Category: 1st PUC

Karnataka 1st PUC Geography Question Bank Chapter 7 Biosphere

You can Download Chapter 7 Biosphere Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Geography Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

1st PUC Geography Biosphere One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Why the Earth is called “Living Planet”?(T.B.Qn)
Answer:
Earth is called Living Planet because it is the home of various forms of life.

Question 2.
What is Environment? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
The whole sum of surrounding external conditions within which an organism, a community or an object exists is called ‘Environment.

Question 3.
Which day is celebrated on 5th June?
Answer:
World Environmental day.

Question 4.
What is deforestation?
Answer:
It refers to removal or destruction of the forest cover of an area.

Question 5.
What is Photo synthesis?
Answer:
The conversion of water and carbon dioxide by plants into glucose and oxygen light is used as an energy source.

Question 6.
Define Ecology. (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
Ecology is the science of the relationship between living organism and their Surroundings.

Question 7.
Who used the term of ‘Eco system’ in the First time?
Answer:
A.GTransley in 1935

Question 8.
Where the Earth summit was held ?
Answer:
Rio-de-janerio

Question 9.
What do you mean by Species?
Answer:
A category used in the classification of organisms that consist of a group of individuals that can breed among themselves and produce offspring.

Question 10.
What is food chain?
Answer:
Food chain is an idealized pattern of flow of energy in a natural eco system.

Question 11.
Who used the term Ecology in first time?
Answer:
The term Ecology was introduced by Ernest Hackel ini 869.

Question 12.
What is Biomes? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
A distinct group of life forms and the environment in which they are found is called Biomes.

Question 13.
Mention the components of Ecosystem?
Answer:
Biotic and Aboitic components

Question 14.
What is Tundra biome?
Answer:
It refers to small plants that can grow quickly during a short warm to cool summer season, in the low temperature and high latitudinal areas.

Question 15.
What are Heterotrophic?
Answer:
These organisms are dependent upon other organisms for food. It consists of consumers and decomposers.

Question 16.
What is deforestation?
Answer:
It refers to removal or destruction of the forest cover of an area.

Question 17.
What is Biomagnifications?
Answer:
The phenomenon by which toxic chemical get concentrated with the increasing tropic levels is known as biomagnifications.

Question 18.
Define the term Biodiversity. (T.B.Q)
Answer:
The varied range of flora and fauna found within a specified geographic region is called ‘Biodiversity’:

Question 19.
What are Hot spots of bio diversity?
Answer:
Areas rich I species diversity are called the Hot spots of biodiversity.

Question 20.
Define Species.
Answer:
A group subordinate to a genus and containing individuals agreeing in some common attributes and called by a common names.

Question 21.
Define Endemic species.
Answer:
Endemism is the ecological state of being unique to a particular geographic location such as a specific island, habitat type or nation.

1st PUC Geography Biosphere Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Mention the types of Environment. (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
Physical Environment and Cultural Environment.

Question 2.
What is Physical Environment? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
The environment which is created or formed naturally with biotic things is called physical environment. Land, water, soil, rainfall, winds and biological features on the earth are the factors of physical environment.

Question 3.
What is biotic component? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
Biotic component are the living component consist of various plants, animals and microbes comprising many different interdependent populations.

Question 4.
What are Autotrophs? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
The self producers of food in the ecosystem are together known as the autotrophic component. They produced food with the Photosynthesis process.

Question 5.
What are the components of Biosphere(T.B.Qn)
Answer:
Natural landscape water, soil, temperature, pressure, wind, precipitation are the components of Biosphere.

Question 6.
What is ‘Ecological Balance’? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
It refers to the proper balance between the different organisms and their physical environment in the biosphere.

Question 7.
Mention any four types of biomes. (T.B.Q)
Answer:
Major types of biomes are

• Forest biome
• Savanna biome
• Grassland biome
• Desert biome

Question 8.
What is Aquatic biome?
Answer:
Aquatic regions house numerous species of plants and animals, both large and small. This is where life began billions of years ago. Without water, most life forms would be unable to sustain themselves and the Earth would be a barren, desert-like place. Ponds, lakes, rivers, wetlands and oceans are sources of aquatic biomes.

Question 9.
What is fresh water ecosystem?
Answer:
Fresh water ecosystems may have flowing water (lotic) and standing water (lentic). Lotic refers to running fresh water and ecosystem includes streams and rivers. Lintec includes ponds, lakes, swamps, etc.

Question 10.
What are natural cycles?
Answer:
The ecological balance in a ecosystem is maintained through innumerable natural cycles. The cyclic processes are similar to food chain or nutrient cycle through which energy flows. Important natural cycles are carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, oxygen cycle, hydrogen cycle and hydrological cycle.

Question 11.
What is Biogeochemical Cycle?
Answer:
The cyclic movement of elements of the biosphere between living organism (the biotic phase) and their non-living (a biotic) surroundings (e.g. rocks, water, air etc.) is termed, ‘biogcochemical Cycle.

Question 12.
What is Nitrogen cycle?
Answer:
It is an important constituent of tissues of living organisms and its primary reservoir is atmosphere. Main processes involved in the nitrogen cycle are biological and chemical fixation of nitrogen, denitrification, etc.

Question 13.
State the features of Genetic biodiversity. (T.B.Q)
Answer:
It refers to the variation of genes within the species and variation of individual organisms having certain similarities in their physical characteristics called species. Human beings genetically belong to the homo-sapiens group and also differ in their characteristics such as height, color, hair, physical appearance etc.

Question 14.
Mention the major aspects of Bio-diversity.
Answer:
The distribution of different kinds of ecosystem b. The total number of species in a region c. The number of endemic species in an area d. The genetic diversity in an individual species 5. The sub-population of an individual species which embrace the genetic diversity.

Question 15.
What are the causes for the loss of biodiversity?
Answer:
Many activities of man have resulted in the Biodiversity loss.

• The habitat of plants and animals has been altered due to human interference. As the plants and animals could not adapt to the changed circumstances have been facing extinct.
• Large areas of forests have been removed for agricultural land, road and railway line construction and also for the construction of dam etc.

Question 16.
Explain biotic components and its type?
Answer:
Biotic components consist of plants, animals and micro-organism. It is of two types. One is autotrophic which comprises of those plants which produce food for themselves through photosynthesis. They are called as primary producers and the other is Heterotrophic, comprises of those plants which produce food for themselves through photosynthesis. They are called as primary producers and the other is heterotrophic, comprises of those organism which depend on Autographs.

1st PUC Geography Biosphere Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the causes and measurers for ecological imbalance.
Answer:
Ecological imbalance refers to a situation where the changes in the environment exceed the capacity of the ecosystem to with stand the environmental changes.

a. Deforestation: Man clears the forests in Mountain regions to grow food and to build houses for himself. This reckless deforestation in hilly regions is one of the main causes of ecological imbalance.

b. Over grazing: Over grazing is another important cause for ecological imbalance.

c. Extensive use of ground water: man ahs evolved irrigation system to assume a continuous supply of water for agriculture. He has topped not only the surface water, but also the underground water in his greed to get more irrigation facilities; he has made extensive use of ground water. The extensive use of ground water is responsible for ecological imbalance.

d. Destruction of animals: Destruction of numerous species of animals also contributes to ecological imbalances.

e. Air and Water pollution: Air and water pollution caused by industrial effluent, sewage water, garbage etc., especially in urban areas, creates ecological imbalance. Measures for ecological imbalances: For the maintenance of ecological balance, the following measures may be taken:

1. Avoidance of reckless deforestation and overgrazing.
2. Control of soil erosion
3. Proper use of ground water resources
4. Controlled irrigation
5. Preservation of wild life
6. Control of air and water pollution
7. Check on population explosion.

Question 2.
Briefly explain the Biomes. (T.B.Q)
Answer:
A distinct group of life forms and the environment in which they are found is called ‘Biomes’. In other words, Biome is a plant and animal community that covers a large geographical area. On the basis of the dominant life form, six major biomes are identified.

a. Forest biomes: Trees are the dominant life form of forest biome. High temperature, humid climate and soil moisture help for thick tree cover. Equatorial region is dominant with forest biome.

b. Savanna biome: It is the transitional biome between the forest biome and grassland biome. Savanna biome comprises of trees with grasses and herbs. It occupies areas of low and seasonal rainfall.

c. Grassland biome: in this biome grasses constitute the dominant vegetation. It is dominant in the moderate soil water deficit regions, semi-arid areas of dry tropical, sub-tropical and mid-latitude regions.

d. Desert biome: It includes organisms capable of surviving in moderate to severe water deficit for most of the year. In this region temperature may range from hot to cool. Most common plants found in this belt are xerophytes.

e. Tundra biome: It includes small plants that can grow quickly during a short warm to cool summer season, in the low temperature and high latitudinal areas.

f. Aquatic biome: Aquatic regions house numerous species of plants and animals, both large and small. This is where life began billions of years ago. Without water, most life forms would be unable to sustain themselves and the Earth would be a barren, desert-like place. Ponds, lakes, rivers, wetlands and oceans are sources of aquatic biomes.

Question 3.
Describe the main aspects and three levels of study of Biodiversity. (T.B.Q)
Answer:
The varied range of flora and fauna found within a specified geographic region is called ‘Biodiversity’. The study of biodiversity is deals at three levels.

a. Genetic diversity: Genes are the basis building blocks of various life forms. Genetic biodiversity refers to the variation of genes within the species. It refers to the variation of individual organisms having certain similarities in their physical characteristics called species. This genetic diversity is essential for a healthy breeding of population species.

b. Specific Diversity: The species diversity refers to the variety of species. It relates to the number of species in a defined area and it is measured through its richness, abundance and types. Some areas are more rich in species than others.’

c. Eco system Diversity: Broad differences between ecosystem types and the diversity of habitats and ecological processes occurring within each ecosystem constitute eco system diversity.

Question 4.
What is Biodiversity? Explain the types and conservation of bio-diversity?
Answer:
Bio-diversity means the diversity of variety of world’s living organism. In other words, the variety of species both flora and fauna present in an area is known as “bio-diversity”. According to the world resource institute: bio-diversity is a variety of the world’s organism’s including their genetic diversity and the assemblage they form.

The earth is endowed with a rich variety of living organisms. About 3,50,000 species of plants and 30, 00,000 species of animals have been identified so fat. India is one of the twelve countries of the world very rich in bio-diversity. India has about 46,000piant species and 81,000 animal species.
Types of Bio-diversity: Bio-diversity can be classified into there types. They are :

Genetic diversity, Species diversity and Eco-system diversity.

a. Genetic diversity: Genetic diversity refers to the variety of genes present in the members of species. This is basic level.

b. Species diversity: Species diversity refers to the variety of species in a specific place or among a specific group of organisms. This is the most familiar type and is found in the tropical zone that in cooler areas. India is rich in bio-diversity/. This is due to its tropical location, varied relief features and climate.

c. Eco-system diversity: Eco-system diversity refers to the variety of geographical situations on the earth such as lakes, forests, deserts etc, and the number of plants and animals found in each. Each type of ecosystem has a variety of species that differ from each other.

Conservation of bio-diversity: As loss of biodiversity is not desirable, there should be conservation of biodiversity. Effort should be made to maintain biodiversity.

The following steps may be taken for preserving biodiversity:

• The biological diversity should be identified and monitored.
• There should be the development of national strategies and programs for conserving biological diversity.
• National parks and sanctuaries must be developed for the protection and maintenance of plants and animals.
• Botanical gardens should be developed for the developed for the development and maintenance of new species of flower and other plants.
• Zoos should be developed for the protection and development of rare and new animal species.

You can Download Chapter 28 सिलिया Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers Sahitya Vaibhav Chapter 28 सिलिया

सिलिया Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

I. एक शब्द या वाक्यांश या वाक्य में उत्तर लिखिए:

प्रश्न 1.
नानी शैलजा को किस नाम से पुकारती थी?
उत्तर:
नानी शैलजा को सिलिया नाम से पुकारती थी।

प्रश्न 2.
सन् १९७० में सिलिया कौन-सी कक्षा में पढ़ रही थी?
उत्तर:
सन् १९७० में सिलिया ग्यारहवीं कक्षा में पढ़ रही थी।

प्रश्न 3.
किनकी बातों को सुनकर सिलिया के मन में आत्मविश्वास जाग उठा?
उत्तर:
अपनी माँ की बातें सुनकर सिलिया के मन में आत्म-विश्वास जाग उठा।

प्रश्न 4.
मालती ने किस मुहल्ले के कुएँ से पानी निकालकर पिया था?
उत्तर:
मालती ने गाडरी मुहल्ले के कुएँ से पानी निकालकर पिया था।

प्रश्न 5.
सिलिया किस दौड़ में प्रथम आयी थी?
उत्तर:
सिलिया लम्बी दौड़ और कुर्सी दौड़ में प्रथम आई थी।

प्रश्न 6.
हेमलता ठाकुर सिलिया के साथ किस कक्षा में पढ़ती थी?
उत्तर:
हेमलता ठाकुर सिलिया के साथ पाँचवी कक्षा में पढ़ती थी।

प्रश्न 7.
जहाँ चाह होती है वहाँ क्या बनने लगती है?
उत्तर:
जहाँ चाह होती है, वहाँ राह अपने-आप बनने लगती है।

प्रश्न 8.
प्रतिष्ठित साहित्य संस्था ने किसको सम्मानित किया?
उत्तर:
प्रतिष्ठित साहित्य संस्था ने दलित कन्या, समाजसेवी, कवयित्री, प्रसिद्ध लेखिका सिलिया को सम्मानित किया।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 9.
मामी की बेटी का नाम क्या है?
उत्तर:
मामी की बेटी का नाम मालती है।

प्रश्न 10.
शैलजा किसके लिए सिल्लोरानी थी?
उत्तर:
शैलजा माँ और पिता जी के लिए सिल्लोरानी थी।

प्रश्न 11.
‘सिलिया’ कहानी की लेखिका कौन हैं?
उत्तर:
‘सिलिया’ कहानी की लेखिका डॉ. सुशीला टाकभौरे हैं।

प्रश्न 12.
सिलिया की सहेली का नाम लिखिए।
उत्तर:
सिलिया की सहेली का नाम हेमलता है।

प्रश्न 13.
सिलिया देश के कोने-कोने में जाकर कौन-सा कार्य करने लगी?
उत्तर:
सिलिया देश के कोने-कोने में जाकर सामाजिक जागृति का कार्य करने लगी।

प्रश्न 14.
हिन्दी अखबार ‘नयी दुनिया में किसने विज्ञापन किया?
उत्तर:
हिन्दी अखबार ‘नयी दुनिया’ में मध्य प्रदेश की राजधानी भोपाल के युवा नेता सेठी जी ने विज्ञापन किया।

प्रश्न 15.
गम्भीर, सीधे, सरल-स्वभाव की आज्ञाकारी लड़की कौन है?
उत्तर:
सिलिया गम्भीर, सीधे, सरल-स्वभाव की आज्ञाकारी लड़की है।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिएः

प्रश्न 1.
हिन्दी अखबार ‘नई दुनिया’ में छपे विज्ञापन के बारे में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
सन् 1970 की बात है। सिलिया ग्यारहवीं कक्षा में पढ़ रही थी। लोग उसकी शादी के विषय में चर्चा करने लगे थे। उसी साल हिन्दी अखबार ‘नई दुनिया’ में एक विज्ञापन छपा – ‘शूद्रवर्ण की वधू चाहिए।’ मध्यप्रदेश की राजधानी भोपाल के जाने-माने युवा नेता सेठीजी, एक अछूत कन्या के साथ विवाह करके, समाज के सामने एक आदर्श रखना चाहते थे। उनकी केवल एक ही शर्त थी कि लड़की कम-से-कम मैट्रिक हो।

प्रश्न 2.
सिलिया की माँ ने गाँव वालों की सलाह को क्यों नहीं माना?
उत्तर:
गाँव के बहुत-से पढ़े-लिखे लोगों ने, ब्राह्मणों, बनियों ने सिलिया की माँ को सलाह दी – “सिलिया की माँ, तुम्हारी सिलिया मैट्रिक पढ़ रही है, बहुत होशियार है, समझदार भी हैं। तुम उसका फोटो, परिचय, नाम, पता लिखकर भेज दो। तुम्हारी बेटी के भाग्य खुल जाएँगे – राज करेगी। सेठी जी बहुत बड़े आदमी हैं। तुम्हारी बेटी की किस्मत अच्छी है।” – सिलिया की माँ अधिक जिरह में न पड़कर केवल इतना कहती – ‘हाँ, भैया जी’, ‘हाँ, दादा जी’, सोच-विचार करेंगे। माँ घरवालों को समझाकर कहती – “नहीं भैया, ये सब बड़े लोगों के चोंचले हैं। आज शादी कर लेंगे और कल छोड़ देंगे तो? अपनी इज्जत अपने समाज में रहकर भी हो सकती है। हमारी बेटी न इधर की, न उधर की रह जायेगी। हम से भी दूर कर दी जाएगी। हम तो नहीं देंगे अपनी बेटी को।” इन बातों से सिलिया के मन में आत्मविश्वास जाग उठा।

प्रश्न 3.
सिलिया के स्वभाव का परिचय दीजिए।
उत्तर:
सिलिया साँवली-सलौनी, मासूम-भोली, सरल व गंभीर स्वभाव वाली लड़की थी। स्वस्थ देह के कारण वह अपनी उम्र से कुछ ज्यादा ही लगती थी। सिलिया की सहेलियाँ उसे छेड़ती, हँसती। मगर सिलिया इन बातों पर कोई ध्यान नहीं देती। सिलिया गंभीर और सीधे सरल स्वभाव की आज्ञाकारी लड़की है। अपने जाति पर होनेवाले भेदभाव पर क्रोध था। विरोध था। भेदभाव को जड़ से निकालकर फेंकना चाहती है। अपनी माँ से हमेशा कहती थी कि – “मैं शादी नहीं करूँगी, खूब पढूंगी और अच्छा नाम कमाऊँगी।” वह किसी के सामने सिर झुकाना नहीं चाहती है।

प्रश्न 4.
हेमलता की मौसी ने सिलिया के साथ कैसा बर्ताव किया?
उत्तर:
हेमलता ठाकुर सिलिया के साथ ही पाँचवी कक्षा में पढ़ती थी। वह एक दिन सिलिया को लेकर अपनी बहन के घर आई। सिलिया के हाथ में पानी का गिलास देखकर मौसी ने पूछा – “कौन है….? किसकी बेटी है…..? कौन ठाकुर है…..?” हेमलता ने कहा – “मौसी जी, मेरी सहेली है, हमारे साथ ही आई है। इसके मामा-मामी इधर रहते हैं, मगर इसे उनका पता मालूम नहीं है। मौसी ने सिलिया की जाति पूछी। हेमलता ने धीरे से बता दिया। जाति का नाम सुनकर मौसीजी चौंक गई। सिलिया से पूछा – “गाडरी मुहल्ला के पास रहते हैं….?” तब मौसीजी ने प्रेम से कहा – “कोई बात नहीं बेटी, हमारा भैया तुम्हें साइकिल पर बिठाके वहाँ छोड़ आयेगा।” ऐसा कहते हुए मौसीजी पानी का गिलास लेकर अंदर चली गई।

प्रश्न 5.
सिलिया ने मन ही मन क्या दृढ़ संकल्प किया?
उत्तर:
सिलिया ने मन ही मन दृढ़ संकल्प किया कि वह बहुत आगे तक पढ़ेगी, पढ़ती रहेगी। उन सभी परम्पराओं के मूल कारणों का पता लगाएगी, जिन्होंने उन्हें समाज में अछूत बना दिया है। वह विद्या, बुद्धि और विवेक से स्वयं को ऊँचा साबित करके रहेगी। किसी के सामने नहीं झुकेगी। न ही कभी अपना अपमान सहन करेगी। सिलिया मन ही मन इन बातों का चिंतन-मनन करने लगी। एक दिन अपनी माँ और नानी के सामने उसने बड़े दृढ़ निश्चय के साथ कहा – “मैं शादी नहीं करूँगी। मुझे बहुत आगे तक पढ़ना है।”

प्रश्न 6.
सिलिया ने अपने संकल्प को किस प्रकार साकार किया?
उत्तर:
सिलिया ने सोचा – वह एक चिनगारी है, जो मशाल बनकर अपने समाज की प्रगति के मार्ग को प्रकाशित करेगी। वह जीवन भर कोशिश करेगी कि समाज इन सब बातों को समझे और सही रूप में समाज का हकदार बने। जहाँ चाह होती है, वहाँ राह खुद बनने लगती है। सिलिया ने अपनी मंजिल को जान लिया। वह देश के कोने-कोने में जाकर सामाजिक जागृति का कार्य करने लगी। लगभग बीस वर्ष के बाद देश की राजधानी के प्रख्यात सभागृह में एक प्रतिष्टित साहित्य संस्था द्वारा एक महिला को सम्मानित किया जा रहा है। दलित मुक्ति आन्दोलन की कार्यकर्ता, विदुषी… समाजसेवी… कवयित्री… प्रसिद्ध लेखिका को मंत्रि महोदय ने शाल, सम्मान पत्र, स्मृति चिह्न देकर सम्मानित किया। वह महिला कोई और नहीं, सिलिया थी।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 7.
सिलिया की शादी के बारे में उसकी माँ को लोगों ने क्या सलाह दी?
उत्तर:
नई दुनिया’ हिन्दी अखबार में एक विज्ञापन छपा था – ‘शद्रवर्ग की वधू चाहिए’। यह विज्ञापन एक सेठी जी ने अपनी शादी के लिए दिया था। तब गाँव के लोगों ने सिलिया की माँ को सलाह दी ‘सिलिया की माँ, तुम्हारी सिलिया मैट्रिक पढ़ रही है, बहुत होशियार है, समझदार है। तुम उसका फोटो, परिचय, नाम पता लिखकर भेज दो। तुम्हारी बेटी के भाग्य खुल जायेंगे – राज करेगी। सेठी जी बहुत बड़े आदमी हैं – तुम्हारी बेटी की किस्मत अच्छी हैं….’ इस तरह कहा।

प्रश्न 8.
मालती के स्वभाव का परिचय दीजिए।
उत्तर:
मालती सिलिया के मामा की लड़की थी। मालती सिलिया की हम उम्र है मगर हौंसला और निडरता उसमें सिलिया से ज्यादा है। जिस काम को नहीं करने की नसीहत उसे दी जाये, उसी काम को करके वह खतरे का सामना करना चाहती थी।

सिलिया लेखिका परिचयः

डॉ. सुशीला टाकभौरे जी का जन्म 4 मार्च 1954 ई. में गाँव बानापुर, होशंगाबाद, मध्यप्रदेश में हुआ। आपकी माता पन्नाबाई तथा पिता रामप्रसाद घावरी थे। अपनी माता की प्रेरणा तथा अपने अथक परिश्रम के बल पर नए कीर्तिमान स्थापित किए। आपकी कहानियाँ यथार्थ परक है।

प्रमुख कृतियाँ :
कहानी संग्रह – ‘टूटता वहम’, ‘अनुभूति के घेरे’, ‘संघर्ष’।
काव्य संग्रह – ‘स्वाति बूंद और खारे मोती’, ‘यह तुम भी जानो’, ‘तुमने उसे कब पहचाना’, ‘हमारे हिस्से का सूरज’।
नाटक – ‘रंग और व्यंग्य’, ‘नंगा सत्य’।

आपको अनेक संस्थाओं से सम्मानित किया गया है। अनेक विश्वविद्यालयों में आपके साहित्य पर शोधकार्य चल रहा है। वर्तमान में आप ‘सेठ केसरीमल पोरवाल कॉलेज’, कामठी (नागपुर) महाराष्ट्र में सेवारत हैं।

कहानी का आशयः

“जहाँ चाह होती है, वहाँ राह खुद बनने लगती है।’ इसको चरितार्थ करते हुए कहानी की प्रमुख पात्र सिलिया समाज में अपने लिए न सिर्फ स्थान बनाती है, बल्कि सम्मान की अधिकारिणी भी बनती है। वह अपने साथ घटी हुई घटनाओं को ध्यान में रख, ‘झाडू’ के स्थान पर ‘कलम’ को महत्व देकर अपने लक्ष्य को प्राप्त कर अपनी जाति के लिए ही नहीं अपितु पूरे समाज के लिए प्रेरणा स्रोत बन जाती है। स्त्री शिक्षा के महत्व को प्रतिपादित करने तथा अपने दृढ़ संकल्प को साकार करने की प्रेरणा लेने हेतु इस कहानी का चयन किया गया है।

सिलिया Summary in Hindi

डॉ. सुशीला टाकभौरे हिन्दी की दलित लेखिका हैं। उन्होंने इस कहानी में एक दलित कन्या की करुण-कथा का तथा उसके उत्तरोत्तर विकास का वर्णन किया है।

सिलिया का असली नाम तो शैलजा था, परन्तु उसके माँ-बाप प्यार से उसे ‘सिलिया’ अथवा ‘सिल्लो रानी” कहकर पुकारते थे। सिलिया एक अछूत कन्या थी और मैट्रिक की पढ़ाई करती थी। सिर्फ पढ़ाई में ही नहीं, बल्कि खेल-कूद में भी सिलिया होशियार थी। स्कूल में खो-खो टीम की कप्तान थी।

सिलिया का जन्म अस्पृश्य कुल में हुआ था। समाज में अछूतों को जो मान-मर्यादा थी, वह अच्छी तरह जानती थी। भले ही उम्र में वह छोटी थी, परन्तु समाज की सभी गतिविधियों से परिचित थी।

एक बार ‘नई दुनिया’ नामक अखबार में विज्ञापन छपा था कि – भोपाल के एक नामी युवा-नेता मैट्रिक पढ़ी दलित कन्या से विवाह करना चाहता है। माँ-बाप का परिचय, पता आदि विवरणों के साथ युवा-नेता से सम्पर्क करने के लिए पूछा गया था। गाँववाले, रिश्तेदार सिलिया के माँ-बाप से अपनी बेटी का फोटो वगैरह भेजने की सलाह देते हैं। पर सिलिया के माँ-बाप अपनी बेटी की शादी अभी नहीं करना चाहते थे। सिलिया के माँ-बाप चाहते थे कि वह ऊँची शिक्षा प्राप्त करे और समाज में अपने बल-बूते अपना नाम कमाये। सिलिया की भी इच्छा यही थी कि वह अधिक से अधिक पढ़ाई करे।

सिलिया अपने स्कूल के दिनों में कई लोगों से अपमानित हो चुकी थी। वह अछूतों की इस दयनीय हालत को सुधारना चाहती थी। वह अपने दलित समाज का उद्धार भी करना चाहती थी। वह खुद सर उठाकर जीना चाहती थी।

जैसे-तैसे अथक प्रयास करके सिलिया ने उच्च शिक्षा प्राप्त की। शादी-विवाह के झंझट में नहीं पड़ी। ‘दलित मुक्ति आन्दोलन’ की एक कार्यकर्ता बनीं। करीब बीस वर्षों तक सिलिया ने दलितों के उद्धार के लिए दिन-रात काम किया। वह प्रसिद्ध लेखिका थी, भाषणकार थी, क्रियाशील -कार्यकर्ता भी थी। उसने अथक परिश्रम के कारण राष्ट्रीय दलित नेत्री के रूप में नाम कमाया।

देश की राजधानी दिल्ली में सिलिया का अभिनंदन कार्यक्रम था। मंत्री महोदय ने सिलिया का सम्मान किया। तालियों की गड़गड़ाहट से सभागार गूंज उठा। दलित महिला सिलिया के मुख पर विजय का आनंद दिख रहा था।

सिलिया Summary in Kannada

सिलिया Summary in English

Dr Sushila Takbhaure is a Dalit Hindi writer. In this story, she tells us the life story of a Dalit girl, Siliya.

Siliya’s real name was Shailaja, but her mother and father called her ‘Siliya’ or ‘Sillo Rani’ out of love. Siliya was untouchable and she was studying for her matric exam. She was not only good at studies but also sports and games. She was the captain of her school’s kho-kho team.

Siliya belonged to a low caste. She very well knew the social status and respect that was given to untouchables. Although she was young in age, she was well versed with the social customs.

Once, there was an advertisement in the newspaper, ‘Nayi Duniya’, that a well-known youth leader from Bhopal wanted to marry a Dalit girl who had passed matric exam. The advertisement asked people to contact the youth leader with information about the girl’s parents, their address and other details. The townsfolk and relatives all advised Siliya’s parents to send her photograph and other information. However, Siliya’s parents did not want to marry her right then. It was their wish that Siliya completes her higher studies and earn a name for herself in society. It was also Siliya’s wish that she study as much as possible.

Siliya had been insulted by many people during her school days. She wanted to remedy this sad and pitiable situation of the untouchables. She also wanted to uplift the Dalit community. She wanted to live with her head held high.

Somehow, with great effort, Siliya managed to obtain higher education. She did not get married. She became a member of the ‘Dalit Mukti Andolan’. For nearly twenty years Siliya worked day and night for the betterment and upliftment of Dalits. She became a renowned writer, orator and a hardworking member of the Dalit Mukti Andolan. Due to her tireless and unending efforts, she became a well-known national Dalit leader.

A felicitation program was held to honour Siliya in the country’s capital, Delhi. Siliya was honoured by the minister. The congregation reverberated with the sound of applause. A sense of victory could be seen on the face of the Dalit woman Siliya.

कठिन शब्दार्थः

• जिरह – प्रश्न;
• चोचले – नखरें;
• हाव-भाव – विलास चेष्टा;
• रेवड़ – भेड-बकरी का झुंड;
• मोडी – लड़की;
• जई – यही;
• मूंड – सिर;
• सालना – खटकना, दुख पहुँचना;
• मुखौटे – नकाब, नकली चेहरा;
• कौंधना – चमकना;
• ढोंग – पाखंड;
• बैसाखी – लंगड़ों की लाठी।

You can Download Chapter 27 शीत लहर Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers Sahitya Vaibhav Chapter 27 शीत लहर

शीत लहर Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

I. एक शब्द या वाक्यांश या वाक्य में उत्तर लिखिएः

प्रश्न 1.
चंद्रप्रकाश का फ्लैट कहाँ था?
उत्तर:
चंद्रप्रकाश का फ्लैट द्वारकानगर के एक ग्रुप हाऊसिंग सोसाइटी में था।

प्रश्न 2.
सोसाइटी सभी फ्लैट मालिकों से प्रतिमाह रख-रखाव का कितना खर्च लेती थी?
उत्तर:
सोसाइटी सभी फ्लैट मालिकों से प्रतिमाह रख-रखाव का एक हजार रुपये खर्च लेती थी।

प्रश्न 3.
लक्ष्मीबाई नगर से द्वारका तक के रास्ते में लेखक किन्हें देखते हैं?
उत्तर:
लक्ष्मीबाई नगर से द्वारका तक के रास्ते में लेखक ने रेड लाइटों, चौराहों, पुलों के पास नंगे-अधनंगे स्त्री-पुरुष-बच्चों को काँपते-ठिठुरते देखा।

प्रश्न 4.
चंद्रप्रकाश की पत्नी का नाम क्या है?
उत्तर:
चंद्रप्रकाश की पत्नी का नाम पूनम है।

प्रश्न 5.
चंद्रप्रकाश के अनुसार प्रत्येक व्यक्ति कैसे जीना चाहता है?
उत्तर:
चंद्रप्रकाश के अनुसार प्रत्येक व्यक्ति सम्मान के साथ जीना चाहता है।

प्रश्न 6.
भीख मांगना किसी भी व्यक्ति के लिए क्या है?
उत्तर:
भीख मांगना किसी भी व्यक्ति के लिए अपमानजनक होता है।

प्रश्न 7.
दरवाजा लॉक करते समय चन्द्रप्रकाश ने किसका जोड़ा देखा?
उत्तर:
दरवाजा लॉक करते समय चन्द्रप्रकाश ने कबूतरों का जोड़ा देखा।

प्रश्न 8.
चंद्रप्रकाश की ओर बच्चे किस नज़र से देख रहे थे?
उत्तर:
चंद्रप्रकाश की ओर बच्चे आशा और उत्सुकता की नज़र से देख रहे थे।

प्रश्न 9.
चंद्रप्रकाश ने बच्चों को कितने रुपये देने चाहे?
उत्तर:
चंद्रप्रकाश ने बच्चों को एक सौ रुपये देने चाहे।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 10.
‘शीत लहर’ कहानी के कहानीकार कौन है?
उत्तर:
‘शीत लहर’ कहानी के कहानीकार जयप्रकाश कर्दम हैं।

प्रश्न 11.
चंद्रप्रकाश कहाँ नौकरी करते थे?
उत्तर:
चंद्रप्रकाश लक्ष्मीबाई नगर (दिल्ली) में नौकरी करते थे।

प्रश्न 12.
ग्रुप हॉऊसिंग सोसाइठी के अधिकांश लोग कहाँ रह रहे थे?
उत्तर:
ग्रुप हॉऊसिंग सोसाइठी के अधिकांश लोग सरकारी आवासों में रह रहे थे।

प्रश्न 13.
समूचा उत्तर भारत किसकी चपेट में था?
उत्तर:
समूचा उत्तर भारत शीत लहर की चपेट में था।

प्रश्न 14.
रैन बसेरों में कौन रात गुज़ार सकते हैं?
उत्तर:
रैन बसेरों में वे ही रात गुजार सकते हैं जो संचालकों को सुविधा शुल्क देने में समर्थ होते हैं।

प्रश्न 15.
चन्द्रप्रकाश को किस पर क्षोभ हुआ?
उत्तर:
चन्द्रप्रकाश को अपनी विवशता पर क्षोभ हुआ।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिएः

प्रश्न 1.
चंद्रप्रकाश सोसाइटी के फ्लैट में क्यों नहीं रहते थे?
उत्तर:
चंद्रप्रकाश का फ्लैट द्वारका टाऊनशिप के एक ग्रूप-हाऊसिंग सोसाइटी में था जो कि दिल्ली शहर से काफी दूर था। यहाँ बहुत कम लोग रहते थे। चंद्रप्रकाश के पास लक्ष्मीबाई नगर में चार कमरों वाला सरकारी आवास था, जो दिल्ली के बीचोंबीच था तथा सभी सुविधाएँ वहाँ उपलब्ध थी। इसलिए वह अपने फ्लैट में अभी जाना नहीं चाहता था। निवृत्त होने तक वह लक्ष्मीबाई नगर के सरकारी आवास में ही रहना चाहता था।

प्रश्न 2.
दिल्ली में शीत लहर के प्रकोप का वर्णन कीजिए।
उत्तर:
जनवरी के आस-पास दिल्ली में शीत-लहर का प्रकोप प्रायः रहता है। दिल्ली में कड़ाके की ठंड थी। शरीर के भीतर से पार हो जानेवाली तेज हवा चल रही थी। कई दिन से सूरज नहीं निकला था। दिन में तापमान पन्द्रह डिग्री सेल्सियस से ऊपर नहीं जा रहा था। रात में पारा चार डिग्री सेल्सियस तक नीचे जा रहा था। कई साल के बाद दिल्ली में इतनी तेज ठंड पड़ी थी। समूचा उत्तरी भारत शीत लहर की चपेट में था। दिल्ली में दर्जनों लोगों की मौत हो चुकी थी। जगह-जगह अलाव जलाने की व्यवस्था की गई, गरीब लोगों को कम्बल बाँटे गए और स्कूलों को छुट्टी दी गई।

प्रश्न 3.
‘क्या जिन्दगी है इन लोगों की…! चंद्रप्रकाश के इस उद्गार पर टिप्पणी कीजिए।
उत्तर:
जब चन्द्रप्रकाश की पत्नी सरकारी रैन बसेरों को देखकर उनके प्रति अपनी सहानुभूति व्यक्त करती है, तब चंद्रप्रकाश कहते हैं- रैन बसेरों में वे ही रात गुजार सकते हैं, जो सुविधा शुल्क दे सकते हैं। गरीब लोगों के लिए नहीं हैं ये रैन बसेरे। इनके पास न खाने के लिए है, न पहनने के लिए। कुछ रुका और फिर धीरे से बुदबुदाया, “क्या जिंदगी है इन लोगों की…..।”

प्रश्न 4.
चंद्रप्रकाश अपने फ्लैट में बेघर लोगों को क्यों नहीं रख पाया?
उत्तर:
बेघर लोगों को ठंड में देखकर चंद्रप्रकाश को दया आ गई और वह उन लोगों को अपने खाली फ्लैट में रहने देना चाहता था। परन्तु उसकी पत्नी ने कहा – एक बार फ्लैट में आने के बाद तुम इनको बाहर नहीं निकाल पाओगे। अनजान आदमी का क्या भरोसा कि वह कैसा निकल जाए। यदि निकल भी जाए तो फ्लैट का सत्यानाश कर देंगे। सोसाइटी के सदस्यों ने भी विरोध किया। इसलिए चन्द्रप्रकाश चाहते हुए भी उन लोगों को अपने फ्लैट में नहीं रख पाया।

प्रश्न 5.
चंद्रप्रकाश का चरित्र-चित्रण कीजिए।
उत्तर:
चन्द्रप्रकाश दिल्ली में निवास करनेवाला केन्द्र सरकार का अधिकारी था। आलीशान सरकारी आवास मिला हुआ था। यद्यपि अपना एक फ्लैट भी खरीदा था, परन्तु दूर होने तथा सुविधाविहीन होने के कारण वहाँ नहीं गया। चन्द्रप्रकाश पत्नी पूनम को बहुत चाहता था। बेघर लोगों को रहने के लिए अपना फ्लैट देना चाहता था, परन्तु पत्नी के समझाने और सोसाइटी के सदस्यों के विरोध के कारण नहीं दे पाया। स्वभाव से दयालु था, परन्तु मजबूरी थी।

प्रश्न 6.
चंद्रप्रकाश को अपनी विवशता पर क्यों क्षोभ हुआ?
उत्तर:
सर्दी में बेघर लोगों को ठिठुरते देख चंद्रप्रकाश का हृदय पिघल गया। वह अपना खाली फ्लैट उन्हें रहने के लिए देना चाहता था, परन्तु पत्नी के समझाने के बाद और सोसाइटी के सदस्यों का भी विरोध होने का कारण, इच्छा होते हुए भी चन्द्रप्रकाश उन गरीब लोगों की मदद नहीं कर पाया। वह चिंता जताता है- “इतनी भयंकर सर्दी का मुकाबला कैसे करेंगे ये बच्चे?” उसने बच्चों को सौ रुपये देने चाहे और कोट की जेब में हाथ डाला, लेकिन फिर यह सोचकर रुक गया कि “सौ रुपये देने से भी इनका क्या भला होगा? सौ रुपये इनको सर्दी से नहीं बचा सकते। फिर इनकी मदद कैसे करूँ?” उसे अपनी इस विवशता पर क्षोभ हुआ। अपना क्षोभ उसने सोसाइटी के पदाधिकारियों पर उतारा – “यदि सोसाइटी वाले अलाऊ कर दें, तो इसमें क्या हर्ज है!”

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 7.
शीत लहर से काँपने वाले बेघर लोगों को देखकर चंद्रप्रकाश का मन क्यों पिघला?
उत्तर:
चन्द्रप्रकाश को कई जगहों पर रेड लाइटों, चौराहों, पुलों के पास नंगे-अधनंगे स्त्री-पुरुष और बच्चे शीत लहर से काँपते-ठिठुरते दिखाई दिए। लोगों की दयनीय हालत को देखकर चन्द्रप्रकाश
का मन पिघल उठा।

प्रश्न 8.
चंद्रप्रकाश के फ्लैट का वर्णन कीजिए।
उत्तर:
चन्द्रप्रकाश का फ्लैट एक ग्रुप हाऊसिंग सोसाइठी में था। फ्लैट का दरवाजा एक बड़े कमरे में खुलता था जो ड्राईंग-कम-डाइनिंग रूम के रूप में इस्तेमाल के लिए था। एक सर्वेट रूम भी था। सर्वेन्ट रूम के साथ स्टोर रूम था। ड्राईंग रूम पार करने के बाद तीन बड़े कमरे थे। सब कमरों के साथ अलग-अलग लेट्रिन-बाथरूम थे। एक बड़ी रसोई भी थी। पूरी तरह धूप व हवादार कमरे थे। बिजली-पानी के कनेक्शन लगे हुए थे।

शीत लहर लेखक परिचयः

हिन्दी साहित्य के वर्तमान कथाकारों में डॉ. जयप्रकाश कर्दम का विशेष स्थान है। आपका जन्म 5 जुलाई 1958 ई. में ग्राम इंदरगढ़ी, गाजियाबाद, उत्तरप्रदेश में हुआ। आप एक प्रतिभासंपन्न दलित साहित्यकार हैं।
कृतियाँ : आपकी साहित्यिक कृतियाँ बहुचर्चित हैं जिनमें ‘तलाश’ (कहानी संग्रह); ‘करुणा’, ‘छप्पर’ (उपन्यास); ‘गूंगा नहीं था मैं’, ‘तिनका-तिनका आग’, ‘बस्तियों से बाहर’ (काव्य संग्रह) आदि प्रमुख हैं।

कहानी का आशयः

प्रस्तुत कहानी में शीतलहर के प्रकोप से त्रस्त आश्रयविहीन लोगों का मर्मस्पर्शी चित्रण किया गया है। इसमें एक ओर फटेहाल, नंग-अधनंगे स्त्री-पुरुष और बच्चों के शीतलहर में ठिठुरने का सजीव चित्रण है तो वहीं दूसरी ओर ऐसी मानसिकता वाले लोग हैं जो ‘जेन्टरी’ की बातें कर चन्द्रप्रकाश को अपने ही फ्लैट में बेघर लोगों को आश्रय देने से मना करते हैं। चन्द्रप्रकाश चाहते हुए भी मन मसोस कर रह जाता है। इस कथा में बेरोजगारी जैसी ज्वलंत समस्या पर भी प्रकाश डाला गया है।

गरीबी और फटेहाली से रात-दिन संघर्ष करते हुए लोगों के प्रति चन्द्रप्रकाश की संवेदना और छात्रों में दयापूर्ण भावना को विकसित करने हेतु इस पाठ का चयन किया गया है।

शीत लहर Summary in Hindi

चन्द्रप्रकाश कर्दम हिन्दी के दलित लेखकों में माने जाते हैं। इनकी कहानियों में प्रायः दलित वेदना का चित्रण मिलता है। ‘शीत लहर’ भी एक ऐसी ही कहानी है। सर्दी के दिनों में दिल्ली की सड़कों पर फुटपाथ पर नारकीय जीवन बिताने वाले गरीबों की दयनीय दशा का वर्णन इस कहानी में देखा जा सकता है। सभ्य समाज गरीबों के प्रति कैसा व्यवहार करता है, इसका मार्मिक चित्रण ‘शीत लहर’ में है।

चन्द्रप्रकाश दिल्ली में रहता था और केन्द्र सरकार का एक अधिकारी था। परिवार सहित सरकारी आवास में उसका निवास था। उसने बैंक से कर्ज लेकर द्वारका कॉलोनी में एक फ्लैट भी खरीदा था, जो इसके दफ्तर से काफी दूर था। इसलिए वह अपने निजी फ्लैट में न जाकर, सरकारी आवास में ही था। इच्छा थी कि किसी अच्छे आदमी को फ्लैट किराए पर दे देंगे।

चन्द्रप्रकाश प्रति मास अपनी पत्नी को साथ लेकर फ्लैट का निरीक्षण कर आता था। फ्लैट के रखरखाव का खर्चा भी सोसाइटी के कार्यालय में एक हजार रुपये दे आता।

जनवरी का महीना था। इस बार दिल्ली में कड़ाके की सर्दी थी। सर्दी से सभी थर-थर कांपते थे। चन्द्रप्रकाश ने सड़क के दोनों ओर सर्दी से ठिठुरते हुए गरीब बच्चों, बूढ़ों को अपनी आँखों से देखा था। उन्हें देखकर उसका दिल पिघल गया। चन्द्रप्रकाश ने अपनी पत्नी से कहा – ये बेचारे कितने अभागे हैं! इनके पास न रहने के लिए छत है, न पहनने के लिए कपड़े और न खाने के लिए भोजन। पत्नी ने उपेक्षा से उत्तर दिया – ये लोग आलसी हैं। कुछ काम क्यों नहीं करते? हमें इनके प्रति कोई दया-दृष्टि दिखाने की आवश्यकता नहीं है। चन्द्रप्रकाश पत्नी की बातें चुपचाप सुनता रहा।

पूनम के साथ चन्द्रप्रकाश अपने घर पहुंचे। उन्होंने देखा कि मकान के अन्दर कई कबूतर अपना घर बना चुके हैं। गंदगी भी हो रही है। वह मन ही मन सोचने लगा – हजारों लोग सर्दी में बेघर होकर सड़कों पर दयनीय स्थिति में जीवन बिता रहे हैं और ये कबूतर आराम से रह रहे हैं। चन्द्रप्रकाश ने सोचा कि क्यों न उन बेघर लोगों को रहने के लिए अपना खाली फ्लैट कुछ दिनों के लिए दे दिया जाय। अपना विचार जब पत्नी के सामने रखा, तो साफ मना कर देती है। हाऊसिंग सोसाइटी के सदस्य भी कहते हैं कि पढ़े-लिखे, सभ्य समाज के बीच में इन लोगों को बसाना उचित नहीं होगा। हम लोग इसकी अनुमति किसी भी हालत में नहीं दे सकते|

पत्नी तथा सोसाइटी के सदस्यों की बात सुनकर चंद्रप्रकाश दुःखी हो जाता है। वह घर लौटते समय सड़क के दोनों ओर सर्दी के मारे काँपते बच्चों को देखता है। वह महसूस करता है कि उनके बदन पर शीत-लहर का कितना भयंकर प्रभाव हो रहा है। वह उन्हें सौ रुपये देना चाहता है, फिर सोचता है- क्या सौ रुपये से उनकी समस्या हल हो जाएगी? नहीं! इस प्रकार उन बेघर लोगों की चाहते हुए भी, मदद नहीं कर सका।

शीत लहर Summary in Kannada

शीत लहर Summary in English

Jaiprakash Kardam is one of the respected Dalit writers. Most of his stories revolve around the problems faced by Dalits. The present story is one such. The story describes the pitiable state of those poor and homeless people who have to live a hellish life on the footpaths of Delhi in the cold and harsh winter months. This story also gives us a touching description of the uncaring attitude of the ‘genteel’ (upper-class) society towards the poor and downtrodden.

Chandraprakash lived in Delhi and was an officer of the Central government. He lived with his family in the government residential quarters. With the help of a loan from the bank, he had purchased a flat in Dwaraka Colony, which was quite far from his office. Therefore, instead of staying in his own home, he stayed with his family in the government quarters. He wished to rent out his flat to some good person.

Every month, Chandraprakash along with his wife would visit and inspect the flat. He would also pay the maintenance charges of 1,000 rupees for the flat, to the society’s office. It was the month of January. That year, Delhi was experiencing unusually rigid cold. Everyone was shivering due to the extremely cold weather. Chandraprakash, on his way to his flat, had seen with his own eyes, the poor children and the destitute old people sitting on the roadside, shivering from the cold. Looking at them, his heart melted. Chandraprakash told his wife that those poor people were really very unfortunate because they had no roof over them no clothes to wear, nor food to eat. His wife answered indifferently, that those people were lazy and did not want to work. She asked why they did not do any work. She felt that there was no need to look at those people with mercy or generosity. Chandraprakash listened to his wife’s words silently.

Chandraprakash and his wife reached their flat. He saw that pigeons had built their nests inside his flat. The flat was very dirty. He began to think about the thousands of people who were homeless and had no option but to live on the streets in a pitiable condition while the pigeons were leading a peaceful life inside hiş flat. Chandraprakash thought that he could give his empty flat for a few days to those homeless people to live in for a few days. When he told his wife that he was thinking of giving his flat to the homeless people for a few days, she refused point-blank. Even the members of the housing society were of the opinion that it would not be right to allow homeless, illiterate people to live among the educated and decent members of society. The members of the housing society refused to give him permission for this under any circumstances.

Chandraprakash was saddened by the words of his wife and the housing society members. While returning, he observed the poor children on the streets, shivering from the cold. He sympathized with them. He felt the horrific effects that the cold wave’ was having on the bodies of these young children. He wanted to give a hundred rupee note to the children but then thought will hundred rupees solve the problems of these children? No! Thus, even though he wanted to help the homeless people living on the street, he was unable to do so.

कठिन शब्दार्थः

• आवास – निवास;
• राहत – सुख, आनंद;
• अलाव – जाडे में तापने के लिए लगाई हुई आग;
• विवशता – लाचारी, मजबूरी;
• जिल्लत – अनादर, अपमान;
• तवज्जों देना – ध्यान देना;
• क्षोभ – दुःख;
• सुरसा – एक राक्षसी का नाम।

Karnataka 1st PUC Geography Question Bank Chapter 6 Hydrosphere

You can Download Chapter 6 Hydrosphere Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Geography Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

1st PUC Geography Hydrosphere One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is Hydrological cycle? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The cyclic (Evaporation, condensation and precipitation) movement of water between the atmosphere and the Earth’s surface is called ‘Hydrological cycle’.

Question 2.
Define Oceanography. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The scientific study of water bodies (Sea, Oceans) is called ‘Oceanography’.

Question 3.
Which instrument is used to measure depth of the Ocean? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Fathometer is the instrument used to measure the depth.

Question 4.
Name the region which covers largest area in the ocean floor. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Deep sea plains account for about 82.7% of the total area of the ocean floor.

Question 5.
Which hemisphere is called water hemisphere?
Answer:
Southern hemisphere is called water hemisphere.

Question 6.
Define hydrosphere
Answer:
The total water mass on the earth’s surface is called hydrosphere.

Question 7.
Name the four oceans of the world.
Answer:
Pacific Ocean, Atlantic ocean Indian Ocean, Antarctic Ocean and arctic oceans.

Question 8.
What is a nautical mile?
Answer:
The length, width and areas of oceans is measured by means of nautical miles. One nautical mile measures a length of 6080 feet.

Question 9.
Which is the largest and deepest ocean?
Answer:
Pacific is the largest and deepest ocean in the world

Question 10.
What is isobaths?
Answer:
Lines drawn the map to show the places having some depth in the sea or ocean floor.

Question 11.
What are Bathy orographical maps?
Answer:
The maps depicting the surface configuration of the ocean floor are called Bathhyorographical maps.

Question 12.
What is Hypsographic curve?
Answer:
It is the curve representing the extent of the area, height and depths of the land as well as oceans.

Question 13.
What is the average depth of the oceans?
Answer:
The average depth of the oceans 3600 meters.

Question 14.
Which is the deepest part of the oceans?
Answer:
Ocean deep is the deepest part of the oceans.

Question 15.
What is sea level?
Answer:
Sea level is considered as a standard for measuring heights of landforms.

Question 16.
Which is deepest part of the Pacific Ocean?
Answer:
The challenger deep in the Marina trench near the Philippine Islands in the Pacific Ocean is the deepest part of the Ocean floor (10,898 meters).

Question 17.
What is continental Slope?
Answer:
The portion of the ocean floor from the edge of the continental shelf to the deep sea plains is called the continental slope.

Question 18.
What is an ocean deep?
Answer:
The ocean deeps are the depressions on the ocean floor with very steep sides.
The long, narrow and deep troughs on the ocean floor are known as ocean deeps or troughs.

Question 19.
What is Salinity? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
It refers to the amount of dissolved solids in the ocean water. In other words. It means the amount of salt in the ocean water.

Question 20.
Which lines are drawn on the map to show places having same salinity? (T.B.Qn)
Answer:
Isobaths drawn on the map to show the places having same depth in the sea or ocean floor.

Question 21.
Define Iceberg.
Answer:
The huge masses of floating ice are known as ‘Icebergs’. They are found near the polar areas. Usually many of them drift towards the equator during summer and lower the temperature of the ocean water.

Question 22.
Where does Sargasso sea locate?
Answer:
In the North Atlantic Ocean.

Question 23.
Where does Great Barrier Reef locate?
Answer:
East coast of Australia.

Question 24.
Where does the Australian current flow?
Answer:
Indian Ocean.

Question 25.
What instrument is used to measure salinity?
Answer:
Electric salinity meter

Question 26.
What are Isohalines?
Answer:
Isohalines are the liens drawn on the map to show the places having the same amount of salinity.

Question 27.
What is the average salinity of ocean water?
Answer:
The average salinity of the ocean water is 35 ppt (parts per thousand) means 35 gms of salt per 1000 grams of sea or ocean water.

Question 28.
Mention any two determining factors of salinity of ocean water?
Answer:
Evaporation and precipitation are the major determining factors of salinity of ocean water.

Question 29.
What are Sea Waves? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Series Waves are the undulations found on the surface of the sea or ocean.

Question 30.
Where do we find the ‘Agulhas current’? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Agulhas currents are found in East of South Africa.

Question 31.
What is meant by Ocean current?
Answer:
Large scale movements of water in the oceans in a definite direction are called ocean currents.

Question 32.
What is wave time?
Answer:
The time of movement from one crest to another or from one trough to another is called wave time.

Question 33.
What is the height of the wave?
Answer:
The vertical distance between crest and trough is called the height of the wave.

Question 34.
What is Trough?
Answer:
The lowest part of the wave is between two waves is called trough.

Question 35.
What is crest?
Answer:
The highest point of the wave is called crest.

Question 36.
What is wave length?
Answer:
The distance between two successive crests or troughs is called the wave length

Question 37.
Where do you find the Gulf Stream?
Answer:
It is a Warm current, flows east wards from the newfound land, in the east coast of U.S.A

Question 38.
What are the two cold currents of the North Atlantic Ocean?
Answer:
Canary current, East Greenland current and Labrador Current.

Question 39.
Where are the Falkland current and Beguile currents flow?
Answer:
These are two cold currents in the South Atlantic circuit.

Question 40.
Where do you find Kurosiwo current?
Answer:
Kurosiwo current found in East coast of Japan. It is north pacific current.

Question 41.
Name the two cold currents of the North Pacific Ocean.
Answer:
Oyash.io and Okhotsk current are the cold currents of North Pacific Ocean.

Question 42.
Where do you find Agulhas current?
Answer:
Agulhas current found in South Africa.

Question 43.
What is ‘drift’?
Answer:
The movement of sea surface water dragged with the prevailing winds is known as ‘drift’.

Question 44.
Mention the types of current?
Answer:
Warm and cold currents.

Question 45.
What are Warm currents?
Answer:
The currents originating in the tropical region have warm waters called warm currents’.

Question 46.
What are cold currents?
Answer:
The currents which flow from the polar areas carried cold water. These are known ass cold currents.

Question 47.
What is the direction of ocean currents?
Answer:
The direction of the currents is clockwise in the northern hemisphere and anti-clockwise n the southern hemisphere.

Question 48.
Mention the divisions of Atlantic Ocean currents?
Answer:
There are three divisions of Atlantic Ocean currents are a. Equatorial currents b. Current of North Atlantic Ocean and current of South Atlantic Ocean.

Question 49.
Which is the important occupation of the people living in the costal areas?
Answer:
Fishing. Is the important occupation of the people living in the coastal areas.

Question 50.
Name the most important food item derived from the oceans.
Answer:
Fish Molluscans, crustaceans and many other forms for the preparation of food items.

Question 51.
Name the important marine areas of crude oil production:
Answer:
The Persian Gulf region of West Asia and the North sea bed off Europe is well known for petroleum production. Bombay high in India are the major areas of crude oil.

Question 52.
How does a tide occur? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The regular rise and fall of water level in the world’s sea and oceans is called ‘tides’. Gravitation, attraction of the Moon, Gravitational pull by the Sun and Centrifugal force of the Earth. Causes for the occurance of tides.

Question 53.
What is Tidal period? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The time between successive-high tide and low tide is known as ‘Tidal period’.

Question 54.
What is Tide?
Answer:
The regular rise and fall of water level in the world’s sea and oceans is called ‘tides’.

Question 55.
What is tidal current?
Answer:
The different types of inward and outward movement of water are known as Tidal current.

Question 56.
What are neap tides?
Answer:
Neap tides are occur when the earth, sun and moon are not in straight line. The sun and moon are not exerting, sun and moon are more or less in a straight line.

Question 57.
What are spring tides?
Answer:
The tides which occur when the earth, sun and moon are more or less in a straight line.

Question 58.
What is High tide?
Answer:
The part of the earth facing the moon experience highest rise of sea water called high tide.

Question 59.
What is low tide?
Answer:
The opposite part of the earth experience lowest water lends called low tide or Ebb tide.

Question 60.
Mention the place petroleum production in India?
Answer:
Bombay high

Question 61.
Where is minimita?
Answer:
It is in Japan. It is the example of marine pollution due to the effects of industries located on the bank of Minamata bay in Japan.

Question 62.
Expand UNCLOS?
Answer:
United nation conservation on Law of the Sea.

Question 63.
When did sea conservation act passed by UNO?
Answer:
The UNO has passed the sea convention Law in 1982.

Question 63.
What is Maritime?
Answer:
The climate which is influenced much by the oceans is known as Maritime.

Question 63.
Why marine conservation is important?
Answer:
Oceans are the most important parts of the Earth’s natural environment. It is the home for a great variety of life which is threatened by marine pollution. This subchapter introduces causes for marine pollution and needs of its conservation.

1st PUC Geography Hydrosphere Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Name the four submarine relief features of the Ocean floor. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The major submarine relief features are

1. The Continental slope
2. The Continental Slope
3. The Deep Sea Plains d. The Ocean Deep.

Question 2.
Mention the important features of Continental Shelf. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The shallow submerged extension of continent is called the continental shelf. It is the shallowest part of the ocean with depth varying between 20 to 600m. Its width vary from one ocean to another ranging between 65 to 75km. The width of the shelf is often related to slope of the adjacent land. It is wide along the low lying land and narrow along the mountainous coasts. Nearly 70% of continental shelves are covered with thick deposits of silt, sand, mud and sediments derived from the land.

Question 3.
Why is ocean deep or trench important in the Ocean bottom? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
An arc-shaped depression in the deep ocean floor is called ocean deep or trench. These are the deepest parts of the ocean floor. Ocean trenches are produced by the subduction of oceanic crust under continental crust. They resemble step sided valleys or canyons on the land. Trenches or deeps are generally parallel of the coasts facing mountains and along the islands. Great earthquakes and tsunamis generally take birth in this region.

Question 4.
What is sea? Give an example?
Answer:
A part of the ocean either completely or partially enclosed by land is known as a sea. Sea is an enclosed or semi-enclosed body of salt water. In size it is smaller than an ocean. There are partly enclosed seas like the Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean sea, Arabian Sea, Sea of Japan, The coral sea, the Red sea, etc.

Question 5.
What is Gulf? Give an example?
Answer:
A gulf is an enlarged bay. It is extensive and penetrated far into the land .A gulf is an inlet of the sea, more enclosed than a bay, penetrating further inland. The Gulf of Mexico, the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Aden.

Question 6.
What is bay? Given an example?
Answer:
A bay is a wide curving indentation in a coastline lying between two headlands. Examples of bays are the Bay of Bengal, the Bay of Biscay, the Hudson Bay, etc.

Question 7.
What is Strait? Give an example?
Answer:
A narrow passage of water connecting two larger water bodies is called a strait, gulf is an enlarged bay. It is a narrow sea passage joining two larger areas of water bodies. The strait of Gibraltar, the Palk’Strait, the Sunda strait, etc. are examples of straits.

Question 8.
What is Echo sounding?
Answer:
It is a technique of using sound pulses to find the depth of water. Eco sounder is a device for measuring depth of water by sending pressure waves down from the surface and recording the time until the echo returns from the bottom.

Question 9.
What are the three sources of power generation from ocean water?
Answer:
Three sources of power generation from ocean water are:

1. Tidal energy
2. geothermal energy
3. Energy due to ocean temperature differences.

Question 10.
What is Geo thermal energy?
Answer:
Geo thermal energy in the oceans is associated with fracture zones and volcanoes. It is used as power resource by many countries like U.S.A, New Zealand.

Question 11.
State any four factors that influence on the distribution of temperature in the ocean.
Answer:
Factors affecting the distribution of temperature are latitudes, prevailing winds, ocean currents, unequal distribution of land and water, salinity.

Question 12.
Mention any four dissolved minerals in the Ocean water. (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
The total amount of dissolved solids in the ocean water is called salinity. The ocean’s salinity consists of various elements. They are Sodium chloride, Magnesium chloride, Magnesium sulphate, Calcium sulphate, potassium sulphate, Calcium carbonate, Magnesium bromide etc.

Question 13.
What factors affect the salinity in the Ocean water? (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
Factors affecting the salinity in the ocean water are: Evaporation, Precipitation, and Fresh water mixing with ocean water, ground water and glaciers increase the percentage of salt content in the ocean. The trade winds drive away saline water to less saline areas resulting the variation of salt content.

Question 14.
Mention the types of distribution of temperature of ocean water?
Answer:
The distribution of temperature of ocean water is of two types. They are:

1. Horizontal distribution of temperature of ocean water.
2. Vertical distribution of temperature of ocean water.

Question 15.
What is Horizontal distribution of temperature?
Answer:
The horizontal distribution of temperature of ocean water is influenced by many factors, such as latitudes, depth, salinity prevailing winds, ocean currents, inland water bodies and coastal areas, seasons, rate of evaporation, ice bergs, surrounding lands, etc.

Question 16.
What is vertical distribution of temperature?
Answer:
The decrease in temperature from the ocean surface with increasing depth is known as vertical distribution of temperature. The temperature of the ocean water decreases steeply with depth except in polar areas. This is called vertical distribution of temperature of ocean water.

Question 17.
Name the two types of Ocean currents. Where are they found? (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
On the basis latitude and temperature two types of ocean currents are identified. They are:
a. Warm Currents: These are the high temperature ocean currents flowing from the equatorial regions to Polar Regions.
b. Cold currents: These are the cool ocean currents flowing from Polar Regions to equatorial regions.

Question 18.
Mention any four South Indian Ocean currents.
Answer:

• Mozambique current
• Madagascar current
• West Australian cold current
• West wind drift.

Question 19.
Name three types of movements in ocean water.
Answer:
Three types of movements in ocean water

1. area Waves
2. Tides
3. Ocean currents.

Question 20.
Distinguish between crest and trough?
Answer:
The highest point of the wave is called crest. Each wave has two parts the crest and the trough. The upper part of the wave is called ‘Crest’ and lower part is called “trough’. The horizontal distance between two successive crest or trough’s is called wavelength.

Question 21.
Name the currents of the North Atlantic Ocean.
Answer:
There are two types current of the North Atlantic Ocean.

1. Warm current: Antilles current, Florida current Gulf stream Norwegian current.
2. Cold currents: There are three cold currents, canary current, East Greenland Current and Labrador Current.

Question 22.
What are the reasons for ocean currents?
Answer:

• Density of water
• Winds
• Earth’s rotation
• Relief of the ocean floor
• Salinity
• Shape of the coast
• Temperature

These are the major reasons for ocean currents.

Question 23.
Distinguish between High tide and Low tide. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Tides are universal and are an every day activity on the water bodies. Generally 4 tides are observed in a day. Whenever the sea level rises it is called ‘High tide’or ‘flood tide’and when the sea level falls it is known as Tow tide’ or ‘ebb tide’.

Question 24.
Mention any four uses of tides. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Tides are useful to man and a society in various ways. They are:

• Tides increase the depth of water in shallow harbours and help navigation during high ties.
• Tides clean the entrance of ports, harbours and river mouths.
• Tides help fishing and other aquaculture activities.
• Tides promote salt and foam production in the coastal areas.
• Tides promote the generation of tidal energy

Question 25.
Why marine conservation is important?
Answer:
Oceans are the most important parts of the Earth’s natural environment. It is the home for a great variety of life which is threatened by marine pollution. This subchapter introduces causes for marine pollution and needs of its conservation

Question 26.
Why oceans are the storehouse of natural resources?
Answer:
As a major component of the natural environment, the oceans are highly useful to mankind. Man obtains resources from the water bodies both in organic resources from the water bodies both organic and inorganic form. At the same time the oceans serve mankind directly as well as indirectly. They are the natural highways are carrying large volume of goods. In addition, they modify the climatic condition. A large number of people are engaged in the extraction of resources from the oceans. Thus it provides a livelihood for millions of people. So the oceans are described as the storehouse of natural resources.

1st PUC Geography Hydrosphere Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the topography of the Ocean floor with a diagram. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
On the basis of the depth, the ocean floor can be divided into four zones, parts or relief features. They are.

1. The continental Shelf: The gently sloping portion of the continent or land that lies submerged below other sea is called the continental shelf. The continental shelf has a very gentle slope. It extends form the shore line to depths between 180 and 200 meters. Average width of the continental shelves is about 48km. The extent of the continental shelf depends on the relief of the broadening land masses.

If the coastal area is a plateau area, the continental shelf will be very broad. On the other hand, if the coastal region is hilly or mountainous, the continental shelf will be very narrow or even absent for example the Atlantic Ocean has 2.3%, the Pacific Ocean has 5.7% and the India Ocean has 4.2%.

2. The continental slope: The zone of steep slope that descends from the edge of the continental shelf to the deep sea plains is called “continental slope”. It is the transitional zone lying between the continental shelf and the deep sea plains. The continental slope is very steep. It extends from 182 meters to 3.600 meters. The angle of the continental slope is 2 to 5 degre3es or even more. It occupies only 8.5% of the total area of the ocean floor. But it varies from ocean to ocean. The Atlantic Ocean has broader continental slopes and accounts for 12.4%. But it is 7% of the Pacific Ocean and 6.5% of the Indian Ocean.

3. The deep sea plains: The level and rolling areas of the ocean floor are generally called deep sea plains or abyssal plains or the ocean plains. They lie between 3,000 and 6,000 meters below other surface of the ocean. They occupy vast area of the ocean floor and account for about 82.7% of the total sea floor. They cover about 90% in the Indian Ocean. Their depth ranges from 5,000 to 6,000 meters. They are covered by oozes, which are the remains of deep sea creatures and plants, and of red volcanic dust.

4. The Ocean Deeps: The long narrow and deep troughs on the ocean floor are known as ‘ocean deep’ or ‘trough’. They cover only 1% of the ocean floor. They are most common neat the coasts where young fold mountains, volcanoes and earthquakes abound. Some they are tectonic in origin. They are the deepest portions of the ocean. Deeps may be caused due to tectonic forces, i.e. faulting earthquakes etc. There are 57known deeps. Of these 32 are found in Pacific Ocean, 19in the Atlantic Ocean and 6 in the Indian Ocean. The deepest trench in the world is Challenger deep located in Mariana Trench to the west of Philippines in the North Pacific Ocean.

Question 2.
Explain different parts of the oceans? Give examples.
Answer:
Sea: A part of the ocean either completely or partially enclosed by land is known as a sea. Sea is an enclosed or semi-enclosed body of salt water. In size it is smaller than an ocean. There are partly enclosed seas like the Caribbean Sea, Mediterranean sea, Arabian Sea, Sea of Japan, The coral sea, the Red sea, etc.

Bay: Abay is a wide curving indentation in a coastline lying between two headlands. Examples of bays are the Bay of Bengal, the Bay of Biscay, the Hudson Bay

Gulf: A gulf is an enlarged bay. It is extensive and penetrated far into the land .A gulf is an inlet of the sea, more enclosed than a bay, penetrating further inland. The Gulf of Mexico, the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Aden.

Strait: A narrow passage of water connecting two larger water bodies is called a strait. Gulf is an enlarged bay. It is a narrow sea passage Joining two larger areas of water bodies. The strait of Gibraltar, the Palk Strait, the Sunda strait, etc. are examples of straits.

Question 3.
Describe the salient features of Salinity of the Ocean water. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Salinity of ocean water refers to the amount of dissolved solids in the ocean water. Ocean water consists of various kinds of chemical elements and minerals. Of these constituents, sodium chloride is the most important constituent of ocean water. The other constituents or salts like magnesium chloride, magnesium sulphate, calcium sulphate, potassium sulphate, etc.

Are also present in the ocean or sea water. The ocean water is saline by the rivers which bring huge amount of mineral salt dissolved in water. Another reason for salinity is the evaporation of sea water, by which mineral salt in the sea or ocean water increase every year. Salinity is measured in gram per kg of sea water and it is expressed as part per thousands for examples: 35% it means 35gram of salt in 1000 gram of sea water.

Factors affecting the salinity in the ocean water are: Evaporation, Precipitation, and Fresh water mixing with ocean water, ground water and glaciers increase the percentage of salt content in the ocean. The trade winds drive away saline water to less saline areas resulting the variation of salt content.

Latitudes, precipitation, mixing of fresh water etc. influence on the horizontal and vertical distribution of salinity. The regions near Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn record high salinity due to high temperature, more evaporation, low rainfall and extensive arid and semi-arid areas. While the equatorial region record low sanity because of high temperature and high rainfall. The polar region record least salinity due to very low temperature, evaporation and less rainfall.

Question 4.
Explain the types of distribution of temperature of ocean water.
Answer:
Temperature of ocean water has much importance. If affects the climate of coastal areas and it is important for marine plans and animals.The average range of the temperature of ocean water is 12’C. But it is varies from place to place and from time to time. This is due to the regional variation of solar energy, prevailing winds, location of their extent etc.

The distribution of temperature in the oceans varies much owing to the latitude, depth and salinity. It is also much influenced by the prevailing winds, currents and nearness to land masses. The main source of heat for ocean water is the sun. The mechanism of heating and cooling ocean water is quite different from that of land. Ocean water warms up and cools down more slowly the diurnal range and annual range of temperature of ocean water is not significant. The temperature of the ocean water varies from place to place.
Distribution of temperature of Ocean water:

The distribution of temperature of ocean water is of two types. They are:

1. Horizontal distribution of temperature of ocean water.
2. Vertical distribution of temperature of ocean water.

a. Horizontal distribution of temperature of Ocean water: The temperature of ocean water decreases from the equator towards the poles. This is known as horizontal distribution of temperature.

b. Vertical Distribution of Temperature: The decrease in temperature from the ocean surface with increasing depth is known as vertical distribution of temperature.

Question 5.
Explain the factors influencing on the salinity of the ocean water.
Answer:
Salinity of ocean water refers to the amount of dissolved solids in the ocean water. Ocean. water consists of various kinds of chemical elements and minerals.

The distribution of salinity is described both horizontally as well as vertically. Salinity in the ocean water varies from one place to another as well as with the variation of the depth. The amount of salinity to a large extent is determined by the difference between precipitation and evaporation.

a. Evaporation: The amount of salinity and evaporation are directly related. The process of evaporation of water results in the precipitation of salt. Hence higher the amount of evaporation more will be the amount of salinity. Salinity is highest in the belt of tropics, as there is the is excessive evaporation. In the Atlantic Ocean salinity is about 37% near the tropics.

b. Precipitation: In the region of heavy rain fall and cloudiness, more freshwater is added to the ocean water and also the amount of evaporation is reduced. So the amount of salinity is much lower. In the equatorial region the amount of salinity is 35% equivalent to the average of the world.

c. Flow of river water: In the coastal regions where freshwater of rivers enters the sea salinity is greatly reduced.

d. Movement of ocean water: There is a vertical movement of water due to the variation of salinity. On the surface water. Salinity is higher and it sinks due to density and the water rises up from below. Similarly light water from the oceans enters the enclosed seas and dense water flows towards the open seas.

e. Winds: Prevailing strong winds drag surface ocean water and cause the rise of water from below. Thus it reduces the amount of salinity.

Question 6.
Explain the Indian Ocean currents with the help of Maps. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Indian Ocean is different from other ocean in the pattern of its current. This is due to the size of the Indian Ocean, the position of land masses and the seasonal change in the direction of monsoon winds. This is true of the North Indian Ocean. But in the south Indian Ocean, the currents flow as in the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean.

a. North Indian Ocean currents: The north Indian Ocean currents change their direction. twice a year as result of the alternating monsoon winds greatly influence the ocean currents in summer. The current flows off from the coast of Somali as the Somali current and drifts across the Arabian Sea as the south-west monsoon drift. Finally it joins the North Equatorial current and completes a clockwise circulation.

In winter, the North east winds influence the currents. Hence the currents starting form the stair of Malacca flows along the eastern and western coasts of India as “North East Monsoon Drift” and west ward. Then it turns near the Gulf of Aden to the west flows towards the south and turns east wards near the equator, finally it joins the North Equatorial Current and completes an antilock wise circulation.

b. South Indian Ocean currents: The currents of the south Indian Ocean are not affected by the monsoon winds. So the current of the south Indian Ocean are similar to those in the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean. In the south Indian Ocean, the South-East trade winds blow towards the west and give rise to the equatorial current, i.e. the south equatorial current.

On reaching the eastern coast of Africa, it flow southwards and is divided in two to branches, as it is obstructed by Madagascar Island. One branch enters the Mozambique current. The other branch flows eastwards of Madagascar Island and is known as ‘Madagascar current’. These two currents join again. And flow southwards as the Agulhas current. At 40 S latitude under the influence of the westerlies, it flows eastwards as West wind drift. It is also known as Indian Ocean current.

On reaching Australia, it divides into two branches, One branch turns northwards along the west coast of Australia as the west Australian current. Again turns west and North West, and finally joins the south equatorial current. The other branch moves to the southern coast of Australia and enters the Pacific Ocean.

Question 7.
Briefly explain the types of tides. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
The regular and periodic fall and rise of the ocean water is called tides. The rising of water level is known as high tide or flood tide. The falling of water level is known as low tide or ebb tide. The difference between the high tide and low tide is called tidal range or range of tide.

Types of Tides:

There are different types of tides. The important types of tides are as follows:

1. Spring tides: Spring tides occur when the earth, sun and moon are more or less in a straight line. This happens on a full moon day. When the earth is between the sun and the moon or on a new moon day, when the moon is between the sun and the earth. The combined pull of the sun and moon on the earth is very great, and it produces very high tides and very low tides. Such tides are called spring tides.

2. Neap Tides: When the earth, sun and moon are not in a straight line, the sun and the moon are not exerting combined force.

3. So, the gravitational pull is much less. At half moon, the force exerted is the minimum. On the ocean water. Consequently the high tides are not very high and the low tides are not very low. They are called “Neap tides”.

Question 8.
Explain the uses of tides.
Answer:
The tides are very useful to man in many respects. The main uses are as follows:

• Tides help large ships to enter ports and encourage trades.
• The tides help to keep the harbors clean. The high tides take away the sewage and refuse from the port as well as from mud and silt from river mouths.
• The tides are used to generate electricity and thermal units. They provide inexhaustible and pollution free energy. Example: in Japan and France.
• Tides also help fishermen. They can go out for fishing with the low tide and come back with the high tide. Further tides play an important role in the distribution of plankton and helps in fishing.
• Tides prevent the freezing of seawater along the coast and mouths of rivers.
• Tides helping in producing salt in the coastal area, as water are collected by high tide in the low lying areas.
• Tides prevent the freezing of seawater along the coast and mouths of rivers.
• The ebb tides prevent the harbors to be silted.
• The energy of tides can be utilized for generating hydroelectricity.
• Tides are responsible for eroding the coastline and removing the debris to the sea.

Question 9.
What is Conservation of Ocean? Mention the important measures. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
Conservation of ocean means rational uses of ocean resources. So that a harmony between man’s ocean resource requirements and their availability could be maintained. The rational uses of ocean resources by the present generation and the preservation of ocean resources for the future generations, is known as conservation of ocean. It also means the protection of oceans and ocean resources against pollution caused by dumping of oceans and of industrial, agricultural and municipal wastes into oceans by man, oil spill from oil tankers, and nuclear explosions in sea and oceans.

Need for conservation of Oceans: There is a need for conservation of oceans due to the following reasons:

• If oceans are not conserved, all the living organism in the oceans either die or become unsuitable for human consumption.
• Oceans are the storehouse of pearls, corals and sponges. These resources have to be conserved.
• Oceans have oil and natural gas reserves. These reserves have to be conserved.
• Oceans are rich in minerals. These mineral resources have to be rationally exploited.
• Oceans allow the growth of innumerable species of plants. These plants have to be conserved.
• Oceans are the breeding centers of marine fisheries. Thousands of fishes are found in oceans. The marine fishery resources should be exploited rationally.
• Literacy and education programmes on marine features must be initiated and promoted.
• Proper law to be enacted to save sea and ocean.

World wise awareness programme must be arranged to show the pro and cons of the marine pollution etc.

Question 10.
What is Ocean? Write the uses of Ocean.
Answer:
Ocean refers to the large mass of salt water. About 71% the earth’s surface is covered by water and the remaining 29% is converged by land. There are five important oceans in the world. The five oceans in the order of their sixe are the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Antarctica ocean and the Arctic Ocean. The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean with an area of 166.3 million swq.kms and an average depth of 4kms.

The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean lying between America and Europe and Africa. Its average depth is 3kms. The Indian Ocean is smaller than the Atlantic Ocean. The Antarctic Ocean surrounds the continent of Antarctica.

The Arctic Ocean lies in the north pole region. Uses of Oceans:

The major uses of oceans are:

• Oceans are a very high source of energy. Offshore wells provide petroleum and natural gas, ocean tides can be used to produce hydro-electricity.
• Ocean water can be used for domestic purposes after desalination, which is possible through modern technology
• The marine life provides valuable medicines.
• Oceans encourage commercial fishing.
• Oceans promote ports and harbors and encourage ship-building.
• The provide corals, pearls and shells and sponges
• Oceans serve as natural frontiers and protect a country from foreign invasion.
• Ocean serve as place for dumping wastes.
• Ocean are the source of water vapor and precipitation in general. The winds blowing form the oceans bring rainfall.
• Oceans have a direct control over temperature. This is clear form the fact that the coastal areas are cooled in summer and warmer in winter.
• Oceans are a rich source of food in the form of protein from fish, mammals, sea weds etc.
• Oceans have an abundance of salt and other chemicals, such as sulphate potassium chloride, magnesium chloride etc.

You can Download Chapter 23 अभिनंदनीय नारी Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers Sahitya Vaibhav Chapter 23 अभिनंदनीय नारी

अभिनंदनीय नारी Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

I. एक शब्द या वाक्यांश या वाक्य में उत्तर लिखिएः

प्रश्न 1.
नारी किसके समान सहनशील होती है?
उत्तर:
नारी धरती के समान सहनशील होती है।

प्रश्न 2.
नारी बचपन में किसके मन में हिलोरें उठाती है?
उत्तर:
नारी बचपन में माता-पिता के हृदय में हिलोरें उठाती हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
नारी ने इस धरती को धन्य कैसे किया?
उत्तर:
नारी ने इस धरती को स्नेह और सेवा से धन्य किया है।

प्रश्न 4.
स्वार्थी संसार क्या याद नहीं रखता है?
उत्तर:
स्वार्थी संसार दूसरों के किये उपकारों को याद नहीं रखता है।

प्रश्न 5.
नारी अबला नहीं बल्कि क्या है?
उत्तर:
नारी अबला नहीं, बल्कि रणचण्डी भी है।

प्रश्न 6.
जिस घर में नारी का सम्मान हो, वहाँ क्या होता है?
उत्तर:
जिस घर में नारी का सम्मान हो, वह आनंद का आगार है।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 7.
नारी पृथ्वी पर किसका सार है?
उत्तर:
नारी पृथ्वी पर सुख का सार है।

प्रश्न 8.
कवि नारी को किन शब्दों में सम्मानित करके नमन करते हैं?
उत्तर:
तुम वंदनीय हो, अभिनंदनीय हो कहकर कवि नारी को नमन करते हैं।

प्रश्न 9.
नारी किसके समान निर्मल है?
उत्तर:
नारी जल-सी निर्मल है।

प्रश्न 10.
नारी बाबुल के आंगन में किस पौधे के समान है?
उत्तर:
नारी बाबुल के आँगन में तुलसी के पौधे के समान है।

प्रश्न 11.
नारी ने दुर्गा माँ का कौन-सा रूप अपनाया है?
उत्तर:
नारी ने दुर्गा माँ का रणचण्डी रूप अपनाया है।

प्रश्न 12.
नारी सृष्टि का क्या है?
उत्तर:
नारी सृष्टि का श्रृंगार है।

प्रश्न 13.
जीवन में अगर नारी न हो तो क्या बेकार है?
उत्तर:
जीवन में अगर नारी न हो तो मानव जीवन बेकार है।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिएः

प्रश्न 1.
नारी के विभिन्न गुणों का परिचय दीजिए।
उत्तर:
नारी पृथ्वी पर मृदल रस की तरह है, नारी सुख का सागर है, नारी वन्दनीय है, अभिनंदनीय है। इसलिए उसे सादर प्रणाम है। धरती की तरह नारी सहनशील है, जल की तरह निर्मल है, फूलों की तरह कोमल है और नारी जीवन की गति, जीवन की रति (प्रेम), जीवन की मति (बुद्धि) है। नारी ने क्षमा, करुणा, स्नेह और अपनी सेवा से इस धरती को धन्य बनाया है।

प्रश्न 2.
नारी के बचपन का चित्रण कीजिए।
उत्तर:
नारी बचपन में चिड़िया की तरह चहकती, फुदकती हुई इठलाती है जिसे देख माता-पिता के मन में आनंद की हिलोरें उठती हैं। जब वह ठुमक ठुमक कर चलती है, तो उसकी पैरों की पायलियाँ मधुर संगीत सुनाती है। नारी बचपन में आँगन की तुलसी की तरह घर की शोभा बढ़ाती है और सबको प्यारी लगती है।

प्रश्न 3.
नारी के शक्ति रूपों का वर्णन कीजिए।
उत्तर:
नारी शक्ति रूप है, कभी रणचंडी भी दैत्य नाशिनी दुर्गा माँ है। शक्ति, शिवानी तथा कात्यायिनी का सशक्त रूप भी नारी में प्रतिबिंबित होता है। समय की मांग अनुसार नारी दैत्यों का खून पीने वाली महाकाली का वेश धारण भी कर लेती है। इस तरह नारी सृष्टि का मूल है।

प्रश्न 4.
नारी किस प्रकार से सृष्टि का श्रृंगार है?
उत्तर:
विभिन्न रूपों में सजी हुई यह नारी सृष्टि का श्रृंगार है। यदि इस संसार में नारी ही न हो, तो फिर यह संसार किस काम का? जिस घर में नारी का सम्मान होता है, वह घर आनंद का सागर है। यदि जीवन में नारी न हो, तो मानव जीवन ही व्यर्थ है।
विशेष : “जहाँ नारियों का सम्मान होता है, वहाँ देवताओं का वास होता है।’

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 5.
नारी को कौन सी बातों का प्रतिदान इस संसार से नहीं मिला है?
उत्तर:
कवि कहते हैं- हे नारी! तुम्हारे क्षमा, करूणा, स्नेह एवं सेवाभाव रूपी उपकारों को इस स्वार्थी संसार ने कभी याद नहीं किया। हे नारी! तुम्हारी करूणा, ममता एवं सीधेपन का कोई भी प्रतिदान इस संसार ने नहीं दिया।

III. ससंदर्भ भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए:

प्रश्न 1.
इस धरा पर मृदुल रस धार-सी तुम सुख का सार हो नारी
तुम वंदनीय हो, अभिनंदनीय हो, सादर नमन तुम्हें हे नारी…!
धरा सी सहनशील, जल-सी निर्मल, फूलों सी कोमल तुम नारी
जीवन की गति, जीवन की रति, जीवन की मति हो तुम नारी…!
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘अभिनंदनीय नारी’ नामक कविता से लिया गया हैं जिसके रचयिता जयन्ती प्रसाद नौटियाल हैं।
संदर्भ : नारी की महत्ता का गौरव बताते हुए कवि कहते हैं कि वह वंदनीय, अभिनंदनीय है, वह धरती जैसी सहनशील, पानी जैसी निर्मल और कोमल है।
स्पष्टीकरण : नारी धरती की कोमल रस-धारा और सुख की सागर है। नारी वंदनीय, पूजनीय है। उसे सादर प्रणाम! नारी में धरती-सी सहनशीलता, जल-सी निर्मलता, फूलों-सी कोमलता है। नारी जीवन की गति, जीवन की रति और जीवन की मति है।

प्रश्न 2.
नारी अबला नहीं बल्कि यह नारी रणचंडी भी है,
कृत्या है यह दुर्दम, दैत्य नाशिनी दुर्गा माँ भी है।
शक्ति और शिवानी है यह और कात्यायिनी भी है
दैत्यों के शोणित को पीने वाली महाकाली भी है॥
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘अभिनंदनीय नारी’ नामक कविता से लिया गया हैं जिसके रचयिता जयन्ती प्रसाद नौटियाल हैं।
संदर्भ : नारी की शक्ति का परिचय देते हुए कवि कहते हैं कि नारी अबला नहीं। अन्याय और अत्याचार के विरोध में वह रणचण्डी से कम नहीं है।
स्पष्टीकरण : कवि कहते हैं कि नारी अबला नहीं, बल्कि रणचंडी है। राक्षसों का संहार करने वाली माँ दुर्गा है। नारी शक्ति-स्वरूपा, शिवानी और कात्यायनी है। नारी राक्षसों के खून को पीनेवाली महाकाली भी है।

अभिनंदनीय नारी कवि परिचयः

हिन्दी साहित्य के आधुनिक कवि जयन्ती प्रसाद नौटियाल का जन्म उत्तरांचल राज्य के देहरादून में 3 मार्च 1956 को हुआ। आपने एम.ए. (हिन्दी तथा अंग्रेजी), एल.एल.बी., एम.बी.ए., पीएच.डी. (भाषा विज्ञान) तथा डी.लिट. की उपाधियाँ प्राप्त की हैं। डॉ. नौटियाल मूलतः तकनीकी साहित्य के लेखक हैं। आपके लेख विभिन्न पत्रिकाओं में प्रकाशित हुए हैं। आप संप्रति भारत सरकार के अग्रणी बैंक कार्पोरेशन बैंक में सहायक महाप्रबंधक पद पर कार्यरत हैं।

कविता का आशयः

प्रस्तुत कविता में भारतीय नारी की सहनशीलता, कोमलता, शक्ति और सेवाभाव को चित्रित किया गया है।

अभिनंदनीय नारी Summary in Kannada

अभिनंदनीय नारी Summary in English

In the poem, the poet Dr Jayanti Prasad Nautiyal has described the resilience, tenderness, strength and selfless service of the Indian woman.

The poet says in praise of the Indian woman, that on this earth, she is like a gentle stream of nectar, like an ocean of happiness; she is respectable and she is worthy of the utmost praise. To you (woman), the poet says, I forever bow in reverence. You are forgiving and tolerant like the earth, gentle like water, and tender like the flowers. You are the destiny, you are the pleasure and you are also the prayer of life.

In your childhood, the poet says, you were the cause for waves of happiness in your mother’s and father’s minds, just like the sweet chirping of birds. When you would amble along, as a little child, the sound of the trinkets on your feet was pleasing to the ear. In a garden of Babul trees, you were like a Tulsi plant that gave everyone a lot of pride.

With children, you yourself become a child, and with your loved ones, you become a generous lover. Forgiveness, generosity, love and service are some of your best qualities, and you are truly blessed to be so. In this selfish world, who has remembered their obligations to you? Who has repaid your generosity, your love or your straightforwardness?

You are not delicate. You are Ranachandi, you are Durga, you are Shakti and you are Kathyayani. You are also Maa Kaali, the defeater of demons and the one who sucks their blood. You are not delicate, you are supremely powerful.
You are beautifully decorated in many ways, and you are what makes the world beautiful. Without women, of what use is the world? Where there is respect for women, there is joy and only joy. A life without women is utterly useless.

अभिनंदनीय नारी Summary in Hindi

1) इस धरा पर मृदुल रस धार-सी तुम सुख का सार हो नारी
तुम वंदनीय हो, अभिनंदनीय हो, सादर नमन तुम्हें हे नारी…!
धरा सी सहनशील, जल-सी निर्मल, फूलों सी कोमल तुम नारी
जीवन की गति, जीवन की रति, जीवन की मति हो तुम नारी…!

कवि कहते हैं कि हे नारी तुम इस पृथ्वी पर कोमल रस धार-सी, सुख-सार सी, वंदनीय हो, अभिनंदनीय हो। तुम्हें सादर नमन है। तुम धरती की तरह सहनशील, पानी की तरह निर्मल, फूलों जैसी कोमल हो। जीवन की गति, रति और मति भी तुम ही हो।

2) बचपन में चहक, चिरैय्या सी तुम इठलाती
माता-पिता के मन में आनंद हिलोर उठाती।
चलती ठुमक ठुमक, बजती पैजनियाँ प्यारी
बाबुल के अंगना में तुलसी बिरवा सी न्यारी॥

बचपन में चिड़ियों की चहचहाट की तरह तुम माता-पिता के मन में आनंद की तरंगें उठाती थी। ठुमक-ठुमक कर चलते समय पाँवों की पायल बड़ी प्यारी लगती थीं। बाबुल के आंगन में तुम तुलसी के पौधे की तरह शोभा देती थी।

3) शिशु के साथ शिशु बन जाती और प्रिय के संग बनी प्रिया
क्षमा, करुणा तुम में, स्नेह और सेवा से धन्य धरा को किया
किन्तु स्वार्थी जग ने कब किसी के उपकारों को याद किया?
हे नारी! तेरी करुणा, ममता, ऋजुता का क्या प्रतिदान तुम्हें दिया?

तुम शिशु के साथ शिशु और प्रिय के संग प्रिया बन जाती हो। क्षमा, करुणा, स्नेह और . सेवा के गुणों वाली नारी तुम धन्य हो। इस स्वार्थी संसार में तुम्हारे उपकारों को किसने याद किया? तुम्हारी करुणा, ममता व सीधेपन का प्रतिदान किसने दिया?

4) नारी अबला नहीं बल्कि यह नारी रणचंडी भी है,
कृत्या है यह दुर्दम, दैत्य नाशिनी दुर्गा माँ भी है।
शक्ति और शिवानी है यह और कात्यायिनी भी है
दैत्यों के शोणित को पीने वाली महाकाली भी है।

नारी अबला नहीं, रणचंडी है, दुर्गा है, शक्ति है, कात्यायनी है। राक्षसों की संहारक और उनका खून चूसने वाली महाकाली भी है। तू अबला नहीं सबला है।

5) विविध रूपों से सजी यह नारी सृष्टि का श्रृंगार है।
नारी ही न हो तो फिर किस काम का यह संसार है।
जिस घर में इसका सम्मान है वह आनंद का आगार है।
अगर जीवन में नारी न हो, तो मानव जीवन ही बेकार है॥

विविध रूपों में सजी नारी सृष्टि का श्रृंगार है। नारी के बिना संसार किस काम का? जहाँ नारी का सम्मान है, वहाँ आनंद ही आनंद है। अगर जीवन में नारी नहीं है, तो यह मानव जीवन बेकार है।

कठिन शब्दार्थः

• धरा – पृथ्वी;
• मृदुल – कोमल;
• सार – मूल, आधार, सारांश;
• वंदनीय – वंदना योग्य;
• चहक – कलरव;
• नमन – प्रणाम;
• रति – प्रेम;
• मति – बुद्धि;
• चिरैय्या – चिड़िया;
• हिलोर – तरंग;
• पैंजनियाँ – पायल;
• प्रतिदान – बदले में देना;
• अबला – बलहीन;
• कृत्या – विनाशकारी;
• दुर्दम – जिसे आसानी से दमन न किया जा सके;
• कात्यायिनी – पार्वती का एक नाम;
• शोणित – खून;
• आगार – घर;
• अंगना – आंगन;
• बिरवा – पौधा;
• ऋजुता – सीधापन।

You can Download Chapter 22 मत घबराना Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers Sahitya Vaibhav Chapter 22 मत घबराना

मत घबराना Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

I. एक शब्द या वाक्यांश या वाक्य में उत्तर लिखिए:

प्रश्न 1.
कवि किस प्रकार आगे बढ़ने के लिए कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
कवि कदम साधकर आगे बढ़ने के लिए कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
कवि किसके साथ होने की बात कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
कवि कहते हैं कि कोई साथ रहे या न रहे, परन्तु चन्दा और तारे साथ रहेंगे।

प्रश्न 3.
कवि किसे अपनी व्यथा सुनाने के लिए कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
कवि अपनी सारी व्यथा चन्दा-तारे को सच्चा साथी जानकर सुनाने के लिए कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
पथ पर बार-बार क्या टकराती है?
उत्तर:
पथ पर बार-बार बाधाएँ टकराती हैं।

प्रश्न 5.
कवि बीच राह में कैसे न रुकने को कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
कवि डरकर या ललचाकर बीच राह में न रुकने को कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 6.
वीर काँटों को क्या समझता है?
उत्तर:
वीर काँटों को भी फूल समझता है।

प्रश्न 7.
वीर किससे हाथ मिलाता है?
उत्तर:
वीर विपदाओं से हाथ मिलाता है।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 8.
वीराने में क्या बहती रहती हैं?
उत्तर:
वीराने में नदियाँ बहती रहती हैं।

प्रश्न 9.
कवि जीवन-पथ पर क्या बढ़ाने के लिए कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
कवि जीवन-पथ पर कदम बढ़ाने के लिए कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 10.
रास्ता कौन रोक लेती हैं?
उत्तर:
रास्ता तितलियाँ रोक लेती हैं।

प्रश्न 11.
धीर-वीरता से जो बढ़ता है उसे क्या मिलता है?
उत्तर:
धीर-वीरता से जो बढ़ता है उसे मंजिल मिलती है।

प्रश्न 12.
कवि ने किसे कायर कहा है?
उत्तर:
कवि ने घबराने वालों को कायर कहा है।

प्रश्न 13.
वीर कभी क्या नहीं करते?
उत्तर:
वीर कभी बहाना नहीं करते।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिएः

प्रश्न 1.
‘मत घबराना’ कविता में प्रकृति को प्रेरणास्त्रोत क्यों कहा गया है?
उत्तर:
हमारे साथ कोई रहे या न रहे, परन्तु ये चन्दा और तारे हमेशा साथ रहते हैं। ये हमारा दर्द बाँट लेंगे, अपनी बात कहेंगे। ये नदियाँ और झरने हरदम हँसते-गाते आगे बढ़ने को कहेंगे। इस प्रकार कवि प्रकृति को प्रेरणा का स्रोत मानता है। प्रकृति हमारा साथ देती है और आगे बढ़ने की प्रेरणा भी देती है।

प्रश्न 2.
कवि ने जीवन की किन विशेषताओं का उल्लेख किया है?
उत्तर:
कवि कहता हैं कि जीवन में कई बाधाएँ आती हैं और वे हमें रोकती हैं। तितलियाँ भी अपने सुन्दर रंग-बिरंगे पंखों से हमें अपनी ओर आकर्षित करती हैं, रोकने की कोशिश करती है। ऐसी स्थिति में बाधाओं से न डरकर और तितलियों से न ललचाकर हमें बीच राह में नहीं रुकना चाहिए। हमें नदियों की तरह अकेले ही निडर होकर बहते रहना चाहिए। यही जीवन की विशेषताएँ हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
मंजिल किन्हें मिलती है? अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
‘मत घबराना’ कविता में कवि नवयुवकों को जीवनपथ पर हमेशा आगे बड़ने का संदेश देते हैं। प्रकृति को प्रेरणा के रूप में चित्रित करते हुए कवि ने कहा है ‘मंजिल’ उन्हीं को मिलती है जो बाधाओं को चुनौती देकर धीर वीर के समान आगे बड़ते हैं। जो काँटों को फूल समझकर विपदाओं को स्वीकार करते हैं, जो कायर नहीं है, जो बहाने बनाकर निष्क्रीय नहीं होते वही ‘मंजिल’ को हासिल कर लेते हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
‘मत घबराना’ कविता का संदेश अपने शब्दों में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
‘मत घबराना’ कविता में कवि युवकों को सन्देश देते हैं कि जीवन के पथ पर सदा आगे बढ़ते रहना चाहिए। साथ कोई हो या न हो प्रकृति माता सदा हमारे साथ रहेगी। प्रकृति से हमें प्रेरणा लेनी चाहिए। यही इस कविता का सन्देश है।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 5.
कवि ‘मानव’ ने नवयुवकों को किन बातों से न घबराने की सलाह दी है?
उत्तर:
कवि ‘मानव’ युवाओं को बाधाओं से नहीं घबराने की सलाह दे रहे हैं। वे कहते हैं- रास्तें में बाधाएँ तुमसे बार-बार टकराएगी लेकिन तुम डरकर बीच रास्ते ही मत रुक जाना। तुम्हें तो बस जीवन पथ पर अपने कदम बढ़ाते जाना है।

III. ससंदर्भ भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए:

प्रश्न 1.
कोई साथ न रहने पर भी
चन्दा-तारे साथ रहेंगे।
दर्द तुम्हारा बाँटेंगे वे,
तुमसे अपनी बात कहेंगे।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘मत घबराना’ नामक कविता से ली गई हैं, जिसके रचयिता डॉ. रामनिवास ‘मानव’ हैं।
संदर्भ : कवि नवयुवकों को संदेश देते हैं कि जीवन के पथ पर तुम सदा आगे बढ़ों। प्रकृति हमें प्रेरणा देती है।
स्पष्टीकरण : कवि कहते हैं कि बाधाओं से, प्रतिकूल परिस्थितियों से घबराना नहीं चाहिए। इनसे बिना डरे निरन्तर आगे बढ़ते रहना चाहिए, कोई साथ दे या न दे। आप मंजिल तय करते समय अकेले पड़ जाएँ तब घबराना नहीं। यह चाँद, यह तारे तुम्हारे साथ हर पल रहेंगे। यह कभी भी साथ नहीं छोड़ते। प्रकृति मनुष्य का कभी भी साथ नहीं छोड़ती। मनुष्य का प्रकृति के साथ रिश्ता अटूट है। तुम उनसे बात करना। अपना कष्ट सुनाना। वे बिना परेशान हुए तुम्हारी बात को गंभीरता से सुनेंगे। वे अपनी बात तुमसे कहेंगे। उन्हें अपना सच्चा मित्र समझकर आगे बढ़ते जाओ।
विशेष : खड़ी बोली हिन्दी का प्रयोग। प्रेरणास्पद कविता।

प्रश्न 2.
मंजिल सदा उसी को मिलती
धीर-वीर जो बढ़ता जाता।
काँटों को भी फूल समझता,
विपदाओं से हाथ मिलाता।
कायर तो घबराते वे ही,
वीर न करते कभी बहाना।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘मत घबराना’ नामक कविता से ली गई हैं जिसके रचयिता डॉ. रामनिवास ‘मानव’ हैं।
संदर्भ : कवि यहाँ नव युवकों को संदेश देते हुए कह रहे हैं कि तुम वीर हो, विपदाओं का सामना करते हुए मंजिल के पथ पर तुम आगे बढ़ते रहो। कवि ने इस कविता में प्रकृति को प्रेरणा के रूप में चित्रित किया है।
स्पष्टीकरण : कवि कहता है कि मंजिल सदा उसी को मिलती है, जो धीर-वीर बनकर आगे बढ़ता है। जो काँटों को फूल समझकर, विपत्तियों से हाथ मिलाकर आगे बढ़ता है और डरने का बहाना न बनाकर जो आगे बढ़ता है, वही जीवन में सफल होता है।

मत घबराना कवि परिचयः

बहुमुखी प्रतिभा के धनी रामनिवास ‘मानव’ जी का जन्म 2 जुलाई 1954 ई. को तिगरा जिला महेन्द्रगढ़ (हरियाणा) में हुआ। आपकी शिक्षा एम.ए. (हिन्दी), पीएच.डी. एवं डी.लिट्. तक हुई है। आपको स्नातक तथा स्नातकोत्तर कक्षाओं को पढ़ाने का तीन दशक से अधिक अनुभव है। आपको, अनेक प्रतिष्ठित सम्मान, पुरस्कार तथा मानद उपाधियों से सम्मानित किया गया है। आप संप्रति कुरुक्षेत्र विश्वविद्यालय, कुरुक्षेत्र में कार्यक्रम क्रियान्वयन केन्द्र में शोध निदेशक पद पर कार्य कर रहे हैं।
प्रमुख कृतियाँ : ‘धारा-पथ’, ‘रश्मी-रथ’, ‘साँझी है रोशनी’, ‘बोलो मेरे राम’, ‘सहमी सहमी आग, ‘हम सब हिन्दुस्तानी’ आदि|

कविका का आशय :

कवि नवयुवकों को संदेश देते हैं कि जीवन-पथ पर सदा आगे बढ़ो। प्रकृति सदा हमारे साथ है| प्रकृति हमें प्रेरणा देती है|

मत घबराना Summary in Kannada

मत घबराना Summary in English

The poet, Dr Ramniwas ‘Manav’, through this poem gives the message to youngsters, that one must always move forward in life. Nature will always support us. Nature also gives us inspiration.

In the first stanza, the poet says that one must move forward in life without fearing the difficulties or obstructions. Whether there is anyone with us or not, we must always move forward. The moon and the stars will share our difficulties and our pain. Considering them as our true companions, we must move forward.

In the second stanza, the poet says that rivers and streams laugh and sing as they move along continuously. They have no companions. Similarly, we must also go ahead alone. You are your own companion. Considering the rivers and streams as our true companions, we must move forward.

In the third stanza, the poet says that our path is filled with obstacles and difficulties. Butterflies will stop and distract us, however, one must not be afraid and one must not get distracted and must continue to walk down the middle of the path without stopping.

In the fourth stanza, the poet says that the destination is reached by only those who continue to move forward bravely and with determination, and by those who treat thorns as roses and cross over them, and by those who do not shake hands with adversity or misfortune. Cowards always feel scared and they make excuses saying that they are scared. The brave never make excuses. They only keep moving forward.

मत घबराना Summary in Hindi

1) बाधाओं से मत घबराना।
कदम साधकर बढ़ते जाना।
कोई साथ न रहने पर भी
चन्दा-तारे साथ रहेंगे।
दर्द तुम्हारा बाँटेंगे वे,
तुमसे अपनी बात कहेंगे।
सच्चा साथी जान उन्हें तुम
अपनी सारी व्यथा सुनाना।

कवि कहता है कि बाधाओं से बिना डरे आगे बढ़ते जाना चाहिए। साथ कोई हो न हो, आगे बढ़ते जाना चाहिए। चाँद-सितारे तुम्हारा दर्द बाँट लेंगे। उन्हें सच्चा साथी मानकर अपनी व्यथा सुनाएँ।

2) वीराने में नदियाँ-निर्झर,
जैसे हरदम हँसते-गाते।
आप अकेले अपने साथी,
सदा अकेले बढ़ते जाते।
सच्चा साथी जान उन्हें तुम
जीवन-पथ पर कदम बढ़ाना।

कवि कहते हैं- नदियाँ व झरने हँसते-गाते हुए बढ़ते है। उनका कोई साथी नहीं रहता। वैसे ही तुम भी अकेले जाना। तुम अपने साथी स्वयं ही हो। उनको अपना सच्चा साथी समझकर वैसे तुम भी आगे बढ़ो।

3) पथ क्या वह बाधाएँ जिसमें
बार-बार टकराती ना हों।
और तितलियाँ रोक रास्ता
राही को ललचाती ना हों।
पर तुम डरकर या ललचाकर
बीच राह में मत रुक जाना।

कवि कहते हैं- पथ में कई बाधाएँ आती हैं। तितलियाँ रोककर तुम्हें ललचाएगी, परन्तु तुम न डरते हुए और न ललचाते हुए बीच राह में न रूकते हुए आगे बढ़ना चाहिए।

4) मंजिल सदा उसी को मिलती
धीर-वीर जो बढ़ता जाता।
काँटों को भी फूल समझता,
विपदाओं से हाथ मिलाता।
कायर तो घबराते वे ही,
वीर न करते कभी बहाना।

कवि अन्त में कहते हैं कि मंजिल उन्हीं को मिलती है, जो धैर्य के साथ आगे बढ़ते हैं, जो काँटों को भी फूल समझकर पार करते हैं, जो विपत्तियों से हाथ मिलाते हैं। कायर तो घबराते हैं और वे डरने का बहाना बनाते हैं। वीर कभी बहाना नहीं बनाते। आगे बढ़ते रहते हैं।

कठिन शब्दार्थः

• बाधाएँ – रुकावट, विघ्न;
• कदम साधकर – कदम से कदम मिलाकर;
• व्यथा – दुःख, दर्द;
• ललचाना – लोभग्रस्त होना;
• विपदा – विपत्ति;
• कायर – डरपोक, बुजदिल;
• चन्दा – चाँद;
• वीराना – शून्य प्रदेश;
• हरदम – हमेशा;
• मंजिल – पड़ाव

Karnataka 1st PUC Geography Question Bank Chapter 5 Atmosphere

You can Download Chapter 5 Atmosphere Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Geography Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

1st PUC Geography Atmosphere One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define Atmosphere? (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
The thin layer of gaseous matter encircling the earth as an envelope or a blanket is known as Atmosphere

Question 2.
What is the percentage of Nitrogen in the Atmosphere? (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
78% of Nitrogen in the Atmosphere.

Question 3.
Why is Carbon dioxide important in the Atmosphere? (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
It is needed for plants. It traps heat and acts as an insulating agent, that is why the Earth is warm during night.

Question 4.
Which layer of Atmosphere is called ‘Weather manufacturer? (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
Troposphere is called ‘Weather manufacturer’.

Question 5.
In which layer do you find Aurora? (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
Thermosphere.

Question 6.
What is Stratopause? (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
Stratopause is the boundary between Stratosphere and Mesosphere.

Question 7.
Which is the coldest layer in the Atmosphere? (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
Mesosphere extends to a height of 80km from the surface of the Earth. It is the coldest layer of the atmosphere.

Question 8.
Which layer is known as Radio layer?
Answer:
Ionosphere is known as radio layer, because it reflects sound and radio waves back to the earth’s surface.

Question 9.
What is tropopause?
Answer:
The upper part of troposphere is known as “tropopause”.

Question 10.
What is stratosphere?
Answer:
The layer just above the troposphere is called stratosphere. It extends, up to a height of about 50km.

Question 11.
Which is the lowest layer of the atmosphere?
Answer:
Troposphere

Question 12.
What is stratopause?
Answer:
The upper limit of the stratosphere is known as “stratopause”

Question 13.
What is Ozonosphere?
Answer:
The lower portion of the stratosphere having a greater concentration of ozone is called “Ozonosphere”. It lies between the heights of 30 to 60km.

Question 14.
What is Mesosphere?
Answer:
A layer above the stratosphere, which extends between 50 to 80km, is known as the mesosphere.

Question 15.
What is Mesopause?
Answer:
A thin layer of air separating mesosphere from other upper layers is named as ‘Mesopause’.

Question 16.
What is ionosphere?
Answer:
The thin layer extends from the ozonosphere form an altitude of about 80 to 640 km above the earth surface.

Question 17.
Which is the isothermal zone?
Answer:
Stratosphere is also known as isothermal zone because in this zone the temperature is almost uniformly distributed.

Question 18.
Which layer is known zone of radio waves?
Answer:
Ionosphere is the zone of radio waves because it reflects sound and radio waves back to the earth’s surface.

Question 19.
Which is the upper most layer of the atmosphere?
Answer:
Exosphere.

Question 20.
In which layer Ozonosphere exists?
Answer:
Stratosphere

Question 21.
What is Exosphere?
Answer:
The outer-most layer of the earth’s atmosphere lies between 640 and 1000km.

Question 22.
Define Aerosols.
Answer:
The dust and other microscopic solid particles of the atmosphere are known as ‘Aerosols.’

Question 23.
What is condensation?
Answer:
It is a process of Conduct the heat from warmer to colder regions.

Question 24.
Which layer is known as ‘Magnetosphere.’?
Answer:
Exosphere is also known as‘Magnetosphere’.

Question 25.
Which layer absorbs ultraviolet rays of the sun?
Answer:
Ozonosphere

Question 26.
Which gas is known as green house gas?
Answer:
Carbon Dioxide

Question 26.
Which gas absorbs ultraviolet rays from the sun?
Answer:
Ozone

Question 27.
Why sky appears blue color?
Answer:
It is because of selective scattering of solar radiation by dust particles. (Atmosphere)

Question 28.
What is Radiation?
Answer:
The process of transfer of heat from one body to the other without the material medium is known as ‘Radiation’.

Question 29.
Define Insolation. (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
The small proportion of solar radiation which reaches the earth is called insolation.

Question 30.
What is convection? (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
The transfer of heat through the movement of amass of substances from one place to another is called convection.

Question 31.
What is Thermometer? Mention the types of Thermometer?
Answer:
It is an instrument used to measure the atmospheric temperature. Two types of thermometers are a. Centigrade thermometer and b. Fahrenheit thermometer.

Question 32.
What is Radiation?
Answer:
It s the process by which a body emits radiant energy. Energy received from the sun in the form of heat.

Question 33.
What is conduction?
Answer:
It is a process by which heat is transferred directly though matter fro point of high temperature. Heat passes from warmer to colder substances, as long as temperature difference exists.

Question 34.
What is the surface temperature of the sun?
Answer:
The surface temperature of the sun is 6000°C or 11,000°F.

Question 35.
What is normal Lapse rate?
Answer:
Temperature decreases with increasing height at the rate of 6.5’C per room. This rate of decrease of temperature is called normal lapse rate (NLR).

Question 36.
What is Inversion of temperature?
Answer:
The temperature increases with an increase in the height. This state of affairs is called inversion of temperature.

Question 37.
What is isotherm?
Answer:
The lines drawn on maps joining places having the same air temperature are called Isotherms.

Question 38.
Which place records highest temperature in the world?
Answer:
Libya (Aziziya) is a part of Sahara desert records highest temperature in the world.

Question 39.
What is Radiation?
Answer:
The process of transfer of heat from one body to the other without the material medium is known as ‘Radiation’.

Question 40.
Which place records lowest temperature in the world?
Answer:
Verkhoyansk in N. E. Siberia

Question 41.
What is range of temperature?
Answer:
The difference between the highest and lowest amount of temperature in the particular duration is known as ‘range of temperature.’

Question 42.
What is thermograph?
Answer:
A continuous heat-recording thermometer is called Thermograph.

Question 43.
What is Terrestrial radiation?
Answer:
The earth surface after receiving the energy from solar radiation radiates energy in the form of long waves known as terrestrial radiation.

Question 44.
What is Advection?
Answer:
Temperature is also transferred by large scale movement of air. When warm air moves to cold regions temperature of the air increases and is contrast cold air reduces heat. This phenomenon is called advection.

Question 45.
What is the average distance between sun and earth?
Answer:
150millionkm.

Question 46.
What is Photosphere?
Answer:
The outer surface of the sun is known as Photosphere

Question 47.
What are Aurora borealis?
Answer:
It is a phenomenon of coloured light’s seen in the sky in the northern hemisphers 66l/2° North to 90°North

Question 48.
Mention the average atmospheric pressure of the earth. (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
The average atmospheric pressure at the sea level is 1013.25mb.

Question 49.
How many pressure belts are there in the globe? (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
There are seven pressure belts on the globe.

Question 50.
Define Doldrums. (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
Equatorial belt of low pressure experiences calm conditions and variable winds so it is known as the belt of doldrums.

Question 51.
Where do we find ‘Horse Latitudes*? (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
Subtropical high pressure belt is known as ‘horse Latitudes’.

Question 52.
What is Atmospheric Pressure?
Answer:
The weight of air on a unit area is called air pressure or atmospheric pressure.

Question 53.
Mention the types of Atmospheric Pressure?
Answer:
Low Pressure and High Pressure.

Question 54.
What is pressure gradient?
Answer:
The rate at which the atmospheric pressure changes horizontally is called pressure gradient.

Question 55.
What is Isobar?
Answer:
Lines drawn on a map joining regions of equal air pressure are called isobars.

Question 56.
What is Barometer?
Answer:
The atmospheric pressure is measure by means of an instrument known as ‘Barometer’.

Question 57.
Mention the types of Barometer?
Answer:
Mercury Barometer and Aneroid barometer.

Question 58.
What is Barograph?
Answer:
It is self recording instrument which continuously records the atmospheric pressure.

Question 59.
What is Altimeter?
Answer:
It is an instrument measures the pressure of atmosphere and denotes corresponding height of the place from the mean sea level.

Question 60.
Which zone is known as ‘Doldrums’?
Answer:
Equatorial low pressure region is known as ‘Doldrums.

Question 61.
Which region is also known as Horse latitudes?
Answer:
Subtropical high pressure belt is known as Horse latitudes.

Question 62.
Define Milibar?
Answer:
A unit of pressure used by meteorologists when preparing their weather charts: 1,000 millibars= labor 29.53inches (750mm) as indicated on a barometer.

Question 63.
What is Aneroid Barometer?
Answer:
A device to measure air pressure that uses an aneroid, which is a sealed, flexible metal bellow with some air removed that expands and contracts with air pressure changes.

Question 64.
What is Dew?
Answer:
Water that has condensed onto objects near the ground when their temperatures have fallen below the dew point of the surface air.

Question 65.
What do you mean by Convection?
Answer:
The upward flow of air that has been heated by contact with the Earth’s surface. As it warms, it expands and rises. Cold air takes its place at the surface, and is in turn healed and caused to rise.

Question 66.
What do you mean by Torrid Zone?
Answer:
The climate zone lying between the topic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn, where the weather is almost always hot and the sun shines.

Question 67.
What is Charles’s Law?
Answer:
With constant pressure, the temperature of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to the density of the gas.

Question 68.
Name the instrument used to measure speed of the wind. (T. B. Qn)
Answer:
‘Anemometer’ is used to measure the speed of winds.

Question 69.
What is ITCZ? (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
This region is the converging zone of trade winds known as ‘Inter-tropical convergent zone’.

Question 70.
Where do we see ‘Roaring Forties’? (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
‘Roaring Forties’ found around 40°south latitude.

Question 71.
Why are Tropical cyclones more dangerous? (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
Tropical cyclones more dangerous because they cause heavy rainfall with high velocity winds.

Question 72.
What are winds?
Answer:
The horizontal movement of air over the earth’s surface is called wind.

Question 73.
Name any two types of winds?
Answer:
Planetary winds and Periodic winds

Question 74.
Where is Hurricanes exists?
Answer:
U.S.A

Question 75.
Where is a typhoon existing?
Answer:
China

Question 76.
Where is Will-willy blows?
Answer:
Australia

Question 77.
Where we can find Tornadoes?
Answer:
Southern and eastern USA.

Question 78.
In which climate zone, days and night are equal throughout year?
Answer:
Equatorial type of climate.

Question 79.
What is Air current?
Answer:
The vertical or near vertical moving air is called air current.

Question 80.
What are the local winds?
Answer:
The regular pattern of planetary and seasonal winds is affected with the local disturbances. Local differences in temperature and pressure leads to the development of movement of winds are called ‘Local winds’.

Question 82.
What type of winds are the monsoons?
Answer:
The monsoons winds are Periodic types of winds. They are extensive and also well developed among the seasonal winds.

Question 83.
What are the names given to the antitrade winds in the Southern Hemisphere?
Answer:
Antitrade winds in the southern hemisphere are known as Westerlies.

Question 84.
What is meant by ‘Triple point temperature’?
Answer:
The gaseous, liquid and solid states of water are at equilibrium under standard atmospheric pressure.

Question 85.
What is wind vane?
Answer:
An instrument widely used for measuring wind direction is called ‘wind vane’ or ‘weather cock’.

Question 86.
Which winds are called Tropical Easterlies.
Answer:
Trade winds.

Question 87.
What are Westerlies?
Answer:
The winds blowing from the sub-tropical high pressure belts towards the sub-polar low pressure belts are called Westerlies.

Question 88.
What are ‘Anti trade winds?
Answer:
The winds blow in the opposite direction of the trade winds and were known as “Anti trade winds”.

Question 89.
What is Latent Heat?
Answer:
Energy stored when water evaporates into vapour or ice melts into liquid. It is released as heat when water vapour condenses or water freezes.

Question 90.
What is Rainshadow region? (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
In the leeward side of the mountain, as the wind begins to descend, temperature steadily increases resulting in dry air by forming ‘Rain Shadow Region’.

Question 91.
Which instrument is used to measure the amount of Rainfall? (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
Rain gauge is used to measure the amount of Rainfall.

Question 92.
Mention any two factors-that determine the climate of a place. (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
Latitude, distance from the sea, altitude, ocean currents.

Question 93.
What is Isohygric line?
Answer:
The line joining the places of equal amount of water vapor is called ‘Isohygric’ line.

Question 94.
What is precipitation?
Answer:
Precipitation is the falling of water in liquid or solid form to the earth’s surface.

Question 95.
What are the three types of precipitation
Answer:
Rain, snow and Hail stone are the three types of precipitation.

Question 96.
What is convectional rainfall?
Answer:
The rainfall caused with the rising of air upwards due to high temperature is known as convectional rainfall.

Question 97.
Define Hailstone?
Answer:
Hailstone is solid frozen raindrops. The rain droplets when they enter into cold layers of the atmosphere at a higher level get condensed.

Question 98.
Define snow?
Ans.
When the precipitation takes place at below freezing point temperature, it is in the form of ice crystals. Humidity of the air is condensed into hexagonal ice crystal and reach earth’s surface. It is known as‘snow’.

Question 99.
What is Convectional Rainfall?
Answer:
The rainfall caused with the rising of air upwards due to high temperature is known as convectional rainfall.

Question 100.
Define Isohyets?
Answer:
These are the imaginary lines drawn to join the places with the same amount of rainfall.

Question 101.
What is cloud?
Answer:
When the condensation of water vapour takes place on dust particles on a large scale at higher altitudes, clouds are formed clouds consists of tiny droplets of water which float in the air and are carried by the winds.

Question 102.
What is rain gauge?
Answer:
The amount of rainfall is measured by means of an instrument called rain gauge.

Question 103.
What is Saturation?
Answer:
The air has maximum humidity which it can withhold at the temperature is called saturation.

Question 104.
What is Condensation?
Answer:
Condensation is a reverse process of evaporation. The transformation of gaseous form of water vapour into solid or liquid form is called condensation. This is caused by the loss of heat.

Question 105.
Describe Haze?
Answer:
Acloud of dust, smoke, salt or other particles that reduces visibility close to the Earth’s surface. A haze is said to exist when visibility is less than 1.25 miles but more than 0.6 mile (1km).

Question 106.
Mention any two factors that determine the climate of a place. (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
Latitude, distance from the sea, altitude, ocean currents.

Question 107.
What is weather?
Answer:
The atmospheric condition of a place at a given time is known as weather.

Question 108.
What is climate?
Answer:
The average weather condition of a place for a long period like 30-33years is known as climate.

Question 109.
What is Meteorology?
Answer:
The scientific study of the atmosphere and its physical processes is called ‘Meteorology’.

Question 110.
What is climatology?
Answer:
The scientific study of climatic condition is known as climatology.

Question 111.
What are the elements of weather?
Answer:
Temperature, pressure, winds humidity and precipitation sunshine are the element of weather.

Question 112.
What is Continental climate?
Answer:
The amount of rainfall also decreases from coastal region to the interior Similarly the range of temperature is maximum in the interior regions making it a continental climate.

1st PUC Geography Atmosphere Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Mention any two components of Atmosphere. (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
Various gases, water vapour and dust particles

Question 2.
Name any four important gases present in the atmosphere. (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen 21%, Argon, Carbon dioxide, Hydrogen, Neon.

Question 3.
Why troposphere is called ‘Region of Mixing’? (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
Troposphere literally means “the region of mixing”. It is derived from the Greek word ‘tropos’ means mixing All changes in weather condition take place in this layer. Temperature, pressure, winds, clouds, thunder, lightning, rainbow and precipitation are common in this layer.

Question 4.
What is the role of Ionosphere in the Atmosphere? (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
These electrically charged particles are known as “Ions” and hence this layer is known as Ionosphere. Radio waves transmitted from the Earth are reflected back to the Earth by this layer. It helps in Radar, Navigator communication. The ionosphere protects us from meteors.

Question 5.
What is the significance of dust particles in the atmosphere?
Answer:
Dust particles are significant I the atmosphere from meteorological standpoint. It acts as a “hygroscopic nuclei” around which water vapor condenses to produce clouds. They also reflect * insolation and besides this smoke and fog are caused due to presence of dust particles.

Question 6.
What is troposphere?
Answer:
The lowermost layer of the atmosphere is known as troposphere and is the most important layer because almost all of the weather phenomena (fog, cloud, dew, frost, rainfall. Hailstorm, storms, cloud, lightning etc) occur in this layer. The word troposphere literally means Zone or region of mixing.

Question 7.
What is Ionosphere?
Answer:
The thin layer extends from the ozonosphere form an altitude of about 80 to 640 km above the earth surface. The process of ionization takes place in this zone, resulting in a dense concentration of positive ions.

Question 8.
Mention the salient features of troposphere?
Answer:
The important features of the troposphere are:

• Hydrological cycle
• Lapse rate
• Clouds
• Gaseous mass.

Question 9.
Mention the features of Inversion of Temperature. (T. B. Qn).
Answer:
It is a process of temperature increases with increasing height in troposphere. This feature is common during winter season, less cloudiness, slow movement of winds, and clear sky in the mountain valley.

Question 10.
Why are isotherms more irregular in the northern Hemisphere than in southern hemisphere?
Answer:
The isotherms are more irregular in Northern Hemisphere because of the distribution pattern of land and water and their differential heating.

Question 11.
What is temperate zone?
Answer:
It extends from 23 XA° to 66 !4° on both hemispheres. The sun is never vertically over head in this zone. It is characterized with warm summers and server winters. There is a general decrease of temperature towards poles and the severity and duration of the winter season also increase towards poles. The ancient Greeks have described this zone as an intermediary zone experiencing both winters and summers

Question 12.
State the difference between tropical and Frigid zone
Answer:
Sun is the chief source of energy. The heat energy radiated by the sun in all directions is called solar radiation.
The amount of radiation reaching the upper layers of the atmosphere is about 1.94 calories per cm2. As it varies little, is known as‘Solar constant

Question 13.
What is the inversion of Temperature?
Answer:
Under certain conditions air temperature increases with increasing height in the troposphere. This is known as inversion of temperature.

Question 14.
What is Albedo?
Answer:
The propagation of solar radiation falling on a non-luminouS body which the latter reflects is usually expressed as percentage. The albedo of the earth is approximately 40% of the solar radiation which is reflected back into space.

Question 15.
Why do Pressure belts shift? (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
The main cause of the pressure belts is the heat from the Sun, the pressure belts follow the annual apparent migration of the sun to the north in summer and to the south in winter. This is known as the shifting of the pressure belts.

Question 16.
What is Doldrums?
Answer:
The doldrums is the equatorial belt of calms and variable wind lying over the equatorial through of low pressure roughly between 5° N to S latitudes. This belt of calm lies between the two trade wind belts. In the late afternoon. There is strong convection which brings about heavy. thunderstorm. Because, of prevailing calm conditions the atmosphere in the doldrums is hot, oppressive and sticky.

Question 17.
State the relation between temperature and atmospheric pressure?
Answer:
There is a close relationship between temperature and pressure conditions of the air. Higher the temperature, lower will be the pressure and vice-versa. When the air is heated, the molecules expand and the air becomes light. The tropical region received almost perpendicular rays of the sun. As a result, the air is heated and rises upwards in the form of convectional currents and has become low pressure belt.

Question 18.
State the vertical distribution of pressure?
Answer:
Atmospheric pressure is highest at the sea level and decreasing with increasing of height. It is because the lower layer of the atmosphere has the weight of the entire atmosphere extending over several thousand kilometers. The lowest layer of the atmosphere, troposphere which extends up to 10-16km has 75 percent of the total atmosphere. The atmosphere near the earth’s surface up to an height of only 1km contains 1/10 of the total height. At the sea level atmospheric pressure is 1013.25mb

Question 19.
Name the two important Trade winds. (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
North East Trade winds: In the northern hemisphere, they blow from north-east to south west. South East trade winds: In the southern hemisphere, they blow from south east to North West.

Question 20.
How is Sea breeze formed? (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
During the day, the land gets heated faster than the sea. So the air gets heated and the rise upwards to produce a low pressure region. At the same time the pressure at sea sis comparatively high. The warm are of the land, being light, rises upwards allowing the air from sea to enter in. Such incoming air from the sea is called ‘Sea Breeze’.

Question 21.
Mention the features of a Cyclone. (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
Cyclone is a small low pressure area in the center surrounded by high pressure. The winds blow spirally towards the low pressure a area and form convergence of winds. In the northern hemisphere the direction of cyclonic winds is anti clock-wise and in the Southern hemisphere it is clockwise.

Question 22.
What are the planetary winds?
Answer:
The winds which blow from high pressure belts to the low pressure belts in the same direction
throughout the year are called planetary winds.

Question 23.
What is Hurricanes?
Answer:
Tropical cyclones in the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean sea and western pacific ocean are known as Hurricanes. To qualify as a hurricane, a storm must produce winds over 119Km/hr. It causes severe damages to life and property.

Question 24.
Define typhoons?
Answer:
Tropical cyclones that originate in the China Sea are known as typhoons. These winds are also very violent and destructive.

Question 25.
What do you mean by tornadoes?
Answer:
These are storms which form vey suddenly on land. The highest wind speeds on Earth occur .in tornadoes, sometimes reaching 500km/hr. They are most common and most violent in the U.S.A.

Question 26.
What are Anti-cyclones?
Answer:
An anti-cyclone is a high pressure system with winds blowing clockwise in the Northern hemisphere and anticlockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. An anti-cyclone may form wherever air sinks, the condition that creates high pressure. Winds begin to blow outwards form the high pressure area.

Question 27.
What is Coriolis Effect?
Answer:
The apparent curving motion of anything, such as wind, caused by Earth’s rotation. It was first described in 1835 by French scientist Gustavo- gasped Coriolis.

Question 28.
What is Cyclone?
Answer:
A region of low atmospheric pressure in which winds spiral inwards towards the centre of lowest pressure. In the Northern Hemisphere, the winds blow anti-clockwise: in the Southern hemisphere clockwise. In temperate regions cyclones are called depressions: in tropical regions they are more violent, and are called typhoons or hurricanes.

Question 29.
What are the seasonal winds?
Answer:
The winds that change their direction regularly in different seasons are called seasonal or periodic winds.

Question 30.
What is a trade wind?
Answer:
The winds that blow in the tropics from the sub-tropical high pressure belts towards the equatorial low pressure belt are called “trade winds”. They found approximately between 8’ and 30’ latitudes on both sides, blowing from the east. They are also known as “Tropical Easterlies”.

Question 31.
What is an antitrade wind?
Answer:
The winds blowing from the sub-tropical high pressure belts towards the sub-polar low pressure belts are known as sub-polar low pressure belts are known as anti-trade winds.

Question 32.
What are planetary winds?
Answer: The winds blowing regularly from the high pressure to low pressure belts are known as planetary winds. The velocity and extent of these are however affected with the seasonal migration of the pressure belts

Question 33.
Briefly describe the monsoon winds.
Answer:
The monsoons winds are typical example of seasonal are period winds. They are extensive and also well developed among the seasonal winds. The word ‘Monsoon’ is derived from an Arabic word ‘Mousim’ means seasonal. The Arabs have noticed the character of periodical reversal of winds on the Arabian sea and called them monsoons.

Question 34.
State the different names of the tropical cyclones.
Answer:
Tornado in the U.S.A, Simoon in Africa and Arabia, Sirocco in Italy and Sicily, Hurricane in West Indies, Typhoon in Japan and China and Willy-willies in Asia.

Question 35.
Stat the difference between winds and air currents.
Answer:
The distribution of atmospheric pressure on the earth’s surfaces most uneven. The horizontal movement of air, parallel to the earth’s surface is knows as ‘winds’.
The vertical movement is called “air current”. The wind and currents are interrelated and forms a system of air circulation through out world and play an important role in the distribution of temperature and humidity in the atmosphere.

Question 36.
What are the three types of planetary winds?
Answer:
There are three major types of planetary winds. They are Trade winds, Anti trade winds and Polar winds.

Question 37.
What are Storm Surge?
Answer:
Quickly rising ocean water levels associated with hurricanes that can cause widespread flooding.

Question 38.
What do you mean by El Nino?
Answer:
Linked ocean and atmospheric events that have worldwide effects, characterized by warming of water in the topical pacific from around the International Date Line to the coast of Peru.

Question 39.
Distinguish between air currents and wind?
Answer:
Air flows from high pressure to low pressure due to horizontal differences. This horizontal movement of air is called wind whereas the vertical movement of air is called air currents.

Question 40.
What is Ferrell’s law?
Answer:
The result of the earth’s rotation, a body moving in any direction over surface of the earth will tend to be deflected to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere. This law is known as “Ferrell’s law”. It mainly concerned with the movement of air.

Question 41.
What are land and sea breeze?
Answer:
The flow of air from land to sea is called land breeze and the flow of air from sea to land is called Sea breeze.

Question 42.
How is Mountain rainfall caused? (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
During this rain the moisture laden winds are forced to ascend over the mountains in their path. As the wind rises, it expands and looses temperature. This results in condensation, leading to rainfall. This rain fall is found in the windward side of the mountain and is heavy.

Question 43.
Mention the forms of condensation?
Answer:
The water produced by condensation may take several forms. It may remain suspended in the air in the form of mist, for or cloud, or it may be deposited on the solid objects on the ground in the form of rain, snow or hailstone. So, there are many forms of condensation. The chief forms of condensation are dew, frost, mist, fog, cloud, rain, snow and hailstone.

Question 44.
What is cyclonic rainfall?
Answer:
Cyclonic rain is associated with a depression or a low pressure. This type of rainfall takes place where air masses of different temperatures and humidity meet. The cyclonic rainfall is most common in the temperate region. The rainfall caused with a cyclone or a depression is known as cyclonic rainfall.

Question 45.
What is rain shadow region?
Answer:
When the ascending air may reach the mountain summit and descends On the leeward side, it is warmed by compression during its descent, and thus becomes drier and drier. The part of land over which this dry wind blows, it known as the rain shadow area. This influence of the mountain barrier is called the rain shadow effect.

Question 46.
State the difference between windward and leeward side?
Answer:
Orographic rainfall occurs due to ascent of air over mountain slopes. Orographic rain is heavy on the windward slope of the mountain. The slope of the mountain facing the wind is called “Wind ward side” while the opposite slope is called “leeward side” After crossing over the mountain, the air begin to descend along the leeward slope. It gets heated and becomes dry.

Question 47.
Mention the causes of rainfall?
Answer:
The cooling of saturated air mass is an important cause for rainfall. The cooling process takes place in different ways. Major causes are:

• The warm and moist air rises upward by vertical convection currents.
• Air is also forced to ascend over mountain ranges.
• The warm air rises over cold air.
• There should be sufficient humidity in the air.
• Condensation should be taken place.

Question 48.
What is Orographic Rainfall?
Answer:
It is the most common and widespread for of rainfall in the world. It is also known as mountain rain or relief rainfall. The moisture laden winds are forced to ascend over the mountains in their path. As the wind rise, it expands and looses temperature adiabatically. As a result, condensation takes place leading to rainfall. The amount of rainfall is heavy and concentrated in the windward side of the mountain.

However highest amount of rainfall is received at the crest of the mountain. In the leeward side of the mountain, the winds begin to descend along the slopes with compression. As the wind move along the slopes the temperature steadily increases. Hence the leeward side remains dry.

Question 49.
What are hailstones?
Answer:
Hailstones are solid frozen raindrops. The rain droplets when they enters into cold layers of the atmosphere at a higher level gets condensed, grew in size and finally reach earth’s surface. Hailstones are normally associated with

Question 50.
What is Hydrological cycle?
Answer:
The circulation of water in the Earth’s environment between lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere is called hydrological cycle.

Question 51.
Mention any two factors that determine the climate of a place.
Answer:
Latitude, Distance from the sea, Altitude, Prevailing winds, Direction of the mountains, ocean currents are the affecting factors of climate.

Question 52.
State the difference between continental and marine climate?
Answer:
In the costal regions temperature condition is modified by the oceans to large extent and thus experiences warm summers and mild winters. The amount of rainfall also decreases from coastal region to the interior. Similarly the range of temperature is maximum in the interior regions making it a continental climate.

Question 53.
State any two differences between Weather and climate?
Answer:
Weather is the average condition of the atmosphere at a particular place for short period. But climate is the average condition of the atmosphere over an area over a long period of time. Weather is described as sultry, cloudy, stormy, chilly, fine or mild etc. Climate is described as hot, cold, dry, humid and wet.

1st PUC Geography Atmosphere Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the structure of the atmosphere. (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
The distribution of temperature is not uniform at different height of the atmosphere. Along with the variation of temperature there are unique features at different heights. Based on these characteristics atmosphere is divided into four parallel zones.

1. Troposphere: It is the lowest layer of the atmosphere and less closer to the earth. The word ‘Tropos’ means ‘turn’ It extends up to 18km at the equator and 8km at poles. Thus the average height is about 10-12km. The important feature of the troposphere are:

Hydrological cycle: It is confined to troposphere. The water evaporates and raised up, formation of clouds takes place. Later it is precipitated in various forms like rain, snow and hailstone. These processes are known as evaporation, condensation and precipitation.

Lapse rate: In this layer the temperature decreases at the rate of 6,5’ Celsius per every 1000 meters of height which is known as ‘lapse rate’.

Clouds: It is characterized with formation of clouds, thunder storms and lighting.
Gaseous Mass: The troposphere has about 75 percent of the total gaseous mass, The upper part of troposphere is known ‘Tropopause’.

2. Stratosphere: It lies above the tropo-sphere and extends up to 50km from the earth. The temperature is also most uniformly distributed. Hence it also known as isothermal zone. At a height of 22kms. There is a thin layer of ozone which absorbs ultraviolet rays of the sun. So it is called as ozOnosphre. The name staratopause is given to the upper part of the stratosphere.

3. Mesosphere: It extends from 50 to 80kms. It is an intermediary zone between the lower and upper layers of the atmosphere. A thin layer of air separating mesosphere from the other upper layers in named as‘Mesopause’.

4. Ionosphere: It extends from 90 to 500km. It consists of atoms of air ionized due to intensive temperature. So it is also known as‘Ionosphere’or Thermosphere. The radio waves of different length are reflected back from this layer.

5. Exosphere: The region beyond the Thermosphere is called Exosphere. It extends to about 1,000 km and the gravity of the Earth s too weak in this layer. Magnetosphere is found above this layer. Atmospheric layer in between 500-700kms is known as Exosphere and the atmosphere lying beyond is called‘Magnetosphere’.

Question 2.
Explain the composition of the atmosphere.
Answer:
The atmosphere is a mechanical mixture of several gases. It also contains a number of solid and liquid particles called‘Aerosols’. Some of the gases may be permanent. They remain in fixed proportion but others may vary in quantity from one place to another and from time to time. The different constituents of the atmosphere are gases, water vapor and dust particles.

Gases: The dry air that is around us is a mixture of various gases. The main component gases of dry air are listed in the table. Both nitrogen and oxygen together account for about 99% of the atmosphere. The remaining 1% to make up of other gases. Nitrogen is most plentiful of all the gases in the atmosphere. It is an important constituent of many organic compounds. It is needed to dilute the air and regulated combustion by diluting oxygen. All living organism need oxygen. For respiration. Life is not possible without it. It is essential for combustion. About 21% of the gases in the atmosphere consist of oxygen.

Carbon dioxide is found in small percentage in dry air. It used by green plants for photosynthesis. It absorbs solar energy and earth radiation and then emits a part of it towards the earth. The amount of carbon dioxide is increasing every year which can agent temperature. Another important gas is ozone, which is similar to oxygen molecule. It absorbs most of the ultra-violet rays from the sun and protects us from excessive heat.

Water vapour: This is the gaseous form of water. It is largely formed from the evaporation of water from the water bodies on the earth and transpiration from plants and soils.

Water vapor is one of the most variable gases of the atmosphere, which is representing in the lower layers of the atmosphere. It is capable of absorbing solar energy as the well as energy radiated form the earth. The condensation of water vapour is responsible for several forms ofthe precipitation. Eg: rain, snow, etc. The amount of water vapor mainly depends on temperature. So it. varies from place to place and from time to time. It decreases from the equator to the poles.

Dust particles: The atmosphere is capable of holding solid particles, suspended in the lower layers of the atmosphere. They consist of dust, salt particles, pollen, smoke and soot, volcanic ash etc. These dust particles are very important form the absorption and scattering of some of the solar energy.

Water vapor is one of the most variable gases of the atmosphere, which is representing in the lower layers of the atmosphere. It is capable of absorbing solar energy as the well as energy radiated form the earth. The condensation of water vapour is responsible for several forms ofthe precipitation. Eg: rain, snow, etc. The amount of water vapor mainly depends on temperature. So it.varies from place to place and from time to time. It decreases from the equator to the poles.

Dust particles: The atmosphere is capable of holding solid particles, suspended in the lower layers of the atmosphere. They consist of dust, salt particles, pollen, smoke and soot, volcanic ash etc. These dust particles are very important form the absorption and scattering of some of the solar energy.

Question 3.
Explain the characteristic features of Atmosphere.
Answer:
Atmosphere has certain characteristics features. They are

• Atmosphere is the second layer of the earth.
• Like lithosphere and hydrosphere, the atmosphere also is an integral part of the planet.
• Atmosphere is a gaseous layer extending upto a height of about 960 kms., but it has no
  distinct outer limit.
• It is attached to the earth’s surface by gravitational force.
• The atmosphere is denser near the earth’s surface, and becomes thinner away from the earth’s surface.

Question 4.
Briefly explain the factors affecting the distribution of temperature. (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
The distribution of temperature on the surface of the earth is not uniform. It varies from. region to region due to various factors. The various factors affecting the distribution of atmospheric temperature are:

a. Latitude or distance from the equator: Places close to the equator have higher temperature and are warmer than places awaylfom the equator This is because the Sun rays reach the Earth after passing rays reach the Earth after passing through the layers of the atmosphere. In the low latitudes the Sun rays are direct and have to travel a lesser extent through the atmosphere. Hence, the heat of these rays is more intense. But in high latitudes the Sun rays are slanting and have to passes through a greater extent of atmosphere.

b. Altitude: Temperature decreases with altitude. This is because the heat absorbing elements are found in lower altitude. So the places near the Earth’s surface are warmer than places higher up. This is because air near the surface is denser and contains gases like carbon dioxide, water vapour and other gases. Temperature decreases with increase in height at an average rate of l°C/165m or 6.4°C/1000m.

c. Distance from the sea: this factor also influence on the distribution of temperature and differential heating of land and water. Land gets heated faster compared to water. Water takes longer time to get heated and to cool than land. Hence during the day when the land gets heated quickly, water takes longer time and remains cool. Therefore, during the day time a land gets more heat than the surrounding water bodies.

d. Ocean currents: It increase or decrease the temperature of the Earth’s surface. Warm ocean currents along the coast make the coastal areas warmer and cold currents reduce the temperature and cool the coastal areas.’ Warm currents can be noticed on the eastern margins of the continents in the middle latitude, while .it is the concurrents flow at the western margins of the continents. Gulf stream a warm currents increases the temperature in the eastern coast of U.S.A and California bold current decreases the temperature of the western coast of U.S.A.

e. Winds: Winds that blow from the lower latitudes are warm and make the places warmer. On the other hand, winds that blow from the higher latitudes are cold and make the places cooler. Winds that blow from the sea bring plenty of rain especially if they are warm winds. While off shore winds hardly bring any rain.

f. Clouds: During the day clouds prevent Insolation from reaching the Earth’s surface. Clouds also prevent three escape of terrestrial’s radiation during the night. Clear sky Permits insolation readily during the day time and allow the rapid escape of terrestrial radiation during the night.

Question 5.
What is solar radiation? Explain the factors controlling solar radiation.
Answer:
The solar radiation is in the form of short waves. These waves strike the outer surface of the atmosphere. About 53% of the energy is lost through scattering by gas molecules, reflection by clouds and absorption by water vapor and other particles. Only about 47 percent of the energy reaches the surface.

Controlling factors: Insolation is not uniform on all parts of the earth’s surface. It differs from one region to another and also from one season to another. The important factors determining the amount of solar radiation are:

a. The angle of incidence of the sun’s rays: The sun rays do not strike the earth surface at an. equal angle. They are almost perpendicular as well as concentrated near the equator and slanting as well as spread over a large area at the poles.

b. Atmosphere: The amount of insolation also depends on the atmosphere through which it passes. The amount of cloud cover, its thickness,, dust, water vapour absorbs temperature.

c. Duration of Day: The duration of sunshine or day varies with the seasons and latitudes. Longer the duration of sunshine, more will be the insulation and vise versa, d. Distance between the earth and the sun: The earth revolves around the sun on its orbit. It is nearest to the sun on January 3 and far away on July Thence the solar radiation is more in January than in the month of July.

Question 6.
What is Inversion of temperature and explain the conditions of inversion of temperature? ‘
Answer:
Some times air temperature increases with increasing height in troposphere. This is known as ‘Inversion of temperature’ the suitable conditions for inversion of temperature is as follows-

(a) Long Winter Nights: The loss of heat by terrestrial radiation exceeds the amount of insolation received from the sun during long winter nights.

(b) Cloudless and clear sky: A clear sky causes rapid loss of hear through terrestrial radiation.

(c) Dry air: The dry air present near earth’s surface is not capable of absorbing much of the heat. Hence the temperature at lower layer does not rise.

(d) Calm atmosphere: When there is no-movement of air or it is very little, there is no transfer and mixing of hear in the lower layers of the atmosphere.

(e) Snow covered surface: When the ground is covered by snow, and there is a reflection of incoming solar radiation the ground heats very little. Therefore the air close to the ground undergoes rapid cooling and temperature inversion takes place.

There can be two types of inversion of temperature:

1. High-Altitude inversion: The high altitude inversion occurs mainly due to the frontal convergence, when a swarm air-mass is forced from the ground surface by the underlying of a cold air mass at a cold front. Alternatively, a similar inversion can be created when a warm air-mass overrides a colder one along with a warm front.

2. surface inversion: A surface inversion is much more localized and is often dependent on the terrain. It frequently occurs during winter anticyclonic weather when during calm cloudless nights thee is a rapid heat loss from the ground by radiation.

Question 7.
Explain the process of Heating and cooling of atmosphere?
Answer:
Atmospheres do not get its temperature directly by the short waves of the sun but through the long waves of the earth. The atmosphere is transparent to the solar radiation which is in the form of short waves. It allows them to reach the earth.
The four processes of heating and cooling of atmosphere are radiation, conduction, convection and advection.

Radiation: Radiation is the process of heating an object by the transmission of heat waves. The earth surface gets temperature through solar radiation. It radiates energy in the form of long waves which is absorbed by the atmosphere.
Conduction: Transfer of heat by molecular activity is known as Conduction. The atmospheric layer closer to the surface gets heat in this process with contact.
Convection: Transfer of heat through the movement of mass is called Convection. The lower layer of the atmosphere gets temperature and become lighter. So it moves upwards. The dense air in the upper layer being dense descends downwards. With this cyclic movement temperature is distributed in the lower layers of the atmosphere.
Advection: Temperature is also transferred by large scale movement of air. When warm air moves of cold regions temperature of the air increases and is contrast cold reduces heat. This phenomena is called advection.

Question 7.
What are the isotherms? State their Characteristics?
Answer:
The line drawn on maps joining places having the same air temperature are called Isotherms. They are drawn after reducing the temperature to mean sea level to eliminate the variation caused by altitude. The horizontal distribution of temperature is shown with the help of isotherms.

• Isotherms run east-west and are parallel to the latitudes.
• Isotherms take sudden deviation near coasts indicating contrasting temperature conditions between land and water bodies.
• Spacing of isotherms indicates latitudinal thermal gradient or steepness of temperature change or intensity of temperature variation.
• There is a seasonal difference in spacing of isotherms. Generally they are closer in the month of January while they are widely apart in the month of July.
• The isothermal lines have east-west trend following the latitudes.
• The ocean currents also influence and deviate the trend of isotherms.

Question 8.
Explain the temperature zones.
Answer:
The perpendicular rays of the sun strike different latitudes in different seasons. As a result there is marked variations in the amount of solar radiation in different parts of the world. On the basis of solar radiation, the surface of the earth is divided into three zones. They are

(a) Torrid Zone: It is the hottest zone on the earth’s surface. It extends from equator to 23/2° degrees in both the hemispheres. The summers are hot and winter is mild and warm. Summer temperatures are above 27°C and the temperature even during the winter season is more than 18°C. It is thus characterized with lower annual range of temperature. The torrid zone is described by ancient Greeks as ‘Winterless tropics’ as the winter season is less pronounced.

(b) Temperate zone: It extends from 23 14° to 66 !4° on both hemispheres. The sun is never vertically over head in this zone. It is characterized with warm summers and server winters. There is a general decrease of temperature towards poles and the severity and duration of the winter season also increase towards poles. The ancient Greeks have described this zone as an intermediary zone experiencing both winters and summers.

(c) Frigid Zone: Beyond 66 V2 on both hemispheres the zone extends up to 90°. The temperature lies below freezing point for most part of the year. During the summer season snow melts partially. The temperatures never rise above 10°C even during the summers. Summers are.mild and .short, winters are long and severe. The poles remains permanently ice covered. So this polar belt is described by the ancient Greeks as summer less frigid zone’.

Question 9.
Describe the major pressure belts of the world with a neat diagram. (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
The distribution of pressure is not equal on the earth’s surface. It changes from palace to place and time to time on the basis of air temperature and rotation of the earth. Any area in the atmosphere where air pressure is higher than in the surrounding areas is called “ High pressure”/ Thee are 4 high pressure belts and 3 low pressure belts on the earth’s surface.

Equatorial Low pressure belt: This belt lies between latitudes 5° N and 5° S. The Sun’s rays are almost vertical on the equator throughout the year. As a result, the temperature is uniformly high and pressure is low throughout the year. It is also known as “Doldrums”. The air gets warm and rises upward. Horizontal movement of air is absent and convectional currents occur. This is the zone of convergence of the trade winds.

Sub tropical high pressure belts: The air ascended in the form of convectional currents from the equatorial region partly descends in the between 30 to 40’ latitudes in both the hemispheres. The descending air has thus formed two high pressure zones known as subtropics high pressure belts. It is the zone from which trade and anti-trade winds originate. This belt is also known as “ horse altitudes’. It is dry and quite stable. The name horse latitude is given by the ancient sailors who used to transport horses on ships. Due to absence of strong winds, some times the ship could not move with horses. Hence sailors used to dump horses to make the ship move forward.

Sub Polar low pressure belts: In between polar high pressure knd sub-tropical high pressure belt, the sum-tropical low pressure belts are situated. They lies in between 60’ to 70’ latitudes in both the hemispheres. They are formed with spinning action of rotation of the earth and also uprising air as an effect of incoming cold polar winds.

Polar high pressure belts: The Polar Regions are characterized with low temperature. The air raised at the equator descends around the poles causing high pressure belts. The cold polar winds blow outward from this zone.

Question 10.
What are the characteristics of Isobar?
Answer:
The distribution of pressure over the earth’s surface or part of it is shown by means of isobars.
The term isobar means line ofjoining the places of equal pressure.
Important characteristics of isobars are:

• If the isobars are far apart, it indicates gentle pressure gradient as well as calm weather characterized with light surface winds.
• The isobars usually follows east-west trend.
• The isobars deviate in their trend at the point of their entrance from sea to land as well as from land to sea.
• The isobars are almost parallel to latitudes in the southern hemisphere due to predominance of oceans.
• If the isobars are close to earth other it represents steep isobaric gradient. It also indicates more atmospheric disturbances as well as strong winds.

Question 11.
What factors influences on the atmospheric pressure?
Answer:
Atmospheric pressure is influenced by various factors. Most important among them are:

a. Temperature: There is a close relationship between temperature and pressure conditions of the air. Higher the temperature, lower will be the pressure and vice-versa. When the air is heated, the molecules expand and the air becomes light. The tropical region receives almost perpendicular rays of the sun. As a result, the air is heated and raised upwards in the form of convectional currents and has become a low pressure belt.

b. Altitude: The air pressure is associated with altitude or height. Much of the atmospheric air is concentrated in the lower layers of the atmosphere. With the increase of height pressure decreases but not always at constant level. On the basis of this principle “Altimeter’ is invented. This instrument measures the pressure of Atmosphere and denotes corresponding height of the place from the mean sea level, c. Water Vapor: The amount of water vapour in the air also influence on the atmospheric pressure. Water vapour is lighter than air. So more the vapour lighter will be the air. The dry air is heavier than vapour laden. It is because of this reason the air with more amount of vapour becomes lighter and raised upwards leading to condensation and precipitation.

a) Rotation of the Earth: The spinning of the earth on. its axis also causes variation in the atmospheric pressure. The spinning action also causes spinning of air mass and the cold air near the poles is rarefred to form low pressure belts.

Question 12.
Explain the characteristics of the winds.
Answer:
Winds have certain characteristic features. They are.

• Winds blow parallel to the earth’s surface.
• Winds are named after the direction from which they blow. If they blow from the west, they are called westerlies and if they blow from the easterlies.
• Winds follow ferrel’s law. As per the ferrel’s law, winds get deflected to the right of their path I the northern hemisphere, and to the left of their path in the southern hemisphere
• The movement of the wind is due to pressure. That is the movement of the wind is due to the differences in air pressure between two places. Wind always moves from a high pressure area to a low pressure area.
• The speed and velocity of the wind will depend upon the pressure gradient. The steeper the pressure gradient, the grater is the velocity of the wind.
• Natural or artificial barriers like mountains, forests, buildings, etc. cause friction and check the force of the wind.

Question 13.
What are the seasonal winds? Explain the origin of monsoon winds of India.
Answer:
The winds which change their direction with the changer in the season are called periodic or seasonal winds. Monsoon winds are an example of seasonal winds. Period winds, seasonal winds or monsoons winds are the result of vast temperature differences between the hot summer and cold winter, where there are large land masses surrounded by water bodies.

The monsoon winds are typical example of seasonal or periodic winds. They are extensive and also well developed among the seasonal winds. The word ‘Monsoon’ is derived from an Arabic’ word ‘Mousim means seasonal. The Arabs have noticed the character of periodical reversal of winds on the Arabian sea and called them monsoons. The same word is now applied to the seasonal winds of the world.

Question 14.
Explain the land and sea breezes with a neat diagram?
Answer:
The winds blowing alternatively during day and night from the sea and the land near the coasts are known as ‘Sea Breeze’ and ‘Land Breeze’ respectively. These are the best developed local winds near the coastal regions. They affect only a narrow strip of land along the coast. During the day time, the land gets heated more quickly than the adjacent sea. So the air is heated and raised upwards to produce a low pressure region.

The pressure at sea is comparatively high. The warm air of the land being light rises up allowing the air from sea to enter in. Such incoming air from the sea is called‘Sea breeze’. The sea breezes continue during the day time. At night the land looses its temperature quickly due to rapid radiation and a high pressure is developed. As the seawater is still retaining temperature the air is lighter and rises upward

Question 15.
What are the cyclones? Explain the types of cyclones.
Answer:
Cyclone is a small low pressure area in the centre surrounded by high pressure. The winds blow spirally towards the low pressure area and form convergence of winds. In the northern hemisphere the direction of cyclonic winds is anti-clockwise and in the Southern hemisphere it is clockwise. The cyclones are classified into two types.
(i) Tropical Cyclones: The origin of tropical cyclones is much related to intensive They cause heavy rainfall with high-velocity winds. Tropical cyclones are highly dangerous and devastating.

(ii) Temperate Cyclones: In the temperate region, cyclones are produced by the meeting of warm air mass of tropical region and cold air mass of the polar region. The tropical. air mass is lighter and it is pushed up by the advancing dense cold air mass. The process of mixing of these two air masses takes palace in the form of cyclones. They are ‘ associated with heavy rainfall.

Question 16.
Explain the anticyclones.
Answer:
Winds blowing spirally outward from centers of high pressure are known as anti-cyclones. They are just the reverse of cyclones. Their movement is clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and anti clockwise direction in Southern Hemisphere. They are more common in the sub¬tropical high pressure belts and absent in the equatorial belt. They are circular in shape, larger in size and extent and their track is highly variable. The weather is generally associated with anticyclones is find and dry.

The anticyclones are divided into two groups such as permanent and temporary anticyclones. Permanent anti-cyclones are mainly centre in the temperate regions where the meeting of tropical and temperate air mass takes place. In between the two temperate cyclones there will be anti-cyclones. In the interior of continents the high pressure centers are developed during the winter season. It is due to lower amount of temperature

Question 17.
What is Rainfall? Explain the types of rainfall with neat diagram. (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
Rainfall is the natural process of condensation through which gaseous form of water is converted into liquid water droplets. It occurs due to cooling of saturated air mass, warm and moist air mass rising upward, warm air rising over cold air, sufficient humidity in the air and condensation. Rain fall is classified on the basis of condition and mechanism of upward rise of air and its cooling. Therefore, there are three types rainfall. They are explained as follows:

1. Convectional Rainfall: Earth surface is heated by the solar radiation. Due to this the warm moisture-laden air becomes light and ascends upwards vertically and quickly. The warm and moist air cools below dew point and condensation takes place rapidly, and dense clouds are formed. This led to the heavy rain fall with thunder and lighting. For convectional rainfall, there is need for local heating which leads to excessive evaporation.

There should not be any strong winds to lesser the heat such a condition of great heat, excessive evaporation and stagnant air is found in the equatorial regions through out the year As such, the convectional rainfall occurs in the daily afternoon in the equatorial region. In other topical countries this type of rainfall occurs only during summer, if sufficient moisture for local evaporation is available.

2. Orographic rainfall: When the moisture laden air from the sea is obstructed by a mountain, it is forced to move up the slope. As it moves up, it expands. Expansions lead to fall in temperature and the air cools. When the cooling takes places below the dew. point, condensation results and clouds are formed. When there is heavy condensation, the droplets of water in the clouds join to find bigger drops and there is rainfall.

Orographic rains are caused by the relief of the land. This type of rainfall is common in region where the mountain ranges are parallel and close to the sea and winds blow on shore. Behind the leeward side of the mountain, there is an area which receives very little rainfall and is called the rain shadow. Orographic rain is important in the monsoon land in summer, when the wind blows from the sea to the land. Thunderstorms also accompany this type of rainfall. It may be noted that the bulk of rainfall received by most parts of the world is of this type.

3. Cyclonic rainfall: The cyclonic rainfall is most common in the temperate region. The rainfall caused with a cyclone or depression is known as cyclonic rainfall. The winds take a circular movement in the regions where warm and cold air masses meet.

Question 18.
Explain the factors affecting Rainfall.
Answer:
There are various factors affecting the rainfall. They are as follows:

Latitude: Rainfall is influenced by the latitude. If the latitude is low, temperature will be high. Water vapour in the air depends upon the temperature. Rainfall depends upon the amount of water vapour in the air. Evaporating is highest in the equator and least at the poles. Therefore rainfall is more in the equator and less or nil at the poles.

Distance from the sea: Winds blowing from the sea bring rainfall over the coastal lands. But as these winds go further, they become drier. Therefore they do not bring much rainfall in the continents.

Mountains: There is heavy rainfall in the windward side of the mountains because the mountains obstruct the winds carrying moisture. But there is little rainfall on the leeward side of the mountains. This is because, by the time the winds cross the mountains, they lose much of their moisture and become dry.

Type and direction of winds: Winds blowing from the sea contain moisture, and therefore bring rain to the land over which they blow. But winds blowing from the land is dry, and therefore, they do not cause rains. Similarly winds blowing from the cold regions to hot regions cause little rainfall, while the winds blowing from hot regions to cold regions cause more rainfall.

Vegetation: Rainfall is more in a region where there is thick vegetation, i.e., forests, because the forests make the air cool. That is why, Assam and mainland areas get more rainfall than the desert and the malnad areas.

Question 19.
Explain the factors determining the climate?
Answer:
Climate is the average condition of the atmosphere over an area over long period of time. The changes in the atmospheric conditions or weather elements are caused by several factors of climate. The most important factors of climate are:

a. Latitude: The Latitudinal location is of prime importance as the temperature and humidity decrease from equator to the poles. But the distribution of pressure is contrasting as it decrease from polar regions to equator. Even the amount of rainfall generally decreases from equator to the poles. It indicates the relationship between latitude and climate, Son the isobars, Isotherms and Isohyets run east to west parallel to latitudes. It is clear that the climatic condition is normally almost similar and identical over the places on the same latitude.

b. Distance from the sea: The physical characteristics of land and water are quite different as they are in solid and liquid states. The land masses absorb temperature and loose it quickly than the water bodies. So the distribution of temperature and pressure conditions in different seasons of a year is contrasting. The interior land masses experience hot summers and cold winters.

Thus extremities prevail in the climatic condition. On the other hand in the coastal regions temperature condition is modified by the oceans to a large extent and thus experiences warm summers and mild winters. The amount of the interior. Similarly the range of temperature is maximum in the interior regions making it a continental climate. The coastal regions on the other hand, being much influenced by the oceans are described as Maritime climate or Oceanic climate.

c. Altitude: Climate is influenced by attitude in many ways. Attitude has a great effect on the distribution of heat, pressure, winds and precipitation. Temperature and pressure decreases with attitude. The wind is forced to rise, when they are obstructed by mountain ranges, and they give rainfall to the windward side. Mountain can obstruct the passage of cold or hot winds. In this way, attitude causes c changes in the atmospheric conditions.

d. Ocean currents: The warm ocean currents keep the coastal regions warm, while cold currents lessen the temperature of the costal areas. For instance: North West Europe coast and Western coast of America are washed by the warm Gulf stream and cold Labrador currents respectively. The moisture laden winds blowing over the warm currents also caused changes in the atmospheric conditions.

e. Slope of the land: The slope of the land also causes changes in atmospheric conditions. The slope that faces the ocean is warm. But the slope that does not face the sun is cold. For instance, the southern slopes of the Himalayas are warmer than the northern slopes.

f. Soil: Soil caused changes in atmospheric conditions. Rocky and sandy soil, which is dry, heats and cools faster. The soil which is wet and can retain moisture heats and cools slowly. Dark- colored soil absorbs heat faster than the light coloured soil.

g. Volcanic Activity: At the time of volcanic explosion, carbon dioxide, dust particles and ash are thrown out into the atmosphere, the carbon dioxide layer absorbs both solar and terrestrial energy, it affects the temperature and pressure of a regions.

Question 20.
Explain the differences between weather and climate.
Answer:
The atmospheric condition of a place at a given time is known as weather.
The average weather condition of a place for a long period like 30-33years is known as climate.
The main differences between weather and climate are:

1st PUC Geography Atmosphere Ten Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the planetary winds with the help of diagram. (T. B. Qn )
Answer:
Winds which blow from high pressure belts to the low pressure belts in the same direction through out the year are called planetary winds, permanent winds or prevailing winds. Characteristics: The chief characteristics of planetary winds:

a. They are connected with the pressure belts. So they blow from the high pressure belt or area to the low pressure belt or area.

b. They are regular through out the year.
c. They deflect to their right in the northern hemisphere and to their left in the southern hemisphere.

d. As a result of the shifting of the pressure belt northward in summer and southward in winter, the planetary winds also shift northwards in summer and southwards in winter. They are permanent and blow over vast areas of the globe. These winds include trade winds, westerlies and polar winds.

1. Trade winds: The winds that blow in the tropics form the sub-tropical high pressure belts towards the equatorial low pressure belt are called “Trade winds”. They found approximately between 8° and 30° latitudes on both sides blowing from the east. They are also known as “Tropical Easterlies”.

The trade winds due to the law of deflection blow from the north-east in the northern hemisphere and from south-east in the southern hemisphere. Trade winds blow from the cooler sub-tropical areas to the hotter area, hence they do not bring rain. However, when they blow over the open sea they gather moisture and bring heavy rainfall to the east coast of the continents.

2. Anti trade winds: The wind blowing from sub-tropical high pressure belts towards sub-polar low pressure belts are known as anti-trade winds. They are south-west to north east in the northern hemisphere and Norwest to south-east in the southern hemisphere.

Hence they are called ‘Westerlies”. They prevail largely between 40° and 650 north and south of the equator. They blow from the north-west in the southern hemisphere and south – west in the northern hemisphere. As they blow from hotter areas to colder areas they bring rain through the year.

3. Polar winds: Winds blowing from polar high pressure belts toward the sub-polar low pressure belts are known as polar winds. They blow from the north east in the northern hemisphere and south east in the southern hemisphere. As they blow form the snow cov4red areas they are very cold winds. They are constant in the southern hemisphere.

You can Download Chapter 21 तुम आओ मन के मुग्धमीत Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers Sahitya Vaibhav Chapter 21 तुम आओ मन के मुग्धमीत

तुम आओ मन के मुग्धमीत Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

I. एक शब्द या वाक्यांश या वाक्य में उत्तर लिखिएः

प्रश्न 1.
कवि अपने मित्र से क्या कहता है?
उत्तर:
कवि अपने मित्र से कहता है कि वह अंधकार में डरा हुआ है और वह आकर अंधकार मिठा दे।

प्रश्न 2.
कवि अपने मित्र का स्वागत कैसे करता है?
उत्तर:
कवि अपने मित्र का स्वागत झुककर तथा पूरे मन के साथ सिर नवाकर करता है।

प्रश्न 3.
कवि किससे बिछुड़कर रह गया है?
उत्तर:
कवि अपने मुग्ध मित्र से बिछुड़कर रह गया है।

प्रश्न 4.
‘तुम आओ मन के मुग्ध मीत’ कविता के कवि कौन हैं?
उत्तर:
‘तुम आओ मन के मुग्ध मीत’ कविता के कवि डॉ. सरगु कृष्णमूर्ति हैं।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 5.
कवि के जीवन में कल्याण राग के आगमन से क्या झन झना उठता है?
उत्तर:
कवि के जीवन में कल्याण राग के आगमन से अतीत झन झना उठता है।

प्रश्न 6.
कवि अपने मित्र को एकमात्र क्या संबोधित करते हैं?
उत्तर:
कवि अपने मित्र को एकमात्र निस्वार्थ मीत कहकर संबोधित करते हैं।

प्रश्न 7.
कवि आँधी में सुनवाने के लिए कौन-सा गीत मानते हैं?
उत्तर:
कवि आँधी में सुनवाने के लिए रज का जीव गीत मानते हैं।

प्रश्न 8.
कवि मित्र को देवलोक का कौन-सा गीत मानते हैं?
उत्तर:
कवि मित्र को देवलोक का आनंद गीत मानते हैं।

प्रश्न 9.
कवि जन्मों के जीवन-मृत्यु मीत किसे मानते हैं?
उत्तर:
कवि जन्मों के जीवन-मृत्यु मीत मुग्ध मीत को मानते हैं।

प्रश्न 10.
कवि हारों की मधुर जीत किसे मानते हैं?
उत्तर:
कवि हारों की मधुर जीत अपने मित्र को मानते हैं।

प्रश्न 11.
कवि गुण-परीत किसे कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
कवि गुण-परीत मित (मित्र) को कहते हैं।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिएः

प्रश्न 1.
अपने मुग्ध मीत से बिछुड़कर कवि की आत्मा कैसे तड़प रही है?
उत्तर:
कवि कहता है कि मेरा जीवन अंधकारमय हो गया है। अतः हे मित्र तुम प्रकाश की किरण बनकर आ जाओ। मैं सूर्य-चंद्र की तरह प्रकाशमान हो सकूँ। तुम्हारे आने से प्रातः हुई और कोमल प्रीति मुस्कुराई। हे मेरे मित्र! जीवन-मृत्यु के साथी। मेरे पाप मिट जाए और आत्मा पवित्र हो जाये। मैं नतमस्तक हो तुम्हारा स्वागत करता हूँ।

प्रश्न 2.
कवि अपने मित्र को किन-किन शब्दों में पुकारता है?
उत्तर:
कवि डॉ. सरगु कृष्णमूर्ति जी अपने मित्र को मुग्धमीत, मधुरमीत, जन्मों के जीवन-मृत्यु मीत, हारों की मधुर जीत, साकार-निराकार व सगुण-निर्गुण के मीत, देवताओं के आनंद गीत, आशा और शोभा के मीत आदि शब्दों से पुकारते हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
कवि अपने मित्र की जुदाई से कैसे व्याकुल हो रहा है?
उत्तर:
कवि सरगु जी कहते हैं कि हे मेरे मीत! तुमसे बिछुड़कर इतने दिन हो गए हैं कि लग रहा है- युग बीत गए हैं। फिर भी मैं तुम्हारी प्रतीक्षा कर रहा हूँ, जैसे पेड़-पौधे वर्षा की कामना करते हैं। सम्पूर्ण संसार किसी-न-किसी स्वार्थ में फँसा है, जब कि तुम एक हो जो निस्वार्थी हो।

प्रश्न 4.
कवि की दुःखी आत्मा का परिचय दीजिए।
उत्तर:
कवि अपनी दुखित और पीड़ित आत्मा के लिए कहता है कि हे मेरे मीत! मुझे चारों ओर से दुःख, दीनता व दरिद्रता ने घेर लिया है। इन सबसे मैं दुःखी हो गया हूँ। अब तुम आओ मेरे मित्र और मुझे इन झंझावातों से छुटकारा दिलाओ।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 5.
कवि का मन अपने ‘मुग्ध मीत’ के लिए कैसे झंकृत हो रहा है?
उत्तर:
कवि का मन अपने मुग्ध मीत के लिए झंझा के समान, बारीश के समान झंकृत हो रहा है। क्योंकि कवि इस स्वार्थी संसार की वणिक वृति, रिश्तों में भी व्यापारी बुद्धि से भयग्रस्त है। इस स्वार्थी संसार में मुग्ध मीत ही निःस्वार्थी है।

III. ससंदर्भ भाव स्पष्ट कीजिएः

प्रश्न 1.
जन्मों के जीवन मृत्यु मीत! मेरी हारों की मधुर जीत!
झुक रहा तुम्हारे स्वागत में मन का मन शिर का शिर विनीत।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘तुम आओ मन के मुग्ध मीत’ नामक कविता से ली गई हैं जिसके रचयिता डॉ. सरगु कृष्णमूर्ति हैं।
संदर्भ : अपने मुग्ध मित्र से बिछुड़कर कवि की आत्मा तड़प रही है। अपनी तड़पती हुई व्याकुल आत्मा की दहकती हुई चाह को कवि यहाँ व्यक्त कर रहे हैं।
स्पष्टीकरण : कवि अपने मुग्ध मित्र से बिछड़ गया है। वह उनका अंतरंग मित्र है, जन्म जन्मांतर का मीत है, जीवन और मृत्यु में साथ देने वाला एवं पराजयों के दुख को जीत की खुशी में बदलने वाला मीत है। इस प्रिय मित्र के स्वागत में कवि नतमस्तक है एवं उसका मन श्रद्धा से झुक गया है।

प्रश्न 2.
झन झनन झनन झंझा झकोर-से झंकृत यह जीवन निशीथ
सब क्षणिक, वणिक वत् स्वार्थ मग्न तुम एक मात्र निस्वार्थ मीत।
दुख दैन्य अश्रु दारिद्र्य धार-कर गए मुझे ही मनो-नीत
तूफान और इस आँधी में सुनवाने रज का जीव गीत।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘तुम आओ मन के मुग्ध मीत’ नामक कविता से ली गई हैं जिसके रचयिता डॉ. सरगु कृष्णमूर्ति हैं।
संदर्भ : कवि कह रहें है कि जिंदगी में इतने दुख हैं कि जीवन को झकझोर कर रख दिया है। यहाँ सब कुछ नाश होने वाला है। सभी लोग व्यापारी वृत्तिवाले स्वार्थी हैं। तुम्ही एक मित्र हो जो निस्वार्थी हो।
स्पष्टीकरण : कवि कहते हैं कि झंकार करनेवाले इस झंझापूर्ण जीवन की अर्धरात्री में सब क्षणिक व्यापारी वृत्ति के लोग है। सब स्वार्थ में मग्न हैं। अतः तुम आओ और मुझे इनसे मुक्त करो। अपने निःस्वार्थ भाव से, मधुर गीतों से सारे पाप मिटा दो। मैं दुःख, दरिद्रता व दीनता में घिर गया हूँ। अतः तुम आओ और मुझे इस तूफान व आँधी के थपेड़ों से बचा लो। आशा है, तुम मेरी व्यथा मिटा दोगे, क्योंकि तुम मेरे मधुर मीत हो।

प्रश्न 3.
दुख दैन्य अश्रु दारिद्र्य धार-कर गए मुझे ही मनो-नीत
तूफान और इस आँधी में सुनवाने रज का जीव गीत।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘तुम आओ मन के मुग्ध मीत’ नामक कविता से ली गई हैं जिसके रचयिता डॉ. सरगु कृष्णमूर्ति हैं।
संदर्भ : कवि यहाँ अपने मित्र को दुःख और दरिद्रता से ग्रसित इस संसार में आकर पाप को धुलाने के लिए कह रहे हैं।
स्पष्टीकरण : कवि अपने मित्र से कहते हैं कि, मैं दुःख, दरिद्रता व दीनता में घिर गया हूँ। अतः तुम आओ और इस आँधी, तूफान के थपेड़ों से बचालो। आशा है, तुम मेरी व्यथा मिटा दोगे। क्योंकि तुम ही मेरे मधुर मीत हो। इस तरह कवि अपनी भावना अपने मित्र के सामने व्यक्त करता हैं।

प्रश्न 4.
तुम देवलोक आनंद गीत-आशा अखण्ड शोभा परीत
मैं स्नेह विकल झंकृत प्रगीत-तुम आओ मन के मुग्ध मीत॥
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘तुम आओ मन के मुग्ध मीत’ नामक कविता से ली गई हैं। इस कविता के रचयिता डॉ. सरगु कृष्णमूर्ति हैं।
संदर्भ : कवि कह रहे हैं कि हे मधुर मीत, तुम देवलोक के आनंद हो। तुम मेरी व्याकुलता को मिटाकर मेरे जीवन में प्रेम भर दो।
स्पष्टीकरण : कवि अपने जीवन के मधुर किरण मीत को याद कर रहे हैं। वे कहते हैं, मैं निराश और अंधकार में डूबा हुआ हूँ। तुम मेरे इस अंधकार भरे जीवन में आशा रूपी प्रकाश का
संचार कर दो।
कवि कहते हैं तुम देवलोक के आनंद गीत हो। देवलोक में कभी भी कष्ट, दुःख नहीं आते। वहाँ खुशियां ही खुशियां है। तुम देवलोक की शोभा हो। तुम मेरे जीवन में भी इस आनंद का संचार कर दो। मैं तुम्हारा स्नेह पाने के लिए बेचैन होता जा रहा हूँ। इसलिए हे मन के मुग्ध मीत, तुम आओं और मेरे जीवन में प्रीति भर दो।

तुम आओ मन के मुग्ध मीत कवि परिचयः

सरल जीवन के परिचायक डॉ. सरगु कृष्णमूर्ति जी का जन्म कर्नाटक राज्य के बल्लारी नगर में स्थित कौलबाज़ार में 1936 ई. में हुआ। आप कन्नड़, तेलगु, हिन्दी तथा अंग्रेजी में समान अधिकार से लिखने की दक्षता रखते थे। आप बेंगलूर विश्वविद्यालय के हिन्दी विभाग में आचार्य तथा विभागाध्यक्ष रहे। आपकी कई पुस्तकों पर कर्नाटक सरकार, उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार तथा भारत सरकार से पुरस्कार मिला। आपका निधन 28 अक्टूबर 2012 को बेंगलूर में हुआ।
प्रमुख रचनाएँ : ‘मधुर स्वप्न’, ‘ज्वाला केतन’ (काव्य संकलन), ‘श्री कृष्ण-गांधी चरित’ (प्रबंध काव्य), ‘तुलसी रामायण और पंप रामायण’ (शोध प्रबंध) आदि।

कविता का आशयः

प्रस्तुत कविता में कवि के अनुसार अपने मधुर मीत (मित्र) के आने से मन की मधुर प्रीति फिर से मुस्कुरायेगी और पाप भी पुण्य हो जायेगा। आत्मा के सहचर किरण मित्र जीवन-मरण के साथी हैं। विरह का पुरस्कार मिलन है। इस कविता में मुग्ध मित्र से बिछुड़कर तड़पती हुई व्याकुल आत्मा की दहकती हुई चाह है, गूंजती हुई आह है और कसकती हुई काह है। इसमें छायावाद, रहस्यवाद एवं प्रतीकवाद का त्रिवेणी संगम है।

तुम आओ मन के मुग्धमीत Summary in Kannada

तुम आओ मन के मुग्धमीत Summary in English

The poet, Dr Saragu Krishnamurthy, describes the arrival of his dear friend, and the effect it has upon him, in this poem.
The poet begins the poem by saying that he is lost as he is drowned in darkness. He calls out to his dear friend to come because he is like a ray of light. He tells his friend to take him into the sunlight and the moonlight of the soul. He says, my dear friend, take my sins · and convert them into blessings.

The poet tells his friend to turn the defeats of his mortal existence into victories. I (the poet) welcome you (his friend) by bowing my head. Come into my life like the Raaga Kalyaan (virtuous or auspicious) such that even all my past becomes praiseworthy. In this life full of thorns, arise like a gentle song in my burning heart.

The poet says that he has been waiting for his friend for many days. He has become frightened. In this selfish world, the poet says, you (his friend). are the only selfless (unselfish) friend that I have.

The poet tells his friend that in this world full of sadness, wickedness and wretchedness, he has been living through the devastating effect of lightning and storms on him. He tells his friend to come into his life as a clean and pure object such that the dust of his sins gets washed away.

The poet says that he wants his friend to give him release from all these things. He asks his friend to fill him with generosity and to remove restlessness from him. He wants his friend to fill his life with love.

तुम आओ मन के मुग्धमीत Summary in Hindi

1) मैं तमस्तों में भीत-भीत-झट आओ मेरे किरणमीत।
जिससे कि टिमटिमाता चिराग-फिर जले सूर्य चंद्रमा रीत।
तुम आओ मन के मधुर मीत-मुसकाये मेरी मधुर प्रीत
जिससे कि दोपहर बने प्रात-चिर पाप बने प्रांजल पुनीत।

कवि कहते हैं- अंधकार में डूबकर भयभीत हो गया हूँ। तू आ, मेरे किरण रूपी मीत। मुझे आत्मा के टिमटिमाते हुए सूर्य व चन्द्र के प्रकाश में ले जा। मेरे मधुर मीत! मेरे पाप को पुण्य . में बदल दो।

2) जन्मों के जीवन मृत्यु मीत! मेरी हारों की मधुर जीत!
झुक रहा तुम्हारे स्वागत में मन का मन शिर का शिर विनीत।
तुम आओ मम कल्याण राग झन झना उठे मेरा अतीत
किल किला उठे कंटक परीत-अंगार हृदय मंदार गीत।

कवि कहते हैं- मेरे जन्म-मरण के पराजयों को जय में बदल दो। मैं तुम्हारा स्वागत शीश झुकाकर करता हूँ। तुम मेरे जीवन में कल्याण राग की तरह आओ जिससे मेरा अतीत भी ..आनंदमय हो उठे। कंटको के समान जीवन में, जलते हृदय में कोमल गीत गुनगुना उठे।

3) कितने दिन कितनी संध्याएँ कितने युग यों ही गए बीत
मैं जोह पथ वर्षा कामी-तरु-सा हूँ कब से शीत भीत।
झन झनन झनन झंझा झकोर-से झंकृत यह जीवन निशीथ
सब क्षणिक, वणिक वत् स्वार्थ मग्न तुम एक मात्र निस्वार्थ मीत।

कवि कहते हैं- कितने दिनों से तुम्हारी प्रतीक्षा कर रहा हूँ? मैं भयग्रस्त हो गया हूँ। इस स्वार्थी संसार में केवल तुम्ही एक मेरे निस्वार्थी मित्र हो।

4) दुख दैन्य अश्रु दारिद्र्य धार-कर गए मुझे ही मनो-नीत
तूफान और इस आँधी में सुनवाने रज का जीव गीत।
टेरता रहा तुमको कब से मैं क्रीत क्रीत और प्रीत प्रीत
तेज गगन धरा पर धरी चरण हे हे अभीत ऐ ऐ सुभीत।

कवि कहते हैं- हे मीत! दुःख, दरिद्रता और दीनता से ग्रसित इस संसार में, मैं आँधी और तूफान के थपेड़ों को सहन करते हुए जी रहा हूँ। हे मीत (मित्र) तुम शुद्ध पवित्र बन आओ जिससे मेरे पाप भी धुल जाएँगे।

5) तुम नहीं सोच सकते कंपित-गुंफित है कितनी करुण प्रीत।
हे निराकार साकार सगुन-निर्गुण स्वरूप हे गुण परीत।
तुम देवलोक आनंद गीत-आशा अखण्ड शोभा परीत
मैं स्नेह विकल झंकृत प्रगीत-तुम आओ मन के मुग्ध मीत॥

कवि कहते हैं- इससे मुझे छुटकारा दिला दे मेरे मित्र! मुझमें करुणा भर दे, व्याकुलता मिटा दे, जीवन में प्रीति भर दे।

कठिन शब्दार्थः

• तमस्तों – अंधकार;
• मीत – मित्र;
• प्रांजल – सरल, सच्चा, सीधा;
• अतीत – गत, बीता हुआ;
• कंटक – विघ्न;
• परीत – प्रेत, भूत;
• मंदार – आक, स्वर्ग का एक देव वृक्ष;
• निशीथ – अर्धरात्रि;
• वणिका – बनिया, व्यापारी;
• टेरना – पुकारना;
• क्रीत – खरीदा हुआ;
• अभीत – भयरहित;
• सुभीत – बहुत डरा हुआ;
• प्रगीत – गीत;
• परीत – परे, श्रेष्ठ।

You can Download Chapter 20 प्रतिभा का मूल बिन्दु Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers Sahitya Vaibhav Chapter 20 प्रतिभा का मूल बिन्दु

प्रतिभा का मूल बिन्दु Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

I. एक शब्द या वाक्यांश या वाक्य में उत्तर लिखिए:

प्रश्न 1.
कवि प्रतिभा से क्या पूछते हैं?
उत्तर:
कवि प्रतिभा से पूछते हैं – ‘तेरा जन्म कहाँ हुआ?’

प्रश्न 2.
कवि ने दिवास्वप्न की रानी किसे कहा है?
उत्तर:
कवि ने प्रतिभा को दिवास्वप्न की रानी कहा है।

प्रश्न 3.
शिल्पी ने किसकी ओर संकेत किया है?
उत्तर:
शिल्पी ने मिट्टी के लौंदे की ओर संकेत किया है।

प्रश्न 4.
गायिका क्या कह गयी?
उत्तर:
गायिका कह गई कि – “क्या तूने दिव्य-स्वर की मदिरा पी है?”

प्रश्न 5.
प्रतिभा कहाँ बसती है?
उत्तर:
प्रतिभा यातना, निरंतर कष्ट-सहन की ताकत में, संघर्ष-निरत साधक में और असिधारा-व्रत में बसती है।

प्रश्न 6.
‘प्रतिभा का मूल बिन्दु’ कविता के कवि का नाम लिखिए।
उत्तर:
‘प्रतिभा का मूल बिन्दु’ कविता के कवि डॉ. प्रभाकर माचवे हैं।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 7.
चित्रकार ने किसको समेट लिया है?
उत्तर:
चित्रकार ने फलक, वर्ण और तूली को समेट लिया है।

प्रश्न 8.
प्रतिभा का मूल क्या सहने की ताकत में है?
उत्तर:
प्रतिभा का मूल निरंतर कष्ट और यातना सहने की ताकत में हैं।

प्रश्न 9.
क्या जानने के लिए हम सब प्यासे हैं?
उत्तर:
प्रतिभा तुम कहाँ रहती हो? यह जानने के लिए हम सब प्यासे हैं।

प्रश्न 10.
कौन असिधारा व्रत में बसती है?
उत्तर:
प्रतिभा असिधारा व्रत में बसती हैं।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिएः

प्रश्न 1.
कवि प्रतिभा का मूल कहाँ-कहाँ ढूँढते हैं?
उत्तर:
कवि प्रतिभा के मूल को सर्वत्र ढूँढते हैं। कवि प्रतिभा को महलों में, गुलगुले गलीचों पर, गुलाब की क्यारी में, वृद्धों की चिंता में और बच्चों की किलकारी में, चित्रकार की तुलिका में, शिल्पी की कला में, गायिका के स्वर में ढूँढ़ते है। प्रतिभा का मूल ढूँढने के लिए इधर-उधर भागते हैं।

प्रश्न 2.
कवि माचवे जी के अनुसार प्रतिभा के लक्षण लिखिए।
उत्तर:
कवि माचवे जी के अनुसार प्रतिभा दिवास्वप्न की रानी है, मिट्टी के लौंदे की ओर संकेत है, फलक, तूली, वर्ण, निरी कल्पना, नवीन विस्मय, उपजाऊ अनुमान, अलौकिक गूढ़ मंत्र, सिद्धों की वाणी या अनुभूति रसायन ये सब प्रतिभा के लक्षण हैं।

प्रश्न 3.
‘प्रतिभा का मूल बिन्दु’ कविता का भाव संक्षेप में लिखिए।
उत्तर:
प्रस्तुत ‘प्रतिभा का मूल बिन्दु’ कविता में कवि द्वारा सैद्धांतिक समीक्षा की गई है, जिसमें आत्यंतिक कल्पनाओं का, अनुमान का प्रयोग न करके जीवन के निरन्तर संघर्ष-पथ को कवि शानाता है। प्रतिभा सतत प्रयास तथा परिश्रम की जननी मानी जाती है।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 4.
प्रतिभा पाने के लिए पाठकों को कवि कौन-सा संदेश देते हैं?
उत्तर:
प्रतिभा को प्राप्त करने के लिए कवि पाठकों को संदेश देते हुए कहते हैं- प्रतिभा हमेशा यातना, निरन्तर कष्ट सह सकने की ताकत में, संघर्षरत साधक में तथा असिधारा व्रत अर्थात् तलवार की तीखी धार पर चलने की कठोर प्रतिज्ञा जैसी इच्छा शक्ति रखने वाले मनुष्य में बसती है।

III. ससंदर्भ भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए:

प्रश्न 1.
“कहाँ जन्म है तेरा?” मैंने पूछा जब प्रतिभा से,
“महलों में? गुलगुले गलीचों पर? गुलाब की क्यारी में?
वृद्धों की चिंता में? बच्चों की दंतहीन किलकारी में?
बोलो तुम रहती कहाँ? जानने को हम सब हैं कितने प्यासे!”
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘प्रतिभा का मूल बिन्दु’ नामक कविता से ली गई हैं जिसके रचयिता डॉ. प्रभाकर माच्चे हैं।
संदर्भ : कवि सतत प्रयास तथा परिश्रम से जन्म लेनेवाली ‘प्रतिभा’ के मूल को प्रश्नों के द्वारा जानने की उत्सुकता प्रकट करता है।
स्पष्टीकरण : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियों में कवि माचवेजी “प्रतिभा के मूल को जानने कि इच्छा से, उसके जन्म स्थान के बारे में स्वयं प्रतिभा से ही प्रश्न करते हैं कि वह महलों में, फूलोवाले गलिचों पर, गुलाब की क्यारियों में, वृद्धों की चिंतनशीलता का अनुभव में, बच्चों कि मुग्धता में, कहाँ पैदा होती है। कवि ‘प्रतिभा’ के मूल की सैद्धांतिक समीक्षा का प्रयास इन पंक्तियों द्वारा करता है।

प्रश्न 2.
प्रतिभा बोली – “यातना, निरन्तर कष्ट-सहन की ताकत में
मैं बसती हूँ संघर्ष-निरत साधक में, असिधारा-व्रत में।”
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पंक्तियाँ हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘प्रतिभा का मूल बिन्दु’ नामक कविता से ली गई हैं, जिसके रचयिता डॉ. प्रभाकर माचवे हैं।
संदर्भ : माचवे जी ने प्रतिभा की व्याख्या प्रस्तुत की है। प्रतिभा का विकास किस तरह होता है, यह समझाने का वे प्रयत्न करते हैं।
स्पष्टीकरण : प्रतिभा कई सारे रूपों में प्रकट होती है। वह महलों की स्थापत्य कला में, गलीचों की बनावट में और बच्चों की किलकारी में प्रकट होती है। यह सब कलाएँ मनुष्य की प्रतिभा की ही देन है। यह प्रतिभा निरंतर कष्ट सहने या यातना सहने से ही प्रकट होती है। यह भी एक साधना की तरह है। विचार के स्तर पर, कल्पना के स्तर पर खूब संघर्ष करने के बाद ही कोई नई चीज प्रतिभा दे पाती है। प्रतिभा बैठे बैठाये विकसित नहीं होती है। उसे निरन्तर अभ्यास से हासिल करना पड़ता है। प्रतिभा को साधना तलवार की धार पर खड़े होने के समान है। प्रतिभा अनुशासन से आती है।
विशेष : प्रयोगवादी दौर की कविता। प्रतिभा की प्रक्रिया को समझाया गया है।

प्रतिभा का मूल बिन्दु कवि परिचयः

डॉ. प्रभाकर माचवे जी का जन्म 26 दिसंबर 1917 में मध्यप्रदेश के एक मध्य वित्त महाराष्ट्रीयन कुल में हुआ। आप 1938 ई. में माधव कालेज, उज्जैन में दर्शनशास्त्र के प्राध्यापक नियुक्त हुए जहाँ 1948 ई. तक रहे। आपका लेखन बहुत विस्तृत और बहुआयामी है। आपने हिन्दी, मराठी, अंग्रेजी तीनों भाषाओं में लेखनी चलाई। आप कवि के अलावा, शोधकर्ता, अनुवादक, संपादक, कहानीकार, उपन्यासकार, समीक्षक, निबंधकार भी हैं। ‘तार सप्तक’ के सात कवियों में माचवे भी एक हैं।
काव्य रचनाएँ : ‘स्वप्नभंग’, ‘अनुक्षण’, ‘तेल की पकौड़ियाँ’, ‘मेपल’, आदि।

पद्य का आशयः

प्रस्तुत कविता में प्रतिभा के मूल की सैद्धांतिक समीक्षा की गई है। कवि ने आत्यंतिक कल्पनाओं का, अनुमान का प्रयोग न करके, जीवन के निरंतर संघर्ष को अपनाया है। प्रतिभा परिश्रम की जननी है।

प्रतिभा का मूल बिन्दु Summary in Kannada

प्रतिभा का मूल बिन्दु Summary in English

In this poem, the poet Dr. Prabhakar Machwe, analyzes the source of genius, and where it comes from.
The poet wants to know where genius is born. In palaces? On carpets? On a bed of roses? In the anxiety of the elderly? In the shouting or the excited cry of children? The poet wants to know where genius lives.

Then the poet himself says about genius, that she is the queen of day-dreams. The artist points towards a lump of clay and says that that is genius, and the painter gathers his instruments to produce something artistic implying that genius is in it. The singer says that genius lies in the divine voice.

Does only imagination qualify as a genius? Is genius the delicate fairy of braided thought? Can only novel astonishment be called genius? Or is it a productive technique? Is genius the language of the tantriks? Or is genius the verses of the theoreticians? Is genius the chemistry of perception? Or is it the quivering fish in deep waters?

Then, the poet receives an answer from genius itself. Genius herself says that she lives in unending difficulty and suffering. She lives in the tireless believer who constantly battles to move ahead in life, and she lives in people who undertake such difficult tasks as standing on the sharp edge of a sword.

प्रतिभा का मूल बिन्दु Summary in Hindi

1) “कहाँ जन्म है तेरा?” मैंने पूछा जब प्रतिभा से,
“महलों में? गुलगुले गलीचों पर? गुलाब की क्यारी में?
वृद्धों की चिंता में? बच्चों की दंतहीन किलकारी में?
बोलो, तुम रहती कहाँ? जानने को हम सब हैं कितने प्यासे!”

कवि यह जानना चाहता है कि प्रतिभा का जन्म कहाँ हुआ है? अतः वह पूछता है- तुम्हारा जन्म कहाँ हुआ? महलों में? गलीचों पर? गुलाब की क्यारी में? वृद्धों की चिंता में? बच्चों की किलकारी में? बोलो, तुम कहाँ रहती हो?

2) कवि बोला – “वह तो दिवास्वप्न की रानी है,”
शिल्पी ने मिट्टी के लौंदे की ओर सहज संकेत किया;
ओ’ चित्रकार ने फलक, वर्ण, तूली को सहज समेट लिया,
गायिका कह गई – “क्या तूने दिव्य-स्वर की मदिरा पी है?”

फिर कवि प्रतिभा के बारे में स्वयं कहता है- वह तो दिवास्वप्न की रानी है। शिल्पी ने मिट्टी के लौंदे की ओर संकेत दिया, चित्रकार का फलक, वर्ण, तूली, गायिका ने कहा – क्या तूने दिव्य-स्वर की मदिरा पी है?

3) क्या निरी कल्पना प्रतिभा है, क्या निरी सूझ की तितिल-परी?
क्या प्रतिभा केवल नवनवीन विस्मय – उपजाऊ ऊहा है?
प्रतिभा क्या है सन्ध्या-भाषा? सिद्धों का पाहुड़-दूहा है?
प्रतिभा अनुभूति-रसायन है? गहरे ‘जीवन’ की चल-शफरी?

क्या कल्पना मात्र प्रतिभा है? क्या निरी सूझ की तितिल-परी प्रतिभा है? क्या प्रतिभा केवल नवीन विस्मय है? या उपजाऊ तर्क है? क्या प्रतिभा तांत्रिकों की भाषा है? या सिद्धों के दोहे? क्या प्रतिभा अनुभूति रसायन है? या गहरे पानी की चंचल. मछली?

4) प्रतिभा बोली – “यातना, निरन्तर कष्ट-सहन की ताकत में
मैं बसती हूँ संघर्ष-निरत साधक में, असिधारा-व्रत में।”

कवि को प्रतिभा से उत्तर मिला – मैं सदा निरन्तर कष्ट, यातना आदि में बसती हूँ। मैं बसती हूँ संघर्ष में निरन्तर प्रयास करने वाले साधक में और मैं रहती हूँ – तलवार की तीखी धार पर खड़े होने जैसी कठिन प्रतिज्ञा लेनेवाले मनुष्य में।

कठिन शब्दार्थः

• दिवास्वप्न – मनोराज्य, आत्यंतिक कल्पना;
• ऊहा – अनुमान, तर्कयुक्ति;
• संध्याभाषा – तांत्रिको, बौद्धों और सिद्धों के द्वारा प्रयुक्त प्रतीकात्मक भाषा-शैली जिसमें अलौकिक रहस्य और गूढ अभिप्राय की मंत्र रूप में
• अभिव्यक्ति की जाती थी;
• जीवन – पानी, जिंदगी; चल-शफरी – चंचल मछली;
• असिधारा-व्रत – तलवार की धार पर खड़े होने जैसा कठिन व्रत (कर्म या प्रतिज्ञा)।

You can Download Chapter 19 तुम गा दो, मेरा गान अमर हो जाए Questions and Answers Pdf, Notes, Summary, 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers, Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Hindi Textbook Answers Sahitya Vaibhav Chapter 19 तुम गा दो, मेरा गान अमर हो जाए

तुम गा दो, मेरा गान अमर हो जाए Questions and Answers, Notes, Summary

I. एक शब्द या वाक्यांश या वाक्य में उत्तर लिखिए :

प्रश्न 1.
बच्चन जी ने किस प्रकार के गीत बनाए?
उत्तर:
कवि बच्चन जी ने गूंज-गूंजकर मिटनेवाले गीत बनाये।

प्रश्न 2.
कवि बच्चन जी ने क्या लुटाया?
उत्तर:
कवि बच्चन जी ने कविताओं का कोष/वर्णकोष लुटाया।

प्रश्न 3.
कवि बच्चन क्या खोकर रंक हुए?
उत्तर:
कवि बच्चन अपनी निज निधि खोकर रंक हुए।

प्रश्न 4.
दुनिया कैसी है?
उत्तर:
दुनिया ममतामयी है।

प्रश्न 5.
कवि बच्चन का जीवन कैसे बीता?
उत्तर:
कवि बच्चन का जीवन दुःख में बीता।

प्रश्न 6.
सुख की एक साँस पर क्या निछावर है?
उत्तर:
सुख की एक साँस पर अमरत्व निछावर है।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 7.
कवि बच्चन जी क्या गाकर अमर करने की बात कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
कवि बच्चन जी गीत (गान) गाकर अमर करने की बात कहते हैं।

प्रश्न 8.
कवि बच्चन जी किसके कंठों से दर्द की आवाज़ सुनते हैं?
उत्तर:
कवि बच्चन जी कोकिल के कंठो से दर्द की आवाज़ सुनते हैं।

प्रश्न 9.
इस दुनिया में कौन अनचाहा रह गया?
उत्तर:
कवि इस दुनिया में अनचाहा रह गया।

प्रश्न 10.
‘तुम गा दो, मेरा गान अमर हो जाए’ कविता के कवि कौन हैं?
उत्तर:
‘तुम गा दो, मेरा गान अमर हो जाए’ कविता के कवि डॉ. हरिवंशराय बच्चन’ जी हैं।

II. निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिएः

प्रश्न 1.
बच्चन जी ने जग में क्या लुटाया और क्यों?
उत्तर:
समाज के प्रति उदारवादी दृष्टिकोण रखनेवाले बच्चन जी ने गूंज-गूंज कर मिटनेवाले गीत बनाए। जब जब समाज के लोगों ने उनके सामने हाथ फैलाए, बच्चन जी ने अपने सुमधुर गीतों का कोष लुटाया जिससे उसका गीत सार्थक बन गया। इन वर्गों को लुटाकर अपने गीतों को लोगों से सुना-सुनाकर अपने गीतों को, वर्णों को खोकर वह गरीब हुआ है। यह कोष उनके लिए ‘निधि’ के समान था। इसे लुटाकर कवि अपने जीवन को सार्थक समझता है।

प्रश्न 2.
बच्चन जी पाठकों को क्या-क्या भेंट देते हैं?
उत्तर:
बच्चन जी ने गूंज-गूंजकर मिटनेवाले गीत बनाये। वे चाहते है कि पाठक उनके गीत को गाकर उसे अमर कर दे। पाठकों के प्रति अपनी कृतज्ञता वे कुछ ऐसा भेंट देकर करना चाहते है जिसे देकर उन्हें कोई हानि न हो और बदले में पाठकों को सब कुछ मिल जाए। इस दान को स्वीकार करके पाठक उनके दान को अमर कर जायेंगे।

प्रश्न 3.
बच्चन जी ने संसार और जीवन के संबंध में क्या कहा है?
उत्तर:
बच्चन जी संसार और जीवन के सम्बन्ध में कहते हैं कि जब-जब इस जग ने हाथ फैलाये, तो मैंने अपना कोष लुटा दिया। इतना ही नहीं, अपनी सम्पूर्ण निधि (संपत्ति) देकर स्वयं रंक हो गया। मैंने चाहा कि कम-से-कम तुम मेरा गान अपना लो अर्थात गाओगे तो मैं और मेरा गान अमर हो जाएगा; पर ऐसा हुआ नहीं। इस बहुरूपी संसार को मैंने सराहा, इसे ममता भी दी; फिर भी मेरी तमन्ना है कि मेरा गान अमर हो जाए।

प्रश्न 4.
बच्चन जी की कविता का मूल भाव लिखिए।
उत्तर:
समाज के प्रति मनुष्य का दायित्व एवं विश्व के प्रति उदारवादी दृष्टिकोण इस कविता का विषय है। आज विश्व में हर जगह दुःख दर्द का ही प्रभाव है। हर्ष, उल्लास, प्रेम का भावना चाहते है। मधुर गान वाली कोकिला का गान दुःख दर्द का गान है। दुनिया के लोगों से कवि कहते है कि उसका जीवन दुःख में ही बीता है। आज जीवन के अंतिम दिनों में कवि पाठको से उनका गाना गाकर अमर करने को कहते है।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

प्रश्न 5.
बच्चन जी जीवन की अंतिम घड़ियों में भी क्या कहते हैं?
उत्तर:
बच्चन जी जीवन की अंतिम घड़ियों में भी यह सन्देश देना चाहते हैं- भले ही जीवन दुःख से बीता है लेकिन फिर भी यही कहूँगा कि ‘सुख की एक साँस पर अमरत्व निछावर है। सुख का एक पल भी अमरत्व से बढ़कर होता है।

III. ससंदर्भ भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए:

प्रश्न 1.
जब-जब जग ने कर फैलाये
मैंने कोष लुटाया,
रंक हुआ मैं निज निधि खोकर,
जगती ने क्या पाया?
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘तुम गा दो, मेरा गान अमर हो जाए’ से लिया गया है जिसके रचयिता डॉ. हरिवंशराय बच्चन’ हैं।
संदर्भ : इन पंक्तियों में कवि कह रहें है कि दुनिया के लिए मैंने क्या नहीं किया। निज निधि खोकर उन्होंने अपने कल्पना और भावनाओं से भरे काव्य रूपी खजाने को उन्होने दुनिया के लिए लुटाया है लेकिन जग ने उन्हें क्या दिया।
स्पष्टीकरण : कवि कहते हैं कि जब भी इस जग ने हाथ फैलाए, तो मैंने अपना कोष लुटा दिया और अपनी सम्पत्ति दूसरों को देकर मैं स्वयं रंक हो गया। इस संसार ने आखिर क्या पाया?

प्रश्न 2.
दुःख से जीवन बीता फिर भी
शेष अभी कुछ रहता,
जीवन की अंतिम घड़ियों में
भी तुम से यह कहता।
उत्तर:
प्रसंग : प्रस्तुत पद्यांश हमारी पाठ्य पुस्तक ‘साहित्य वैभव’ के ‘तुम गा दो, मेरा गान अमर हो जाए’ से लिया गया है जिसके रचयिता डॉ. हरिवंशराय बच्चन’ हैं।
संदर्भ : कवि बच्चन जी अपने जीवन के बारे में बताते हुए कहते हैं कि उनका सारा जीवन दुःख में ही बीता है। और अंतिम घड़ी तक वह पाठकों से विनती करते है कि तुम गा दो मेरा गान अमर हो जाए।
स्पष्टीकरण : ‘बच्चन’ जी कहते हैं कि मेरा जीवन यद्यपि बहुत दुःख से बीता, तथापि मैंने सदा यही चाहा कि जीवन की अंतिम घड़ियों तक सुख की एक साँस के लिए अमरत्व को न्योछावर कर दूँ।

तुम गा दो, मेरा गान अमर हो जाए कवि परिचय :

हिन्दी साहित्य के सुप्रसिद्ध गीतकार और हालावाद के प्रवर्तक माने जाने वाले ‘बच्चन’ जी का जन्म सन् 1907 ई. में प्रयाग के कटरा मुहल्ले में हुआ था। आपने प्रयाग विश्वविद्यालय से अंग्रेजी में एम.ए. और कैम्ब्रिज विश्वविद्यालय से पीएच.डी. की उपाधि प्राप्त की। कुछ वर्ष आपने भारत सरकार के विदेश मंत्रालय में हिन्दी भाषा विशेषज्ञ के रूप में काम किया। आप राज्य-सभा सदस्य भी रहे। आपकी मृत्यु सन् 2003 ई. में हुई।
प्रमुख रचनाएँ : ‘मधुशाला’, ‘मधुबाला’, ‘मधुकलश’, ‘निशा निमंत्रण’, ‘प्रणय पत्रिका’, ‘हलाहल’, ‘बंगाल का अकाल’ आदि।

कविता का आशयः

प्रस्तुत कविता में ‘बच्चन’ जी ने मधुर स्वप्न और मादक कल्पनाओं के साथ-साथ मोहक शब्दावली का प्रयोग किया है। समाज के प्रति मनुष्य की जिम्मेदारी तथा संसार के प्रति उदारता का दृष्टिकोण, पाठकों के प्रति कृतज्ञता का भाव इस कविता का मूलाधार है। उमर खय्याम की रूबाईयों का प्रभाव ‘बच्चन’जी पर देखा जा सकता है।

तुम गा दो, मेरा गान अमर हो जाए Summary in Kannada

तुम गा दो, मेरा गान अमर हो जाए Summary in English

The following is a poem by one of the most renowned poets in modern Hindi literature, Dr Harivanshrai Bachchan.

The poet tells his students to sing his song, and through their singing, making his song immortal. The poet has made his song by decorating all its parts and embellishing all the sections. He feels that his song is going to echo all around and eventually die out. But the sound of the cuckoo seems to reach heaven. In order to prevent his song from dying out, the poet asks his students to sing his song and make it immortal.

Whenever the universe has opened its arms, the poet has partaken of its treasure. He has in turn given up everything and become penniless. What did the universe gain? The poet says that although he has nothing to give as a gift, he would still like the students to get something. He hopes that whatever he is able to give, becomes immortal. Thus, he tells his students to sing his song, and that will make it immortal.

The poet has accepted whatever is beautiful and even what is not beautiful in this world. Even though he was not loved, he has given love. He wants to see who chooses to love him in turn. Thus, he tells his students that by keeping his honour they will make it immortal and by singing his song, they can make that immortal too.

Although the poet’s life has passed in pain and sadness, even till the last moments of his life he says that for even one breath of happiness, immortality is not too high a price to pay. If happiness touches the poet’s life, it makes his life immortal. Thus, the poet tells us to sing his song, and make it immortal.

तुम गा दो, मेरा गान अमर हो जाए Summary in Hindi

1) तुम गा दो, मेरा गान अमर हो जाए।
मेरे वर्ण-वर्ण विशृंखल,
चरण-चरण भरमाये,
गूंज-गूंजकर मिटनेवाले
मैंने गीत बनाये।
कूक हो गयी हूक गगन की
कोकिल के कंठों पर,
तुम गा दो, मेरा गान अमर हो जाए।

कवि ‘बच्चन’ जी कहते हैं कि – पाठकों! तुम मेरा गीत गा दो, वह अमर हो जायेगा। मैंने अपने ये गीत वर्ण, चरण आदि को सजाकर बनाये हैं। मेरे ये गीत गूंज-गूंजकर मिटनेवाले गीत हैं। कोयल को मीठी तान मानो गगन तक पहुंच गई है। तुम गा दो, मेरा गान अमर हो जाए।

शब्दार्थ :

• विश्रृंखल – बन्धनहीन, स्वतंत्र, मुक्त;
• कूक – लंबी गहरी आवाज़, कोकिला की आवाज;
• हूक – दर्द की आवाज, पीड़ा।

2) जब-जब जग ने कर फैलाये
मैंने कोष लुटाया,
रंक हुआ मैं निज निधि खोकर,
जगती ने क्या पाया?
भेंट न जिसमें कुछ खोऊँ
पर तुम सब कुछ पाओ,
तुम ले लो, मेरा दान अमर हो जाए,
तुम गा दो, मेरा गान अमर हो जाए।

जब भी जग ने हाथ फैलाए मैंने यह कोष लुटाया। अपना सब कुछ देकर मैं रंक बन गया। जगती ने क्या पाया? मेरे पास भेंट हेतु कुछ नहीं, फिर भी तुम पा लो। मेरा दिया हुआ दान भी अमर हो जाए। तुम गा दो, मेरा गीत अमर हो जाए।

शब्दार्थ :

• कर – हाथ;
• कोष – निधि, खजाना;
• रंक – गरीब।

3) सुन्दर और असुन्दर जग में
मैंने क्या न सराहा,
इतनी ममतामय दुनिया में
मैं केवल अनचाहा!
देखू अब किसकी रुकती है
आ मुझपर अभिलाषा,
तुम रख लो मेरा मान अमर हो जाए,
तुम गा दो, मेरा गान अमर हो जाए।

सुन्दर और असुन्दर जग में मैंने क्या न सराहा, अनचाहे ममता दी, देखू अब किसकी इच्छा मेरे लिए रुकती है! तुम मेरा मान रख लो। तुम गा दो, मेरा गीत अमर हो जाए।

शब्दार्थ :

• सराहा – प्रशंसा करना;
• अनचाहा – जिसे कोई नहीं चाहता

4) दुःख से जीवन बीता फिर भी
शेष अभी कुछ रहता,
जीवन की अंतिम घड़ियों में
भी तुम से यह कहता,
सुख की एक साँस पर होता
है अमरत्व निछावर,
तुम छू दो मेरा प्राण अमर हो जाए!
तुम गा दो, मेस गान अमर हो जाए!

दुःख से जीवन बीता, फिर भी जीवन की अंतिम घड़ियों तक तुमसे कहता हूँ – सुख की एक साँस पर अमरत्व न्योछावर है, तुम छू दो मेरा प्राण, अमर हो जाए! तुम गा दो, मेरा गान अमर हो जाए।

शब्दार्थ :
निछावर – समर्पित।