belt record more seismic activities in the world.

Question 44.
What is Volcano? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
A volcano is an opening in the crust of the Earth through which heated materials consisting of gases, hot water, lava and fragments of rocks are ejected from the interior of the Earth.

Question 45.
Name any one volcano of India. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Narcondam in Andaman & Nicobar Islands is also an important volcano of India.

Question 46.
Which Volcano is called ‘Lighthouse of the Mediterranean’?
Answer:
Stromboli is known as ‘Lighthouse of the Mediterranean’.

Question 47.
What is ‘Volcanology’?
Answer:
The scientific study of volcano is known as ‘Volcanology’

Question 48.
What is ‘Ring of Fire’?
Answer:
The circum-pacific belt is also called Pacific ‘Ring of Fire’. This belt experiences greater number of volcanoes.

Question 49.
State the derivation of the term volcano.
Answer:
The word volcano is derived from a hill located in the island ‘Volcano’ north of Sicily.

Question 50.
What is Vent?
Answer:
Vent refers to the passage in the earth’s crust through which lava and other volcanic materials are ejected. The vent, generally, occurs in the weaker part of the earth’s crust.

Question 51.
What is crater?
Answer:
A typical volcano is a cone-shaped hill with a pit like opening at the top. This opening which acts as the mouth of the volcano is called a crater.

Question 52.
What is Cone?
Answer:
Volcanic materials are ejected through the mouth of the volcano. The ejected volcanic materials accumulate around the vent, and give rise to the volcanic cone.

Question 53.
What is an active volcano?
Answer:
Volcanoes which erupts frequently even now as known as “active volcanoes”. E.g. Mt. Etna in Sicily, Stromboli inLipati islands. Paricutin in Mexico, Cotopaxi in Andes etc. There are about 500 active volcanoes all over the world.

Question 54.
What are the two types of lava?
Answer:
Basic lava and Acidic lava are the two types of Lava.

Question 55.
What is Basic lava?
Answer:
It is composed of iron and magnesium, black inn colour and highly fluid, when it is poured out from the volcano, it flows for a long distance and forms

Question 56.
Where is the only active volcano in India?
Answer:
Barren and Norcondom Island located to the northeast of port Blair of Andaman Islands.

Question 57.
What is Acidic lava?
Answer:
Acidic lava is highly viscous, contains high percentage of silica. If flows slowly and solidifies quickly. Hence deposition occurs only around the craters with steep slopes called domb shaped volcano.

Question 58.
What is Ash cone?
Answer:
A cone-shaped hill formed by of volcanic ash that is built up around a volcanic vent is called ash cone.

Question 59.
Which volcanoes are called “Super Volcanoes?
Answer:
Mt. Vesuvius, Mt. krakatau and Mt. Pelean Volcanoes are called ‘Super Volcanoes.

Question 60.
What is volcanic Spine?
Answer:
The acid lava, which is vicious, solidifies quickly and blocks the vent. This stands up as a steep-sided cone called spine or plug.

Question 61.
What is Geyser?
Answer:
A Geyser is a hot spring form which a column of hot water and stream are alternatively ejected to a great height.

Question 62.
What is laccolith?
Answer:
Laccolith is a large mound of igneous rock formed along a bedding plane in the sedimentary rock layers.

Question 63.
What is Batholith?
Answer:
Batholith is a very large dome -shaped intrusion of igneous rock. It is exposed to the surface only after considerable erosion.

Question 64.
What is lava plateau?
Answer:
An extensive elevated land made up of depositional lava called lava plateau.

Question 65.
What are solid Materials?
Answer:
Volcanic bombs, dust, pumice, Scoria, Volcanic ash, cinder and rock fragments.

Question 66.
What are extrusive landfoms?
Answer:
landforms are formed by the accumulation and solidification of lava and other material ejected by volcanoes eg: volcanic cones, crater etc.

Question 67.
Define petrology. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The Scientific study of rocks is called‘Petrology’.

Question 68.
Give an example for plutonic rock.(T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Granite, Gabbro, Diorite is the example for plutonic rock.

Question 69.
Why secondary rocks are called aqueous rocks? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Secondary rocks are called aqueous rocks because these rocks are formed by water.

Question 70.
How is carbonaceous rock formed? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
These rocks are formed by the decay and decompositions of plants, trees and vegetation, which are rich in carbon e.g. Coal.

Question 71.
What is Metamorphism? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The process of transformation of rocks from one type to another under conditions of high temperature and pressure is known as Metamorphism.

Question 72.
What is a mineral? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Mineral is a natural inorganic substance which has certain chemical and physical properties.

Question 73.
Which mineral covers largest area of the Earth’s crust? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Feldspar and silica covers largest area of the Earth’s crust.

Question 74.
Give an example for non-ferrous mineral. (T. B. Qn) ‘
Answer:
Bauxite, mica

Question 75.
Which rocks associate with fossils? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Sedimentary rocks are associate with fossils.

Question 76.
What is .an Intrusive rock?
Answer:
Intrusive rocks are formed by the cooling of the magma deep inside the crust of the earth and its solidification under great pressure.

Question 77.
Which type of rocks marble is an example?
Answer:
Metamorphic rocks are the example of Marble.

Question 78.
Which type of rock sand stone is an example?
Answer:
Sand stone is an example of metamorphic rocks.

Question 79.
Which type of rocks basalt in an example?
Answer:
Basalt is the best example of volcanic igneous rocks.

Question 80.
In which type of rocks coal and petroleum reserves are found.
Answer:
Coal and Petroleum reserves are found in Sedimentary rocks.

Question 81.
What are the metamorphic rocks?
Answer:
The rocks that have been changes either in form or compositions without disintegration are called metamorphic rocks.

Question 82.
What are Sedimentary rocks?
Answer:
The rocks which are formed due to aggregation and compactness of sediments are known as “Sedimentary rocks.”

Question 83.
What are Plutonic rocks?
Answer:
The rocks which are formed due to cooling of magma at great depth inside the earth are called Plutonic igneous rock’s.

Question 84.
Which rock is known as Stratified rocks?
Answer:
Sedimentary rocks are also known as Stratified rocks and Secondary rocks.

Question 85.
What are arenaceous rocks?
Answer:
These are formed mainly due to deposition, commentating and consolidation of sane grains e. g. Sand stone.

Question 86.
What are argillaceous rocks?
Answer:
These rocks are formed largely by fine clay particles e.g. Shale or mudstone these are impermeable.

1st PUC Geography Interior of the Earth Two Marks Questions And Answers

Question 1.
Mention any two features of Oceanic Crust. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The lower part of the Crust is known as Oceanic crust. It s thickness is around 5 Km. this layeris rich in silica and magnesium. The mean density of this layer is 2.95gm.

Question 2.
Why Mantle is very important in the Earth’s interior? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The portion of the Earth’s interior below’ the Crust is called mantle. It extends from 60 km to , 7,900km. The density of this layer ranges from 3.3 to 5.7gm.The mantle is a composition of dense and rigid rocks which have minerals like magnesium and iron.

Question 3.
What is Mantle?
Answer:
The portion of the earth’s interior, lying beneath the crust and above the core, is known as the mantle. It is largely made up of basic silicates, rich in iron and magnesium. It extends to a depth of 2,900 kms of inside the earth

Question 4.
What is lithosphere?
Answer:
The outer most part of the earth or the crust is known as Lithosphere. It forms only 0.5 percent of the total volume of the earth. The thickness of the crust varies from 10 to 60km. It consists of all the three major types of rocks, such as Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock.

Question 5.
What is Pyrosphere?
Answer:
This layer lies n between the crust and the core of the earth. It begins from Mohorovicic discontinuity and continues up to a depth of2900km where ‘Gutenberg discontinuity’ separates the central core form the pyrosphere. It constitutes about 16percent of the total volume of the earth. The specific gravity of pyrospehre varies at different depths, generally it increase towards the central core. The Pyrosphere is also called Mantle zone.

Question 6.
What is Isostacy?
Answer:
One interesting property of the continental and oceanic crust is that these tectonic plates have the ability to rise and sink. This phenomenon, known as isostacy, occurs because the crust floats on top of the mantle like ice cubes in water. When the Earth’s crust gains weight due to mountain building or glaciations, it deforms and sinks deeper into the mantle if the weight is removed, the crust becomes more buoyant and floats higher in the mantle.

Question 7.
What is Barysphre?
Answer:
It is the inner most layer of the earth. It extends from Gutenberg discontinuity to the central point of the earth and has a thick mass of about 3478 Km. It consists about 83% of the total volume of the earth. It is a spherical zone extending from 2900 km to 6378 km. The core of the earth is also divided into two layers namely outer core and inner core.

Question 8.
State the difference between Focus and Epicenter. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The point in the interior of the Earth from where the earthquake tremors originate is called the seismic focus. Earthquake tremors move from the focus in all directions. The point o the Earth’s surface vertically above the focus is called the epicenter. The Earthquake is felt first at the epicenter.

Question 9.
Name any two causes for earthquakes. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Folding, Faulting, volcanic activity, landslides are the major causes for earthquakes. Earth quakes are also caused by human activities such as mining, nuclear explosion.

Question 10.
Distinguish between Iso-seismal and Co-seismal lines. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Lines drawn on the map to show the places experiencing the same intensity of earthquake are called Iso-seismal lines. Lines drawn the map to show the places experiencing same intensity and same time of occurrence of earthquake are called Co-seismal lines.

Question 11.
Which scales are used to measure the intensity of an earthquake? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
To measure the intensity and magnitude of the earthquakes two scales are sued There are Richter scale and Mercalli Scale.

Question 12.
What is a volcanic earthquake?
Answer:
These are associated with the activity of volcanoes and occur as a result of depth explosion of the gases and magma. Such volcanoes are confined to volcanic areas. The intensity of such earthquakes depends on the intensity of volcanic eruption. They are not very destructive e.g. Krakatau (1883) and Katmai (1912).

Question 13.
What are Tectonic earthquakes?
Answer:
These are caused due to faulting, folding and displacement of blocks of the (lithosphere) crust. Due to some structural activity, earth stresses are produced. These stresses build up a fracture, the rock masses on either side on the fracture get displaced and the strain is released. AH major earthquakes are said to be of tectonic origin and are very disastrous. E.g. Koyna (1907) Quetta (1935).

Question 14.
What are Collapse earthquakes?
Answer:
These are associated with the processes of falling of rocks and avalanches in mountain, large landslides, and the collapse of natural caves and so on. These earthquakes are confined to earth’s surface and constitute only a small number of the total earthquakes.

Question 15.
What is Tectonic force?
Answer:
Such as faulting, breaking of rocks, raising or sinking of the layers of the earth Folding, of the strata or vapour trying to come out from beneath the earth.

Question 16.
What is volcanic force?
Answer:
Violent eruptions and extrusion of igneous magma from below the earth. Volcanic earthquakes are caused by gas explosions or the undoming and fissuring of volcanic structures. Such earthquakes bccur either simultaneously with eruptions or more commonly in the period preceding an eruption.

Question 17.
What are surface waves?
Answer:
These are the slowest waves and reach the Epicentre at the Last stage. Surface waves are also called ‘Long’ waves of ‘Long period’ waves. The speed of these waves is around 3 to4 km per second and are confined to the upper layer of the crust. These waves cause heavy destruction and damage on the crust of the Earth.

Question 18.
Mention any two causes of a volcano. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The temperature inside the Earth increases with the increasing depth (1°C per 32m) Formation of magma because of increase in temperature and reduction in pressure.

Question 19.
Distinguish between Active and Extinct volcanoes. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Active Volcanoes are those volcanoes which erupt regularly or frequently e.g. Mt. Etna in Sicily and Stromboli of Italy, Mauna Loa. Extinct volcanoes are volcanoes which have not been active for considerable period of time .There are no possibilities of future eruption in these volcanoes. These volcanoes are also called Sleeping or Dead volcanoes. Narcondum, Vesuvius and Krakatoa are examples of extinct volcanoes.

Question 20.
Name any two active volcanoes of the world. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Mauna Lopa and Mauna Kea of Hawaiian Islands, Cotopaxi and Chimborazo of Ecuador Mt. Etna and Stromboli of Italy, St Helens of USA.

Question 21.
Name any two countries which come under the Circum-pacific belt. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Japan, USA, Hawaiian Islands, Philippines, Alaska, New Zealand.

Question 22.
How are Igneous rock formed? Give examples. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The word ‘Igneous’ is derived from the Latin word ‘ignis’ meaning fire. These rocks are primary rocks formed by the cooling, solidification and crystallization of magma.
On the basis Silica content, igneous rocks are classified as

• Acid igneous rocks: Granite
• Basic igneous rocks: Gabbro.

Question 23.
What are dormant volcanoes?
Answer:
Dormant volcanoes are those volcanoes which have remained inactive for a long period of time, but may erupt in the future e.g. Mt Fuiyama in Japan.

Question 24.
What is Extinct Volcanoes?
Answer:
Extinct volcanoes are volcanoes which will most probably not erupt again in the future. Vesuvius and Krakatoa are example of extinct explosions. Popa in Myanmar (Burma) also is an example of extinct volcano.

Question 25.
What are intermediate volcanoes?
Answer:
Some of the volcanoes are characterized with both explosive and tranquil eruptions. These are intermediary volcanoes as they are named after their mode of eruption. Since the materials thrown out are different, they posses both the qualities. Some time solid fragments are thrown with explosion, whereas sometimes only lava flows out silently. As such the slope of the hills formed with the deposition is also of intermediately.

Question 26.
What is Cinder Cone?
Answer:
The erupted solid particles consist of large rock fragments as well as small angular rock pieces. Cinder as they are called is deposited around the vent to form cinder cone.

Question 27.
Which is highest Volcanic Mountain the world?
Answer:
OJOSS del Salado, 6891 meters located between Argentine and Chile boundary, in of South America is the highest Volcanic Mountain in the world (Andes Mountain).

Question 28.
What is Hot springs?
Answer:
Hot springs or thermal spring’s are more common. The water sinks deep inside where the rocks are heated. The heated water rises to the surface without any explosion. Such springs contain dissolved minerals which are of medicinal value. They can be also used to generate electricity. Iceland has thousands of hot springs.

Question 29.
What is Lava dome?
Answer:
The shape of lava dome is determined by the nature of lava. The highly fluid basic lava builds up shield dome with gently rising slopes, and flattened top. The basic lava, which is highly viscous, builds up dome with a great height and steep slope.

Question 30.
What are Intrusive Land forms?
Answer:
Intrusive land forms occur when lavas solidified within the earth’s crust and gives rise to various shapes or forms intrusive landforms are formed along the bedding planes of sedimentary rocks.

Question 31.
What is Dyke?
Answer:
The Magma from the interior of the earth finds its way towards the surface through a passage. When it is able to reach the surface, it cools and solidifies, and a vertical or highly inclined feature is formed, and such a features is called dyke.

Question 32.
What is Hot springs?
Answer:
Hot springs or thermal spring’s are more common. The water sinks deep inside where the rocks are heated. The heated water rises to the surface without any explosion. Such springs contain dissolved minerals which are of medicinal value. They can be also used to generate electricity. Iceland has thousands of hot springs

Question 33.
What is composite cone?
Answer:
A volcanic cone composed of alternative layers of ash, cinder and lava is called composite cone. This results from the accumulation of materials over a long period of time from a number of eruptions. This type of cone is the most common volcanic feature. Fujiyama of Japan and Mt. Etna of Sicily are examples of this type of cone.

Question 34.
What is volcanic crater?
Answer:
The opening of the volcano through which materials are throughout is known as a crater. It is a funnel shaped hollow at the top. Sometimes in the explosive volcanoes the peak of the volcano is blown up to form a caldera.

Question 35.
How are Igneous rock formed? Give examples. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The word ‘Igneous’ is derived from the Latin word ‘ignis’ meaning fire. These rocks are primary rocks formed by the cooling, solidification and crystallization of magma. On the basis Silica content, igneous rocks are classified as

• Acid Igneous rocks: Granite
• Basic igneous rocks: Gabbro.

Question 36.
Distinguish between Arenaceous and Argillaceous rocks. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Arenaceous rocks are formed when grains of coarse or fine sand are cemented together. They are porous, and can hold water, e.g. Sand stone Argillaceous rocks are consist mostly of fine clay which gets hardened and forms shale or mudstone, e.g. Shale.

Question 37.
How is contact metamorphism different from regional metamorphism? (X. B. Qn)
Answer:
Contact metamorphism is directly related to the volcanic activity. When the hot molten magma comes to the surfaced of the Earth, it passes through joints and fissures in the rocks. The rocks coming in contact with the magma or lava get baked or burnt to form metamorphic rock. E.g. Marble from Limestone. Regional metamorphism is associated with Earth movements and processes of mountain building. In this the masses of Igneous and Sedimentary rocks are squeezed and buribd deep in the earth. E.g. Slate from Clay, Graphite from Coal.

Question 38.
Give four examples of metamorphic rock. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Marble, Diamond, Quartzite, Ruby, Emerald are the examples of metamorphic rock.

Question 39.
What are metallic and non-metallic minerals? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Metallic Minerals are the minerals in metallic form or contain metal. Few metallic minerals are Iron ore, Manganese ore, Copper ore etc.
Non-metallic minerals are not in metallic form and they do not contain metal. E.g. Mica, Sulphur, Lead, Zinc, Phosphate etc.

Question 40.
What is Rock cycle?
Answer:
The rock cycle is a general model that describes how various geological processes create, modify, and influence rocks This model suggests that the origin of all rocks can be ultimately traced back to the solidification of molten magma. Magma consists of a partially melted mixture of elements and compounds commonly found in ‘rocks. Magma exists just beneath the solid crust of the Earth in an interior zone known as the mantle.

Question 41.
Mention the types of sedimentary rocks?
Answer:
Based on Origin and composition sedimentary rocks are divided into three types

1. mechanically formed rocks.
2. Chemically formed rocks.
3. Organically formed rocks.

Question 42.
What are hypabyssal rocks?
Answer:
These are intermediate rocks between the extruded volcanic rocks and the deep plutonic rocks. They are formed due to cooling and solidification of magma in cracks, pores, crevices etc.

Question 43.
What are Extrusive Rocks?
Answer:
The rock which are formed by the cooling and solidification of magma or lava on the surface of the earth re known as “Extrusive Igneous rocks”. These rocks are also called volcanic rocks, as they are formed during volcanic eruption. No crystals are formed in these rocks due to rapid cooling of lava; basalt is typical example of this kind of rock. ‘

Question 44.
Mention the characteristics of igneous rocks?
Answer:
The chief characteristics of igneous rocks are.

• Igneous rocks are associated with volcanic activities.
• They are compare and massive
• They do not have stratas and are not porous.
• They are crystalline and do not contain any fossils.
• They are quite hard and resistant to weathering and erosion.
• They contains metallic minerals
• Suitable for construction purpose
• They re very valuable minerals in recent years.

Question 45.
What are Calcareous rocks?
Answer:
Calcareous rocks are formed mostly from the remains of living organisms. These rocks contain calcium carbonate or lime. They include limestone and chalk. They are porous and soluble.

Question 46.
What is Metamorphism?
Answer:
The process of transformation of rocks from one type to another under the conditions of high temperature and pressure is called Metamorphism. The word metamorphism is derived from the term ‘Metamorphose’ means change in form.

Question 47.
What are carbonaceous rocks?
Answer:
These are formed due to the transformation of vegetative matter. Under the impact of heat and pressure the remains of plants are turned into hard layers. E.g. coal.

Question 48.
What is a sedimentary rock? Why it is called aqueous rocks?
Answer:
The rocks which are formed due to aggregation and compactness of sediments are known as “Sedimentary rocks.” These are formed by the deposition of sediments derived form older rocks, plants and animal remains by rivers, winds, glaciers etc. These sediments are hardened into rocks by pressure. Most often, they are formed on the bed of shallow seas or lakes and so they are called aqueous rocks.

Question 49.
What are Rudaceous rocks?
Answer:
These are formed due to cementation and consolidation of pebbles and boulders e.g. Conglomerate and breccias. When large rounded pebbles are firmly cemented to form rocks they are known as conglomerate. When the rock fragments are angular and cemented together to form rocks. They are called breccias. These are porous rocks.

Question 50.
What is a Mushroom Rock? How is it formed?
Answer:
The rocks having broad upper part and narrow base resembling an umbrella or mushroom are called Mushroom Rocks. These are formed due to abrasive work of wind.

Question 51.
Describe the work of river in the upper and middle course.
Answer:
The work of running water in the form of surface runoff or overland flow and streams is most important of all the exogenesis or plantation process e.g. ground water, sea waves, glaciers, wind etc. Because the running water is the most widespread exogenesis process on this plant earth.

1st PUC Geography Interior of the Earth Five Marks Questions And Answers

Question 1.
Explain the structure and composition of the Earth with a neat diagram.(T.B.Qn)
Answer:
On the basis of the physical and chemical properties of the earth’s surface, behavioral patterns of seismic waves of earthquakes and the lava erupted form volcanoes, it is generally held that the earth is composed of three layers or parts.

1. The crust: The outer or upper most layer of the earth is the crust. It is solid and is the thinnest and lightest part. It is 6to 60 kms thick. It has two layers.
a. Continental crust or sial: The upper part consist of sedimentary and granite rocks’ and forms the continents. Its major constituent elements are silica and aluminum. So, it is termed as sial. Its average thickness ranges between 10-12 km.

b. Oceanic crust or Sima: The lower part of other Crust is known as oceanic crust. Its thickness is around 5 km. This layer is rich in silica and Magnesium. Therefore, it is called Sima. The lower continuous layer is mostly composing of silica and magnesium and so it is termed as sima. The mean density of this layer is 2.95gm. Conrad discontinuity between Sial and Sima and Mohorovicic discontinuity between Crust and Mantle are the major discontinues in the crust.

2. The Mantle: The portion of the earth’s interior, lying beneath the crust and above the core is known as mantle. It is largely made up of basic silicates, rich in iron and magnesium. It extends from 60 to 2,900km. The density of this layer from 3.3 to 5.7gm. The mantle has two parts.

a. Upper Mantle: This is the outer layer of the Mantle known as Asthenosphre. Most of the earthquakes and volcanoes take birth due to disorder in this layer.

b. Lower Mantle: This is the lower layer of the Mantle known as Mesosphere and it is in solid form. Repetti discontinuity between Asthenosphere and Mesosphere and Gutenberg discontinuity between Mantle and Core are the major discontinues in the mantle

3. The core: The core is the central part of the earth’s interior. It extends from the lower boundary of the mantle to the centre of the earth for about 6,400 kms. The most important materials of core are nickel and ferrous (Nife). The core consists of two layers, namely.

a. Outer core: It is the outer layer of the Core consisting hard molten rocks. Most of the materials are in molten form. It extends from 2900km to 4980km.

b. Inner core: It is the lower layer of the Core with very high temperature and pressure. Most of the materials are in solid form therefore, it is called solid core. The average temperature of this layer is around 2900° C. Transition discontinuity is found between Outer. Core and Inner Core.

Question 2.
What is an Earthquake? Describe the causes and effects of earthquake. (T.B.Q)
Answer:
An Earthquake is a sudden vibration or oscillation in the Crust of the Earth. It is a form of energy of wave motion transmitted through the surface layer of the Earth. The place of origin of an Earthquake in the Earth’s crust is called ‘Focus’. The point on the Earth surface which is perpendicular to the focus, receiving seismic waves is called ‘Epicentre’.

Causes of Earthquake: On the basis of occurrence earthquakes can be classified into three types. They occur due to several causes such as tectonic forces, folding, faulting, volcanic eruptions landslides, avalanches, man-made factor.

Tectonic Earthquakes: These are caused due to folding, faulting and displacement of blocks of rocks in the Earth’s crust. They are highly intensive and destructive seismic activities.

Volcanic Earthquakes: These are associated with the volcanic activities and are usually caused at great depths. They are with low intensity and magnitude. The destruction and damage are slightly lesser than earthquakes caused by Tectonic forces.

c. Earthquakes caused by man-made factors: Over interaction of man underground nuclear explosion etc, are causing great change in the crustal formation leading to seismic activity. E.g. Koyna dam (India)-1967, Hoover dam (U.S.A)-l 935, Mangladam (Pakistan). Effects of Earthquakes: Earthquakes cause violent disturbances and widespread damage and destruction, especially on the epicentre region.

• Earthquakes cause changes in the earth’s surface. Cracks and fissures develop in the earth’s crust.
• Vibrations, caused by earthquakes, lead to landslides in mountainous regions, damming the rivers.
• vertical or horizontal cracks are formed, and the land is elevated or lowered, forming lakes.
• Deep cracks may be developed in dams after the earthquake. For instance, deep cracks were developed in the Koyna dam after the earthquake.
• The beds of rivers may be raised by the earthquakes. For example, the bed of the river Brahmaputra was raised during the Assam earthquakes.
• here is the greatest danger of falling of houses, roads railway lines factories, bridges, dams, aerodromes, and other man-made structures, resulting in loss of life and property.
• The underground water system is disturbed.

Question 3.
Explain the distribution of Earthquakes.
Answer:
No part of the earth is free from the quakes. But their frequency of occurrence and intensity varies. On the surface of the earth hundreds of quakes of different intensity are recorded every year.
The earthquakes distribution is grouped into 5 major belts they are:

1. Circum-pacific Belt: This belt includes the Rockies of North America, Andes of South America and the island of East Coast of Asia, U.S.A, Chile, Peru, Alaska, Japan and Indonesia. This belt has high frequency of earthquakes of very high magnitude.
2. The extensive ocean basic of the Pacific Ocean is seismically highly active
3. The Alphs-Himalayan fold mountain region. It comprises Southern Europe, North Africa, Central Asia, Northern Mountain region of India. This belt is known as “Zone of fracture’.
4. The Mid oceanic ridges of Atlantic and Indian Ocean.
5. The longitudinal Rift valley of East African Coast which run north to south for several thousand kilometers.

Question 4.
Explain the Earthquake waves?
Answer:
The earthquake waves based on their mode of traveling and velocity are broadly classified into three types. They are,

1. Primary (P) waves
2. Secondary (S)waves
3. Surface (L) waves

1. Primary (P) waves: These are also known as Push waves or waves of compression. The particles vibrate in the direction of the movement of the wave, similar to a sound wave. They can travel through solid, liquid and gases. The velocity varies from 5.5 to 13 km per second depending on the medium of their travel they are the first to be recorded in the epicenter by the seismograph.

2. Secondary (S) waves: They are recorded on a seismogram after the P) waves. These are also called traverse or shake waves (S). These are distortional waves as the particles vibrate at right angles to the direction of the movement of the waves. The velocity of the secondary waves varies form 3 to 7 kms per second. They can travel through the interior and outer layer of the earth but cannot be transmitted by liquids.

3. Surface waves: These are also described as Long waves (L). The ‘L’ waves travel along the surface of the earth and are recorded after ‘P’ and ‘S’ waves. Their speed is 4 kms. The surface waves are most destructive as they vibrate much.

Question 5.
How does a Volcano erupt? Explain the types of Volcanoes. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
A volcano is an opening in the crust of the Earth through which heated materials consisting of gases, hot water, lava and fragments of rocks are ejected from the interior of the Earth. A passage in the earth’s crust through which magma and other volcanic materials are ejected is called Vent’. The funnel shaped hollow at the top of the cone of a volcano is called ‘Crater’. A large basin shaped crater bounded by steep sides is known as ‘Caldera’.
Types of Volcano: On the basis of periodicity or frequency of eruption, volcanoes are classified into three types.

a. Active Volcanoes: Volcanoes which constantly eject solid, liquid and gaseous materials are known as active volcanoes, e.g. Mt. Etna in Sicily and Stromboli of Italy, Mauna Loa.

b. Dormant Volcanoes: Volcanoes which become quiet after eruption shows no indications of further future eruptions, but erupt again after a long period very violently is called Dormant Volcanoes. These volcanoes cause enormous damage to human life and property.

c. Extinct volcanoes are volcanoes which have not been active for considerable period of time .There are no possibilities of future eruption in these volcanoes. These volcanoes are also called Sleeping or Dead volcanoes. Narcondum, Vesuvius and Krakatoa are examples of extinct volcanoes.

Question 6.
Explain the distribution of volcanoes:
Answer:
The volcanoes of the world are found certain areas. They are closely related to regions of folding and faulting and are found near the sea coast and islands. Most of the volcanoes are found in three belts:

i. Circum pacific belt
ii. Mid continental belt
iii. Mid Atlantic belt.

i. Circum pacific belt: The greatest concentration of volcanoes is found in this belt. It accounts for about two thirds of the world’s volcanoes. So it is also known as “Pacific ring of fire”. This belt starts form New Zealand, continues northwards into New Guinea, Indonesia, Philippines, coastal china, Japan, Kamchatka and Aleutian islands.

ii. Mid continental belt: This belt consist of Italy, Spain, France, Greece, turkey, Iran, Baluchistan, Myanmar and finally ends inn the eastern part of India.

iii. Mid Atlantic Belt: It includes the western part of India and islands east Atlantic Ocean. It extends form ice land t St. Helena including Madeira, Ascension Island, Cape Verde islands, Canary Island, St. Vincent and Azores. Besides a few volcanoes are also found in the Indian ocean-Mauritius Madagascar and in the rift valley region of Africa, consisting ofKilimanjaro.

Question 7.
Explain the materials of the volcanoes.
Answer:
Three types of volcanic materials are distinguished as Liquid, sold and gaseous materials.

1. The liquid material: Lava is the most important liquid material ejected by volcanoes.
The molten rock material is called “Magma” below other earth’s surface, while it is called lava when it reaches the earth’s surface. There’are two main types of lava-acid lava and basic lava.

2. Solid materials: It consists of volcanic dust, volcanic ash, cinder, volcanic bombs and large angular fragments. The finest particles thrown out by volcanoes are called ‘volcanic dust’. They are grey in color and very light in weight. The molten lava shoots up to the sky at the time of explosion.

Then it cools and solidifies into round mass before falling to the earth. It is called “volcanic bomb’. Small lava fragments are thrown out by a volcano during eruption and are known as “lapilli or pumice’. These are angular in shape and as big as finger joints. The smaller fragments of lava smaller than lapilli are like peas and are called “volcanic ash” or ‘Cinder’. The solid angular fragments which are bigger than lapilil are known as ‘Breccia’.

3. Gaseous Material: A variety of gaseous mixture comes out of a volcano, accompanied by liquid and solid materials, e.g. Vapour, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, sulphur, ammonium chloride etc. But vapour or steam is the most important. Sometimes huge amount of steam is thrown out to form dark clouds above the crater, like a ‘cauliflower’ in shape, it may bring heavy downpour of rain.

Question 8.
Explain the causes and effects of volcanoes.
Answer:
In ancient times, Greeks believed that volcanic eruptions were due to anger of Goddess ‘Vulcan’, living under the Mt.Vulcan (Lipari Islands near Sicili of Italy). People thought that volcano was the mountain of fire.
Causes of Volcano: The volcanic eruptions are closely associated with various causes.

• Gases and water vapour formed due to heating of underground water.
• Movement and breaking of major and minor plates of the Earth.
• Ascent of magma forced by excess pressure.
• The temperature inside the Earth increases with the increasing depth 1°C per 32m).
• Formation of magma because of increase in temperature and reduction in pressure.

Effects of volcanoes:

• Volcanoes are natural hazard and disaster which cause extensive damage to life and property.
• Volcanoes cause damage to agricultural fields, industries, dwellings, buildings, roads, railways, airports, dams, reservoirs etc.
• Volcanoes cause diversion of river course and flooding of water.
• Volcanic dust, ash and smoke cause air pollution.
• Volcanic eruption sometimes produce seismic waves.

Question 9.
What is a rock? Describe the different types of rocks. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Rock refers to the hard and resistant materials of the earth’s crust. But scientifically rock includes even soft and loose materials like chalk, clay, etc. So, rock refers to any solid materials, hard or soft of which the crust of the earth is formed. All rocks do not have the same chemical composition. But minerals have their own chemical compost in and physical prosperities. .The earth’s crust is made up of various types of rocks

Types of Rocks: Rocks can be classified into three major groups on the basis of their origin or mode of formation. They are:

A. Igneous rocks: The term Igneous is derived from the Latin word “Ignis”, means lire. Thus the igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and solidification of molten material which is called magma. Igneous rocks are also called primary rocks, because they were the firs to be formed. As they are the rocks from which all other types of rocks are derived, they are also called parent rocks.
Igneous rocks are commonly classified on the basis of mode of formation into two major types.

i. Intrusive rocks
ii. Extrusive rocks.

I. Intrusive rocks: The magma cannpt escape out to the earth’s surface, it cols slowly inside the earth’s crust and hardens into rock. This type of rock is known as Intrusive Igneous rock. E.g. Granite and dolerite. These rocks can be divided into two type’s a. Plutonic rocks and b. Hybabyssal rocks.

a. Plutonic rocks: The rocks which are formed due to cooling of magma at great depth inside the earth are called Plutonic igneous rocks.
b. Hybabyssal rocks: These are intermediate rocks between the extruded volcanic rocks and the deep plutonic rocks. They are formed due to cooling and solidification of magma in cracks, pores, crevices etc.

II. Extrusive rocks: Rocks formed by cooling and solidification of lava on the surface of the Earth is called extrusive igneous rocks. E.g. Basalt.

B. Sedimentary Rocks: These rocks which are formed due to aggregation and compactness
of sediments are known as sedimentary. In other words, sedimentary rocks are formed bye day the deposition of sediments derived form older rocks, planets and animals remains by river, winds, glaciers etc and these sediments are hardened into rocks by pressure. As they are formed by the consolidation of sediments. They are called sedimentary rocks. They are also called stratified rocks,

a. Mechanically-formed rocks: The rock which have been formed form the accumulation of rock materials, derived form other rocks and have been cemented together are known as “ Mechanically formed rocks.” The mechanically formed rocks consist of sediments which have been carried and deposited by rivers, glaciers, winds or waves and cemented together with clay or line. On the basis of rock materials. These rocks can be divided into three main categories. They are: Rudaceous rocks, Arernaceous rocks and Argilious rocks.

b. Chemically formed rocks: The chemical often settle down and hardened to form rocks known as chemically formed rocks. For example: Gypsum and rock salt, running water dissolves and carries chemicals and where evaporation takes place, these chemicals are deposited at the mouth of springs, caves or caverns or in lakes. Rock salt and gypsum are formed form deposit of salt in strata on the beds of lakes.

c. Organically formed rocks: Organic rocks are formed form the remains of organisms, i.e. of animals and plants. Examples: coal, limestone etc. On the basis of lime and carbon content, organically formed rocks can be divided into two kinds, namely.

(i) Calcareous rocks: Calcareous rocks are formed mostly from the remains of living organisms. These rocks contain calcium carbonate or lime. They include limestoneand chalk. They are porous and soluble.

(ii) Carbonaceous rocks: These are formed due to the transformation of vegetative matter. Under the impact of heat and pressure the remains of plants are turned into hard layers. E.g. coal.

C. Metamorphic rocks: Rock which has been changes either in form or in composition without disintegration is called metamorphic rocks. These rocks are metamorphosed from igneous sedimentary rocks. Igneous and sedimentary rocks may undergo chemical and physical changes because of pressure and heat and form metamorphic rocks. The intense heat and pressure in the earth’s curst alters the composition and appearance of rocks completely or partially to produce a new type of rocks. In this manner metamorphic. rocks are formed. Marble, Diamond, Quartzite, Ruby, Emerald are the examples of metamorphic rock.

Question 10.
Explain the uses of rocks.
Answer:

• Rocks are one of the most valuable resources to mankind.
• The sedimentary rocks are the chief sources of petroleum and coal
• The metallic minerals are associated with the igneous rocks. The minerals of great economic value are iron ore, nickel, copper, lead, zinc, chromate, manganese, and rare materials like gold, silver and platinum.
• Under tropical conditions the sedimentary rocks also contain reserves of Bauxite, tin and manganese.
• Even metamorphic rocks like marble and precious minerals like gems, rubies, Graphite are most valuable.
• Rocks are also essentially required as a raw material for construction works.
• Further decaying of rocks forms soils.
• The chemical composition as well as physical properties of soil is directly related to the parental rocks. The fertility of the soils is much determined by the rocks. As such rocks also influence agricultural activities of man.

Question 11.
Explain the types of sedimentary rocks?
Answer:
The rocks which are formed due to aggregation and compactness of sediments are known as “sedimentary rocks.” According to their origin and composition, sedimentary rocks can be divided into two main categories. They are:

1. Inorganic rocks: Inorganic rocks are rocks formed from mineral matter which has been obtained by disintegration or decomposition of rocks. Inorganic rocks can be divided into two types. They are

a. Mechanically-formed rocks: The rock which have been formed form the accumulation of rock materials, derived form other rocks and have been cemented together are known as “ Mechanically formed rocks.” The mechanically formed rocks consist of sediments which have been carried and deposited by rivers, glaciers, winds or waves and cemented – together with clay or line. On the basis of rock materials, these rocks can be divided into three main categories. They are:

1. Rudaceous rocks
2. Arernaceous rocks
3. Argilious rocks

i. Rudaceous rocks: Rudaceous rocks are formed due to cementation and consolidation of pebbles and boulders. Rudaceous rocks consist of rock pieces and grave, cemented together, by clay or line. They are porous and can hold water. If the rock pieces are angular in shape and cemented together, they are called breccias. If the rock pieces are rounded and cemented tighter, they are called conglomerate.

ii. Arenaceous rocks: These are formed mainly due to deposition, CQmmentating and consolidation of sane grains e.g. Sand stone.

iii. argillaceous rocks: These rocks are formed largely by fine clay particles e..g. Shale or mudstone these are impermeable.

B. Chemically formed rocks: The chemical often settle down and hardened to form rocks known as chemically formed rocks. For example: Gypsum and rock salt, running water dissolves and carries chemicals and where evaporation takes place, these chemicals are deposited at the mouth of springs, caves or caverns or in lakes. Rock salt and gypsum are formed form deposit of salt in strata on the beds of lakes.

C. Organic Rocks: Organic rocks are formed form the remains of organisms, i.e. of animals and plants. Examples: coal, limestone etc. On the basis of lime and carbon content, organically formed rocks can be divided into two kinds, namely.

a. Calcareous rocks: Calcareous rocks are formed mostly from the remains of living organisms. These rocks contain calcium carbonate or lime. They include limestone and chalk. They are porous and soluble.

b. Carbonaceous rocks: These are formed due to the transformation of Vegetative . matter. Under the impact of heat and pressure the remains of plants are turned into hard layers. E.g. coal.

Question 12.
What is a mineral? Explain the types of minerals. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Mineral is a natural inorganic substance which has certain chemical and physical properties. The scientific study of minerals is called Mineralogy. Minerals are used by man for various human activities. Understanding them minerals their types and uses is very important as natural resources of the earth.

Types: Minerals are classified into different types on the basis of nature, texture, and sues. Important among them are,

1. Metallic Minerals: These minerals are not in metallic form and they do not contain metal. A few non-metallic minerals are Mica, Asbestos, Sulphur, lead, Zinc, Phosphate etc.
2. Non-Metallic Minerals: These minerals are not in metallic form and they do not contain metal. A few non-metallic minerals are Mica, Asbestos, Sulphur, Lead, Zinc, Phosphate etc.

Minerals are also classified into other types.
Ferrous minerals which contain Iron e.g. Iron Ore. Non-ferrous minerals – these minerals do not contain ferrous e.g. Bauxite, Mica. – A few minerals are used for making decorative, commercial and precious ornaments are called Precious minerals. E.g. Platinum, Diamond, Gold and Silver. Some minerals are use for the generation of energy. They are Nuclear or atomic minerals e.g. Uranium, Thorium etc.

1st PUC Geography Interior of the Earth Ten Marks Questions And Answers

Question 1.
Explain the landforms created by volcanoes?
Answer:
Various types of landforms are produced by the volcanoes. They can be grouped into

1. Extrusive landforms
2. Intrusive landforms

1. Extrusive landforms: The landforms which have been formed due to the accumulation and solidification of lava and other materials given out by volcanoes are known as extrusive landforms. The important extrusive land forms are:

a. Volcanic cones: volcanic cones are the most typical form of extrusive features or landforms.

The lava and other ejected materials that reach the surface of the earth are accumulated around the crater, and cones are formed. The formation of cones depends jupon the nature of explosion and the materials emitted out of it. There fore, cones are various types. They are:

• Cinder cones: A volcanic cone formed by volcanic cinder accumulated around the crates is called cinder cone.
• Ash cone: A cone shaped hill formed by of volcanic ash that is built up around a volcanic ent is called ash cone.
• Composite cone: A volcanic cone composed of alternative layers of ash, cinder and lava is called composite cone.
• Parasite cone: Some times, many smaller cones are developed in the neighborhood of the main cone. They are called parasite cone.

b. Crater: A crater is pit at the top of volcanic vent, during volcanic eruption, materials form the top of the cone are blown off and a bowl- shaped depression is formed. It is known as crater.
Caldera: Sometime a violent explosion blow away the original cone and forms a large basin-shaped depression called caldera
Volcanic spine: The acid lava, which is vicious, solidifies quickly and blocks the vent. This stands up as a steep-sided cone called spine or plug.
Lava dome: The shape of lava dome is determined by the nature of lava. The highly fluid basic lava builds up shield dome with gently rising slopes, and flattened top. The basic lava, which is highly viscous, builds up dome with a great height and steep slope
Lava plateau: An extensive elevated land made up of depositional lava called lava plateau.

2. Intrusive land forms: Intrusive landforms occur when lava solidifies with the earth’s. crust and gives rise to various shapes or forms. Intrusive landforms are formed along the bedding planes of sedimentary rocks. There are various forms of intrusive landforms. They are:

Dyke: The Magma from the interior of the earth finds its way towards the surface through a passage. When it is able to reach the surface, it cools and solidifies, and a vertical or highly inclined feature is formed, and such a features is called dyke.
Sill: A sheet of magma which lies along the bedding plan is called sill.
Laccolith: Laccolith is a large mound of igneous rock formed along a bedding plane in the sedimentary rock layers.
Batholith: Batholith is a very large dome – shaped intrusion of igneous rock. It is exposed to the surface only after considerable erosion.

Hot springs or thermal spring’s are more common. The water sinks deep inside where the rocks are heated. The heated water rises to the surface without any explosion. Such springs contain dissolved minerals which are of medicinal value. They can be also used to generate electricity. Iceland has thousands of hot springs. A Geyser is a hot spring form which a column of hot water and stream are alternatively ejected to a great height.

You can Download Chapter 11 कबीरदास के दोहे Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers Sahitya Vaibhav Chapter 11 कबीरदास के दोहे

कबीरदास के दोहे Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

I. एक शब्द या वाक्यांश या वाक्य में उत्तर लिखिए:

प्रश्न 1.
किसके प्रताप से सब दुःख दर्द मिटते हैं?
उत्तर:
सद्गुरु के प्रताप से सब दुःख दर्द मिटते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
कबीर के गुरु कौन थे?
उत्तर:
कबीर के गुरु रामानंद थे।

प्रश्न 3.
कबीर किस पर बलिहारी होते हैं?
उत्तर:
कबीर गुरु पर बलिहारी होते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
माटी कुम्हार से क्या कहती है?
उत्तर:
माटी कुम्हार से कहती है, तू मुझे क्यों रौंदता करता है? एक दिन ऐसा होगा कि जब मैं तुझे रौदूंगी।

प्रश्न 5.
किसको पास रखना चाहिए?
उत्तर:
निंदकों को पास रखना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 6.
कस्तूरी कहाँ बसती है?
उत्तर:
कस्तूरी मृग की नाभि में बसती है।

प्रश्न 7.
कबीर किसकी राह देखते हैं?
उत्तर:
कबीर भगवान राम की राह देखते हैं।

प्रश्न 8.
क्रोध किसके समान है?
उत्तर:
क्रोध मृत्यु के समान हैं।

प्रश्न 9.
दुःख में मनुष्य क्या करता है?
उत्तर:
दुःख में मनुष्य भगवान का स्मरण करता है।

प्रश्न 10.
कबीरदास के अनुसार किसकी जाति नहीं पूछनी चाहिए?
उत्तर:
कबीरदास के अनुसार साधु (सज्जन) की जाति नहीं पूछनी चाहिए।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 11.
गुरु के मिलने से कबीर की क्या मिट गयी?
उत्तर:
गुरु के मिलने से कबीर की दुविधा मिट गयी।

प्रश्न 12.
कबीर के दोनों ओर कौन खड़े हैं?
उत्तर:
कबीर के दोनों ओर गुरू और गोविंद खड़े हैं।

प्रश्न 13.
एक दिन माटी किसे रौंदेगी?
उत्तर:
एक दिन माटी तुझे (मनुष्य के अहंकार को) रौंदेगी।

प्रश्न 14.
निन्दक की कुटी कहाँ बनानी चाहिए?
उत्तर:
निन्दक की कुटी घर के आँगन में बनानी चाहिए।

प्रश्न 15.
स्वभाव किसके बिना निर्मल हो सकता है?
उत्तर:
स्वभाव बिना साबुन और बिना पानी के निर्मल हो सकता है।

प्रश्न 16.
मृग बन में क्या ढूँढ़ता है?
उत्तर:
मृग बन में कस्तूरी ढूँढ़ता है।

प्रश्न 17.
घटि घटि क्या है?
उत्तर:
घटि घटि में भगवान राम हैं।

प्रश्न 18.
जहाँ दया है, वहाँ क्या है?
उत्तर:
जहाँ दया है, वहाँ धर्म है।

प्रश्न 19.
लोभ किसके समान है?
उत्तर:
लोभ पाप के समान है।

प्रश्न 20.
पल में क्या हो जाएगा?
उत्तर:
पल में परलै (प्रलय – सर्वनाश) हो जाएगा।

प्रश्न 21.
साधु से क्या पूछना चाहिए?
उत्तर:
साधु से ज्ञान पूछना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 22.
किसका मोल करना चाहिए?
उत्तर:
तलवार का मोल करना चाहिए।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिएः

प्रश्न 1.
गुरु की महिमा के बारे में कबीर क्या कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
गुरु की महिमा के बारे में कबीर कहते हैं कि गुरु के प्रताप से सब दुःख दर्द मिट जाते हैं। वह बड़ा भाग्यशाली है कि उसे रामानंद जैसे गुरु मिले। गुरु भगवान से बढ़कर हैं क्योंकि उन तक पहुंचने का मार्ग गुरु ही बताते हैं। अतः कबीर कहते हैं कि अगर गुरु और गोविन्द दोनों उसके सामने हो तो वह गोविन्द (भगवान) से पहले गुरु को ही प्रणाम करेंगे।

प्रश्न 2.
जीवन की नश्वरता के बारे में कबीर के क्या विचार हैं?
उत्तर:
जीवन की नश्वरता के बारे में कबीरदास कहते हैं कि यह मनुष्य जीवन क्षण-भंगुर है। इसलिए इसके प्रति अहंकार नहीं करना चाहिए। जो कुम्हार मिट्टी को रौंदता है, उससे मिट्टी कहती है- तू मुझे क्यों रौंदता है? एक दिन वह भी आयेगा, जब तू मर जायेगा, तो इसी मिट्टी में तुम्हें गाड़ दिया जाएगा। तब मैं तुझे रौंदूंगी। अतः मानुष-तन का गर्व नहीं करना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 3.
दया और धर्म के महत्व का वर्णन कीजिए।
उत्तर:
दया और धर्म ये दोनों अच्छे गुण या आचरण हैं। जहाँ दया होती है, वहाँ धर्म भी होता है और जहाँ लोभ (लालच) होता है, वहाँ पाप होता है। इसी प्रकार जहाँ क्रोध होता है, वहाँ काल या मृत्यु होती है और जहाँ क्षमा होती है, वहाँ ईश्वर होते हैं। अतः ईश्वर की प्राप्ति के लिए दया और क्षमा को अपनाना चाहिए, लोभ व क्रोध को त्यागना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 4.
समय के सदुपयोग के बारे में कबीर क्या कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
समय के सदुपयोग के बारे में कबीरदास कहते हैं कि हमें जो काम कल करना है, उसे आज ही कर लेना चाहिए और जो आज करना है, वह अभी कर लेना चाहिए। क्योंकि कल क्या होगा, किसने जाना? पल भर में प्रलय हो सकता है, फिर कब करोगे? बाद में पछताने से क्या होगा?

प्रश्न 5.
कबीर के अनुसार ज्ञान का क्या महत्व है?
उत्तर:
कबीरदास ज्ञान का महत्व प्रतिपादित करते हुए कहते हैं कि साधु की कभी जाति नहीं पूछनी चाहिए। यदि पूछना ही है, तो उसके ज्ञान के बारे में चर्चा कर सकते हैं। हमें खरीदनी है तलवार, तो तलवार का मूल्य जानना है, नाकि तलवार को रखने के म्यान का। अतः ज्ञान को महत्व देना चाहिए।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 6.
गुरु और गोविंद में से कबीर किसे चुनना चाहते हैं और क्यों?
उत्तर:
कबीर कहते हैं कि अगर गुरु और परमात्मा दोनों एक साथ खड़े हैं तो मैं सबसे पहले गुरु को चुनूँगा। क्योंकि गुरु ने ही मुझे परमात्मा के दर्शन कराये हैं। परमात्मा के दर्शन तो गुरु के उपदेश और उनकी कृपा के द्वारा ही होते हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
कबीर के अनुसार निन्दक को क्यों पास रखना चाहिए?
उत्तर:
कबीर के अनुसार निंदक को सदा अपने समीप रखना चाहिए क्योंकि उसके द्वारा निन्दा होने के भय से हम कोई बुरा कार्य नहीं करेंगे। निंदकों की निंदा-भरी बाते सुन-सुनकर हमें आत्मसुधार करने का मौका मिलेगा।

प्रश्न 8.
कस्तूरी मृग के द्वारा कबीर कौन सी सीख देते हैं?
उत्तर:
कस्तूरी मृग की नाभि में सुगंध होती है लेकिन वह उसे जंगल में खोजता फिरता है। उसी तरह लोग भी ईश्वर को मन्दिर-मस्जिद में खोजते फिरते है लेकिन ईश्वर तो सबके हृदय में निवास करता है। कबीर कहते हैं हमें ईश्वर को बाहर नहीं भीतर खोजना चाहिए।

प्रश्न 9.
राम मिलन के बारे में कबीर के विचार स्पष्ट कीजिए।
उत्तर:
राम मिलन के बारे में कबीर कहते हैं- मैं तुम्हारा नाम रटती हुई बहुत दिनों से तुम्हारी राह देख रही हूँ। तुमसे मिले बिना मेरे मन को शांति नहीं है।

प्रश्न 10.
कबीर ने राम स्मरण का कौनसा सही मार्ग समझाया है?
उत्तर:
कबीर राम स्मरण के बारे में बताते हुए कहते हैं कि हमें राम का स्मरण सुख और दुःख में सदैव समान भाव से करना चाहिए। लेकिन लोग उल्टा करते हैं। जब दुःख आता है तभी भगवान को याद करते हैं। कबीर कहते हैं- यदि हम सुख में भी भगवान को याद करेंगे, उनकी भक्ति करेंगे तो दुःख हमारे निकट कभी आएगा ही नहीं।

III. ससंदर्भ भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए:

प्रश्न 1.
माटी कहै कुम्हार से, तू क्या रौंदे मोय।
इक दिन ऐसो होयगो, मैं रौंदुंगी तोय॥
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत दोहा हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘कबीरदास के दोहे’ से लिया गया है। इसके रचयिता कबीरदास हैं।
संदर्भ : प्रस्तुत दोहे में कबीरदास जी हमें यह संदेश देते हैं कि दुनिया नश्वर है। हमें किसी चीज का घमंड या अहंकार नहीं करना चाहिए।
स्पष्टीकरण : कवि मनुष्य के अहंकार तथा क्षणभंगुर जीवन के बारे में कहते हैं कि – मिट्टी कुम्हार से कहती है कि तू मुझे क्यों रौंदता है? इतना क्यों अहंकार करता है? एक दिन वह भी आएगा, जब मैं तुझे रौंदूंगी, तब तुम्हारा अहंकार कहाँ रहेगा? हे मानव! अहंकार मत कर। यह जीवन क्षणभंगुर है। मिट्टी का मानव मिट्टी में मिल जाएगा। यानी मनुष्य अपनी मृत्यु के बाद मिट्टी में ही मिल जाता है। इससे मनुष्य जीवन के अस्थायी होने का परिचय मिलता है।

प्रश्न 2.
निंदक नियरे राखिये, आँगन कुटी छबाय।
बिन पानी, साबुन बिना निर्मल करै सुभाय॥
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत दोहा हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘कबीरदास के दोहे’ से लिया गया है। इसके रचयिता कबीरदास हैं।
संदर्भ : यहाँ कबीर कहते हैं कि आलोचना करने वाले का हमें सदैव सम्मान करना चाहिए।
स्पष्टीकरण : कबीर के अनुसार हमें अपनी निंदा करनेवाले अर्थात आलोचना करनेवाले को अपने समीप रखना चाहिए। हमें उसकी कड़वी, बुरी लगनेवाली बातों से नाराज नहीं होना चाहिए। कड़वी लगने वाली बातों में हमारी भलाई की, हमारे कल्याण का भाव निहित होता है। कबीर कहते हैं ऐसे व्यक्ति को घर में जगह देनी चाहिए। उसके पास रहने से हमको यह लाभ होगा कि वह बिना पानी-साबुन के हमारे स्वभाव को स्वच्छ बना देगा अर्थात् हम उसके द्वारा निन्दा होने के डर से कोई बुरा कार्य नहीं करेंगे। आशय यह है कि निंदको की निंदा भरी बातें सुन-सुनकर हमें
आत्मसुधार करने का मौका मिलता है।

प्रश्न 3.
कस्तूरी कुंडलि बसै, मृग ढूँढे बन मांहि।
ऐसे घटि घटि राम हैं, दुनिया देखै नांहि॥
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत दोहा हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘कबीरदास के दोहे’ से लिया गया है। इसके रचयिता कबीरदास हैं।
संदर्भ : यहाँ कबीरदास जी कहते हैं कि हमें प्रत्येक प्राणी के साथ प्रेमपूर्वक व्यवहार करना चाहिए, सच्ची भक्ति के साथ जीवन को सार्थक बनाना चाहिए, क्योंकि वही सच्ची भक्ति है।
स्पष्टीकरण : संत कवि कहते हैं कि मनुष्य ईश्वर को पाने के लिए इधर-उधर भटकता है, जब कि ईश्वर उसी के अन्दर या उसी के पास है। जैसे कि – कस्तूरी मृग की नाभि में ही है, पर मृग नहीं जानता और भ्रमित होकर सारे वन में उसे ढूँढ़ता फिरता है। इसी प्रकार घट-घट में राम समाया हुआ है, पर मानव उसे भ्रम के कारण देख नहीं पाता।

प्रश्न 4.
दुःख में सुमिरन सब करे, सुख में करै न कोय।
जो सुख में सुमिरन करे, तो दुःख काहे होय॥
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत दोहा हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘कबीरदास के दोहे’ से लिया गया है। इसके रचयिता कबीरदास हैं।
संदर्भ : यहाँ कबीरदास जी कहते हैं कि ईश्वर का हमेशा स्मरण करते रहना चाहिए।
स्पष्टीकरण : कबीरदास के अनुसार हम दुःख-तकलीफ में ईश्वर को याद करते है परन्तु सुख में ईश्वर को भूल जाते है। मनुष्य केवल अपने स्वार्थ के लिए ईश्वर को याद करता है। कबीर का मत है कि जिस दिन मनुष्य सुख में ईश्वर का ध्यान करेगा उस दिन से उसे दुःख का सामना नहीं करना पड़ेगा। ईश्वर के स्मरण से मिलने वाली शक्ति द्वारा उसका दुःख सुख में परिवर्तित हो जायेगा।

कबीरदास के दोहे कवि परिचयः

संत काव्यधारा के सर्वाधिक प्रतिभाशाली एवं भक्तिकालीन निर्गुण भक्ति के प्रवर्तक कबीरदास का जन्म काशी में सन् 1399 में हुआ। नीरु एवं नीमा नामक जुलाहा दंपति ने आपका पालनपोषण किया। कबीर अनपढ़ थे किन्तु वे आत्मज्ञानी थे। रामानंद जी की शिक्षाओं से प्रभावित कबीरदास जी को कुछ लोग रामानन्द का ही शिष्य मानते हैं। एक दूसरा मत उन्हें सूफी सिद्धांत के प्रतिपादक शेख तकी का शिष्य मानता है। आपने हिन्दू-मुस्लिम एकता, भौतिक एवं आत्मिक परिष्कार, शुद्ध प्रेम, सच्चाई, सादगी आदि पर बल दिया। आपकी मृत्यु सन् 1518 में मगहर नामक स्थान में हुआ।

कबीरदास की रचनाएँ तीन भागों में विभक्त हैं- साखी, सबद और रमैनी जो ‘बीजक’ नामक ग्रंथ में संकलित है। कबीर की भाषा को प्रायः ‘खिचडी भाषा’ या ‘सधुक्कड़ी भाषा’ कहा जाता है जिसमें ब्रज, अवधी, राजस्थानी, अरबी, फारसी आदि के शब्द पाये जाते हैं। आप के प्रमुख शिष्य धर्मदास जी ने ‘बीजक’ का संग्रह किया था।
प्रस्तुत दोहों में कबीर ने गुरु-महिमा, शरीर की नश्वरता, परमात्मा की सर्वव्यापकता, भक्तिभावना एवं नीतिपरक उपदेश आदि गुणों पर प्रकाश डाला है।

दोहे का भावार्थः

1) सद्गुरु के परताप तैं मिटि गया सब दुःख दर्द।
कह कबीर दुविधा मिटी, गुरु मिलिया रामानंद ॥ १ ॥

कबीरदास इस दोहे में गुरु की महिमा का वर्णन करते हुए कहते हैं कि सच्चे गुरु के मिल जाने से सारे दुःख-दर्द मिट गए हैं। कबीर के अनुसार जब उन्हें रामानंद जैसे सच्चे (सद्गुरु) गुरु मिल गये, तो उनकी सारी दुविधाएँ (कठिनाइयाँ) मिट गईं।

In this couplet, Kabir elaborates upon the generosity and greatness of a guru and says that upon finding a real guru, all pain and suffering will vanish. According to Kabir, when he found the real guru such as his own guru Ramanand, all his troubles and difficulties vanished.

शब्दार्थ :

• परताप – तेज, प्रभुत्व;
• तें – से;
• दुविधा – संशय, असमंजस;
• मिटि गया – दूर हो गया।

2) गुरु गोविन्द दोऊ खड़े, काके लागूं पायँ।
बलिहारी गुरु आपने, जिन गोविन्द दियो बताय ॥ २॥

गुरु और परमात्मा दोनों एक ही साथ खड़े हुए हैं, इन दोनों में से मैं किसको प्रणाम करूँ? हे गुरु, मैं आप पर न्योछावर होता हूँ। क्योंकि आपने मुझे परमात्मा के दर्शन कराये हैं। अर्थात् परमात्मा के दर्शन गुरु के उपदेश और उनकी कृपा के द्वारा ही होते हैं। इसलिए गुरु की परमात्मा से भी अधिक महत्ता है।

Here, Kabir explains the importance of a guru. If one were to find both the guru and God standing before him/her, who should one bow to first? Kabir says that if both guru and Govind (God) stood before him, he would first fall at the feet of the guru. He explains this by saying that guru is greater than God, because guru is the one who shows us the path to God.

शब्दार्थ :

• काके – किसके;
• बलिहारी – न्योछावर होना, कुरबान करना;
• दोऊ – दोनों।

3) माटी कहै कुम्हार से, तू क्या रौंदे मोय।
इक दिन ऐसो होयगो, मैं रौंदूंगी तोय ॥ ३॥

इस दोहे में कबीरदास मनुष्य के अहंकार के बारे में कहते हैं। माटी कुम्हार से कहती है- तू मुझे क्यों रौंद रहा है? एक दिन ऐसा आएगा, जब मैं तुझे रौंदूंगी। अर्थात् जन्म लेनेवाला यह मनुष्य एक दिन मिट्टी में मिल जाएगा।

In this couplet, Kabir comments on the arrogance and egoistic nature of man. The mud asks the potter why he is trampling upon it, and what he is trying to gain. The mud warns the potter that a day will come when he will be trampled upon by the mud. Kabir implies that when man dies he will be buried in the earth to become one with it, and therefore, one must not be too egoistic in life.

शब्दार्थ :

• माटी – मिट्टी;
• रौंदना – पैरों से कुचलना, दबाना
• मोये – मुझे;
• तोये – तुझे;
• कुम्हार – मिट्टी के बर्तन बनानेवाला
• होयगो – होगा।

4) निंदक नियरे राखिये, आँगन कुटी छबाय।
बिन पानी, साबुन बिना निर्मल करै सुभाय ॥४॥

अपने निंदक को सदा अपने समीप रखो। हो सके तो अपने आँगन में ही एक कुटिया बनवा दो। उसके पास रहने से हमको यह लाभ होगा कि वह बिना पानी और साबुन के हमारे स्वभाव को स्वच्छ बना देगा अर्थात् हम उसके द्वारा निन्दा होने के भय से कोई बुरा कार्य नहीं करेंगे। आशय यह है कि निंदकों की निंदा-भरी बाते सुन-सुनकर हमें आत्मसुधार करने का मौका मिलेगा।

Here, Kabir explains the importance of criticism. We always try to keep our most vocal critics at a distance. Kabir says that we must always keep the people who criticize us, close to us. He says that they are the ones who help us clean ourselves without soap or water. What Kabir intends to say is that when someone criticizes us, they help us to see our mistakes which we often overlook. When we are aware of our mistakes, we can rectify them. Thus, without soap or water, our critics help us clean our mind and heart. They help us correct ourselves and hence, we must always keep them close to us.

शब्दार्थ :

• नियरे – पास;
• राखिये – रख लीजिए;
• छबाय – बनाकर;
• सुभाय – स्वभाव

5) कस्तूरी कुंडली बसै, मृग ढूंढे बन मांहि|
ऐसे घटि घटि राम हैं, दुनिया देखै नांहि ॥५॥

कस्तूरी नामक सुगंधित वस्तु मृग की नाभि में ही होती है, परन्तु वह उसे जंगल में खोजता फिरता है। उसी प्रकार ईश्वर सबके हृदय में निवास करता है, परन्तु लोग उसे देख नहीं पाते।

In this couplet, Kabir explains about the omnipresence of God. He says that musk is located in the navel of a deer. However, the deer searches for musk in the forest, due to its ignorance. Similarly, Kabir says that God resides in each one of us. God is present everywhere, but the whole world is blind to this fact. Kabir uses the example of the deer to tell us that people all over the world search for God, without realizing the fact that God is everywhere.

शब्दार्थ :

• कुंडली – नाभी;
• मृग – हिरन;
• बन – जंगल;
• घटि घटि – कण कण में

6) बहुत दिनन की जोवती, बाट तुम्हारी राम।
जिव तरसै तुझ मिलन कूँ, मनि नाहीं विश्राम ||೯||

मैं तुम्हारा नाम रटती हुई बहुत दिनों से अर्थात् न जाने कब से तुम्हारे आने का मार्ग देख रही हूँ। मन तुमसे मिलने के लिए व्याकुल हो रहा हैं और मन में उसके बिना शांति नहीं है।

Here, Kabir talks about a woman’s devotion and love for Lord Rama. She says that it has been many days since she has been reciting and chanting Lord Rama’s name and that she is looking forward to His arrival. She is impatient to meet with the Lord and until then, her mind is not at peace.

शब्दार्थ :

• दिनन की – दिनों की;
• जोवती – प्रतीक्षा करना, राह देखना, इंतज़ार करना;
• जिव – प्राण;
• कूँ – के लिए;
• मनि – मन;
• तरसै – तरसना;
• बाट – इंतजार, प्रतीक्षा।

7) जहाँ दया तहँ धर्म है, जहाँ लोभ तहँ पाप।
जहाँ क्रोध तहँ काल है, जहाँ छिमा तहँ आप ॥७॥

जहाँ दया है, वहाँ धर्म है और जहाँ लोभ है, वहाँ सदा पाप है। इसी प्रकार जहाँ क्रोध है, वहाँ काल का निवास है और जहाँ क्षमाशील प्राणी है, वहाँ ईश्वर निवास करता है।

Kabir says where there is kindness, there is righteousness and where there is avarice there is sin. Where there is anger, there is calamity, but where there is kindness, there is no vice. There is only God in His perceptible form (kindness and forgiveness, both are great).

शब्दार्थ :

• काल – मृत्यु;
• छिमा – क्षमागुण;
• आप – भगवान।

8) काल करै सो आज कर, आज करै सो अब्ब।
पल में परलै होयगा, बहुरि करैगा कब्ब ॥८॥
कबीर का कहना है कि हमें जो काम कल करना है, उसे आज ही कर लें और जो आज करना है, उसे तुरन्त अभी कर लें क्योंकि इस क्षण-भंगुर संसार का तो कुछ भी निश्चय नहीं है और क्षण भर में प्रलय होने की आशंका है। इस प्रकार प्रलय होने पर तो किसी भी कार्य को करने का अवसर ही न मिलेगा। अतः आज का काम आज ही करना अच्छा है।

Here, Kabir puts forth his most well-known lines. He says that whatever work we have for tomorrow, we must do today and whatever work we have for the present day, we must do it right now, because in this fickle universe nothing is certain except that destruction can happen at any time. In case the world is destroyed, there will be no opportunity to do any of the work that we wished to do. Hence, any work that we intend to do must be done at once.

शब्दार्थ :

• काल – कल;
• परलय – प्रलय, सर्वनाश;
• बहुरि – फिर।

9) दुःख में सुमिरन सब करे, सुख में करै न कोय।
जो सुख में सुमिरन करे, तो दुःख काहे होय ॥९॥

कबीरदास कहते हैं कि मनुष्य जब दुखी होता है तो भगवान का स्मरण करता है और जब सुखी होता है तो भगवान को भूल जाता है। यदि सुख में भी हम भगवान को स्मरण करेंगे, तो दुःख होगा ही क्यों? अर्थात् ईश्वर का हमेशा स्मरण करते रहना चाहिए।

This world is full of selfishness. Everyone in this world remembers God when in distress, but forgets Him when he is happy. Everyone, leading a comfortable life, under the effect of delusions and attachments, forgets Him. If one remembers Him when he is leading a comfortable life, there is no reason why he should be struck by distress. And so, one should remember God under all circumstances, whether he is living a comfortable life or a sorrowful life.

शब्दार्थ :

• सुमिरन – स्मरण;
• काहे – क्यो।

10) जाति न पूछो साधु की, पूछ लीजिये ज्ञान ।
मोल करो तलवार का, पड़ा रहन दो म्यान ॥ १०॥

कबीरदास कहते हैं कि संतजन (साधु) की जाति मत पूछो, यदि पूछना ही है तो उनके ज्ञान के बारे में पूछ लो। तलवार को खरीदते समय सिर्फ तलवार का ही मोल-भाव करो, उस समय . तलवार रखने के कोष को पड़ा रहने दो। उसका मूल्य नहीं किया जाता।

In this couplet, Kabir explains the importance of knowledge. He says that we must not ask an ascetic about his religion or caste; we must, rather, enquire about his knowledge. Similarly, we must give importance to the sharpness of a sword, and not its sheath. Kabir tells us that caste and creed, like the sheath of a sword, are quite unimportant, while knowledge which is akin to the sharpness of the sword, is only of the utmost importance.

शब्दार्थ :

• ग्यान – ज्ञान;
• म्यान – तलवार रखने का कोष

Karnataka 1st PUC Geography Question Bank Chapter 2 The Earth

You can Download Chapter 2 The Earth Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Geography Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

1st PUC Geography The Earth One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the approximate age of the Earth? (T.B.Q)
Answer:
4.6 Billion years

Question 2.
What is antipodal balance?
Answer:
The arrangement of land and water bodies on the earth is called ‘Antipodal balance’.

Question 3.
Name a unique planet in the solar system.
Answer:
Earth is a unique planet in the solar system.

Question 4.
At what distance is the Earth situated from sun?
Answer:
Earth is situated at a distance of about 150 million kms from the sun.

Question 5.
Where does the orbit of Earth lie in solar system?
Answer:
The orbit of Earth lies between Venus and Mars.

Question 6.
Where does Earth stand among the planets?
Answer:
The earth is the fifth largest planet in terms of size.

Question 7.
Why Earth is called a ‘Watery planet’.
Answer:
Earth is called a ‘Watery Planet’ due to abundance of water which covers about 71% of the surface of the Earth.

Question 8.
What are the three important realms of the Earth?
Answer:
Lithosphere, Hydrosphere and Atmosphere are the three important realms of the Earth.

Question 9.
What is Equator?
Answer:
Equator is an imaginary line that divides the Earth into two hemispheres.

Question 10.
What are antipodes?
Answer:
Two places situated geometrically on opposite sides of the earth.

Question 11.
Which is the largest and smallest continent in the world?
Answer:
Asia & Australia.

Question 12.
Name the oldest proof in respect of shape of the Earth. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Aristotle proves that the circular shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse on the moon . proves that Earth is spherical.

Question 13.
Who conducted Bed Ford Experiment? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Dr. Alfred Russel Wallace conducted Bed ford level Experiment in 1956, along the Bed ford level canal area in Britain.

Question 14.
What is the total geographical area of the earth? (T. B. Qn)
Answer: 510Millionsq.km

Question 15.
Who was the first person to calculate the distance between places? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The distance between places on the Earth was first calculated by Greek Philosopher Eratosthenes.

Question 16.
What Is the shape of the earth?
Answer:
The shape of the Earth Spherical Shape or Geoid in Shape

Question 17.
What is the equatorial circumference of the Earth?
Answer:
The equatorial circumference of the Earth 40,076km

Question 18.
What is the polar circumference of the earth?
Answer:
The polar circumference of the Earth is 40,006km

Question 19.
What is antipodal balance?
Answer:
The arangement of land and water bodies on (be earth is catted ‘Antipodal balance’.

Question 20.
What is the total area of land in the earth?
Answer:
149.1 sq.km (29.1%)

Question 21.
What is the total area of water in the earth?
Answer:
The total area of water 368sq.km (70.9%)

Question 22.
What percent of the total land area is in the northern hemisphere?
Answer:
60% of land area

Question 23.
What is the average density of the Earth?
Answer:
5.517gcm

Question 24.
What is the velocity of the earth at the eqoator?
Answer:
The velocity of die earth at the equator 1600km per hour

Question 25.
What is the velocity of the earth at the polar?
Answer:
The velocity of the earth at the polar is zero.

Question 26.
What amount of time does the Earth take to complete one rotation? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The actual period of one Rotation is 23hr 56 min and 4.09 sec or 24 hours.

Question 27.
Define Orbit. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The fixed path on which the Earth revolves round the Sun is known as Orbit.

Question 28.
On what date does the Summer Solstice occur? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Summer Solstice occur on June 21st, due to the Earth’s inclination.

Question 29.
How many temperature zones are there on the globe? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
There are three temperature zones, a) Torrid zone b) Temperate zone and c) Frigid zone.

Question 30.
Who proposed geocentric theory?
Answer:
Claudius Ptolemy proposed geocentric theory.

Question 31.
Who proposed sun centric theory?
Answer:
Nicolaus Copernicus was proposed sun-centric theory.

Question 32.
Which continent is called as ‘Ice Continent’?
Answer:
Antarctica is located entirely in the southern hemisphere covered with ice. This is called ‘Ice Continent’.

Question 33.
What is the length of Equator?
Answer:
The length of Equator is 40,076 km.

Question 34.
Which line divides the Earth into two hemispheres? Name the hemispheres?
Answer:
The equator divides the Earth into two hemispheres known as Northern hemisphere and Southern hemisphere.

Question 35.
What is rotation?
Answer:
The earth rotates or spins over its axis from west to east. This movement of the earth on its own axis is called rotation.

Question 36.
What is Sidereal Day?
Answer:
The period of rotation 23hours, 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds is known as “Sidereal Day”.

Question 37.
What is Revolution?
Answer:
The movement of the earth along its orbit around the Sun is called Revolution.

Question 38.
What is circle of illumination?
Answer:
A line that bisects areas on the earth receiving sunlight and those areas in darkness cuts the spherical earth into lighted and dark halves.

Question 39.
What are the two types of earth movements?
Answer:
The two types of earth movements are Rotation and Revolution.

Question 40.
Mention the average speed of the rotation.
Answer:
Average speed of the rotation of earth near equator is 1670 km/hr.

Question 41.
What is parallelism of the earth’s axis?
Answer:
The earth maintained 23 degree to its perpendicular throughout the orbit of the earth. This feature is described as parallelism of earth’s axis.

Question 42.
Which experiment has proved the rotation of the earth?
Answer:
Foucault’s Experiment

Question 43.
Which movement causes seasons?
Answer:
Revolution, Causes Seasons.

Question 44.
Which country is called the land of midnight sun?
Answer:
Norway is called the land of midnight sun.

Question 45.
What is an ‘Axis’?
Answer:
The axis is an imaginary line joining the north and South Pole of the globe.

Question 46.
What is Prime meridian?
Answer:
Prime meridian is an imaginary line passing through Greenwich near London.

Question 47.
What is diurnal motion of Earth?
Answer:
Rotation of Earth is from west to east and rising of Sun from east then settling in the west is diurnal motion of Earth.

Question 48.
What causes unequal day and night?
Answer:
Inclination of Earth’s axis causes unequal day and night.

Question 49.
Which is the longest and shortest day in southern hemisphere?
Answer:
22nd December is the longest and 21st June is the shortest day.

1st PUC Geography The Earth Two Marks Questions And Answers

Question 1.
Why Northern hemisphere and southern hemisphere are called land and Water hemisphere?(T.B.Q)
Answer:
The Northern Hemisphere has 60% of land and 40% of water. Therefore it is called the ‘Land Hemisphere. The Southern hemisphere has 81% of water and 19 % of land in the Southern hemisphere. So it is called the ‘Water Hemisphere’.

Question 2.
Why is the Earth known as a unique planet?
Answer:
Earth is a unique planet because it has large variety of life forms ranging from microscopic plant and animal organism to the largest of trees and animals.

Question 3.
What is lunar Eclipse?
Answer:
A lunar Eclipse occurs when the moon passes directly behind the earth while rotating when the earth comes in between the sun and the moon and its shadow falls on the moon.

Question 4.
Why the Earth is called ‘Living Planet’?
Answer:
The Earth is the home for all forms of life like plants, animals and human beings because of its suitable distance from the Sun, range of temperature, life supporting gases, atmosphere water cycle etc. It is the only planet that supports life, that is why it is called ‘Living Planet’.

Question 5.
What is Earth’s axis?
Answer:
An imaginary line passing through the centre of the earth and joining the North Pole with South Pole is called axis.

Question 6.
How many planets are larger than the earth?
Answer:
Four planets are larger than the earth i. e Jupiter Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

Question 7.
Mention the major continent in the world.
Answer:
A continent is a large continuous mass of land that exists above sea level. There are seven, major continents Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Australia.

Question 8.
Mention the major ocean in the world.
Answer:
Oceans are the large expanse of water covering large area of the earth’s surface. There are four major oceans namely, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean.

Question 9.
What is Geoid? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The hypothetical shape of the earth, coinciding with mean sea level and its imagined extension under land areas. The earth is not a complete sphere, but is slightly flattened at the poles and bul ging the equator. So die shape of the earth is called ‘Geoid’.

Question 10.
Mention the Equatorial and polar diameter of the Earth? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Equatorial diameter of the Earth is 12,75tton and Polar diameter of the Earth is 12,714km

Question 11.
Name the highest and lowest points on the land. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Mount Everest (8850 mtr-Nepal) is the tallest mountain in die world. The challenger deep in the Marina trench (10898 mtr) near the Philippine Island in the Pacific Ocean is the deepest part of the ocean in the world.

Question 12.
Mention the fonr evidences of spherical shape of Me Earth?
Answer:
Circum navigation, Sunrise and Sunset, The Bradford experiment and the circular horizon are the evidences of spherical shape of the earth.

Question 13.
What is Bed ford level canal Experiment?
Answer:
The Bedford level canal Experiment conducted by Dr. A.R. Wallace, also proves that the earth is spherical in shape, in this experiment three poles of equal height Were fixed in a straight line at an equal distance of one mile from one another over a stretch of water in a canal. When the poles observed through a telescope, the middle pole appeared to be higher then the other two poles because of the curved surface.

Question 14.
What is Circum Navigation?
Answer:
If a ship starts sailing from a point, moving constantly in the same direction, it reaches the same point form where it has started its journey. This shows that the earth is spherical in shape.

Question 15.
What is circular Horizon?
Answer:
When we observe the horizon from a hill top or from the deck of a ship, it is always circular in shape. It widens with increasing altitude. This could be so only in a spherical body.

Question 16.
What is deflection of Winds? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
As a result of the earth’s rotation from west to east cause change in the direction of winds. The direction of the winds is deflected towards their right in the northern hemisphere and towards their left the southern hemisphere.

Question 17.
What is inclination of the Earth? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The Earth’s axis is not at right angle (perpendicular) to the plane of the elliptical orbit. The axis is inclined at an angle of 66 1/2° to the plane of the orbit. This is known as ‘Inclination of the Earth’s axis’.

Question 18.
Distinguish between Perihelion and Aphelion. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:

• Aphelion: July 4th the earth is far from the sun and is said to be in Aphelion position. Aph means away and hellion means Sun. At this point the distance between the sun and the earth is 152 million km.
• Perihelion: Jan 3rd the earth is nearest to the sun and is said to be in Perihelion position Peri means near, hellion means sun. At this point the distance between the sun and the earth is 147 million km.

Question 19.
State the difference between Autumn Equinox and Spring Equinox. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
On two days in a year, the sun shines vertically over the Equator i.e., at an angle of 90°. This angle decreases as one moves away from the equator.
Autumn Equinox refers to, On September 23rd, the vertical rays of the Sun falls on the Equator, Therefore, the days and nights are equal in both the hemispheres. On 21st March, the vertical rays of the sun fall son the Equator, therefore, the duration of days and nights are equal in both the hemispheres.

Question 20.
Why Norway is called ‘Land of Mid-night Sun’? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Norway is known as the ‘Land of the Mid-night Sun’ because Sun does not go below the horizon or come above it on 21st June. It moves at a low elevation from horizon-to-horizon. Although its altitude is very low, it continues shinning longer for all the 24 hours.

Question 21.
Mention the difference between Torrid and Temperate zones. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The Torrid Zone The zone stretches between 23’/2°N and south latitudes and more or less receives the vertical rays of the sun. As a result, this region experiences moderately warm climate throughout the year.
The Temperate zone: In between the Torrid and the frigid zones i.e., between 23!/2°N and South and 66’/2°N and S lies the Temperate Zone. In this zone the sun’s rays fall obliquely and hence the region experiences a moderate climate.

Question 22.
What is ‘Perihelion’?
Answer:
Jan 3rd the earth is nearest to the sun and is said to be in Perihelion position. Peri means near, hellion means sun. At this point the distance between the sun and the earth is 147 million km.

Question 23.
What is ‘Aphelion’?
Answer:
July 4th the earth is far from the sun and is said to be in Aphelion position. Aph means away and hellion means Sun. At this point the distance between the sun and the earth is 152 million km.

Question 24.
What is meant by local and standard time?
Answer:
The lime calculated from the local noon of a place is called the local time. The time of the standard meridian is called standard time.

Question 25.
What is Sidereal year?
Answer:
The Earth takes 365 days, 6hours 9 minutes and 9.5 seconds to complete one revolution. This period is known as Sidereal Year.

Question 26.
What is Solar Year?
Answer:
The average duration to complete one revolution requires 365 days and 6 hours. It is known as Solar Year.

Question 27.
What is Equinox?
Answer:
The various positions of earth on its orbit in a year, in between these two positions, on March 21st and Sept 23rd, the earth has two other important positions. During these two positions the rays of the Sun are vertical over the equator. Therefore, the days and nights are equal all over the world. These two positions are known as ‘Equinox’.

Question 28.
What is Leap year?
Answer:
The earth requires 365 1/4 days to complete one revolution round the sun. But, for practical purposes, a year is taken as 365 days. The difference of 1/4 day in each year is adjusted once in four year and that year is taken 366 days. That year is called a leap year.

Question 29.
Mention four effects of Rotation of Earth?
Answer:

• Occurrence of day and night.
• Tides and currents.
• Polar flattening and equatorial bulging
• Deflection in the direction of winds.

Question 30.
What are the effects of revolution of Earth?
Answer:

• Inequality of day and night.
• Occurrence of seasons.
• Distribution of important lines of latitude.
• Different climatic zones

Question 31.
What is Coriolis force?
Answer:
An apparent force caused by the earth’s rotation. The coriolis force is responsible for deflecting winds towards the right in the northern hemisphere and towards the left in the southern hemisphere. This is also known as ‘Ferrel’s law’.

Question 32.
What are seasons? How they are caused?
Answer:
Seasons refer to periods of a year which have some peculiar climatic conditions. They are caused due to the revolution of the earth.

1st PUC Geography The Earth Five Marks Questions And Answers

Question 1.
Describe the size of the Earth. (T.B. Qn).
Answer:
The ancient people made attempts to determine the size of the Earth. About 2,000 years ago a Greek astronomer, Eratosthenes, who lived In Alexandria in Egypt succeeded in calculating the size of the earth almost accurately, according to him, the earth’s circumference at the equator was 41,140kms. It was very close to the actual circumference of the earth, as known today.

The actual equatorial circumference of the earth is 40,076km, where as the polar circumference is 40,006km. The difference between the two is 70km. The earth’s equatorial diameter is 12,757km and the polar diameter is 12,714km. The difference is 43km. The geoids shape of the earth makes the circumference through the poles little less than that along the equator. The total surface area of the earth is 510. 9 million sq kms of the surface area, 71 % is covered by water mass and 29% is covered by landmass. The water mass is 361 million sq.kms and the land area is 149 million sq.kms. The land area is divided into seven continents and many island. The continents are Asia, Africa, and North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Australia.

The water area consist of five ocean, namely, the pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Antarctic ocean and the Arctic Ocean and many gulfs, bays and seas. The globe is divided into two hemispheres, namely the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere, by the equator. The northern hemisphere contains 2/3 of the land and the southern hemisphere contains 1/3 of the land. The zero degree meridians decide the globe into two hemispheres, namely, the eastern hemisphere and the western hemisphere.

Question 2.
Name and explain the proofs in support of the spherical shape of the Earth. (T.B. Qn)
Answer:
There are several proofs to regard the earth as a spherical shape of the Earth.
a. Heavenly bodies appear to be spherical: The Sun, the Moon and other heavenly bodies appear to be spherical when viewed from different position. The earth is one of them and hence it must also be spherical in shape.

b. The Lunar Eclipse: The lunar eclipse proves that the Earth is in spherical shape. During lunar eclipse when the Earth is between the Sun and the Moon, the shadow of the Earth falls on the Moon. Aristotle was the first scholar to show this by looking at the shadow of the Earth on the lunar surface. Later, this was ascertained by Ptolemy. This is considered to be the oldest proof in respect of the shape of the Earth.

c. Sunrise and Sunset: The time of Sunrise and Sunset is not the same everywhere in the world. This is due to spherical shape of the Earth. If the Earth were to be flat all places on the Earth would have had sunrise and sunset at the same time everywhere in the world.

d. Circumnavigation: Circumnavigation of the world can only be possible when the Earth is in spherical shape. If one start on a sea voyage towards the east, by moving constantly in the same direction, he would be able to complete a circle of the world and reach the original point form where he had started.

e. The Bed Ford level experiment: Dr.Alfred Russel Wallace conducted an experiment in 1956, along the Bed Ford level canal area in Britain. It is the most convincing proof of the curvature of the Earth. He fixed three poles of same height at an interval of about mile apart and observed through a telescope. It was found that the pole in the middle was higher than other two poles. It is due to the curvature of the Earth. If the Earth were to be flat all the poles would have the same horizontal level.

f. Sighting a ship: A ship on the sea approaching the coast, when seen from the short does not come into view all at once. The observer first sees the mast and then the hull and finally the whole ship. A ship moving away from the coast disappears gradually and finally out of view. If the Earth were to be flat the whole ship would have come into view.

g. Aerial and Satellite Photographs: The photographs taken by the cosmonauts in the recent decades and satellites have provided ample proof to show that the earth is spherical in shape.

Question 3.
Explain the effects of the rotation of the Earth. (T.B. Qn)
Answer:
Rotation of the Earth causes various effects. They are:
a. Day and night caused by the rotation of the earth on its axis. This is because parts of the earth which face the sun have day and the parts which do not face the sun have night. This happen with precision and progression and not suddenly – The time when the sun beings to cast its light in the sky is known as dawn. At noon. The sun is overhead. At dusk, it is twilight and the sun is seen disappearing in the sky. At night, it is completely dark.

b. The duration of the day and night is not equal at all places on the earth because of the inclined axis. The length of days varies with respect to the seasons as well as latitude

c. The sun, the moon and the stars seem to move from east to west. This is because the earth spins from west to east. This effect is similar to what one experiences while looking at trees from a moving train.

d. The speed of rotation has created a centrifugal force resulting in a bulge in the middle portion of the earth and flattened top at the poles.

e. The earth’s rotation affects the movement of water in the oceans. The tides are deflected because of the rotation of the earth.

f. Rotation causes difference in time over various places on the earth.

g. The Earth acts as huge magnet: The one end of the needle of the compass always points towards the north magnetic pole. That means, the earth acts as a magnet. The rotation . of the earth causes the earth to act as a magnet.

h. Rotation of the Earth influences the movement of ocean water, particularly ocean currents.

i. The rise and fall in the sea level is called tides. Rotation of the Earth causes the lacing of water bodies to the Moon. The gravitational attraction of the Moon and position of the water bodies cause tides. This is a regular phenomenon due to Earth’s rotation.

Question 4.
Describe the special latitudes and temperature zones of the globe with a neat diagram. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Due to the Earth’s inclination at 66 1/2°and revolution, we recognize a few special latitudes on the globe. The vertical rays of the Sun strike the Earth at different points at different times of the year. On March 21st and September 23rd it falls on the middle of the Earth i.e., Equator. On June 21st the vertical rays fall on 23 1/2° North – Tropic of Cancer and on December 22nd it falls on 23 1/2° South- Tropic of Capricorn. On June 21st the Sun’s rays reach 66 1/2° South Antarctic circle. The North Pole (90° south) is the two ends of the Earth’s axis.

On the basis of special latitudes the globe may be divided into ‘Temperature zones’ or ‘ Heat zones’. Direct rays of the sun produce more heat than the slanting rays. The region near the equator receives more direct rays of the Sun. These rays are intense over smaller areas and so it heats up the Earth more. As we go away from the equator, the sun’s rays strike the Earth’s surface with slanting rays, spreading over a larger area so, they do not heat as intensely as the direct rays. Therefore, when we go from the equator to the poles, we come across zones with varying temperatures.

The Torrid Zone The zone stretches between 231/2°N and south latitudes and more or less receives the vertical rays of the sun. As a result, this region experiences moderately warm climate throughout the year.

The Temperate zone: In between the Torrid and the frigid zones i.e., between 23 1/2°N and South and 66 1/2°N and S lies the Temperate Zone. In this zone the sun’s rays fall obliquely and hence the region experiences a moderate climate.

The Frigid Zone: This zone extends from Arctic Circle to North Pole (66 1/2°N to 90°N) in the Northern Hemisphere and the Antarctic circle to South Pole (66 1/2° S to 90° S) is known as ‘Frigid Zone’. Since the sun’s rays fall extremely obliquely in this region, the region experience extremely cold climate.

1st PUC Geography The Earth Ten Marks Questions And Answers

Question 1.
How do seasons occur? Explain with a neat diagram. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Seasons occurs as an effect of earth’s revolution. Seasons refers to periods of a year which have some peculiar climatic conditions. Seasons are caused due to the following.

1. The inclination of the earth’s axis.
2. The parallelism of the earth’s axis
3. Revolution of the earth.

There are four seasons in a year. They are:
1.Summer 2. Autumn 3. Winter 4. Spring. As per the international Calendar, the four seasons have a period of 3 months. From the point of view of the earth’s indication, there are four positions of solstices and equinoxes. So, there are four seasons according to the positions of the earth in one complete revolution around the sun. Those four seasons are:

a. Summer Season: On June 21st the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun while the southern hemisphere is tilted away from the sun. The rays of the sun fall vertically on the Tropic Cancer and the areas within the Artistic circle remain in sunlight for all 24 hours. The northern hemisphere has longer days and shorter night. At this time the northern hemisphere has longer days and shorter night. At this time the northern hemisphere enjoys summer season and this portion is called “summer solstice”. Solstice means sun stops.

b. Autumnal Season: On 23rd September the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere are equally inclined or tilted towards the sun. The sun rays are vertical at the equator. As a result, the days and night are equal all over the world. At this time, in the northern hemisphere the season is neither hot nor cold. It is a situation between summer and winter seasons. It is called autumn season. At this time in the southern hemisphere, there is spring season. This position of the earth on 23rd September is known as autumnal equinox.

c. Winter Season: On 22nd December the southern hemisphere is inclined or tilted towards the sun, and northern hemisphere is inclined or tilted away from the sun. The sun is vertical at the Tropic of Capricorn, i.e. at 23 lA°S. At this time there is winter season in the northern hemisphere, and summer season in the southern hemisphere. This position is known as winter solstice.

d. Spring Season: On 21st March the northern and southern hemisphere are equally inclined towards the sun. The conditions are similar to those of autumnal equinox. From 21st March to 21st June, the earth is moving on its northern limits. During this period, there is spring season in the northern hemisphere and autumn season in the southern hemisphere. This season lasts for three months and continues with fresh cycle of summer. In India, the beginning of the spring is considered very auspicious and is celebrated as the first day of the year.

Karnataka 1st PUC Geography Question Bank Chapter 1 Geography as a Discipline

You can Download Chapter 1 Geography as a Discipline Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Geography Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

1st PUC Geography as a Discipline One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define Geography. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The scientific study of the earth surface and its various climates, natural resources and human activities.

Question 2.
What is Modern Geography? (T. & Qtl)
Answer:
Modem geography deals with interaction between Earth and human activities.

Question 3.
Who is the Father of Geography?
Answer:
Eratosthenes

Question 4.
Who used the term physical Geography first?
Answer:
Immanuel Kant

Question 5.
What is Lithosphere?
Answer:
The solid outer layer of the earth is known as Lithosphere

Question 6.
What is Atmosphere?
Answer:
The gaseous envelope circling the earth is known as the atmosphere.

Question 7.
What is Hydrosphere?
Answer:
The major part of the earth’s surface is covered with water in various forms such as oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, ponds etc.

Question 8.
What is Biosphere?
Answer:
The major zone of the earth which consists of various forms of life includes both the animals as well as plants.

Question 9.
What is Geomorphology?
Answer:
It is a systematic study of landforms, their evolution and related processes.

Question 10.
What is Climatology?
Answer:
Climatology encompasses the study of structure of atmosphere and elements of climates and climatic types and regions.

Question 11.
What is pedology?
Answer:
It is the scientific study of soil formation, structure, texture, chemical composition and their influence on plant growth.

Question 12.
What is Hydrology?
Answer:
Hydrology studies the realm of water over the surface of the earth including oceans, lakes, rivers and other water bodies and its effect on different life.

Question 13.
What are the two divisions of Bio-geography?
Answer:
Phytogeography and Zoo-geography

Question 14.
What is cartography?
Answer:
It is the science of making maps and charts.

Question 15.
What is Meteorology?
Answer:
It is the study of weather conditions and their related elements.

Question 16.
What is Seismology?
Answer:
The study of Earthquakes

Question 17.
What is Astronomical geography?
Answer:
It is the study of heavenly bodies of the space like planets, satellites, stars etc in relation to the earth.

Question 18.
What is economic geography?
Answer:
Economic geography deals with the spatial aspects of production, distribution and consumption and also helps in understanding the most proper location for establishing different human activities.

Question 19.
Which branch of Geography deals with heavenly bodies of the space. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Astronomical Geography is the study of the heavenly bodies of the space.

Question 20.
What is Bio-Geography? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
It is the scientific study of the distribution of plants and animals.

Question 21.
Name the branches of Physical Geography. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Geomorphology, climatology, Meteorology, Pedology are the major branches of physical geography.

Question 22.
Name the important two divisions of Geography?
Answer:
Physical and Human Geography

Question 23.
What is physical Geography?
Answer:
The systematic study of the natural elements which constitute the earth’s surface.

Question 24.
Mention the components of Physical Geography?
Answer:
Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmosphere and biosphere

Question 25.
What is Seismology?
Answer:
The systematic study of earth quakes and propagation of elastic waves through the Earth.

1st PUC Geography as a Discipline Two Marks Questions And Answers

Question 1.
Why Geography is called ‘Earth Science’? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Geography is fundamentally a description of the earth. It deals with the varied natural or physical factors of environment, such as land forms, mountains water bodies, minerals, climate, soils, natural vegetation and plains.

Question 2.
Explain the term of Geography?
Answer:
The word Geography is derived from the two Greek word ‘Geo’ which means earth and Graphic which means writing or study. Thus literally Geography means writing or study about the earth. Geography not only deals with a description of the earth, but it also deals with its inhabitants. So, Geography is the study of the earth and its people.

Question 3.
State the content of Geography?
Answer:
Geography is a study of the varied features on the earth’s surface and their characteristics. Varied natural or physical factors of environment. Such as land forms, water bodies, minerals, climate, soils, natural vegetation and animal life, cultural or man made factors of environment like human settlement, their skills and capacities and the inter relationship between environment and man are included into the content of the geography.

Question 4.
What is Cultural Environment?
Answer:
The Cultural environment consists of all man made features on the surface of the earth. It is created by man for his own benefit. The settlements, dwellings, transport facilities, agriculture, industries, religion and government are some of the elements of cultural environment. It is also varies from place to place.

Question 5.
Write two definitions of Geography?
Answer:
Vidal de la blache: Geography is the science of places.
Marthe: Geography is the science of distribution.

Question 6.
Write two definitions of Physical Geography?
Answer:
Oxford Dictionary: The branch of geography which deals with the natural features of the earth surface
Monk house F.J: Physical geography is concerned with those aspects of geography, which are concerned with the shape and form of the land surface, the configuration, the extent, and the nature of the seas and oceans.

Question 7.
How is Geography a discipline of synthesis? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
It is considered to be a liaison subject. It recognizes the fact that the world is a system of interdependency. Geography as an integrating discipline stands midway between Natural Science and Social Science. –

Question 8.
What is Mathematical Geography? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The study of the shape and size of the earth, measurement of its curvature is known as Mathematical Geography. It helps to represent Latitudes, Longitudes, Shape of the Earth, Size, Cartographic and Quantitative Techniques, latitudes, longitude, shape of the Earth, Size, Cartographic and Quantitative Techniques.

Question 9.
What is Oceanography? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The branch of science that deals with the physical and biological properties and phenomena of the sea, ocean, relief of the ocean floor.

Question 10.
Name the four branches of Human Geography. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Cultural Geography, Historical Geography, Economic Geography, Agricultural Geography.

Question 11.
What is the main focus of Physical Geography? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The main focus of the Physical geography is on the life layer, a zone of the lands and oceans containing most of the world of organic life or biosphere. It concern physical factors that make the life layer habitable for all forms of plants and animals, but more particularly for humans.

Question 12.
What is physical Environment?
Answer:
The natural elements of the earth’s surface are known as physical or natural environment. It comprises the elements like land forms, climate, rivers, soils, mountains, vegetation, animals. These are the gift of the nature and also variable from one place to another.

1st PUC Geography as a Discipline Five Marks Questions And Answers

Question 1.
Explain the divisions of Geography?
Answer:
There are two divisions of Geography 1. Physical geography and Human Geography. Physical Geography: Physical geography is the systematic study of the natural elements which constitute the earth’s surface. These elements are grouped into four categories such as the land, the water bodies, and the air and the plants as well as animals. Physical geography is an important branch of Geography which deals with the physical features of the Earth. Including land, air and water. It is an area of study that brings together and inter-relates the important elements of the physical environment of humans. It deals with the physical environment or physical aspect s of the Earth that are crated by nature.

Important areas of studies are:

• Geomorphology – land, land features and landforms.
• Climatology – Climate, atmospheric conditions and climatic change.
• Meteorology – Weather conditions and weather changes,
• Oceanography – Seas, oceans, relief of the ocean floor, configuration of ocean water, movements of ocean water etc.
• Soil Geography – Formation and distribution of soils on the Earth.

Human Geography: It deals with man and his activities, particularly cultural environment factors or man made features. Important among them are culture, society, agriculture, mining, industry, transport, tourism, trade, population size etc., viz., Cultural Geography, Historical geography Political Geography, Agricultural Geography, and Economic Geography etc.

Question 2.
Explain the meaning, content and scope of physical geography.
Answer:
Geography can be classified into three major braches in terms of its contents. Physical geography is one of the major branch of geography. Meaning of Physical geography: Physical geography is the study of the natural environment on the surface of the earth or close to the surface of the earth. Physical geography is not so . much a basic science, but is an integration of a number of earth and life sciences which give insight into the nature of man’s environment. In other words, physical geography is the study of the physical or relief features, such as the land forms, the water bodies, the distribution of minerals, soils, climates, plants and animals which constitute natural or physical environment.

Content of physical Geography: Physical geography is the study of important components or factors of physical or natural environment or close to the earth’s; surface which influence man and his activities. It is the study of the physical aspects or elennents of the environment, such as land forms, water bodies, minerals, soils, climate, natural v egetation, animal life, etc depending upon which man lives and works.

Scope of Physical Geography: The scope of physical geography is very wide. Modern physical geography tries to interpret the natural environment as a dynamic entity. That is, it studies the interaction between the varies components of the environment rather than concentrating on a single component. In earlier period, its scope was confirmed only to record natural features on the earth’s surface like mountain, rivers, lakes, seas, etc. After successful exploration, discoveries and the development of science and technology, the scope of physical geography has widened. So, the physical geography converts the study of physical factors like the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.

Question 3.
Explain the Field of Geography?
Answer:
The field of geography is very vast and contains several braches, because physical geography deals with physical as well as biological aspects. It includes the continents, water bodies, flora and fauna, atmosphere and its conditions. These constitute physical environment and determine the life and activities of human being in the different areas of the world. It deals with a variety of features, elements, and their origin and distribution pattern on the Earth’s surface. Field of geography the study of the areal differentiation on the earth covers surface, of its elements and feature, i.e. relief, drainage, climate, soil, vegetation, mineral deposits, population, land use etc.

These can be divided into two types. Natural features and Cultural features. All the physical elements and factors responsible for them form the environment. All those factors and elements which formed by nature come under natural environment. It includes landforms, climate, vegetation and animals, minerals, water bodies etc. They vary from place to place and have influence on the life and activities of human beings.

Human being must utilize the natural environment in the best possible manner to fulfill his needs and adjust to it. All those factors which are created by man form the cultural environment. It comprises of man-made features like human skill, races, religion, languages, settlements, tradition, political attitude, distribution of population etc. The factors of natural and cultural environment are inter connected and complex changes have taken place in certain region.

Question 4.
Explain the nature and importance of physical Geography.
Answer:
Physical geography is one of the major branch of geography. It deals with the physical aspects of the Earth and their effects on human beings.

Nature of Physical Geography: Physical Geography is the integrated study of the physical environment on close to the earth’s surface. Physical environment does not remain static. Because physical environment is complex and factors vary from place to place, they have changed through time, for e.g. Land forms, climate, plants and animals etc. So it is an ever changing process. The pattern of of natural features in different parts of the earth is continuously changing. Importance of Physical Geography: Modern physical geography is of much value and significance.

The value of modern physical geography is as follows:

1. Physical geography not only deals with the important components of physical or natural environment, but also deals with the inter-connections between the various components of natural environment.
2. Physical geography deals with the important components of the natural or physical environment. The natural environment and its spatial changes can be understood from a study of physical geography.
3. The study of physical geography is essential to understand the natural environment of the earth, evolved by natural process through millions of years. The natural environment varies from one place to another.
4. An understanding of the agents, processes and elements of physical environment, enable us to evaluate the varied nature of human life.
5. Physical geography also provides information as to how man is able to adjust himself to his environment.
6. Modern physical geography tries to interpret the natural or physical environment as a dynamic activity.

Question 5.
Explain the important branches of Physical geography. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The field of physical geography is wide as it includes the study of the entire surface of the earth and also its physical and biological process as well as their morphology. Modern geography has witnessed the development of many branches and some of them even grown into separate disciplines. Some of the important branches of physical geography are as follows:

• Geomorphology: It is a systematic study of landforms, such as mountains, plateaus, plains, valleys, etc.
• Climatology: Climatology encompasses the study of structure of atmosphere and elements of climates and climatic types and regions.
• Meteorology: The scientific study of atmosphere condition is called meteorology.
• Pedology: It is the scientific study of soil formation, structure, texture, chemical composition and their influence on plant growth.
• Hydrology: Hydrology studies the realm of water over the surface of the earth including oceans, lakes, rivers and other water bodies and its effect on different life.
• Seismology: It is the study of Earthquakes, their effects and distribution.
• Astronomical Geography: It is the study of heavenly bodies of the space like planets, satellites, stars etc in relation to the earth.
• Volcanology: It is the scientific study of tectonic process of volcanoes.
• Astronomical geography: It is the study of heavenly bodies of the space like planets, satellites, stars etc in relation to the earth.
• Bio-geography: It is the systematic study of the distribution of plants and animals.
• Hydrology: The study of water on the earth’s land is known as hydrology.
• Oceanography: The study of waves, tides and currents and the other characteristics of oceans, known as oceanography

Question 6.
Explain the branches of Geography.
Answer:
1. Physical Geography.
The field of physical geography is wide as it includes the study of the entire surface of the earth and also its physical and biological process as well as their morphology. Modern geography has witnessed the development of many branches and some of them even grown into separate disciplines.

Some of the important branches of physical geography are as follows:

• Geomorphology: It is a systematic study of landforms, such as mountains, plateaus, plains, valleys, etc.
• Climatology: Climatology encompasses the study of structure of atmosphere and elements of climates and climatic types and regions.
• Meteorology: The scientific study of atmosphere condition is called meteorology.
• Pedology: It is the scientific study of soil formation, structure, texture, chemical composition and their influence on plant growth.
• Hydrology: Hydrology studies the realm of water over the surface of the earth including oceans, lakes, rivers and other water bodies and its effect on different life.
• Seismology: It is the study of Earthquakes, their effects and distribution.
• Astronomical Geography: It is the study of heavenly bodies of the space like planets, satellites, stars etc in relation to the earth.
• Volcanology: It is the scientific study of tectonic process of volcanoes.
• Astronomical geography: It is the study of heavenly bodies of the space like planets, satellites, stars etc in relation to the earth.
• Bio-geography: It is the systematic study of the distribution of plants and animals.
• Hydrology: The study of water on the earth’s land is known as hydrology.
• Oceanography: The study of waves, tides and currents and the other characteristics of oceans, known as oceanography.

2. Human geography: It deals with man and his activities particularly cultural environment factors on man made factors, Important among them are culture, Society, agriculture, mining, industry, transport forming trade population etc.
Some of the important grander of Human geography are as fallows:

(1) Political geography: It deals with spatial unit, people distribution, political behavior, political divisions etc.

(2) Economic geography: It refers to basic attributes of the economy such as production, distribution exchange of goods and consumption. It deals with the spatial aspects of production, distribution and consumption and also helps on understanding the most proper location for establishing different human activities.

(3) Commercial Geography: It deals with the spatial distribution of trade and commercial practices etc.

(4) Population Geography: It helps to understand the distribution, growth density, migration and various other components of population.

You can Download Chapter 2 Units and Measurements Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Physics Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Physics Question Bank Chapter 2 Units and Measurements

1st PUC Physics Units and Measurements TextBook Questions and Answers

Question 1.
(a)
The volume of a cube of side 1 cm is equal to ……….. m³
Answer:
Volume of a cube = (side)³
= (1 cm)³
= (1 × 10^-2 m)³
= 1 × 10^-6 m³

(b)
The surface area of a solid cylinder of radius 2.0 cm and height 10.0 cm is equal to ………. (mm)²
Answer:
Surface area of a solid cylinder is given by S = 2πr (h+r)
Where r = radius = 2 cm = 20 mm and
h = height = 10 cm = 100mm.
∴Surface area = 2 × π × 20 (100 + 20)
= 4800 × 3.14
= 1.5 × 10⁴ mm² .
Note: This rounding off is because there are only 2 significant figures in the measured value of the radius of the cylinder.

(c)
A vehicle moving with a speed of 18 km h^-1 covers ……….. m in 1 s
Answer:
18 km h^-1 = \(\frac{18 \times 1000 m}{3600 s}\) = 5 ms^-1
Note: km h^-1 can be converted to ms^-1 by multiplying by 5/18.

(d)
The relative density of lead is 11.3. Its density is ………. g cm^-3 or …….. kg m^-3
Answer:
Actual density =
relative density × density of water.
Density in g cm^-3 = 11.3 × 1 g cm^-3
Density in kg m^-3 = 11.3 × 1000 kgm^-3
= 11300 kgm^-3

Question 2.
Fill in the blanks by suitable conversion of units
(a)
1 kg m² s^-2 = …………. g cm² s^-2
Answer:
1 Kg m²s^-2 = \(\frac{\left(1 \times 10^{3} \mathrm{g}\right) \times\left(1 \times 10^{2} \mathrm{cm}\right)^{2}}{1 \mathrm{s}^{2}}\)
=1 × 10⁷g cm²s^-2

(b) 1 m =……….. ly
Answer:
1 light year
= 3 × 10⁸ × 3600 × 24 × 365
= 1 × 10¹⁶m

(c) 3.0 m s^-2 =……. km h^-2
Answer:
3.0 m s^-2 =\(\frac{3 \times 10^{-3} k m}{(1 / 3600 h)^{2}}\)
= 3.888 × 10⁴ km h^-2
= 3.9 × 10⁴ km h^-2
( expressed in 2 significant figures)

(d)
G = 6.67 × 10^-11 N m² (kg)^-2 = ……. (cm)³ s^-2 g^-1.
Answer:
G = 6.67 × 10^-11 Nm² (kg) ^-2
1 N = 1 kg m s^-2
∴G = 6.67 × 10 = 6.67 × 10^{-11 ×} (100 cm)³ s^-2 (1000g)^-1
= 6.67 × 10^-8 (cm)³ s ^-2 g^-1

Question 3.
A calorie is a unit of heat or energy and It equals about 4.2 J where 1J = 1 kg m² s^-2. Suppose we employ a system of units In which the unit of mass equals α kg, the unit of length equals β m, the unit of time is γ s. Show that a calorie has a magnitude 4.2 α¹ β²γ² in terms of the new units.
Answer:
1 new unit of mass = α kg
⇒ 1 kg = \(\frac{1}{\alpha}\) new units of mass
1 new unit of length = β m
⇒ 1m = \(\frac{1}{\beta}\) new units of length
1 new unit of time = γ s
⇒ 1 s = \(\frac{1}{\gamma}\) new units of time
1 calorie = 4.2 kg m² s^-2
= 4.2 \(\left(\frac{1}{\alpha}\right)\left(\frac{1}{\beta}\right)^{2}\left(\frac{1}{\gamma}\right)^{-2}\)
= 4.2 \(\alpha^{-1} \beta^{-2} \gamma^{2}\) in terms of the new units.

Question 4.
Explain this statement clearly:
“To call a dimensional quantity ‘large’ or ‘small’ is meaningless without specifying a standard for comparison”. In view of this, reframe the following statements wherever necessary:

1. Atoms are very small objects
2. A jet plane moves with great speed
3. The mass of Jupiter is very large
4. The air inside this room contains a large number of molecules
5. A proton is much more massive than an electron
6. The speed of sound is much smaller than the speed of light.

(Note: There is no unique answer for each of these questions.)

Answer:

1. Atoms are very small objects when compared to a cricket ball.
2. A jet plane moves with great speed when compared to a car.
3. The mass of Jupiter is much larger than that of the Earth.
4. The air inside this room contains a large number of molecules when compared to the number of objects in the room.
5. No change necessary.
6. No change necessary.

Question 5.
A new unit of length is chosen such that the speed of light in vacuum is unity. What is the distance between the Sun and the Earth in terms of the new unit if light takes 8 min and 20 s to cover this distance?
Answer:
New unit of length = 3 × 10⁸ ms^-1
Distance between the Earth and the sun
= \((8 \min 20 \mathrm{s}) \times 3 \times 10^{8} \mathrm{ms}^{-1}\)
= 500 × 3 × 10⁸ ms^-1
∴Distance between the Earth and the Sun in terms of the new units
=\(\frac{500 \times 3 \times 10^{8}}{3 \times 10^{8}}\)
= 500 new units.

Question 6.
Which of the following is the most precise device for measuring length:

1. A vernier caliper with 20 divisions on the sliding scale
2. A screw gauge of pitch 1 mm and 100 divisions on the circular scale
3. An optical instrument that can measure length to within a wavelength of light?

Answer:

1. Least measurement possible with vernier callipers =1 / 20 mm = 5 × 10^-5 m
2. Least measurement possible with screw gauge = 1 / 100 mm = 1 × 10^-5 m
3. Least measurement possible with the optical instrument = 300 nm = 3 × 10^-7 m

Clearly (c) is the most precise device.

Question 7.
A student measures the thickness of a human hair by looking at it through a microscope of magnification 100. He makes 20 observations and finds that the average width of the hair in the field of view of the microscope is 3.5 mm. What Is the estimate on the thickness of hair?
Answer:
Estimate on the thickness of the hair
= \(\frac{\text { width of the hair }}{\text { magnification }}\)
= \(\frac{3.5 \mathrm{mm}}{100}\)
= 0.035mm

Question 8.
(a)
You are given a thread and a metre scale. How will you estimate the diameter of the thread ?
Answer:
Repeatedly wind the thread over the breadth of the scale such that there is no space between adjacent windings. Find the number of windings in a given length.
Diameter of the thread
= \(\frac{\text { length on the scale }}{\text { Number of windings }}\)

(b)
A screw gauge has a pitch of 1.0 mm and 200 divisions on the circular scale. Do you think it is possible to increase the accuracy of the screw gauge arbitrarily by increasing the number of divisions on the circular scale?
Answer:
No. When the number of divisions are arbitrarily increased, the accuracy might increase up to a certain extent only.

(c)
The mean diameter of a thin brass rod is to be measured by vernier callipers. Why is a set of 100 measurements of the diameter expected to yield a more reliable estimate than a set of 5 measurements only?
Answer:
When more measurements are taken, the likelihood of random errors is decreased. Hence a set of 100 measurements is more reliable than a set of 5 measurements.

Question 9.
The photograph of a house occupies an area of 1.75 cm² on a 35 mm slide. The slide is projected on to a screen, and the area of the house on the screen is 1.55 m². What is the linear magnification of the projector-screen arrangement?
Answer:
Area of the house = 1.75 cm²
Let’s assume that the house is square in shape.
Length of a side of the house = \(\sqrt{1.75}\) cm
Area of the house on the screen 1.55 m²
Length of a side of the house on the screen = \(\sqrt{1.55}\)m
= \(\sqrt{1.55}\) × 100 cm
Linear magnification= \(\frac{\text { length on the screen }}{\text { length on the slide }}\)
=\(\frac{\sqrt{1.55} \times 100 \mathrm{cm}}{\sqrt{1.75}}\)
=94.1

Question 10.
State the number of significant figures in the following :

1. 0.007 m²
2. 2.64 × 10²⁴ kg
3. 0.2370 g cm^-3
4. 6.320 J
5. 6.032 N m^-2
6. 0.0006032 m²

Answer:

1. 0.007 m² = 7×10^-3m² → 1 significant figure.
2. 2.64 × 10²⁴ Kg → 3 significant figures.
3. 0.2370 g cm^-3 → 4 significant figures.
4. 6.320 J → 4 significant figures.
5. 6.032 Nm^-2 → 4 significant figures
6. 0.0006032 m² → 6.032 × 10^-4 m² → 4 significant figures.

Question 11.
The length, breadth and thickness of a rectangular sheet of metal are 4.234 m, 1.005 m, and 2.01 cm respectively. Give the area and volume of the sheet to correct significant figures.
Answer:
Length I = 4.234 m,
Breadth b = 1.005 m,
Thickness t = 2.01 cm = 0.0201 m
Area = 2 × (lb + bt + It)
= 2 × (4.234 × 1.005 + 1.005 × 0.0201 + 4.234 × 0.0201)
= 8.72 m²
(Rounding off to 3 significant figures)
Volume = Ibt
= 4.234 × 1.005 × 0.0201
= 8.55 × 10^-2 m³

Question 12.
The mass of a box measured by a grocer’s balance is 2.300 kg. Two gold pieces of masses 20.15 g and 20.17 g are added to the box. What is

• the total mass of the box,
• the difference in the masses of the pieces to correct significant figures?

Answer:

1. Total mass of the box = 2.300 kg + 20.15 g + 20.17 g = 2.34032 kg .
   = 2.34 kg.
2. Difference in the masses of the pieces = 20.17 g – 20.15 g.
   = 0.02 g.

Question 13.
A physical quantity /Ms related to four observables a, b, c and of as follows :
P = a³b²\(/(\sqrt{\mathrm{cd}})\)

The percentage errors of measurement in a, b, c, and d are 1%, 3%, 4%, and 2%, respectively. What is the percentage error In the quantity P? If the value of P calculated using the above relation turns out to be 3.763, to what value should you round off the result?
Answer:
P = a³b²\(/(\sqrt{\mathrm{c}} \mathrm{d})\)
Percentage error in P

Question 14.
A book with many printing errors contains four different formulas for the displacement y of a particle under going a certain periodic motion :
(a) y = a sin 2πt/T
(b) y = a sin vt
(c) y = (a/T) sin t/a
(d) y = \((a\sqrt{2})\) (sin 2πt/T + cos 2πt/T)
(a = maximum displacement of the particle, b a speed of the particle. T = time-period of motion). Rule out the wrong formulas on dimensional grounds.
Answer:
Here we need the dimension of the LHS = dimension of RHL = L¹
Also, the dimension of the argument of the trigonometric function = dimensionless

(a) Dimension of the argument of the sine function
\(\frac{T^{1}}{T^{1}}\mathrm{T}^{0}\) = dimensionless.
Dimension of a = L¹ = dimensions of y.
∴ This formula is dimensionally correct.

(b) Dimension of the argument of the sine function
= [LT^-1] [T¹] = L¹
∴ This formula is dimensionally incorrect.

(c) Dimension of the argument of the sine function
= t/a = \(\frac{T}{L}\) = [L^-1] [T¹] Also,
dimension of (\(\frac{a}{t}\)) = \(\frac{L}{T}\) = LT^-1 Clearly,
∴ This formula is dimensionally incorrect.

(d) Dimension of \(a\sqrt{2}\) = L¹ = dimension of y Dimension of the argument of the sine function
= dimension of the argument of the cosine function = 2π\(\frac{t}{T}\) = \(\frac{T^{1}}{T^{1}}\) = T° = dimensionless.
∴ This formula is dimensionally correct.

Question 15.
A famous relation in physics relates ‘moving mass’ m to the ‘rest mass’ m₀ of a particle In terms of its speed and the speed of light, c. (This relation first arose as a consequence of special relativity due to Albert Einstein). A boy recalls the relation almost correctly but forgets where to put the constant
c. He writes :m = \(\frac{m_{0}}{\left(1-v^{2}\right)^{1 / 2}}\) Guess where to put the missing c.
Answer:
We need the dimension of the RHS to be equal to M¹. Since m₀ has the dimension of M¹, the denominator must be dimensionless.

⇒ \(\left(1-v^{2}\right)^{\frac{y}{2}}\) must be corrected to be dimensionless.
1 is dimensionless, v² has the dimensions [L¹T^-1]² = L² T^-2

Using c, we need to make 1 – v² dimensionless. Since c has the same dimensions as v, c/v and v/c are both dimensionless.
∴ The corrected formula must be
m = \(\frac{m_{0}}{\left(1-v^{2} / c^{2}\right)^{1 / 2}}\) or m = \(\frac{m_{0}}{\left(1-c^{2} / v^{2}\right)^{1/2}}\)

Since m₀ is the rest mass, m = m₀ when v = o. (body at rest)
For the first formula, when v = 0, m = undefined, which is wrong.
∴ Corrected formula is m = \(\frac{m_{0}}{\left(1-v^{2} / c^{2}\right)^{1/ 2}}\)

Question 16.
The unit of length convenient on the atomic scale is known as an angstrom and is denoted by Å: 1 Å = 10^-10 m. The size of a hydrogen atom is about 0.5 Å. What is the total atomic volume in m³ of a mole of hydrogen atoms?
Answer:
Radius of a hydrogen atom = r = 0.5 Å = 0.5 × 10^-10m
Volume of a mole of hydrogen atoms = Volume of a hydrogen atom × Number of hydrogen atoms in 1 mole
= \(\frac{4}{3}\)πr³ × N_A
= \(\frac{4}{3}\) × 3.14 × ( 0.5 × 10^-10)³ × 6.022 × 10²³
= 3 × 10^-7 m³ (rounded off to 1 significant figure)

Question 17.
One mole of an ideal gas at standard temperature and pressure occupies 22.4 L (molar volume). What is the ratio of molar volume to the atomic volume of a mole of hydrogen? (Take the size of hydrogen molecule to be about 1

1. Why is this ratio so large?
Answer:
Atomic volume of a mole of hydrogen
= \(\frac{4}{3} \pi r^{3} \times N_{A}\)
= \(\frac{4}{3}\) × 3.14 × (1 × 10^-10)³ × 6.022 × 10²³
= 2.52 × 10^-6 m³
Required ratio
= \(\frac{22.4 L}{2.52 \times 10^{-6} m^{3}}\)
= \(\frac{22.4 \times 10^{-3}}{2.52 \times 10^{-6}} \)
= 9 × 10³
This ratio is large because the intermolecular separation in a gas is much larger than the size of a molecule.

Question 18.
Explain this common observation clearly: If you look out of the window of a fast-moving train, the nearby trees, houses, etc. seem to move rapidly in a direction opposite to the train’s motion, but the distant objects (hilltops, the Moon, the stars, etc.) seem to be stationary. (In fact, since you are aware that you are moving, these distant objects seem to move with you).
Answer:
Objects nearer to the eye subtend a greater angle in the eye than the distant objects. When we move, the change in this angle is less for distant objects than for near objects. So the distant objects seem stationary but nearer objects seem to move in the opposite direction.

Question 19.
The principle of ‘parallax’ is used in the determination of distances of very distant stars. The baseline AB is the line joining the Earth’s two locations six months apart in its orbit around the Sun. That is, the baseline is about the diameter of the Earth’s orbit. 3 × 10¹¹m. However, even the nearest stars are so distant that with such a long baseline, they show parallax only of the order of 1¹¹ (second) of arc or so. A parsec is a convenient unit of length on the astronomical scale. It is the distance of an object that will show a parallax of 1¹¹ (second) of arc from opposite ends of a baseline equal to the distance from the Earth to the Sun. How much is a parsec in terms of metres?
Answer:
Distance of the earth from the Sun =
= b = 1/2 × diameter of earth’s orbit
⇒ b= 0.5 × 3 × 10¹¹ m
b = 1.5 × 10¹¹ m
1 parsec = D = b/θ
= \(\frac{1.5 \times 10^{11} \mathrm{m}}{1^{11}}\) = \(\frac{1.5 \times 10^{11}}{\left(\frac{1}{3600}\right)}\)
= \(\frac{1.5 \times 10^{11}}{\frac{1}{3600} \times \frac{\pi}{180}}\) = 3 × 10¹⁶ m

Question 20.
The nearest star to our solar system is 4.29 light-years away. How much is this distance In terms of parsecs? How much parallax would this star (named Alpha Centaurl) show when viewed from two locations of the Earth six months apart in Its orbit around the Sun?
Answer:
Distance of Alpha Centauri from the Earth = 4.29 ly
= 4.29 × 365 × 24 v 3600 × 3 × 10⁸ = 4.06 × 10¹⁶m
1 parsec = 3.084 × 10¹⁶ m
∴ Distance = \(\frac{4.06 \times 10^{16}}{3.084 \times 10^{16}}\) = 1.32parsec.
D = b/θ
b = 3 × 10⁴, D = 4.06 × 10¹⁶ m
Parallax θ = 2 × D = 2.64

Question 21.
The Sun is a hot plasma (ionized matter) with its Inner core at a temperature exceeding 10⁷ K, and its outer surface at a temperature of about 6000 K. At these high temperatures, no substance remains in a solid or liquid phase. In what range do you expect the mass density of the Sun to be, In the range of densities of solids and liquids or gases? Check if your guess is correct from the following data: mass of the Sun = 2.0 × 10³⁰ kg, radius of the Sun = 7.0 × 10⁸m.
Answer:
Actual Density of the Sun = \(\frac{\text { Mass }}{\text { Volume }}\)
= \(\frac{2 \times 10^{30} \mathrm{kg}}{\frac{4}{3} \pi \times\left(7 \times 10^{8}\right)^{3} \mathrm{m}^{3}}\)
= 1.4 × 10³ kg m^-3

Question 22.
When the planet Jupiter is at a distance of 824.7 million kilometers from the Earth, Its angular diameter is measured to be 35.72″ of arc. Calculate the diameter of Jupiter.
Answer:
D = 824.7 million km
θ = 35.72¹¹
b = Dθ
=> b = 824.7 v 10⁶ km × 35.72¹¹
824.7 × 10⁶ km × \(\frac{35.72}{3600}\) × \(\frac{\pi}{180}\) km
=1.429 × 10⁵ km

1st PUC Physics Units and Measurements Additional Exercises Questions and Answers

Question 23.
A man walking briskly In the rain with speed v must slant his umbrella forward making an angle θ with the vertical. A student derives the following relation between θ and v: tan θ = v, and checks that the relation has a correct limit: as v -> o, θ -> o, as expected. (We are assuming there is no strong wind and that the rain falls vertically for a stationary man). Do you think this relation can be correct? If not, guess the correct relation.
Answer:
Since tan θ is dimensionless, we need the RHS of the equation tan θ = v to be dimensionless.
Let the speed of the rainfall be v¹. Then, by the method of dimensions, we get that tan θ = v/v¹ or v¹/v
When the man is stationary (v = 0), he must hold the umbrella straight.
i.e θ = 0°
tan θ = 0 when v = 0
∴ The required relation is tan θ = v/v¹

Question 24.
It is claimed that two cesium clocks if allowed to run for 100 years, free from any disturbance, may differ by only about 0.02 s. What does this imply for the accuracy of the standard cesium clock in measuring a time – interval of 1 s?
Answer:
Since the maximum error possible for 2 clocks is 0.02 s, the error for 1 clock = 0.01 s.
∴ Accuracy = \(\frac{3600 \times 24 \times 365 \times 100}{0.01}\)
= 3.15 × 10¹¹
= 1 part in to¹¹ to 10¹²

Question 25.
Estimate the average mass density of a sodium atom assuming its size to be about 2.5 Å. (Use the known values of Avogadro’s number and the atomic mass of sodium). Compare it with the density of sodium in its crystalline phase: 970 kg m^-3. Are the two densities of the same order of magnitude? If so, why?
Answer:
Mass of 1 mole (N_A) of sodium atoms = 23 g.
Mass of 1 atom of sodium = \(\frac{23 \mathrm{g}}{\mathrm{N}_{\mathrm{A}}}\)
= \(\frac{23 g \times 10^{-3} k g}{6.022 \times 10^{23}}\)
= 3.819 × 10^-26
Density of sodium atom = \(\frac{\text { Mass }}{\text { Volume }}\)
= \(\frac{3.819 \times 10^{-26}}{\frac{4}{3} \pi \times\left(2.5 \times 10^{-10}\right)^{3}}\)
= 583.5 kg m^-3

970 kg m^-3 and 0.6 × 10³ kg m^-3
are of the same order of magnitude because atoms are tightly packed in solid-state, so the atomic mass density is quite close to the density of the solid.

Question 26.
The unit of length convenient on the nuclear scale is a fermi: 1 f = 10^-15m. Nuclear sizes obey roughly the following empirical relation:
r = r₀A^1/3
where r is the radius of the nucleus, A its mass number, and r₀ is a constant equal to about 1.2 fm. Show that the rule implies that nuclear mass density is nearly constant for different nuclei. Estimate the mass density of sodium nucleus. Compare it with the average mass density of a sodium atom obtained in Exercise. 2.27.
Answer:
Mass of 1 mole (N_A) of atoms of an element = A g
= A × 10^-3 kg
Mass of  1 atom = \(\frac{A \times 10^{-3} k g}{N_{A}}\)
Density of the atom = \(\frac{\text { Mass }}{\text { Volume }}\)

which is a constant.
Mass density of the sodium nucleus


= 2.30 × 10¹⁷ kg m ^-3
= 0.2 × 10¹⁸ kg m ^-3
\(\frac{\text { Nuclear density }}{\text { Atomic density }}\) for sodium

= 0.33 × 10¹⁵
∴ Nuclear density is roughly 10¹⁵ to 10¹⁵ times the atomic density.

Question 27.
A LASER is a source of very intense, monochromatic, and unidirectional beam of light. These properties of laser light can be exploited to measure long distances. The distance of the Moon from the Earth has been already determined very precisely using a laser as a source of light. A laser light beamed at the Moon takes 2.56 s to return after reflection at the Moon’s surface. How much Is the radius of the lunar orbit around the Earth?
Answer:
Time for the laser reach the moon
= 1/2 × 2.56 s = 1.28 s
∴ Distance from the Earth to the moon = 1.28 s × speed of light in vacuum = 1.28 × 3 × 10⁸ms^-1
= 3.84 × 10⁸m
∴ The radius of the lunar orbit = 3.84 × 10⁸m.

Question 28.
A SONAR (sound navigation and ranging) uses ultrasonic waves to detect and locate objects underwater. In a submarine equipped with a SONAR the time delay between generation of a probe wave and the reception of its echo after reflection from
an enemy submarine is found to be 77.0 s. What is the distance of the enemy submarine? (Speed of sound in water =
1450 ms^-1).
Answer:
Time for the SONAR to reach the enemy submarine = 1/2 × 77.0 s = 38.5s
Distance of the enemy submarine = 38.5 s × speed of Sound in water
= 38.5 s × 1450 m s^-1 = 55825 m = 55.8 km.

question 29.
The farthest objects in our Universe discovered by modern astronomers are so distant that light emitted by them takes billions of years to reach the Earth. These objects (known as quasars) have many puzzling features, which have not yet been satisfactorily explained. What is the distance in km of a quasar from which light takes 3.0 billion years to reach us?
Answer:
Distance of the quasar from the earth = Distance travelled by light in 3 billion years
= 3 × 10⁵ kms^-1 × 3 × 10⁹ × 365 × 24 × 3600
= 2.8 × 10²² km.

Question 30.
It is a well-known fact that during a total solar eclipse-the disk of the moon almost completely covers the disk of the Sun. From this fact .determine the approximate diameter of the moon.
Answer:
AC = AD, AB = AE

From the data, we get the distances of the Sun and Moon from the Earth, as well as the diameter of the Sun.
Using the concept of similar triangles
ΔABE ~ ΔACD ⇒ \(\frac{A B}{A D}=\frac{B E}{C D}\)
⇒ BE = diameter of the moon
= CD × \(\frac{\mathrm{AB}}{\mathrm{AD}}\) =

= 3568 km.

Question 31.
A great physicist of this century (P.A.M. Dirac) loved playing with numerical values of Fundamental constants of nature. This led him to an interesting observation. Dirac found that from the basic constants of atomic physics (c, e, mass of electron, mass of proton) and the gravitational constant G, he could arrive at a number with the dimension of time. Further, it was a very large number, its magnitude being close to the present estimate on the age of the universe (~15 billion years). From the table of fundamental constants in this book, try to see if you too can construct this number (or any other Interesting number you can think of). If its coincidence with the age of the universe were significant, what would this imply for the constancy of fundamental constants?
Answer:
[c] = [LT^-1]
[e] = [IT]
[m_e] = [mp] = [M]
[G] = [M^-1 L³ T²]
[∈_o]= [M^-1 L^-3 T⁴ I²]
By the given condition
[c]^a [e]^b [m_e]^c[mp]^d [G]^e [∈_o]^f = [T]
[LT^-1]^a [IT]^b [M]^c[M]^d [M^-1L³T^-2]^e × [M^-1 L^-3 T⁴I²]^f = [T]
[M^c+d-e-f L^a+3e-3f T^-a+b-2e+4f I^b+2f]
[M⁰ L⁰ T¹ I⁰]

Comparing the powers of M, L, T and I, we get
⇒c + d-e – f               = 0    →(1)
a + 3e – 3f                  = 0    →(2)
-a + b -2e + 4f           = 1    →(3)
b + 2f                         = 0    →(4)
We have 4 equations but 6 unknowns. Hence we cannot arrive at a unique solution. But we can get the solutions by guessing the values for some of the unknowns.
Let a = -3, e = -1, f = -2 c = -2, Now we have d = -1 and b = 4
∴ The equation is of the form =

where k is a constant.

1st PUC Physics Units and Measurements One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is a unit?
Answer:
The standard quantity in terms of which a physical quantity is measured is called the unit of that physical quantity.

Question 2.
What are the fundamental quantities?
Answer:
The quantities, which are independent of other physical quantities are called fundamental quantities.

Question 3.
What are derived quantities?
Answer:
The quantities, which are derived from fundamental quantities are called derived quantities.

Question 4.
What is dimensional formula?
Answer:
A formula in which a physical quantity is expressed in terms of fundamental quantities is called the dimensional formula.

Question 5.
What are the dimensions?
Answer:
Dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to which the fundamental quantities must be raised to obtain the unit of a given physical quantity.

Question 6.
State the principle of homogeneity of dimensions.
Answer:
The principle of homogeneity of dimensions states that the dimensional formula of all the terms in an equation must be the same.

Question 7.
Write the dimensional formula for velocity.
Answer:
LT^-1.

Question 8.
Write the dimensional formula for force.
Answer:
MLT².

Question 9.
Write the dimensional formula for power.
Answer:
ML²T³.

Question 10.
Name a physical quantity that has a unit but no dimension.
Answer:
Angle. (Bangalore South, North 05)

Question 11.
Write the dimensions of the coefficient of viscosity?
Answer:
[η] = [M¹L^-1T^-1].
∴ Dimensions of co-efficient of viscosity are 1 in mass, -1 in length and -1 in time.

Question 12.
Name the SI unit of weight.
Answer:
SI unit of weight is Newton (N).

Question 13.
Write the number of significant figures in each of the following measurements

1. 1.67 × 10^-27 kg
2. 0.270 cm

Answer:

1. Three significant figures.
2. Three significant figures.

Question 14.
Name the S.I unit used to express the amount of substance.
Answer:
Mole.

Question 15.
How many newtons make 1 kg wt?
Answer:
9.8 N = 1 kg wt.

1st PUC Physics Units and Measurements Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Name the fundamental quantities.
Answer:
Mass, length, time, temperature, amount of substance, luminous intensity and electric current.

Question 2.
What are derived quantities? Give examples.
Answer:
The quantities, which are derived from fundamental quantities, are called derived quantities. E.g: Velocity is derived from length and time, Charge is derived from current and time. Area is derived from length, Volume is derived from the length, etc.

Question 3.
Mention the applications of dimensional equations.
Answer:
Dimensional equations are used :

1. To check the correctness of an equation.
2. To derive the relation between different physical quantities.
3. To convert one system of units into another system.

Question 4.
Using the method of dimension check the correctness of the equation, v² = u²+2as
Answer:
v² = u²+2as, writing the dimensional formula for each of them
[LT^-1]² = [LT^-1]² + [LT^-2] [L]
[IL²T^-2] = [L² T^-2] + [L² T^-2]
All the terms have the same dimensional formula & hence the Equation is dimensionally correct.

Question 5.
Find the area of the circle of radius 3.458 cm up to correct significant figures.
Answer:
A = πr²
= 3.142 × 3.458² = 37.57 cm²

Question 6.
The radius of a solid sphere is measured to be 11.24 cm. What is the surface area of the sphere to appropriate significant figures?
Answer:
r = 11.24 cm
Surface area = 4 πr² = 4 × 3.142 × (11.24)²
= 1588 cm²

Question 7.
If A = (12.0 ±0.1) cm and
B = (8.5 ± 0.5) cm, find:
(i) A + B and (ii) A – B
Answer:
(i) A + B = (12.0 ± 0.1) + (8.5 ± 0.5)
= (20.5 ±0.6) cm
(ii) A-B = (12.0 ± 0.1) – (8.5 ±0.5)
= (3.5 ± 0.6) cm.

Question 8.
Magnitude of force F experienced by a certain object moving with speed V is given by F = Kv2, where K is a constant. Find the dimensions of K.
Answer:
F =Kv2
Taking dimensions of each term, we get
[M L T-2] = [ K ] [L T^-1]²
⇒ [K] = \(\frac{\left[M L T^{-2}\right]}{\left[L^{2} T^{-2}\right]}\)
[K] = [ML^-1]

Question 9.
For the determination of ‘g’ using a simple pendulum, measurenents of I and T are required. Error in the measurement of which of these will have a larger effect on the value of ‘g’ thus obtained and why? What is done to minimise this error?
Answer:
The formula for ‘g’ is
g = 4 π² \(\frac{I}{\mathrm{T}^{2}}\)
∴ \(\frac{\Delta g}{g}=\frac{\Delta I}{I}+2 \frac{\Delta T}{T}\)
Error in the measurement of T will have a larger effect on the obtained value of ‘g’. To minimise this error, a large number of measurements of T is taken.

1st PUC Physics Units and Measurements FourFive Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
The side (r) of a cube is measured as (11.3 ± 0.1) cm. What is the volume of the cube?
Answer:
Volume V = r³
\(\frac{\Delta r}{r}\) = \(\frac{0.1}{11.3}\) = 0.009
\(\frac{\Delta V}{V}\)= 3 × \(\frac{\Delta r}{r}\) = 0.027
V = (11.3)³ = 1442.9 cm³
ΔV = 1442.9 × 0.027 = 38.96 cm³
Volume of the cube = (1442.9 ± 38.96)cm³

Question 2.
A drop of olive oil of radius 1 mm spreads into a circular film of diameter 40 cm on a water surface. Estimate the size of an oil molecule.
Answer:
Volume of the oil is conserved. Radius of oil drop = R = 1 mm
Radius of the oil film on the water surface is r = 20 cm
The thickness of the oil film formed represents the size of the oil molecule.
\(\frac{4}{3} \pi \mathrm{R}^{3}\) = πr² × size of a molecule
⇒Size of a molecule = \(\frac{4}{3} \times \frac{R^{3}}{r^{2}}\)
= \(\frac{4}{3} \times \frac{\left(1 \times 10^{-3}\right)^{3}}{\left(20 \times 10^{-2}\right)^{2}}\)
= 0.33 × 10^-7 m

Question 3.
A large fluid star oscillates in shape under the influence of its own gravitational field. Using dimensional analysis, find the expression for period of oscillation (T) in terms of radius of the star (R), mean density of the Fluid (p) and universal gravitational constant (G).
T α R^a \(\rho\)^b G^c
Considering the dimensions of the terms,
[M⁰ L⁰ T¹] = [L¹]^a [ML^-3]^b [M^-1 L³ T^-2]^c
[M⁰ L⁰ T¹] = [M^b-c L^a-3b+3c T^-2c]
Equating the powers of M, L and T,
we get b – c = 0
a – 3b + 3c = 0
– 2c = 1
⇒b = c, a = 0,c = -1/2
∴ T = K R° \(\rho^{-x / 2} G^{-y / 2}\) = \(\frac{\mathrm{K}}{\sqrt{\rho \mathrm{G}}}\)
where K is a constant.

Question 4.
The length and breadth of a rectangle are (5.7 ±0.1) cm and (3.4 ±0.2) cm. Calculate the area of the rectangle with error limits.
Answer:
I = (5.7 ± 0.1) cm
b = (3.4 ± 0.2) cm
Area = lb = 5.7 × 3.4 = 19.38 cm²
\(\frac{\Delta A}{A}=\frac{\Delta I}{I}+\frac{\Delta b}{b}\)
⇒ ΔA = \(\left(\frac{0.1}{5.7}+\frac{0.2}{3.4}\right)\) × 19.4
= 1.5 cm²
∴ A = (19.4 ± 1.5) cm²

Question 5.
From the bottom of a rock mountain, If the angle of elevation of its top increases from 30° to 45° on moving 100 m towards the rock In the horizontal direction through the base of the rock.
Answer:
∆ In ABC, \(\frac{h}{x}\) = tan 45°

In ABD, \(\frac{\mathrm{h}}{\mathrm{x}+100}\)
= tan 30°
⇒ \(\frac{h}{h+100}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}\)
⇒ \(\mathrm{h}=\frac{100}{(\sqrt{3}-1)}\)
h = 136.6 m

Question 6.
If the units of force, velocity and energy are 100 dyne, 10cm/sec and 400 ergs respectively, what will be the units of mass, length and time?
Answer:
F = 100 dyne = [M LT^-2]
V = 10 cm s^-1 = [LT^-1]
E = 400 ergs = [M L²T^-2]

L = 4 cm
[L T^-1] = 10
⇒4T^-1 = 10
⇒T = 0.4 sec
[M L T^-2] = 100
⇒M 4 × (0.4)^-2 = 100
⇒M = 4 gm

Question 7.
If the displacement of a body, = (200 ± 5) m and time taken by it is t = (20 ± 0.2) s, find the percentage error In the calculation of velocity.
Answer:
\(\frac{\Delta V}{V} \times 100 \%=\frac{\Delta S}{S} \times 100 \%+\frac{\Delta t}{t} \times 100 \%\)
= \(\frac{5}{200}\) × 100+\(\frac{0.2}{20}\) × 100
= 2.5 + 1
= 3.5%

Question 8.
Using the principle of homogeneity of dimensions, find which of the following is correct.

Where T is the time period, G Is the gravitational constant, M is the mass and r is the radius of the orbit.
Answer:
Dimensions of LHS in each case =

Question 9.
A physical quantity Q is given by Q = \(\frac{A^{2} \cdot B^{3 / 2}}{C^{4} \cdot D^{/ 2}}\). The percentage error In A, B, C and D are 1%, 2%, 4% and 2% respectively. Find the percentage error in Q.
Answer:

= 22%

1st PUC Physics Units and Measurements Questions from the previous question papers

Question 1.
Check the correctness of the following equation.
1. v = u + at
2. s = ut + 1/2 at²
Answer:
1. Given equation is v = u + at , Writing the dimensional formula of each of them we get,
[LT^-1] = [LT^-1] + [LT²][T]
[LT^-1] = [LT^-1] + [LT^-1]
All the terms have the same dimensional formula and hence the equation is dimensionally correct.

2. Given equation is s = ut + 1/2 at²
Writing the dimensional formula of each of them we get,
[L] = [LT^-1][T] + [LT^-2][T²]
[L] = [L]+[L]
All the terms have the same dimensional formula and hence the equation is dimensionally correct.

Question 2.
The period of oscillation (T) of a simple pendulum Is found to depend on
i) mass of the pendulum (m)
ii) length of the pendulum (I)
iii) acceleration due to gravity (g).
Derive the relation between them.
Answer:
Let T ∝m^x I^y g^z
T = k m^x I^y g^z ……………….. (1)
where ‘k’ is constant of proportionality. Writing the dimensional formula of equation (1),
[T] = [M]^x[L]^y[LT^-2]z
[M⁰ L⁰ T] = [M^xL^y+zT^-2z]
Comparing the dimensions we get,
x = 0, y + z = 0, -2z = 1
x = 0, y = – z , z = -1/2
x = 0, y = 1/2 , z = -1/2
Substituting in (1) we get,

Experimetnally the value of constant ‘k’ is found to be 2π.

Question 3.
Convert MKS unit of force Into the CGS unit. Or Relate newton and dyne. OR Show that 1 newton =10⁵ dyne by method of dimension.
Answer:
Let MKS unit of force = n × CGS unit of force

∴ MKS unit of force = 10⁵ CGS unit of force i.e., 1 newton = 10⁵

Question 4.
Mention the limitations of dimensional analysis.
Answer:
The limitations of dimensional equations are:

• Even though a given equation is dimensionally correct, it is not possible to conclude that it is truly correct.
• The constant of proportionality cannot be determined.
• This method cannot be used for deriving equations involving trigonometric and logarithm functions.
• This method cannot be used to derive equations where addition or subtraction is involved.

Question 5.
Check the correctness of the equation sn = u+\(\frac{a}{2}\) (2n-1) by dimensional analysis, where the symbols have the usual meaning.
Answer:
Writing the dimensional formula of each of them, we get
L¹ = LT^-1+LT^-2[T]
L¹ = LT^-1+LT^-1
Since all the terms do not have the same dimensional formula, the equation is dimensionally not correct.

Question 6.
Check the correctness of equation, E = mc² by dimensional analysis, where the symbols have their usual significance.
Answer:
Writing the dimensional formula of each of them,
we get M¹ L²T^-2 = M¹ L²T^-2
All the terms have the same dimensional formula & hence the equation is dimensionally correct.

Question 7.
Define dimensions of a physical quantity. Write the dimensions of velocity, force, and energy.
Answer:
Dimensions of physical quantities are the powers to which the fundamental quantities, must be raised to obtain that physical quantity.
1) [velocity] = [M⁰L¹T^-1]
Dimension of velocity in mass 0, in length 1, & in time -1.
2) [Force] = [M¹L¹T^-2]
Dimension of force in mass 1, in length 1 & in time -2.
3) [Energy] = [M¹L²T^-2]
Dimension of energy in mass 1, in length 2 & in time -2.

Question 8.
Show that 1 Joule = 10⁷erg by the method of dimension.
Answer:
Let MKS unit of work
=n × CGS unit of work.

∴ MKS unit of work = 10⁷ CGS unit of work.
i.e 1 J = 10⁷ erg.

Question 9.
Write a note on the SI system.
Answer:
SI system represents the “International system of units”. It was adopted in 1971 at the general conference on Weights and Measures :
S.I. system has seven fundamental units. They are

1. meter for length,
2. kilogram for mass
3. second for time
4. ampere for electric current
5. Kelvin for temperature
6. candela for luminous intensity
7. mole for Amount of substance.

There are 2 supplementary units, They are

1. radian for measurement of angle in a plane.
2. steradian for measurement of angle in solid angle.

Question 10.
Write any two applications and any two limitations of dimensional analysis.
Answer:
Dimensional equations are used :

• To check the correctness of an equation.
• To derive the relation between different physical quantities.
• To convert one system of units into another system.

The limitations of dimensional equations are:

• Even though a given equation is dimensionally correct, it is not possible to conclude that it is truly correct.
• The constant of proportionality cannot be determined.
• This method cannot be used for deriving equations involving trigonometric and logarithm functions.
• This method cannot be used to derive equations where addition or subtraction is involved.

Question 11.
Write the dimensions for
i) force
ii) pressure
iii) volume and
iv) velocity.
Answer:
i) [F] = [MLT^-2].
ii) [p] = [ML^-1T^-2].
iii) [V] = [M⁰L³T⁰].
iv) [V] = [M⁰LT^-1].