Category: 1st PUC

You can Download Chapter 5 Rise and Spread of Christianity and Islam Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC History Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 5 Rise and Spread of Christianity and Islam

1st PUC History Rise and Spread of Christianity and Islam One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which is the biggest religion in the world?
Answer:
Christianity is the biggest religion in the world.

Question 2.
Who was the founder of Christianity?
Answer:
The founder of Christianity was Jesus Christ.

Question 3.
Which is the emblem of Christianity?
Answer:
Cross is the emblem of Christianity.

Question 4.
Which was the religious centre of Jews?
Answer:
Jerusalem was the religious centre of Jews.

Question 5.
Which God was worshipped by Jews?
Answer:
Jehovah was the God worshipped by the Jews.

Question 6.
Which was the religious text of Jews?
Answer:
The Old Testament containing the teachings, principles and religious experiences of the Jews is their religious text.

Question 7.
Who was the religious Prophet of Jews?
Answer:
Moses was the religious Prophet of Jews.

Question 8.
When was Jesus Christ born?
Answer:
Jesus Christ was born on 25^th December 4 B.C.E.

Question 9.
Where was Jesus born?
Answer:
Jesus was born at Bethlehem in Judea.

Question 10.
What do you mean by Christ?
Answer:
Christ means ‘Anointed one’.

Question 11.
Who was the contemporary Roman Emperor of Jesus Christ?
Answer:
King Herod was the contemporary Roman Emperor.

Question 12.
On which hill was Jesus crucified?
Answer:
Mount Calvary at Golgotha, a hill near Jerusalem was the place where Jesus was crucified.

Question 13.
What is Easter Sunday?
Answer:
Jesus Christ is believed to have risen to life on the third day after his crucification, which was a Sunday. This day of His resurrection is celebrated as Easter Sunday.

Question 14.
Which part of the Bible contains the teachings of Jesus?
Answer:
The New Testament contains the Gospels written by his four disciples which deal with the biography of Jesus and his teachings.

Question 15.
What was Milan Edict?
Answer:
Constantine, the Emperor of Rome issued the Edict of Milan in 313 C.E., to make Christianity a legal religion in the Roman Empire.

Question 16.
Who was the first Roman Emperor to accept Christianity?
Answer:
Constantine was the first Roman Emperor to accept Christianity.

Question 17.
Who was the Roman Emperor to declare Christianity as National Religion?
Answer:
Emperor Theodisius was the Roman Emperor to declare Christianity as the national Religion in 4^th century C.E.

Question 18.
Who was the first Christian missionary who came to India to spread Christianity?
Answer:
St. Francis Xavier was the first Christian missionary who came to India to spread Christianity.

Question 19.
Who Was David?
Answer:
David was a King of Judea.

Question 20.
What did Jesus call himself as?
Answer:
Jesus called himself as ‘Son of God’.

Question 21.
Which is the Holy book of Christians?
Answer:
The Holy book of Christians is the Bible.

Question 22.
Who became the second Pope?
Answer:
St. Paul became the second Pope.

Question 23.
Who spread Christianity in Kerala?
Answer:
St. Francis Xavier spread Christianity in Kerala.

Question 24.
In which style were the Churches built at the beginning of the Christian era?
Answer:
Beautiful Churches and Cathedrals were built in the Greco Roman style.

Question 25.
Who was the founder of Islam?
Answer:
Prophet Mohammed founded Islam.

Question 26.
Which is the holy place of Muslims?
Answer:
The holy place of Muslims is the Khaba at Mecca.

Question 27.
Who was the uncle of Prophet?
Answer:
Abu-Talib was the uncle of Prophet.

Question 28.
Who was the wife of Prophet?
Answer:
Khadija was the wife of Prophet.

Question 29.
On which hilly cave did Mohammed meditate?
Answer:
Mohammed meditated in a solitary cave at Hira.

Question 30.
Who was the messenger who preached the Gospels to Prophet?
Answer:
Gabriel, a messenger of God preached the holy Gospels to Prophet when he was in a trance.

Question 31.
Which was the stone worshipped by Muslims at Mecca?
Answer:
The Black stone of Khaba is worshipped by Muslims at Mecca.

Question 32.
When did the Prophet die?
Answer:
Prophet Mohammed died in 632 C.E.

Question 33.
Which is the holy book of Islam?
Answer:
The holy book of Islam is ‘Koran’ or ‘Quran’.

Question 34.
What is Kalima?
Answer:
Kalima which is one of the five pillars or principles of Islam means faith.

Question 35.
What is Namaz?
Answer:
Namaz, one of the five pillars of Islam means prayer.

Question 36.
What is Zaqqat?
Answer:
It is to give alms to the poor, which is the duty of every Muslim.

Question 37.
What is Roza?
Answer:
Roza means fasting which every Muslim should do during the holy month of Ramzan.

Question 38.
What is Hajj?
Answer:
Hajj is a Holy Pilgrimage to Mecca, which a true Muslim should undertake at least once in their lifetime.

Question 39.
Who built the Khaba?
Answer:
Abraham built the Khaba Temple for the black stone he had received from Archangel Gabriel.

1st PUC History Rise and Spread of Christianity and Islam Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who were the parents of Jesus?
Answer:
Joseph and Virgin Mary were the parents of Jesus.

Question 2.
Which are the two parts of the Bible?
Answer:
The two parts of the Bible are the Old Testament and the New Testament.

Question 3.
When was Jesus crucified? Who was the Roman Governor at that time?
Answer:
Jesus was crucified in 30 C.E. when Pontius Pilate was the Roman Governor.

Question 4.
What was the Resurrection of Jesus?
Answer:
Jesus Christ rose to life on the third day after his Crucification. This day is celebrated as Easter Sunday and the event is called as the Resurrection of Jesus Christ.

Question 5.
Name the two important disciples of Jesus.
Answer:
St. Peter and St. Paul were the two important disciples of Jesus.

Question 6.
Name the two Roman Emperors who tortured Christians?
Answer:
Nero and Diocletian were two of the Roman Emperors who persecuted Christians.

Question 7.
Who issued the Milan Edict? When?
Answer:
Emperor Constantine of Rome issued the Milan Edict in 313 C.E to make Christianity a legal religion in the Roman Empire.

Question 8.
Who were the two Roman Emperors who gave royal patronage to Christianity?
Answer:
Constantine and Theodisius were the two Roman Emperors who gave royal patronage to Christianity.

Question 9.
Which are the important festivals of Christians?
Answer:
Three days are celebrated as the most important festivals by Christians.

1. Birthday of Jesus – Christmas
2. The day of Crucification of Jesus- Good Friday
3. Resurrection of Jesus- Easter Sunday.

Question 10.
Which are the two major sects of Christianity?
Answer:
Christianity is divided into 2 sects:

1. Roman Catholics
2. Protestants

Question 11.
What did Jesus believe in above all?
Answer:
Jesus believed in forgiveness. He emphasized up on love towards Mankind. He insisted on justice, humanity and duty.

Question 12.
What were the words of Jesus regarding service?
Answer:
Jesus said, “Service to people is service to God”. Such service is a tool for spiritual achievements.

Question 13.
Mention any two teachings of Jesus.
Answer:
The important teachings of Jesus are as follows:

1. Jesus preached the existence of one God. We are his children. God is omnipotent, the King of Heaven. He is all-merciful.
2. Jesus preached the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of men. Men should live like brothers and be devoted to God.

Question 14.
What is ‘Star of East’?
Answer:
According to the New Testament, when Jesus was born, a bright star was shining in the East, which was called the  ‘Star of East’.

Question 15.
What is Gospel?
Answer:
Teachings of Jesus or Revelations of Jesus Christ is called Gospel.

Question 16.
Which is the symbol of Islam and name the religious centre of Muslims?
Answer:
The symbol of Islam is Star and Crescent Moon. The religious centre of Muslims is the Mosque.

Question 17.
When and where was the Prophet born?
Answer:
Mohammed was born in 570 C.E. at Mecca in Arabia.

Question 18.
Who were the parents of Mohammed?
Answer:
Abdullah and Ameena were Mohammed’s parents.

Question 19.
Name the daughter and son-in-law of Mohammed.
Answer:
The daughter of Mohammed was Fathima and Ali was his son-in-law.

Question 20.
What is the meaning of Islam?
Answer:
Islam means ‘Submission to God Allah’. There is a wide meaning to the term ‘Islam’. It preaches to be truthful, be faithful, and to have good conduct. Islam means peace.

Question 21.
Which are the two sects of Islam?
Answer:
The two sects of Islam are the Sunnis and Shias.

1st PUC History Rise and Spread of Christianity and Islam Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write about the life history of Jesus.
Answer:
Jesus Christ was born on 25^th December 4 B.C.E at Bethlehem in Judea. Joseph and Virgin Mary were his parents. His father was a carpenter by profession at Nazareth. The birth of Jesus and the simultaneous appearance of the Easter star made the priests to believe that Jesus was a Divine Entity. He led a simple life and was associated with the poor. Jesus, at the age of 12 went to a Jewish synagogue and surprised the people by expounding the meaning of the Jewish religious texts. He was profoundly influenced by John the Baptist and at the age of 30 was baptized by him.

He became a wandering preacher and his simple teachings gathered people around him. He travelled in and around Judea with his 12 disciples and conveyed his messages in the form of parables. His disciples recognized him as the Messiah. Jesus called himself as  ‘Son of God’, which enraged the orthodox Jews. He was crucified on Friday the 3^rd April 30 C.E at Mount Calvary at Golgotha, a hill near Jerusalem. His resurrection took place on the third day and he remained with his disciples for 40 days and then ascended into heaven.

Question 2.
Explain the teachings of Jesus Christ.
Answer:
The teachings of Jesus Christ are founded in the holy book of Christians, the Bible. Some of the important ones are:

1. The existence of one God. We are his children. God is omnipotent, the King of Heaven. He is all-merciful.
2. Jesus preached the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of men. Men should live like brothers and be devoted to God.
3. Jesus believed in forgiveness and love towards mankind. He insisted on justice, humility and duty. He said, “Love your neighbours, love your enemies, bless them who curse you and do good to those who hate you and pray for them”.
4. According to Jesus, humility, purity of heart, sincerity, and fulfillment of duty were the gateway to heaven.
5. Jesus said “Service to people is service to God” and such service is a tool for spiritual achievements.
6. Forgiveness is a great virtue, and such persons are close to God.Thus Jesus preached simple principles which are helpful to mankind, to achieve salvation.

Question 3.
Which were the important causes for the spread of Christianity?
Answer:
The import causes for the spread of Christianity were:
1. Personality of Jesus:
The simplicity of Jesus attracted common people to him. His appeal towards poor, sinners and sufferers and his spiritual power helped in the spread of religion.

2. Simple principles:
Jesus’ principles like fraternity, compassion, forgiveness, and faith in the Kingdom of Heaven – all these made Jesus popular among the poor and the slaves.

3. Role of Apostles:
The 12 apostles played a dominant role in spreading Christianity by popularizing the principles of Jesus. Among them St. Peter and St. Paul are important. St. Peter founded a Church at Rome and became the first Pope to spread Christianity in Rome and Asia Minor. St. Peter was executed by Nero the Emperor of Rome which made him a martyr. St. Paul became the second Pope.

4. Role of Church:
The Church became the chief institute for the preservation and propagation of the faith. People believed in Church as a way to Heaven and the pope as the representative of God. Despite persecutions, Christianity gained popularity.

5. Role of Constantine:
The persecution of the Christians stopped when Constantine became the Emperor of Rome. He built a new city called Constantinople and dedicated it to virgin Mary. He issued the Edict of Milan, which made Christianity a legal religion in the Roman Empire and gave permission to the Christian missionaries to spread Christianity in the East. Under Emperor Theodisius in the 4^th century C.E., Christianity became the state religion.

Question 4.
What is Resurrection of Jesus?
Answer:
The birth of Jesus and the simultaneous appearance of the Star of East made the priests to believe that Jesus was a divine Entity. He led a simple life and was associated with the poor. Jesus was profoundly influenced by John the Baptist and was baptized by John at the age of 30. He became a wandering preacher and his simple teachings and messages in the form of parables attracted people who flocked around him. He travelled in and around Judea with his 12 disciples, who recognized him as Messiah.

Jesus called himself as Son of God which enraged the orthodox Jews. Jesus was crucified on Friday the 3^rd April 30 C.E. on Mount Calvary at Golgotha, which is celebrated as Good Friday every year. His followers wept at his grave. It is believed that Christ rose to life on the third day after the death. This day is celebrated as Easter Sunday. This event is called as Resurrection of Christ. After the Resurrection, Jesus remained with his disciples for 40 days and then ascended into heaven. Thereby he is said to have proved that he was the Son of God.

Question 5.
Write about the Spiritual messages of Jesus.
Answer:
Spiritual Message of Jesus to his followers is given in the form of a sermon. ‘The Sermon on the Mount’. It runs as follows.

1. Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the Kingdom of Heaven.
2. Blessed are they that mourn, for they shall be comforted. There are some more messages along the same lines for the people to follow.
3. Jesus gave the message of the love and compassion. He said “Do not commit adultery”, “Do not steal”, and “Give respect to Elders”. These are simple paths to emancipation.
4. Jesus said, “Service to people is service to God”. Such service is a tool for spiritual achievements.
5. Jesus preached the existence of one God. We are his Sons. God is omnipotent, the King of Heaven. He is all-merciful.
6. Jesus preached the Fatherhood of God and Brotherhood of men. Men should live like brothers and be devoted to God.
7. Jesus believed in forgiveness. He insisted on Justice, Humility and Duty. He said, “Love your neighbours, love your enemies, bless them who curse you and do good to them who hate you and pray for them”.
8. According to Jesus, humility, purity of heart, sincerity, and fulfillment of duty were the gateway to heaven.
9. Forgiveness is a great virtue; Persons practicing it are close to God.

Thus Jesus preached simple principles which are helpful to mankind, to achieve salvation. Teachings of Jesus are found in the holy book of Christians, the ‘Bible’.

Question 6.
Mention the role of the Apostles in the spreading of Christianity.
Answer:
The 12 apostles played a dominant role in spreading Christianity by popularizing the principles of Jesus. Among them St. Peter and St. Raul are important. St. Peter founded a church at Rome and became the first Pope to spread Christianity in Rome and Asia Minor. St. Peter was executed by Nero, the Emperor of Rome, which made him a martyr. St. Paul became the second Pope. He spread Christianity in Rome, Greece, Macedonia, Athens, Philipi, and Damascus.

He established Churches to propagate the Principles of Jesus. He is called as the ‘Second Jesus’. The Martyrdom inspired many like St. Mathew, St. Mark, St. Luke and St. John. They consolidated the Gospels of Jesus. St. Thomas came to India in 78 C.E. and carried his work in the Malabar region. The efforts of St. Augustine in England, St. Patrick in Ireland and St. Bonephase in Germany led to the spread of Christianity.

Question 7.
Explain the background for the rise of Islam?
Answer:
Islam is one of the important religions of the world. Islam rose from the Arabian Peninsula, situated in South West Asia. This land was inhabited by Arabs. The land was a desert. Mecca and Madina were the only two important cities in Arabia. As rainfall was scanty, cultivation was not possible. So 80% of Arabs were nomads. They tended camels which provided them milk and meat. They cultivated dates, apricots, pomegranates, lemons, orange, and bananas.

Camel and horse were the means of transport. They led a hard life and quarrels between tribes for Oasis and fodder were the order of the day. People were socially and economically backward. Tribes looted the commercial caravans and plundered cities. Theft, robbery, and gambling were common.

They worshipped more than 360 idols. Blind faith and animal sacrifice existed in the society. In spite of these ugly traits, Arabs were held together by a common faith – the shrine of Khaba at Mecca. They did not have a common social, moral, cultural and religious framework. Prophet Mohammed founded Islam and organised Muslims under a single religious framework.

Question 8.
Write about the life history of Mohammed.
Answer:
Mohammad was born in 570C.E. at Mecca in Arabia. Abdullah and Ameena were his parents. He belonged to the Qureshi tribe of Mecca. He lost his parents early in his childhood and was brought up by his uncle Abu-Talib. Due to poverty, he could not receive any formal education, but he was trained to look after sheep and camels.

He was known for his honesty and sincerity and the comerchants called him as Amin – one who is reliable. He worked for a rich widow, Khadija and later married her, who was 15 years elder to him. They had two sons and two daughters. Daughter Fathima survived and other three died. She was given in marriage to Ali. Mohammed led a normal married life up to age of forty.

He spent most of his time in meditation and fasting. He was also seriously thinking about the social and religious evils of the Arabs. While meditating at the Hira cave, Gabriel a messenger of God preached him the holy Gospels while he was in a trance. Mohammed felt the impact of the Divine message of God.

He also realized that he was the chosen one, and had a great mission to fulfill. His wife, son-in-law, daughter, friend Abu-Bakr and his servant Syed Mohammed were his first disciples. He declared “There is no God but Allah and Mohammed is his prophet”.

He started teaching the principles of the new faith to the people of Mecca. He criticized the meaningless ceremonials like Idol worship, polytheism, and superstitions. He preached the purity of life, truth, and faith in Allah. He said Allah is Omnipotent and kind to all.

He preached Allah would reward the just and punish the wicked. There was opposition to him from the idol worshippers and he took refuge in Madina and his secret journey is known as Hejira. He was welcomed there. Later he returned to Mecca and Arabs accepted his principles. He died in 632 C. E.

Question 9.
Write about the five pillars of Islam.
Answer:
A true believer in Islam (Muslim) has to perform certain duties which are the pillars of Islam or principles of Islam. They are Kalima, Namaz, Zaqqat, Roza and Hajj.

1. Kalima:
It means faith. He should profess his faith in God Allah and his messenger, Mohammed-his Prophet. Every Muslim was required to recite the Muslim Credo. “There is no God but Allah, everyone should surrender to him, have faith and respect him”. This is an important message of the Quran.

2. Namaz:
It means prayer. Every Muslim has to pray five times a day at dawn, shortly after midday, late afternoon, at sunset and at bedtime. He is expected to clean himself and turn towards Mecca and offer prayer. Every Friday one has to go to the Mosque to offer prayer and listen to the discussion on the Quran. Prayer is the best method to please God and getting one’s sins pardoned.

3. Zaqqat:
It is to give alms to the poor Almsgiving is another duty of every Muslim. One should be honest and sincere. He has to give 2.5% of his income in charity for the promotion of religion and help the poor. Islam prohibits begging as a profession.

4. Roza:
Every Muslim must fast during day time in the holy month of Ramzan.

5. Hajj:
Every Muslim is obliged to perform pilgrimage to Mecca once in their lifetime.

Question 10.
What are the main teachings of Mohammed?
Answer:
Prophet Mohammad declared “There is no God but Allah and Mohammad is his Prophet”. He criticized the meaningless ceremonials like Idol worship, polytheism, and superstitions among Arabs. He preached the purity of life, truth, and faith in Allah. He preached that Allah would reward the just and punish the wicked.

He said, “Allah is all-merciful, all-wise and all-powerful”. The new faith that Mohammad preached was called ‘Islam’ which means “Submission to God Allah’. Islam preaches to be truthful, be faithful and to have good conduct. It preaches equality and condemns slavery. Mohammad advocated the following five pillars or Principles of Islam to be followed by all Muslims.

1. Kalima:
It means faith. Every Muslim should profess his faith in Allah and Mohammad. Namaz – It means prayer. Every Muslim has to pray five times a day. Prayer is the best method to please God and get one’s sins pardoned.

2. Zaqqat:
It means almsgiving. Muslims should be honest and sincere. They should give 2.5 % of what they earn in charity. The purpose is to bring economic equality between the rich and the poor.

3. Roza:
It means fasting. Every Muslim should fast in the month of Ramzan, from morning to dusk. Fasting brings purity of heart. It balances the desires, controls one’s habits and creates confidence towards deliverance. It is a proper training to acquire good character.

4. Hajj:
It is the holy pilgrimage to Mecca. True Muslims should undertake Hajj at least once in their lifetime.

There were other moral codes advocated by the prophet.

He prohibited gambling, drinking, adultery, and use of pork. He preached the democratic principles of equality and universal brotherhood. He also advocated important moral values like respect for women, parents, and kindness to slaves and animals.

1st PUC History Rise and Spread of Christianity and Islam Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
Answer:
The founder of Christianity was Jesus Christ. He was a Jew born on 25^th December 4 B.C.E. at Bethlehem in Judea. Joseph and Virgin Mary were his parents. By profession, his father was a carpenter at Nazareth. The birth of Jesus and the simultaneous appearance of the Star of East made the priests to believe that Jesus was a divine Entity.

He led a simple life and was associated with the poor. At the age of 12, he went to a Jewish synagogue and expounded the meaning of the difficult Jewish religious texts. Jesus was profoundly influenced by John the Baptist who baptized him at the age of 30. Jesus became a wandering preacher.

His simple teachings and messages in the form of parables attracted people who flocked around him. He travelled in and around Judea with his 12 disciples, who recognized him as the Messiah. Jesus called himself as the Son of God, which enraged the orthodox Jews.

His crucification took place on the 3^rd April 30 C.E., at Mount Calvary at Golgotha, a hill near Jerusalem. His resurrection took place 3 days later, after which he remained with his disciples for 40 days and then ascended into heaven.

The teachings of Jesus are found in the holy book of Christians, namely the Bible.

1. Jesus preached the existence of one God. We are his sons. God is omnipotent, the King of Heaven. He is all-merciful.
2. Jesus preached the fatherhood of God and brotherhood of men. Men should live like brothers and be devoted to God.
3. Jesus believed in forgiveness and love towards mankind. He insisted on justice, humility and duty. He said, “Love your neighbours, love your enemies, bless them who curse you and do good to those who hate you and pray for them”.
4. According to Jesus, humility, purity of heart, sincerity, and fulfillment of duty were the gateway to heaven.
5. Jesus said, “Service to people is service to God”. Such a service is a tool for spiritual attainments.
6. Forgiveness is a great virtue and persons blessed with that are close to God.

Jesus preached such simple principles, which are helpful to mankind, to achieve salvation.

Question 2.
What were the causes for the spread of Christianity? Write about its influence.
Answer:
The important causes for the spread of Christianity were:

1. Personality of Jesus:
The simplicity of Jesus attracted common people. His appeal towards the poor, sinners and sufferers and his spiritual power helped in the spread of religion.

2. Simple principles:
Jesus’ principles like fraternity, compassion, forgiveness, and faith in the Kingdom of Heaven – all these made Jesus popular among the poor and the slaves.

3. Role of Apostles:
The 12 apostles played a dominant role in spreading Christianity by popularizing the principles of Jesus. Among them St. Peter and St. Paul are important. St.Peter founded a Church at Rome and became the first Pope to spread Christianity in Rome and Asia Minor. St. Peter was executed by Nero-the Emperor of Rome which made him a martyr. St. Paul became the second Pope.

4. Role of Church:-
The Church became the chief institute for the preservation and propagation of the faith. People believed in Church as a way to Heaven and Pope as the representative of God. Despite persecutions, Christianity gained popularity.

5. Role of Constantine:
The persecution of the Christians stopped when Constantine became the Emperor of Rome. He built a new city called Constantinople and dedicated it to virgin Mary. He issued the Edict of Milan, which made Christianity a legal religion in the Roman Empire and gave permission to the Christian missionaries to spread Christianity in the East. Under Emperor Theodisius in the 4^th century C.E., Christianity became the state religion.

Question 3.
Explain the rise and spread of Christianity.
Answer:
The founder of Christianity was Jesus Christ. He was a Jew born on 25^th December 4 B.C.E. at Bethlehem in Judea. Joseph and Virgin Mary were his parents. The birth of Jesus and the simultaneous appearance of the Easter star made the priests to believe that Jesus was a divine Entity.

He led a simple life and was associated with the poor. At the age of 12, he went to a Jewish synagogue and expounded the meaning of the difficult Jewish religious texts. Jesus was profoundly influenced by John the Baptist who baptized him at the age of 30. Jesus became a wandering preacher.

His simple teachings and messages in the form of parables attracted people who flocked around him. He travelled in and around Judea with his 12 disciples, who recognized him as the Messiah. Jesus called himself as the Son of God, which enraged the orthodox Jews.

His crucification took place on the 3^rd April 30 C.E., at Mount Calvary at Golgotha, a hill near Jerusalem. His resurrection took place 3 days later, after which he remained with his disciples for 40 days and then ascended into heaven.

The teachings of Jesus are found in the holy book of Christians, namely the Bible.

1. Jesus preached the existence of one God. We are his sons. God is omnipotent, the King of Heaven. He is all-merciful.
2. Jesus preached the fatherhood of God and brotherhood of men. Men should live like brothers and be devoted to God.
3. Jesus believed in forgiveness and love towards mankind. He insisted on justice, humility and duty. He said, “Love your neighbours, love your enemies, bless them who curse you and do good to those who hate you and pray for them”.
4. According to Jesus, humility, purity of heart, sincerity, and fulfillment of duty were the gateway to heaven.
5. Jesus said, “Service to people is service to God”. Such a service is a tool for spiritual attainments.
6. Forgiveness is a great virtue and persons blessed with that are close to God.

Thus Jesus preached simple principles which are helpful to mankind, to achieve salvation.

Spread of Christianity

1. Personality of Jesus:
The simplicity of Jesus attracted common people. His appeal towards the poor, sinners and sufferers and his spiritual power helped in the spread of religion.

2. Simple principles:
Jesus’ principles like fraternity, compassion, forgiveness, and faith in the Kingdom of Heaven – all these made Jesus popular among the poor and the slaves.

3. Role of Apostles:
The 12 Apostles played a dominant role in spreading Christianity by popularizing the principles of Jesus. Among them St. Peter and St. Paul are important. St. Peter founded a Church at Rome and became the first Pope to spread Christianity in Rome and Asia Minor. St. Peter was executed by Nero-the Emperor of Rome which made him a martyr. St. Paul became the second Pope.

Role of Church. The Church became the chief institute for the preservation and propagation of the faith. People believed in Church as a way to Heaven and Pope as the representative of God. Despite persecutions, Christianity gained popularity.

5. Role of Constantine:
The persecution of the Christians stopped when Constantine became the Emperor of Rome. He built a new city called Constantinople and dedicated it to Virgin Maty. He issued the Edict of Milan, which made Christianity a legal religion in the Roman Empire and gave permission to the Christian missionaries to spread Christianity in the East. Under Emperor Theodisius in the 4^th century C.E., Christianity became the state religion.

Question 4.
Explain the life and teachings of Prophet Mohammed.
Answer:
Mohammed was born in 570 C.E. at Mecca in Arabia. Abdullah and Ameena were his parents, He belonged to the Qureshi tribe of Mecca. He lost his parents early in his childhood and was brought up by his uncle Abu-Talib. Due to poverty, he could not receive any formal education, but he was trained to look after sheep and camels.

He was known for his honesty and sincerity. As a youth, he spent most of his time in travelling with the caravans. The comerchants called him as Amin – one who is reliable. He married Khadija, a widow, who was 15 years elder to him. They had two sons and two daughters. Daughter Fathima survived and other three died. She was given in marriage to Ali. Mohammed led a normal married life up to the age of forty.

He spent most of his time in meditation and fasting. He was also seriously thinking about the social and religious evils of the Arabs. While meditating at the Hira cave, Gabriel a messenger of God preached him the holy Gospels while he was in a trance.

Mohammed realized the impact of the Divine message of God. He also realized that he was the chosen one, and had a great mission to fulfill. His wife, son-in-law, daughter, friend Abu-Bakr and his servant Syed Mohammed were his first disciples. He declared “There is no God but Allah and Mohammed is his prophet”

He started teaching the principles of the new faith to the people of Mecca. He criticized the meaningless ceremonials like Idol worship, polytheism, and superstitions among Arabs. He preached the purity of life, truth, and faith in Allah. He said Allah is Omnipotent and kind to all.

He preached Allah would reward the just and punish the wicked. Those who surrender themselves to the will of God were Muslims. His followers called him Prophet. Mohammed declared he was the prophet chosen by Allah to reveal his message to mankind. He said, “Allah was all-merciful, all-wise and all-powerful”.

Question 5.
Explain the foundation and the five pillars of Islam.
Answer:
A true believer in Islam (Muslim) has to perform certain duties which might be called pillars of Islam or principles of Islam. They are Kalima, Namaz, Zaqqat, Roza and Hajj.

1. Kalima:
It means faith. Muslims should profess their faith in God Allah and his messenger, Mohammed – his Prophet. Every Muslim was required to receive the Muslim Credo. “There is no God but Allah, everyone should surrender to him, have faith and respect him”. This is an important message of the Quran.

2. Namaz:
It means prayer. Every Muslim has to pray five times a day, namely at dawn, shortly after midday, late afternoon, at sunset and at bedtime. He is expected to clean himself and turn towards Mecca and offer prayer. Every Friday, one has to go to Mosque to offer prayer and listen to the discussion on Quran. Prayer is the best method to please God and getting one’s sins pardoned.

3. Zaqqat:
It is to give alms to the poor. Almsgiving is another duty of every Muslim. One should be honest and sincere. He has to give 2.5% of his income in charity for the promotion of religion and help the poor.

4. Roza:
It means fasting. Every Muslim should fast in the month of Ramzan. One should fast for 29 to 30 days from morning to dusk. Fasting brings in purity of heart. It balances the desires, it controls one’s habits and it creates a confidence towards deliverance. It proves that we ar6 not slaves of our habits. It is a proper training to acquire good character. Sick people, travelers, children, old and nursing mothers are exempted.

Hajj:
It is a Holy pilgrimage to Mecca. A true Muslim should undertake pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca at least once in his lifetime. For such people, heaven is opened. Hajj means renewal of submission to God Allah. As Kashi is to Hindus, Vatican City is to Christians, so is Mecca to Muslims. Door to Mecca is open from October to December. Millions of Pilgrims come from all over the world. When Prophet Mohammed prohibited idol worship at Khaba, it became the holy prayer hall to Muslims.

Question 6.
Explain in detail the rise and spread of Islam.
Answer:
Islam is one of the important religions of the world. Islam rose from Arabian Peninsula, situated in South West Asia. This land was inhabited by Arabs. The land was a desert. Mecca and Madina were the only two important cities in Arabia. As Rainfall was scanty, cultivation was not possible. So 80% of Arabs were nomads. They tended camels which provided them milk and meat.

They cultivated dates, apricots, pomegranates, lemons, orange, and bananas. Camel and horse were the means of transport. They led a hard life and quarrels between tribes for Oasis and fodder were the order of the day. People were socially and economically backward. Tribes looted the commercial caravans and plundered cities. Theft, robbery, and gambling were common.

They worshipped more than 360 idols. Blind faith and animal sacrifice existed in the society. In spite of these ugly traits, Arabs were held together by a common faith-the shrine of Khaba at Mecca. They did not have a common social, moral, cultural and religious framework.

Prophet Mohammed founded Islam and organised Muslims under a single religious framework. Mohammed was born in 570 C.E. at Mecca in Arabia. Abdullah and Ameena were his parents. He belonged to the Qureshi tribe of Mecca.

He lost his parents early in his childhood and was brought up by his uncle Abu-Talib. Due to poverty, he could not receive any formal education, but he was trained to look after sheep and camels. He was known for his honesty and sincerity. As a youth, he spent most of his time in travelling with the caravans.

The co¬merchants called him as Amin-one who is reliable. He married Khadija, a widow, who was 15 years elder to him. They had two sons and two daughters. Daughter Fathima survived and other three died. She was given in marriage to Ali. Mohammed led a normal married life up to the age of forty.

He spent most of his time in meditation and fasting. He was also seriously thinking about the social and religious evils of the Arabs. While meditating at the Hira cave, Gabriel a messenger of God preached him the holy Gospels while he was in a trance. Mohammed realized the impact of the Divine message of God.

He also realized that he was the chosen one, and had a great mission to fulfill. His wife, son-in-law, daughter, friend Abu-Bakr and his servant Syed Mohammed were his first disciples. He declared “There is no God but Allah and Mohammed is his prophet”.

He started teaching the principles of the new faith to the people of Mecca. He criticized the .meaningless ceremonials like Idol worship, polytheism, and superstitions among Arabs. He preached the purity of life, truth, and faith in Allah. He said Allah is Omnipotent and kind to all.

He preached Allah would reward the just and punish the wicked. Those who surrender themselves to the will of God were Muslims. His followers called him Prophet. Mohammed declared he was the prophet chosen by Allah to reveal his message to mankind. He said, “Allah was all-merciful, all-wise and all-powerful”.

You can Download Chapter 11 Contemporary World Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC History Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 11 Contemporary World

1st PUC History Contemporary World One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
When was the term ‘Cold War’ used for the first time?
Answer:
The term ‘Cold War’ came to be used after World War II and George Orwell used it as a general term in his essay.

Question 2.
What is Cold War?
Answer:
Cold War was a sustained state of political and military tension between the western world and the communist world. It was a situation of no war and no peace.

Question3.
Who wrote an essay ‘You and the Atomic Bomb’?
Answer:
George Orwell the English author and journalist wrote ‘You and the Atomic Bomb’ in 1945.

Question 4.
Name the American statesman to use the term ‘Cold war’ specifically.
Answer:
Bernard Baruch in 1947 used the term ‘Cold War’.

Question 5.
When did Greece secure independence from the Nazi rule?
Answer:
Greece secured independence from the Nazi rule in 1944.

Question 6.
Who was Truman?
Answer:
Harny S. Truman was the President of America at the time of the ending of the second world war.

Question 7.
What was the aim of Marshall Plan?
Answer:
The main aim of the Marshall Plan was to contain communism in Europe.

Question 8.
In response to Marshall plan, which plan was introduced by the Soviet Union?
Answer:
In response to Marshall Plan, Molotov plan was introduced by the Soviet Union.

Question 9.
When did USSR and China sign a defence treaty?
Answer:
USSR and China signed a defence Treaty in 1950.

Question 10.
Expand NATO.
Answer:
NATO: North American Treaty Organization.

Question 11.
Expand SEATO.
Answer:
SEATO: South East Asia Treaty Organization.

Question 12.
Expand CENTO.
Answer:
CENTO: Central Treaty Organization.

Question 13.
When did U.S.S.R form the Warsaw Pact?
Answer:
USSR formed the Warsaw Pact with the East European countries in 1955.

Question 14.
In which year was the Berlin Wall constructed?
Answer:
Berlin Wall was constructed in 1961.

Question 15.
Name the Russian Intelligence Agency.
Answer:
KGB- Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti in Russian, or Committee for State Security.

Question 16.
Name the American Intelligence Agency.
Answer:
CIA: Central Intelligence Agency.

Question 17.
When was Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed?
Answer:
The Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was signed in 1963.

Question 18.
Name the American President to blockade Cuba.
Answer:
The American President to blockade Cuba was John. F. Kennedy.

Question 19.
When did the Vietnam War come to an end?
Answer:
Vietnam War came to an end in 1975.

Question 20.
In which year was Vietnam united?
Answer:
Vietnam was united in 1975.

Question 21.
Expand SALT.
Answer:
SALT: Strategic Arms Limitations Talks.

Question 22.
In which year did the ‘Cold War’ end?
Answer:
The Cold War ended in 1992.

Question 23.
Where is the Headquarters of NATO?
Answer:
The Headquarters of NATO is in Paris.

Question 24.
What was the main aim of SEATO?
Answer:
The main aim of SEATO was to forestall the communist aggression in South East Asia and Pacific regions.

Question 25.
When was CENTO agreement dissolved?
Answer:
CENTO agreement was dissolved in 1958.

Question 26.
When did Soviet Union disintegrate?
Answer:
Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991.

Question 27.
What is ‘Glasnost’?
Answer:
The policy of openness in external relations which was introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev is called Glasnost.

Question 28.
What is ‘Perestroika’?
Answer:
Reconstruction of the Society and Economy of Russia through liberalisation is called Perestroika.

Question 29.
Who headed C.I.S after the disintegration of the Soviet Union?
Answer:
The Republic of Belarus, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine founded the CIS.

Question 30.
Where is the Headquarters of C.I.S.?
Answer:
The Headquarters of C.I.S. is at Minsk.

1st PUC History Contemporary World Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Name any four member countries of NATO.
Answer:
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation members are America, Britain, France, Belgium, Canada, Portugal, Netherlands, Norway, and others.

Question 2.
Name any four member countries of SEATO.
Answer:
Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation members were England, Thailand, Australia, New Zealand, America, Philippines, Pakistan, France, and others.

Question 3.
Name any four member countries of CENTO.
Answer:
Central Treaty Organisation or Baghdad Pact members are Iraq, Turkey, Iran, England, and Pakistan.

Question 4.
Name the anti-American military organization. When did it come into existence?
Answer:
The Warsaw Pact between USSR and the East European countries was the anti-American military organization. It came into existence in 1955.

Question 5.
Name any four member countries of Warsaw Pact.
Answer:
USSR, Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, Rumania are some of the member countries of Warsaw Pact.

Question 6.
Name any four Independent Republics which broke away from the Soviet Union.
Answer:
Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, and Uzbekistan are some of the Independent Republics which broke away from the Soviet Union.

Question 7.
Name the Presidents of America and Russia who ended the Cold War.
Answer:
George Bush (Sr.) and Boris Yeltsin were the Presidents of America and Russia respectively who ended the cold war.

Question 8.
When was NATO established and where?
Answer:
NATO was established in 1949 in Washington.

Question 9.
Who Were the Human rights activists of Russia?
Answer:
Andrei Sakharov and Boris Yeltsin were the human rights activists of Russia.

Question 10.
Which is West Asia?
Answer:
The term West Asia is used to denote the Arab Countries extending from Syria to Egypt and also Israel.

Question 11.
What are the Words of Freidman?
Answer:
Freidman said that “A world divided into two camps is still a world living under the shadow of wars”.

Question 12.
Who withdrew their forces from Iran after World War II?
Answer:
Britain and the USA withdrew their forces from Iran after World War II.

Question 13.
Whose support did the British Government seek to suppress the communist uprising in Greece?
Answer:
Both the British Government and the Greek Government sought the support of America to check the rising communist influence in Greece.

Question 15.
Expand KGB and CIA.
Answer:
KGB: Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti.
CIA: Central Intelligence Agency.

1st PUC History Contemporary World Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the causes for Cold War.
Answer:
Causes for Cold War:
During World War II, Soviet Union and the Western powers consisting of U.K. France and USA fought together against Germany and its allies. But just after the War, distrust, and suspicion loomed over Soviet Union and the Western powers.

1. Russia’s refusal to evacuate from Iran:
After World War II, Britain and USA withdrew their forces from Iran, but the Soviet Union refused to do so. Finally, only after the UN intervention, Russia withdrew its forces. It embittered the relations between the Western Powers and Soviet Union.

2. Sovietization of Eastern Europe:
Soviet Union was accused of not honouring the pledges of the Yalta and the Balkan agreements. At Yalta, the Western powers recognized the military authority of Russia over Eastern and Central Europe. But it was agreed that, in all the liberated countries of Europe, democratic institutions would be established and free elections are held. But communist supported Governments were established in the entire Balkan region through the intervention of Russia. Western powers resented this and united to check the spread of communism and Russian influence.

3. Soviet influence in Greece:
In 1944, Greece secured its independence from the Nazi rule with the support of Britain. When the German forces left Greece, the British entered Greece. According to a treaty concluded between Soviet Union and British, Russia recognized the British sphere of influence in Greece. At the same time there was a clash between the communists and royalists in Greece. Soviet Union was believed to be instigating a communist revolution in Greece. Both the British and the Greek Governments sought the support of America, and President Truman announced both military and economic assistance to Greece.

4. Soviet influence in Turkey:
Just after World War II, Soviet Union exerted pressure on Turkey to cede some of its territories. But Turkey refused to oblige and secured American assistance. USA followed the policy of defending Turkey and Greece against the possible attack of the Soviet Union. U.S .Congress approved to extend economic and military aid to Turkey.

5.Problems relating to Germany:
Soviet Union had suffered heavily during World War II. At the Yalta conference Stalin demanded 10,000 million dollars as reparations from Germany. After the war, Soviet Union destroyed German Industries and transferred costly German machines to Russia, because of which the German economy was shattered. Britain and America had to give huge economic aid to reconstruct the German economy.

6. The secrecy of the Atom Bomb:
USA kept the technology of the atom bomb a secret from USSR, though Soviet Union was an ally of United States during the war. Stalin considered it as a betrayal of trust and confidence in Russia. Moreover Soviet Union was also concerned about its own security.

7. Communist activities in the USA:
The Soviet Union began to encourage communist activities and espionage in the United States of America. In 1945, it was discovered by the American strategic services that some of the secret documents had been spuriously passed on to the communist Agency.

Question 2.
Write a note on Berlin Blockade.
Answer:
The Cold War tensions between Soviet Union and Western powers increased due to the German problem. After World War II, Germany was put under the occupancy of the victorious allies. It was divided into East and West Germany. East Germany was under Russian control. So the Russian President Stalin blocked Berlin and cut off all land and sea contacts between West Germany and Berlin. The Berlin Blockade was not a complete blockade as it allowed permitted access and exit through three air corridors. The Blockade was withdrawn after eleven months. This was the first Berlin crisis. America started anti-communist propaganda all over the world.

Question 3.
Write a note on the Second Berlin Crisis.
Answer:
With respect to the problem of Germany, there was no significant progress in the relations between the Western powers and the Soviet Union. A second Berlin Crisis began in 1958 with the Russian President Khrushchev’s ultimatum that West Berlin must be evacuated within six months. But this crisis was averted and Khrushchev agreed to meet the American President Eisenhower. Khrushchev was also invited to the USA. By 1959, there was an improvement in Soviet-American relations.

In 1961, John F. Kennedy became the President of the USA. He tried to seek ‘Areas of Co-operation’ with the Soviet Union. But the circumstances were not favourable. Both were secretly spying on each other. In 1961, a 25 mile long Berlin partition wall was constructed to check the fleeing of people from East Berlin to West Berlin.

Question 4.
Write a note on SEATO and the Warsaw Pact.
Answer:
SEATO:
The South East Asia Treaty Organization was born due to the fear created by the spread of communism. The establishment of communist rule in China further enhanced the fear of the spread of communism in South East Asia and Pacific regions. The United States and Western Powers decided to establish a regional collective defence system. After many discussions in various places, England, America, Franee, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Philippines and Pakistan met at Manila-the capital of Philippines in 1954 and signed a pact, in the interest of South East Asia.The chief purpose of the SEATO was to forestall communist aggression. This was put to test in the Vietnam War. After a prolonged war, America lost her prestige and consequently the SEATO agreement was dissolved in 1975.

WARSAW Pact:
In 1955, USSR formed the Warsaw pact with the East European countries like Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Rumania and Poland against NATO. This intensified the rivalry between USA and USSR. The Pact came to an end in 1991 with the disintegration of USSR.

Question 5.
What were the effects of Cold War?
Answer:
The effects of the Cold War are:

• Both the United States of America and the Soviet Union built up huge arsenals of atomic weapons and ballistic missiles.
• The military blocs NATO and the Warsaw Pact were formed.
• It led to destructive conflicts like the Vietnam War and the Korean War.
• Soviet Union collapsed due to economic weaknesses.
• The demolition of the Berlin Wall unified East Germany and West Germany.
• The Warsaw Pact was dissolved.
• The Baltic States and some former Soviet Republics achieved independence.
• America became the sole super power of the world.
• Communism received a setback worldwide.

Question 6.
What are the factors responsible for the disintegration of Russia?
Answer:
The factors responsible for the disintegration of U.S.S.R are:

• Too much restriction on individual liberty.
• Failure to establish equality among people.
• Excessive importance to defence industry.
• Negligence of agriculture.
• Iron curtain policy.
• Liberal policies introduced by Gorbachev.
• Conflicting cultural and ethnic groups.

Question 7.
What are the aims and objectives of C.I.S?
Answer:
The aims and objectives of CIS are:

• All the members are Sovereign and Independent Nations.
• The existing borders of each Republic were recognized.
• To establish a free market Rouble zone embracing all the Republics.
• To establish a joint Defence Force of the participating Republics.
• To promote co-operation on cross-border crime prevention
• To prevent armed conflicts on the territory of the member States.
• To co-ordinate the foreign and economic policies of member States.

Question 8.
Give a note on the Civil war in Korea.
Answer:
There was a civil war in Korea between 1950 and 1953 over political ideologies and there were armed conflicts and killings along with property loss. Korea divided itself into South Korea following the Capitalist principles and North Korea owing allegiance to Communist ideals. The USA helped South Korea, and China extended help to North Korea and as a result, the Cold War intensified. The civil war ended with the division of Korea into North Korea and South Korea. In 1953, an armistice was concluded between the two Koreas and war came to an end and peace was restored.

Question 9.
Write a note on NATO.
Answer:
NATO was established in 1949 at Washington. This was a military pact formed by 15 European countries under the leadership of America against Russia. The members were America, Britain, France, Belgium, Canada, Portugal, Netherlands, Luxemburg, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. Later, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece and Turkey joined this group. Hungary and Poland joined NATO in 1999. At present NATO has 27 members. NATO members passed a resolution to help the members if attacked by any foreign power and to fight the enemy united. NATO has a contributory military unit and its Headquarters is in Paris.

Question 10.
Write a note on Boris Yeltsin.
Answer:
In 1989 the Soviet Union proceeded towards a democratic setup. The first-ever multi-candidate elections for a new super parliament were held. Boris Yeltsin, an opponent of Gorbachev emerged victorious. USSR faced a downward trend in the economic situation. Political stability was disturbed due to ethnic violence at Azerbaijan and Armenia. Gorbachev was unable to prevent the states from declaring their sovereignty and Independence one after the other.

Boris Yeltsin, the President of Russia emerged as the Centre of power. The Baltic States and other republics broke away and claimed their sovereignty. On December 25^th 1991, USSR was officially dissolved. Later in 1992, George Bush (Sr.), the President of America and Boris Yeltsin met and ended the cold war.

1st PUC History Contemporary World Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How was Gorbachev responsible for the disintegration of the Soviet Union? Explain.
Answer:
Mikhail Gorbachev was the most gifted and dynamic leader of the Soviet Union, after the end of World War II. He. led the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991 and gained worldwide fame for his domestic and foreign policies. In 1990, he won the Nobel Peace Prize for his contribution to world peace.

Born in 1931, Gorbachev’s parents were peasant farmers. He graduated in Law from the Moscow state university in 1955. During his student days, he joined the communist party and rose through the ranks of the party. In 1980, he became a member of the Politburo, the Chief policy-making body of Russia. Andropov, a friend of Gorbachev, became the communist party head in 1982. He was the most powerful leader at that time. Andropov promoted Gorbachev and put him in charge of the country’s economic policy. Finally, in 1985 Gorbachev was chosen as the Head of the Communist party and in 1988 as the President of the USSR.

He introduced two novel measures – Glasnost and Perestroika to restructure Soviet society and economy and shed the ‘Iron Curtain’ image.

1. Glasnost:
Glasnost in the Russian language means openness. It refers to the liberalizing of the various aspects of Soviet life. The glasnost introduced greater freedom of expression and information.

• Gorbachev took several steps to make the Soviet society more open. Bans on books, plays, and films were lifted.
• Political dissidents were released.
• Freedom of religious worship was granted.
• Soviet history came to be rewritten more objectively.
• Investigative journalism was encouraged to uncover political corruption.
• Under the legislation introduced in 1990, censorship of mass media was abolished.

2. Perestroika:
Perestroika in the Russian language means restructuring. It refers to the wide-ranging economic and political reforms introduced in the Soviet Union.

3. Market Socialism:
n order to restructure the economy, Gorbachev allowed the ‘Market forces’ i.e. the forces of demand and supply to operate in his country’s socialist economy. This is known as market socialism. The new economic policy offered more and more market incentives. Small – scale private enterprises were allowed. One motive behind this economic reform was to provide competition which is characteristic of a market economy and the other motive was to provide alternative employment.

• Gorbachev began to free the farmers and factory Managers from bureaucratic interference.
• He invited foreign investments into the Soviet Union.
• Besides, he began to restructure CPSV and State bureaucracies.

4. Foreign Policy:
Gorbachev made skilful use of the-foreign media to put the case against space weapons and nuclear testing. He concluded a treaty in 1988 with the Western Powers to eliminate medium-range Intermediate Nuclear Forces (INF) from the European soil. He withdrew the Soviet troops from Afghanistan in 1989. He reduced the size of the Soviet conventional forces. In 1991 he ended the cold war with the West. In the same year, Gorbachev and U.S. President Bush signed a Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START). This treaty was designed to reduce U.S. and Soviet long-range missiles by about a third.

5. Breakup of the Soviet Union:
On 19^th August 1991, a group of hardliners overthrew the Soviet Government and deposed Gorbachev when he was on a holiday. The coup was a failure and it collapsed on 21^stst August. Gorbachev was reinstated. The failure of the coup strengthened the separatist tendencies among the Republics of the U SSR. Within a very short period, eleven Soviet republics out of 15 declared their decision to come out of the Soviet Union.

As a result, confusion, anarchy, and violence followed. Finally, the break-up of the Soviet Union was complete. However, the eleven republics agreed to form themselves into a Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Gorbachev confirmed the belief that a communist cannot become democratic. When democracy triumphs, communism has to depart. Economic failure was the key reason for the collapse of the USSR.

Question 2.
Explain in detail the Regional Military Pacts.
Answer:
1. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization):
NATO was established in 1949 at Washington. This was a military pact formed by 15. European countries under the leadership of America against Russia. The initial members were America, Britain, France, Belgium, Canada, Portugal, Netherlands, Luxemburg, Italy, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland. Later, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, and Turkey also became members. Hungary and Poland joined NATO in 1999. NATO members passed a resolution to help the members if attacked by any foreign power and fight the enemy together. NATO has a contributory military unit and its Headquarters is in Paris.

2. SEATO (The South East Asia Treaty Organization):
SEATO was born due to the fear created by the spread of communism. The establishment of communist rule in China further enhanced the fear of the spread of communism in South East Asia and the Pacific regions. The United States and Western Powers decided to establish a regional collective defence system.

After many discussions at various places, England, America, France, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Philippines, and Pakistan met at Manila, the capital of Philippines in 1954 and signed a pact, in the interest of South East Asia. The chief purpose of the SEATO was to forestall communist aggression. This was put to test in the Vietnam War. After a prolonged war, America lost her prestige and consequently, the SEATO agreement was dissolved in 1975.

3. ANZUS Pact:
It was established in 1951. It was a military pact between Australia, New Zealand and America. By this pact, the signatory nations agreed to help each other in case of aggression on any member in the Pacific region.

4. CENTO or the Baghdad Pact:
CENTO was signed in 1955. England took the initiative in organising this but it did not join initially. It was an Anti Soviet Military Bloc in the Middle East. England joined later along with Pakistan and Iran. In 1958, Karim Kaseem, the President of Iraq flouted the Baghdad Pact, and CENTO failed to contain communist expansion in the Middle East.

5. WARSAW Pact:
In 1955, USSR formed the Warsaw pact with the East European countries like Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Rumania and Poland against NATO. This intensified the rivalry between the USA and USSR. The Pact came to an end in 1991 with the disintegration of the USSR.

You can Download Chapter 12 Non-Aligned Movement-Emergence of the Third world Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC History Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 12 Non-Aligned Movement-Emergence of the Third world

1st PUC History Non-Aligned Movement-Emergence of the Third world One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who was the first to use the word ‘Non-Aligned’?
Answer:
V.K. Krishna Menon, India’s External Affairs Minister was the first to use the word ‘Non- Aligned’.

Question 2.
What is Non-Aligned Movement?
Answer:
Non-Aligned Movement is a movement to settle International problems through peaceful and harmonious means without the use of force of weapons.

Question 3.
What according to Nehru is Non-Aligned Movement?
Answer:
As USA and USSR called the neutral countries as inactive, Nehru used Non-Aligned instead of Neutral. He interpreted Non-Alignment as dynamic neutrality protesting peacefully the oppression of the two military blocs.

Question 4.
Where was the first summit of Non-Aligned countries held?
Answer:
The first summit of Non-Aligned countries was held at Belgrade in 1961.

Question 5.
When was the Bandung Conference held?
Answer:
Bandung conference was held in 1955.

Question 6.
When was the Belgrade Conference held?
Answer:
Apart from the first one in 1961, the 9^th summit conference in 1989 was also hold in Belgnade.

Question 7.
Who was the Indian Prime Minister who participated in the Bandung Conference?
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru was the Indian Prime minister who participated in the Bandung Conference.

Question 8.
Who was the Indonesian President who participated in the Bandung Conference?
Answer:
Ahmad Sukarno was the Indonesian President who participated in the Bandung Conference.

Question 9.
Name the Egyptian President who participated in the Bandung Conference.
Answer:
Gamal Abdel Nasser was the Egyptian President who participated in the Bandung Conference.

Question 10.
Who presided over the Non-Aligned Summit at Delhi?
Answer:
India’s Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi presided over the 7^th Non- Aligned Summit at Delhi.

Question 11.
What are the basic Principles of the Non-Aligned Movement?
Answer:
The Panchasheela Principles accepted by India and China are the Principles of this Movement.

Question 12.
When did Kuwait occupy Iraq?
Answer:
On 2^nd August 1990, Kuwait occupied Iraq.

Question 13.
Who is called the Architect of the Non-Aligned Movement?
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru is called the Architect of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Question 14.
Where did Nehru’s Principles get World recognition?
Answer:
Nehru’s Principles got World recognition in the Bandung Conference.

Question 15.
Where was the 7^th summit of Non-Aligned countries held?
Answer:
The 7^th summit of Non-Aligned countries was held in Delhi.

Question 16.
Where was the last summit of Non-Aligned countries held?
Answer:
The last summit of Non-Aligned countries was held at Teheran, the capital of Iran in 2012.

Question 17.
State any two important Resolutions of the Belgrade Conference?
Answer:

• To reduce the intensity of the Cold War.
• To oppose Atomic weapons at the international level.
• To end Apartheid.
• To oppose Colonialism.

These are some of the major resolutions passed at the inaugural Belgrade Conference.

1st PUC History Non-Aligned Movement-Emergence of the Third world Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who used the word ‘Non-Aligned’ for the first time? When?
Answer:
The word Non-Alignment was first used by V.K. Krishna Menon in his speech at the U.N.O in 1953.

Question 2.
Where and when did Nehru use the word ‘Non-Aligned’?
Answer:
As USA and USSR called the neutral countries as inactive, Nehru used Non-Aligned instead of Neutral. He used this term in his speech in Colombo in 1954.

Question 3.
Write any two Principles of Non-Aligned Movement?
Answer:
Few of the Principles of Non-Aligned Movement are:

• Mutual non-Aggression.
• Non interference in internal affairs.
• Peaceful Coexistence.

Question 4.
When was the Bandung Conference held? Who presided over it?
Answer:
Bandung Conference was held in 1955. Indonesian President Ahmad Sukarno presided over it.

Question 5.
Name any two World leaders at the Bandung Conference?
Answer:
Nehru and Josip Broz Tito were two of the World leaders at the Bandung Conference.

Question 6.
Who were called as “The Three Stalwarts” (The Trio) of NAM?
Answer:
Josip Broz Tito, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Gamal Abdel Nasser played a prominent role in the first NAM Conference. They were called ‘The Three Stalwarts’ (the Trio) of Non- Aligned bloc.

Question 7.
When was the Belgrade Summit held? Who presided over it?
Answer:
The inaugural Belgrade summit was held in 1961. President of Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito presided over it.

Question 8.
Where and in which year did the Non-Aligned Movement begin?
Answer:
In 1955, at the Bandung Conference of the African and Asian countries, the Non-Aligned Movement was advocated and came into being.

Question 9.
When was the first summit of Non-Aligned Countries held? Who presided over it?
Answer:
The first summit of Non- Aligned Countries was held at Belgrade in 1961. Josip Broz Tito, the President of Yugoslavia presided over it.

Question 10.
Where and when was the 7^th Summit of Non-Aligned countries held?
Answer:
The 7^th summit of the Non-Aligned countries was held at Delhi, India’s Prime Minister Smt. -Indira Gandhi president over the conference.

Question 11.
Where was the 8^th Summit of Non-Aligned countries held? Who was the Indian Prime Minister who participated in it?
Answer:
The 8^th summit of Non-Aligned countries was held at Harare. Rajeev Gandhi was the Indian Prime Minister who participated in it.

Question 12.
Where was the 9^th Summit of Non-Aligned countries held? Name the Indian Prime- Minister who participated in it.
Answer:
The 9^th summit of the Non-Aligned countries was held at Belgrade. Rajeev Gandhi participated in it.

Question 13.
What is migration?
Answer:
From most of the third world countries, people move out to safer places in the developed countries for better employment, food and self protection. This is called migration.

Question 14.
Write any two achievements of NAM?
Answer:
The major achievements of NAM are as follows.

• It has helped to decrease the intensity of Cold War.
• Worked hard to end Apartheid in South Africa.
• It is working hard to establish international peace.

Question 15.
State any-two limitations of Non-Aligned Movement.
Answer:
The limitations of Non-Aligned Movements are as follows.

• On 2^nd August 1990, Kuwait occupied Iraq. Though these two countries are members of Non-Aligned Movement, it failed to solve this problem.
• Arabian countries do not have complete interest in the Non-Aligned Movement.
• Non-Aligned Movement has failed to get able leadership in recent times, as it had in the beginning like Tito, Nehru, and others.
• Internal disputes among the Non-Aligned countries and lack of unity has weakened it.

Question 16.
State any two features of Non-Aligned Countries.
Answer:
The main features of Non-Aligned Movement are as follows.

1. Economic Backwardness:
Non-Aligned countries are economically backward. These countries have primitive Agriculture and weak industries. Hence the national production and per capita income of these countries are very low.

2. Dependence on others:
Non-Aligned Countries are too backward in the fields of Science, Technology and Military power and are dependent on developed countries for assistance,

3. Rural Structure:
Non-Aligned Countries are mainly comprised of villages. Many villages are deprived of even basic necessities like proper sanitation, medical- facilities, transportation, basic education, and hygiene. These countries are lagging behind as they are far away from urbanization. Overpopulation, poverty and hunger and the spread of epidemics are other major drawbacks.

Question 17.
What were the important Resolutions of the Bandung Conference?
Answer:
The important Resolutions of Bandung Conference were as given below.

• To give importance to International peaceful co-existence.
• Noninterference in the internal affairs of other countries.
• Protection of fundamental human rights.

1st PUC History Non-Aligned Movement-Emergence of the Third world Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Describe the objectives of Non-Aligned Movement.
Answer:
The objectives of Non-Aligned Movements are as follows:

• To reduce the intensity of the Cold War between the two powerful military blocs of America and Soviet Union and keep away from the two blocs.
• To settle international disputes through peaceful dialogues.
• To oppose colonialism and Imperialism and support movements against them.
• To support the Atomic Weapon reduction agreement and come out of military agreements.
• To oppose racial conflicts, class discrimination, and Apartheid and to stage a fight against them.
• To condemn the acts of aggression, the injustice of the power blocks and to take measures to stop them.
• To safeguard the weaker countries from Economic Exploitation by the developed countries. To give financial assistance to developing countries.
• To protect the fundamental human rights.
• To solve problems like poverty, hunger, and illiteracy faced by Non-Aligned Nations.
• To support the programmes undertaken by the United Nations Organization.
• To remove Economic dependence and build self-dependence.
• To uphold democratic principles and popularize them.

Question 2.
Describe the causes for the rise of Non-Aligned Movement.
Answer:
Causes that led to the Emergence of Non-Aligned Movement are as follows.

1. Birth of Nationalism:
As a result of the birth of nationalism, many Asian, African and Latin American countries got Independence before the onset of the Cold War. They decided to remain independent of the power blocs.

2. Problems of Non-Aligned Countries:
Problems like poverty, illiteracy, unemployment, and overpopulation faced by the third world countries led to the rise of Non-Aligned Movement. It was inevitable for these countries to join one ideology or an institution to find solutions to these common problems.

3. Policy of World peace:
World peace was affected by the constant conflict between capitalist and communist blocs affecting other Countries. Hence Non-Aligned Movement emerged to establish world peace.

4. Economic Exploitation:
The Non-Aligned countries came together to free themselves from the economic exploitation and dependence on developed countries to achieve
development.

5. Opposition to the dominance of power blocs:
Non-Aligned countries came forward to oppose the two power blocs of the world, which imposed their dominance over them.

6. Principles of Panchasheela:
The Panchasheela principles of Nehru inspired the weaker countries to protect their freedom and existence. It led to the birth of Non-Aligned Movement.

7. Able Leadership:
Able leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Abdel Nasser, Marshal Tito, and Ahmad Sukarno played an important role in the Non-Aligned Movement.

8. Cold War:
Cold War started between the two power blocs. Non-Aligned Movement was needed to bring it under control.

Question 3.
Describe the features of Non-Aligned Countries.
Answer:
The features of Non-Aligned Countries are as given below.

1. Economic Backwardness:
Non-Aligned countries are economically backward. These countries have primitive Agriculture and weak industries. Hence the national production and per capita income of these countries are very low.

2. Dependence on others:
Non-Aligned Countries are too backward in the field of Science, Technology, and Military and are dependent on developed countries for assistance.

3. Rural Structure:
Non-Aligned Countries comprise of more number of villages. Many villages are deprived of basic necessities. These countries are lagging behind since they are far away from urbanization.

4. Overpopulation:
The population is increasing because of poverty, illiteracy, superstitions, etc., The Governments have failed in checking the growth of the population. Programmes relating to population control introduced by the Governments have not realised the expected level of exposure and enlightenment, due to the disinterest of the people and improper strategies. The increasing population is the cause of economic backwardness.

5. Poverty and Hunger:
Poverty is a serious problem among the Non-Aligned Countries. There is a shortage of food grains in these countries. They are dependent on developed countries for food grains. The majority of Africa lives in poverty. Non-Aligned countries are victims of poverty because of natural calamities, migration, internal clashes, unscientific utilization of natural resources, etc. countries like Nigeria, Somalia, Uganda, Haiti, Angola, and Ethiopia are unable to provide nutritious food.

6. Spread of Epidemics:
Negligence of Health is evident in the Non-Aligned Countries. Hence epidemics are spreading in these countries. There is a scarcity of health services. The most dreaded disease AIDS is on the rise in these countries.

7. Illiteracy:
The Educational development policies of Non-Aligned Countries have failed. The number of illiterates has increased. Literacy is very low in African countries and that among women is almost negligible. Asian countries are only slightly better in this respect.

8. Burden of Debt:
Most of the Non-Aligned Countries are reeling under foreign debt. It is inevitable for them to borrow loans from world economic institutions for their internal development. They have been forced to borrow new loans to repay the old loans and interests on them. This has a spiralling effect and these countries go bankrupt.

9. Migration:
From most of the third world countries, especially Africa, people move out to safer places in developed countries for better employment, food, and self-protection. This depletes the countries’ effective workforce. Water scarcity, unstable Governments and lack of modern military force are common in Non-Aligned countries.

Question 4.
Describe the achievements of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Answer:
Achievements of NAM are manifold. Along with the United Nations Organization, NAM is trying to solve international problems peacefully. It has a role in the achievements of U.N.O.
The Major Achievements of the Non-Aligned Movement are as follows.

• It has helped to decrease the intensity of Cold War.
• Helped U.N.O. in resolving the issues pertaining to Korea, Vietnam, Cuba, and Kuwait.
• Worked hard to end Apartheid in South Africa.
• Inspired treaties to reduce Atomic weapons.
• Worked to resist the dominance of power blocs.
• Popularized democratic principles.
• It is working hard to establish international peace.
• It is trying to find solutions to the problems faced by member nations.
• It is fighting for the self-reliance of member countries.

Question 5.
What are the limitations of Non-Aligned Movement?
Answer:
Limitations of NAM:
Non-Aligned Movement has been following the path of peace. It has opposed military power blocs. The economically backward countries and the ones that became independent after World War II and during the Cold War period have come together to achieve political Sovereignty and economic progress. Non-Aligned Movement neither has its own military nor economic power. Inevitably, these countries have sought economic assistance from developed countries. This shows the basic weakness of the Non-Aligned Movement.

The following few incidents highlight the limitations of the Non-Aligned Movement.

• On 2n^nd August 1990, Kuwait occupied Iraq. Though these two countries are members of the Non-Aligned Movement, it failed to solve this problem.
• Arabian countries do not have complete trust and specific interest in the Non-Aligned Movement.
• Non-Aligned Movement has failed to get able leadership in recent times, as it had in the beginning like Tito, Nehru, and others.
• The internal disputes among the Non-Aligned countries and the lack of unity have weakened it.
• Non-Aligned countries, on the one hand, are preaching disarmament and on the other are purchasing armaments from powerful countries.
• Non-Aligned countries do not have their own military power. It is impossible to achieve anything through criticism and peace talks.
• Non-Aligned countries have failed in checking terrorism.

Question 6.
Write about the relationship between India and NAM.
Answer:
India has played an important role in the formation of the Non-Aligned Movement. Jawaharlal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India is called the Architect of Non-Aligned Movement. His ‘Panchasheela’ formed the important principles of the Non-Aligned Movement. India has not only coined the word‘ Non-Aligned’ but has inspired others about it.

The following facts show the relationship between India and NAM.

• India has good relations with the other Non-Aligned countries. Nehru’s principles got world recognition in the Bandung conference, which officially declared the Non-Aligned policy.
• The 7^th summit of Non-Aligned countries was held at Delhi and India’s Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi presided over the conference. She said we should become a united voice in international organizations. Disarmament, Economic development, technical help were some of the issues that were discussed in this summit. India insisted Israel to withdraw her troops from Palestine.
• At the 8^th summit of Non-Aligned countries in Harare, the then Indian Prime Minister Rajeev Gandhi demanded the release of Nelson Mandela of South Africa. He also established the ‘African Fund’ to support the blacks who were fighting for their Rights and Freedom.
• The 9^th summit of Non-Aligned countries was held at Belgrade the capital of Yugoslavia. In this summit, Rajeev Gandhi gave a call for establishing ‘Global Protection Fund’ for the protection of the Environment.
• At the 12^th and 13^th summits of Non-Aligned countries, Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee gave a call to take a firm decision to combat international Terrorism. India also supported nuclear disarmament.
• At the 14^th summit, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh spoke about international terrorism and nuclear disarmament. At the 15^th summit, he brought to the notice of Non- Aligned countries, the Mumbai attacks and terrorism.
• At the 16^th summit held in Iran, Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh advocated the need for international action against the spread of nuclear armaments and terrorism. He also gave a call to find a solution to the Syrian problem acceptable to all.

Question 7.
What are the Principles of Non-Aligned Movement?
Answer:
The Panchasheela principles accepted by India and China in 1954 are the principles of Non-Aligned Movements. They are,

• Mutual respect for each other’s Regional Integrity and Sovereignty.
• Mutual non-Aggression.
• Non interference in internal affairs.
• To develop friendly relationship based on mutual co-operation and equality.
• Peaceful co-existence.

Question 8.
Write a note on Bandung Conference.
Answer:
A conference of the African and Asian countries was held at Bandung in Indonesia in the year 1955. Indonesian President Ahmad Sukarno organized and president over this conference and 29 countries participated in it. Most important leaders who participated in this conference were Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Ahmad Sukarno – the President of Indonesia, Josip Broz Tito – the President of Yugoslavia, Gama] Abdel Nasser – the President of Egypt and Kwame Nkrumah – President of Ghana. They were called the founders of Non-Aligned Movement. They desired a peaceful, amicable, military, political, economic, bilateral relationship with the USA and Soviet Union.
Important Resolutions passed at the Conference were:

• To bring in mutual Economic Co-operation and Cultural exchange between Afro-Asian countries.
• To give importance to International peaceful co-existence.
• Non interference in the internal affairs of other countries.
• Protection of fundamental human rights.

1st PUC History Non-Aligned Movement-Emergence of the Third world Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Trace the development of Non-Aligned Movement.
Answer:
The development of Non-Aligned Movement was envisaged for the following reasons.

• To reduce the intensity of Cold War between the two powerful military blocs of America and Soviet Union and keep away from the two blocs.
• To settle international disputes through peaceful dialouges.
• To oppose colonialism and Imperialism and support movement against them.
• To support Atomic weapon reduction agreement and come out of military agreements.
• To oppose racial conflicts, class discrimination, and Apartheid and to stage a fight against them.
• To condemn the acts of aggression, injustice of the power blocs and to take measures to stop them.
• To safeguard the weaker countries from Economic Exploitation by the developed countries. To give financial assistance to developing countries.
• To protect the fundamental human rights.
• To solve problems like poverty, hunger, and illiteracy faced by Non-Aligned Nations.
• To support the programmes undertaken by the United Nations Organization.
• To remove Economic dependence and build self-dependence.
• To uphold democratic principles and popularize them.

The features of the Non-Aligned Movement are:

1. Economic Backwardness:
Non-Aligned countries are economically backward. These countries have primitive Agriculture and weak industries. Hence the national production and per capita income of these countries are very low.

2. Dependence on others:
Non-Aligned Countries are too backward in the field of Science, Technology, and Military and are dependent on developed countries for assistance.

3. Rural Structure:
Non-Aligned Countries comprise of more number of villages. Many villages are deprived of basic necessities. These countries are lagging behind since they are far away from urbanization.

4. Over population:
Population is increasing because of poverty, illiteracy, superstitions, etc. The Governments have failed in checking the growth of population. Programmes relating to population control introduced by the Governments have not realised the expected level Increasing population is the cause of economic backwardness.

5. Poverty and Hunger:
Poverty is a serious problem among the Non-Aligned Countries. There is a shortage of food grains in these countries. They are dependent on the developed countries for food grains. Majority of Africans live in poverty. Non-Aligned countries are victims of poverty because of natural calamities, migration, internal clashes, unscientific utilization of natural resources, etc. Countries like Nigeria, Somalia, Uganda, Haiti, Angola, and Ethiopia are unable to provide nutritious food.

6. Spread of Epidemics:
Negligence of Health is evident in the Non-Aligned Countries. Hence epidemics are spreading in these countries. There is scarcity of health services. The most dreaded disease AIDS is on the rise in these countries.

7. Illiteracy:
The Educational development policies of Non-Aligned Countries have failed. The number of illiterates has increased. Literacy is very low in the African countries and that among women is almost negligible. Asian countries are only slightly better in this respect.

8. Burden of Debt:
Most of the Non-Aligned Countries are reeling under foreign debt. It is inevitable for them to borrow loans from world economic institutions for their internal development. They have been forced to borrow new loans to repay the old loans and interests on them. This has a spiralling effect and these countries go bankrupt.

9. Migration:
From most of the third world countries, especially Africa, people move out to safer places in the developed countries for better employment, food and self protection. This depletes the countries effective work force. Water scarcity, unstable Governments and lack of modern military force are common in Non-Aligned countries.

Achievements of NAM:
Achievements of NAM are manifold. Along with the United Nations Organization, NAM is trying to solve international problems peacefully. It has its role in the achievements of U.N.O.

The major Achievements of Non-Aligned Movement are as follows.

• It has helped to decrease the intensity of Cold War.
• Helped U.N.O. in resolving the issues pertaining to Korea, Vietnam, Cuba, and Kuwait.
• Worked hard to end Apartheid in South Africa.
• Inspired treaties to reduce Atomic weapons.
• Worked to resist the dominance of power blocs.
• Popularized democratic principles.
• It is working hard to establish international peace.
• It is trying to find solutions to the problems faced by member nations.
• It is fighting for the self-reliance of member countries.

Question 2.
Explain the Limitations and Achievements of NAM.
Answer:
The Limitations of NAM are as follows:
Non-Aligned Movement has been following the path of peace. It has opposed military power blocs. The economically backward countries and the ones that became independent after World War II and during the Cold War period, have come together to achieve political Sovereignty and economic progress. Non-Aligned Movement neither has its own military nor economic power. Inevitably, these countries have sought economic assistance from developed countries. This shows the basic weakness of the Non-Aligned Movement.

The following few incidents highlight the limitations of the Non-Aligned Movement.

• On 2^nd August 1990, Kuwait occupied Iraq. Though these two countries are members of Non-Aligned Movement, it failed to solve this problem.
• Arabian countries do not have complete trust and specific interest in the Non-Aligned Movement.
• Non-Aligned Movement has failed to get able leadership in recent times, as it had in the beginning like Tito, Nehru, and others.
• The internal disputes among the Non-Aligned’countries and the lack of unity have weakened it.
• Non-Aligned countries, on the one hand, are preaching disarmament and on the other are purchasing armaments from powerful countries.
• Non-Aligned countries do not have their own military power. It is impossible to achieve anything through criticism and peace talks.
• Non-Aligned countries have failed in checking terrorism.

Achievements of NAM are manifold. Along with the United Nations Organization, NAM is trying to solve international problems peacefully. It has a role in the achievements of U.N.0.

The Major Achievements of Non-Aligned Movement are as follows.

• It has helped to decrease the intensity of Cold War.
• Helped U.N.O. in resolving the issues pertaining to Korea, Vietnam, Cuba, and Kuwait.
• Worked hard to end Apartheid in South Africa.
• Inspired treaties to reduce Atomic weapons.
• Worked to resist the dominance of power blocs.
• Popularized democratic principles.
• It is working hard to establish international peace.
• It is trying to find solutions to the problems faced by member nations.
• It is fighting for the self-reliance of member countries.

Question 3.
Explain the objectives and causes for the rise of Non-Aligned Movements?
Answer:
The objectives of Non-Aligned Movements are:

• To reduce the intensity of the Cold War between the two powerful military blocs of America and the Soviet Union and keep away from the two blocs.
• To settle international disputes through peaceful dialogues.
• To oppose colonialism and Imperialism and support movement against them.
• To support the Atomic weapon reduction agreement and come out of military agreements.
• To oppose racial conflicts, class discrimination, and Apartheid and to stage a fight against them.
• To condemn the acts of aggression, injustice of the power blocs and to take measures to stop them.
• To safeguard the weaker countries from the Economic Exploitation by the developed countries. To give financial assistance to developing countries.
• To protect the fundamental human rights.
• To solve problems like poverty, hunger, and illiteracy faced by Non-Aligned Nations.
• To support the programmes undertaken by the United Nations Organization.
• To remove Economic dependence and build self dependence.
• To uphold democratic principles and popularize them.

Causes that led to the Emergence of the Non-Aligned Movement are as follows.
1. Birth of Nationalism:
As a result of the birth of nationalism, many Asian, African and Latin American countries got Independence before the onset of the Cold War. They decided to remain independent of the power blocs.

2. Problems of Non-Aligned Countries:
Problems like poverty, illiteracy, unemployment and overpopulation faced by the third world countries led to the rise of the Non-Aligned Movement. It was inevitable for these countries to join one ideology or an institution to find solutions to these common problems.

3. Policy of World peace:
World peace was affected by the constant conflict between capitalist and communist blocs affecting other countries. Hence Non-Aligned Movement emerged to establish world peace.

4. Economic Exploitation:
The Non-Aligned countries came together to free themselves from the economic exploitation and dependence on developed countries to achieve development.

5. Opposition to the dominance of power blocs:
Non-Aligned countries came forward to oppose the two power blocs of the world, which imposed their dominance over them.

6. Principles of Panchasheela:
The Panchasheela principles of Nehru inspired the weaker countries to protect their freedom and existence. It led to the birth of the Non-Aligned Movement.

7. Able Leadership:
Able leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru, Abdel Nasser, Marshal Tito, and Ahmad Sukarno played an important role in the Non-Aligned Movement.

8. Cold War:
Cold War started between the two power blocs. Non-Aligned Movement was needed to bring it under control.

You can Download Chapter 4 Establishment of Greek and Roman Empires – Contributions Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC History Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 4 Establishment of Greek and Roman Empires – Contributions

1st PUC History Establishment of Greek and Roman Empires – Contributions One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which is the most ancient civilization of Europe?
Answer:
Greek civilization is the most ancient civilization of Europe.

Question 2.
On which river valley did the Greek civilization develop?
Answer:
Danube.

Question 3.
What is the meaning of the word ‘Hellenes’?
Answer:
Ancient Greeks were called ‘Hellenes’, as they claimed descent from a common ancestor, Hellenes.

Question 4.
In which civilization do we find City-States?
Answer:
We find City-States in the Greek civilization.

Question 5.
In which City-State of Greece did democracy develop?
Answer:
Athens was the City-State of Greece were democracy developed.

Question 6.
Whose period is popularly called as the ‘Golden Age’ of Athens?
Answer:
Pericles’ period is popularly called as the ‘Golden Age’ of Athens.

Question 7.
Who is called as the father of Medicine?
Answer:
Hippocrates is regarded as the father of medicine.

Question 8.
Between whom was the Peloponnesian wars fought?
Answer:
The Peloponnesian wars took place between Sparta and Athens.

Question 9.
Name the battle in which Alexander defeated Porus.
Answer:
Alexander defeated Porus in the battle of Hydespes or battle of Jhelum (326 B.C.E).

Question 10.
Which Indian King defeated Seleucus?
Answer:
Chandra Gupta Mourya was the Indian King who defeated Seleucus.

Question 11.
Who was Euripides?
Answer:
Euripides was a Greek dramatist who specialised in tragic plays.

Question 12.
Who was the author of the book ‘Peloponnesian wars’?
Answer:
Thucycidides was the author of the book ‘Peloponnesian wars’.

Question 13.
Who wrote the book ‘The Republic’?
Answer:
Plato wrote the book ‘The Republic’.

Question 14.
In which year did the Olympic Games begin?
Answer:
The Olympic Games began in 776 BC.

Question 15.
What were the Greeks originally called as?
Answer:
Greeks were originally called as ‘Hellenes’.

Question 16.
Which language did the early Greeks speak?
Answer:
Early Greeks spoke an Indo-European language.

Question 17.
Mention the important features of the Periclean age.
Answer:
The important features of the Periclean age were the participation of even the poorest in the political affairs of the State and the jury system.

Question 18.
When was Athens destroyed?
Answer:
Athens was destroyed during the Persian war.

Question 19.
Who rebuilt Athens?
Answer:
Athens was rebuilt by Pericles.

Question 20.
Of which material, was the famous Parthenon or the temple of Virgin built?
Answer:
It was built of coloured marble stones.

Question 21.
Who is regarded as the ‘The Father of History’?
Answer:
Herodotus (485-425 B.C.E) is regarded as the ‘The Father of History’.

Question 22.
Who were the poets during the Golden age of Pericles?
Answer:
Sappho and Pindar.

Question 23.
Which parts of Alexander’s Empire came under the control of Antigonus?
Answer:
Macedonia and Greece came under the control of Antigonus.

Question 24.
Who is called as the ‘Father of Anatomy’?
Answer:
Herophilus is called as the ‘Father of Anatomy’.

Question 25.
What was Ptolemy’s belief about the Earth and the Universe?
Answer:
Ptolemy believed that the Earth was the centre of the Universe.

Question 26.
Which became an important Kingdom under Philip II?
Answer:
Macedonia, in North-Eastern Greece, became an important Kingdom, under Philip II.

Question 27.
On which river bank did the Roman Civilization develop?
Answer:
River Tiber.

Question 28.
When was the Roman Republic established?
Answer:
In 753 BCE.

Question 29.
From which word is the name ‘Rome’ derived?
Answer:
It was named Roma after Romulus, one of the founders of the city.

Question 30.
The word ‘Republic’ is derived from which Latin word?
Answer:
From‘Respublica’, meaning ‘A thing of the people’.

Question 31.
Who was Hannibal?
Answer:
Hannibal was a Carthagean General who had scored brilliant victories but could not capture Rome.

Question 32.
Who became the first Dictator of Rome?
Answer:
Marius became the first Dictator of Rome.

Question 33.
Who acted as a Mediator between Julius Caesar and Pompey?
Answer:
Crassus acted as a Mediator between Julius Caesar and Pompey.

Question 34.
Whose famous words were “Vini, Vidi, Vici”?
Answer:
Julius Caesar.

Question 35.
Which was the battle in which Julius Caesar defeated Pompey?
Answer:
Battle at Pharsalus.

Question 36.
Who was Cleopatra?
Answer:
Cleopatra was the Queen of Egypt.

Question 37.
Who was the person responsible for the murder of Julius Caesar?
Answer:
Brutus.

Question 38.
Name the greatest Ruler of the Roman Empire?
Answer:
Augustus Caesar was the greatest Ruler of the Roman Empire.

Question 39.
What was the original name of Augustus Caesar?
Answer:
Gaius Octavius.

Question 40.
What is the meaning of ‘Augustus’?
Answer:
Holy or dignity is the meaning of ‘Augustus’.

Question 41.
Who was the Emperor of Rome when Jesus Christ was born?
Answer:
Augustus Caesar was the Emperor of Rome when Jesus Christ was born.

Question 42.
Who shifted the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople?
Answer:
Emperor Constantine shifted the capital to Constantinople.

Question 43.
What is the present-day name of Constantinople?
Answer:
Istanbul.

Question 44.
What was Justinian famous for?
Answer:
Justinian was famous for his code of Roman Law called the ‘Justinian Code’.

Question 45.
Who was the greatest Physician of Ancient Roman Empire?
Answer:
Galen.

Question 46.
Who was the first person to describe the symptoms of Diabetes and Diphtheria?
Answer:
Aretacus.

Question 47.
Who built the Saint Sophia Church at Constantinople?
Answer:
Emperor Constantine.

Question 48.
Where is the city of Rome located?
Answer:
The city of Rome is located on the Banks of River Tiber on the Palatine and six other Hills.

Question 49.
Which was the usual form of Government in Ancient Rome?
Answer:
Republic or Monarchy was the usual form of Government.

Question 50.
When was the Roman Republic established?
Answer:
Roman Republic was established around 509 BCE.

Question 51.
Who was a great General, Dictator, and Reformer of Ancient Rome?
Answer:
Julius Caesar.

Question 52.
What is Augustan age popularly called as?
Answer:
Augustan age is popularly called the ‘Golden age’ in the history of Rome.

1st PUC History Establishment of Greek and Roman Empires – Contributions Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Name any two City-States of ancient Greece.
Answer:
Sparta, Athens, Macedonia, Corinth, and Thebes were the important City-States.

Question 2.
Name any two reforms introduced by Solon.
Answer:
He helped Athenian merchants by introducing Coin-Currency and encouraged foreign artisans to settle in Athens. He brought about a system by which the people as a whole gained the power of electing their magistrates and judging their work. His reforms benefitted both middle and poor class Athenians.

Question 3.
Mention any two reforms of Cleisthenes.
Answer:
Cleisthenes, from an influential family, broke the power of the ruling clans by granting citizenship rights to male adults. Thus poor people also got the right to vote. He reorganized the state on a democratic trend.

Question 4.
Where is the Parthenon temple? Who built it?
Answer:
Parthenon temple is in Athens. It was built by Pericles.

Question 5.
Name any two Dramatists of Periclean age.
Answer:
Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides were the Dramatists of Periclean age.

Question 6.
Mention any two Philosophers of Periclean Age.
Answer:
Socrates and his pupil Plato were the great Philosophers during the age of Pericles.

Question 7.
Name any two important Historians of Periclean Age.
Answer:
Herodotus (485-425 B.C.E) who is regarded as the father of history and Thucycidides (471¬400 B.C.E) were two important Historians of the Periclean Age.

Question 8.
Name any two battles in which Alexander defeated the Persians.
Answer:
Alexander with his 35,000 soldiers, marched against the Persian empire. He defeated them in the battles of Granicus, Issus, and Arable.

Question 9.
Which are the two works of Homer?
Answer:
‘Iliad’ and ‘Odyssey’ were two of the works of Homer.

Question 10.
Who were the two lyric Poets of Greek Civilization?
Answer:
Pindar and Sappo were the two lyric Poets of Greek Civilization.

Question 11.
Name the two works of Aeschylus.
Answer:
‘Prometheus Bound’ and ‘Agamemnon’ were two of the works of Aeschylus.

Question 12.
Mention any two works of Sophocles.
Answer:
‘Oedipus Rex’, ‘Antigone’ and ‘Electra’ were the works of Sophocles.

Question 13.
Who were the famous mathematicians of ancient Greece?
Answer:
Pythagoras and Euclid who had made many contributions to mathematics, especially to Geometry were the famous mathematicians.

Question 14.
Mention any two styles of ancient Greek Architecture.
Answer:
Doric, Ionic, and the Corinthian were the styles of ancient Greek Architecture.

Question 15.
Mention any two important Philosophers of ancient Greece.
Answer:
The most famous Philosophers of ancient Greece were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

Question 16.
Mention any two works of Plato.
Answer:
‘Republic’ and ‘The laws’ are two works of Plato.

Question 17.
Mention any two works of Aristotle.
Answer:
His important works are‘The Politics’ and ‘History of animals’.

Question 18.
What is classical Civilization?
Answer:
The term classical is used to typify the climax in the development of the ancient civilizations.

Question 19.
Write about Athenian Democracy.
Answer:
Athenians made remarkable progress in politics, laws, literature, art, science, and philosophy. Monarchy and Oligarchy did not suit their temperament and so were discarded and with the contributions of Draco, Solon, and Cleisthenes, Democracy came into existence in Athens.

Question 20.
Who was Draco?
Answer:
Draco was an Athenian nobleman who gave the Athenians a written code of laws. It provided-safety to the people from the tyranny of dishonest and corrupt judges but did nothing to help the poor farmers.

Question 21.
Who was Solon?
Answer:
Solon introduced constitutional reforms of democratic character in Athens which liberated the enslaved farmers from their debts and mortgages of land. He introduced Coin-Currency and encouraged foreign artisans to settle in Athens.

Question 22.
Who was Cleisthenes?
Answer:
Cleisthenes, from an influential Athenian family, broke the power of the ruling clans by granting citizenship rights to male adults. Poor people also got the right to vote and the tribal nature of the Government was brought to an end and the State was set on a democratic trend.

Question 23.
Name the great Greek Dramatists, who wrote tragic plays.
Answer:
Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides were the Greek Dramatists.

Question 24.
Which is regarded as the ‘School of Hellas’ and ‘The Golden Age’?
Answer:
Periclean age of Athens.

Question 25.
Which are the epics written by Homer?
Answer:
‘Iliad’ and ‘Odyssey’.

Question 26.
What plays did the greatest Greek tragedian write?
Answer:
The greatest of the Greek tragedians, Sophocles wrote ‘Oedipus Rex’, ‘Antigone’ and ‘Electra’.

Question 27.
Who founded the city of Rome?
Answer:
The city of Rome was founded by the twin brothers, Romulus, and Remus in 753 BCE, on the Palatine hill.

Question 28.
Name the ‘first Triumvirate’ of the Roman Empire.
Answer:
The first Triumvirate were Pompey, Julius Caesar, and Crassus.

Question 29.
Which are the books written by Julius Caesar?
Answer:
Julius Caesar wrote ‘Gallic Wars’ and ‘Civil Wars’.

Question 30.
Name any two reforms introduced by Julius Caesar.
Answer:

1. He increased the strength of the Senate and reduced its power.
2. He distributed public lands and provided employment to the poor.
3. He extended citizenship rights to provincial subjects.

Question 31.
Who Formed the ‘Second Triumvirate’?
Answer:
Mark Antony, Lepidus and Octavian formed the ‘Second Triumvirate’.

Question 32.
What is Coliseum?
Answer:
Coliseum was an Amphitheatre in Rome for holding fights between Gladiators. It was built in 80CE by Emperor Vespasian. It could accommodate about 50000 people.

Question 33.
Mention the two important Generals of Augustus Caesar.
Answer:
Agrippa and Maecenas.

Question 34.
Name any four Poets or Historians who adorned the court of Augustus Caesar.
Answer:
Livy, Horace, Virgil, Ovid, Pliny, and Tacitus were the ones.

Question 35.
What is Pax Romana?
Answer:
Pax Romana means Roman peace. The Roman Empire under Augustus Caesar brought about a period of great peace in the Mediterranean World as never before.

Question 36.
What are the ‘Twelve Tables’?
Answer:
Earlier, laws were interpreted by the priests. The first written code came in the form of ‘Twelve Tables’ in 150 BCE.

Question 37.
What is Jus Gentium?
Answer:
Jus Gentium was one part of the Roman law applying to foreigners in Rome and to others within Roman lands, who were not given citizenship.

Question 38.
Name any two historians of ancient Rome.
Answer:
Livy and Virgil.

Question 39.
What is Pantheon?
Answer:
It is the most famous and best-preserved of Roman buildings. It was built during the time of Augustus and later rebuilt during the time of Hadrian.

Question 40.
From where did the first inhabitants of Italy come?
Answer:
The first inhabitants of Italy came from North Africa, Spain, and France.

Question 41.
Name any two hills on which Rome was built.
Answer:

1. The Palatine
2. The Capitoline
3. The Caelian
4. The Esquiline
5. The Aventine
6. The Viminal
7. The Quirinal. (Any two)

Question 42.
What is World State?
Answer:
Having a uniform system of administration and common laws in all the countries is the idea behind ‘World State’. This was first mooted by Alexander, and the Romans gave the first practical demonstration of it.

Question 43.
Who was Galen?
Answer:
He was the greatest Physician of the Roman period. Galen made a scientific study of the many parts of the human body and wrote on human anatomy. He was the first to discover the circulation of blood.

Question 44.
Who were Etruscans?
Answer:
They were a group of people who settled in around 1000 BCE on Tiber. They were skilled architects and engineers. Romans learnt from them how to drain swamps and to construct roads.

1st PUC History Establishment of Greek and Roman Empires – Contributions Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write a short note on City-States of ancient Greece.
Answer:
The city-state was the outstanding political achievement of the Greeks. Topographical features of the country and the tribal characteristics of the people were important factors in the development of the City-States. The Polis originated as a fortified site but later was interpreted as a Sovereign State. It included the fort, the city, and the surrounding country side. Around 800 B.C.E, a group of Greek villages began joining into larger units to form City-States.

At the highest point in a city-state, an Acropolis or Citadel was built for defence and the city spread around the Acropolis. Sparta, Athens, Macedonia, Corinth, and Thebes were important City-States. Though the Greek City-States were independent, jealous and quarrelsome, all the Greeks strongly believed that they were all Hellenes. Another bond that united them was the common language and literature. One more factor that united them was the worship of Gods like Zeus, Apollo, and Athena.

Question 2.
Explain briefly how democracy developed in Athens.
Answer:
At first, the City-States were ruled by Monarchs. Each Monarch began to govern his City State with the assistance of a council, consisting of nobles. Then wealthy land owners took over the political power and abolished Monarchy. With the increase in the population of the cities, trade, commerce and industry expanded and middle class developed.

This class joined with poor farmers to lessen the power of the land owners. This conflict resulted in the rise of. ‘Dictators’ or ‘Tyrants’ as Greeks called them. But there were changes particularly with regard to Sparta and Athens. Sparta turned into a Military State, her government was ruled by few nobles. Two of these nobles became Kings.

Athens registered a remarkable progress in Politics, Laws, Literature, Art, Science and Philosophy. Athenians were fond of trying political experiments. Monarchy and Oligarchy did not suit their temperament. So they discarded them. With the contributions of law givers like Draco, Solon, and Cleisthenes, democracy came into existence at Athens.

Question 3.
Why is the Periclean age called as the Golden Age?
Answer:
Athenian democracy reached its greatest height, under the leadership of Pericles. He was a great radical in politics. It was he who completed the work of laying the foundation for democracy in Athens. He deprived the ‘Areopagus’ of its political powers and transferred the same to the council of five hundred. This body suggested measures to the Acclesia the assembly. It was freely discussed by all the citizens of Athens and laws were passed.

Another important feature of the Periclean age was the jury system. Every year about 5000 jurors were elected for a term of one year. Being a great lover of democracy, he wanted even the poorest citizen to take an interest in political affairs. This is what we call today, the Direct Democracy.

Athens which was destroyed during the Persian war was rebuilt by Pericles. Athens became a centre of progress in art and architecture. Very large public buildings were constructed, which beautified Athens. The famous Parthenon or the temple of Virgin was built of coloured marble stones. It was the most beautiful temple. Pericles also patronized music.

To protect his beautiful city from foreign invaders, he built Tong walls’ connecting the city with the port Piraeus. The age of Pericles produced great Philosophers like Socrates and his pupil, Plato. Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides were the dramatists of Periclean age. Hippocrates is regarded as the ‘Father of Medicine’. Herodotus is regarded as ‘The Father of History’. Thucycidides was another famous historian of the Periclean age. Sappho and Pindar lived during this period. Periclean age of Athens is regarded as the ‘School of Hellas’ and ‘The Golden Age’.

Question 4.
What are the contributions of the Greeks to Literature?
Answer:
In the field of literature, Greeks contributed to Epics, Poetry, Drama and History. ‘Iliad’ and ‘Odyssey’ are the two works of Homer. These Epics give us a fairly faithful account of the social, economic and political conditions of early Greek Culture. The shorter Greek poems were called Lyrics. Pindar and Sappo were the two lyric poets of Greek Civilization. The drama is the most familiar of the Greek forms of literature. The remains of Greek theatres can be still be seen all over the Aegean region.

The founder of Greek tragedy was Aeschylus, author of ‘Prometheus Bound’ and ‘Agamemnon’. Sophocles, the greatest of the Greek tragedians, wrote ‘Oedipus Rex’, ‘Antigone’ and ‘Electra’. These plays are admired all over the world even today. Euripides the third of the great tragic Poets believed that in life people were more important than Gods.

Hence he concerned himself with the passions and emotions of human beings. One of his best-known plays is the ‘Trojan Women’. Aristophanes was the greatest comic poet. World’s first great historian Herodotus, Thucydides who wrote he “Peloponnesian Wars’ and Plutarch known for his biographies ‘Lives of illustrious men’ all lived during this period. Oratory is the art of making public speeches. The most famous orator was Demosthenes.

Question 5.
Briefly explain the contributions of the Greeks to Science.
Answer:
Greek Philosophers furnished the impetus for the beginning of the study Of science. Aristotle laid the foundation for the study of natural science. Theophrastus, a pupil of Aristotle established Botany as a recognized science. The Periclean age produced great men. Hippocrates laid the foundations for modern Medicine. He taught that diseases have a natural origin and are not caused by evil spirits, as many believed in those days. He is known as the ‘Father of Medicine’. Herophilus is called as the ‘Father of Anatomy’.

Ptolemy believed that the Earth was the centre of the Universe. But Aristarchus propounded the theory that Earth and other planets, revolved around the Sun. Eratosthenes calculated the approximate circumference of Earth within a small degree of error of 320 Kilometres. He also prepared a fairly accurate map of the world and he was the first to suggest that one could reach India from Europe by sailing west. Pythagoras and Euclid made many contributions to mathematics, especially to Geometry. Archimedes was also a famous scientist of ancient Greece.

Question 6.
What are the contributions of the Greeks to Art and Architecture?
Answer:
In the early times, the Greeks used wood, and later they used sun-dried bricks and marbles to built their temples. The Greek architecture consists of three styles namely Doric, Ionic, and the Corinthian styles. The Parthenon is said to be the most beautiful temple ever built out of the coloured marble stones. We find a tall marble statue of Goddess Athena carved by Phidias inside the temple.

The temple consists of 46 Doric columns, each 34 feet high. Actinus the famous architect of this temple blended Doric, Ionian and Corinthian styles to make this temple a wonder of the world. It was built by King Pericles. The majestic and beautiful temple is now in ruins. Alexander’s conquest initiated several centuries of cultural exchange between Greece and Central Asia. The Gandhara art in Ancient India developed due to the Greek influence.

The Greeks expressed the human values like beauty and courage in the sculptures. They portrayed naked, well built and muscular bodies. Even Gods were portrayed as human beings. Myron and Phidias were the best-known sculptors. Myron is famous for the Statue of Discus Thrower. Greeks also excelled in Paintings on vases.

Question 7.
Explain the religion of the ancient Greeks.
Answer:
Ideas and practices of the Greeks in the field of religion were quite different from those of other people in the world. They did not believe in God. On the other hand, they tended to glorify men who were powerful and beautiful. The Greek Gods were the Twelve Olympians of them three were very important, Zeus, Apollo, and Athena.

Zeus was the master of God’s and father of men. Apollo was the son of Zeus. Athena was the Protectress of cities. They had their abode at Mount Olympus. Greeks believe that they would often visit the earth. Unlike other religions, the Greeks had no established Church or any particular Holy Book. The Greeks practiced the celebration of festival Olympia as early as 776 BCE. The Oracles were specially sought after to predict events or to pronounce judgment. The Oracle Apollo of Delphi was the most famous.

Question 8.
Why is Aristotle regarded as the ‘Walking University’?
Answer:
The greatest of Greek philosophers was Aristotle, a student of Plato at his Academy and he was the teacher of Alexander the Great. He was both a Philosopher and a Scientist and wrote on many subjects. He is regarded as the father of three branches of knowledge, namely Philosophy, Biology and Political Science. He said that ‘Man is a social animal’. He encouraged constitutional Governments. He classified and organized the different branches of knowledge segregating Physics, Metaphysics, Logic, and Ethics. His important works were ‘The Politics’ and ‘History of Animals’. That is why he is considered as the ‘Walking University’.

Question 9.
Explain briefly the Roman wars with Carthage.
Ans.
The wars between the Roman Republic and Carthage (near modern Tunis) were called as the Punic Wars. It was the struggle for the supremacy over the Western Mediterranean region. This was a long drawn conflict and took place in three stages. (264-146 BCE).

The first Punic war was basically a naval war, in which Rome emerged triumphant. In the second Punic war, Carthage was led by the brilliant General Hannibal. He scored many ouTstanding victories, but could not capture Rome. The Romans adopted a sort of guerrilla warfare and delaying tactics. Finally, Carthaginians were decisively beaten and Hannibal committed suicide. In the third Punic war, Rome invaded Carthage and totally destroyed them. Rome became the undisputed master of the Mediterranean.

Question 10.
Write a short note on Julius Caesar.
Ans.
Julius Caesar was a great General, Dictator, Reformer and the symbol of ancient Rome. He was bold and powerful. Pompey, Julius Caesar, and Crassus formed the First Triumvirate.

They divided the Empire among themselves:
Caesar in Gaul, Crassus in Parthia (Iran) and Pompey in Spain and ruled the Roman Empire. Pompey and Caesar were at loggerheads and Crassus had acted as a mediator between them. The Triumvirate disintegrated after Crassus’s death. Caesar was victorious in several battles in Gaul and Britain. He advanced towards east and overthrew his opponents in Asia Minor. This was the occasion, he sent his famous message to the Senate “Vini, Vidi Vici”, which means “I came, I saw, I conquered”.

Pompey looked upon Caesar’s progress with suspicion and envy. He asked Caesar to return to Rome without his army. Caesar forestalled Pompey, reached Rome and defeated him at Pharsalus. Later, chased Pompey to Egypt where he was killed. Egypt under Queen Cleopatra became an ally of Rome. Later Caesar became the Dictator of Rome. But he was murdered in 44 BCE by the Liberators-headed by Brutus in a Senate meeting.

Caesar increased the strength of the Senate and reduced its power. He distributed public lands and provided employment to the poor.

His reforms include the following:
Improvement in Agriculture, reduction of taxes, removal of corrupt and oppressive Governors, and improvement in the coinage system and the introduction of the Julian calendar. He was also a great orator and a writer.

Question 11.
Explain briefly the rise of Eastern Roman Empire.
Ans.
Most of the immediate successors of Augustus Caesar except for Marcus Aurelius were weak, incompetent and tyrants. Caligula and Nero were the worst examples for a bad Ruler. Roman Civilization was on a decline and Diocletian and his successors checked it to some extent.

Emperor Constantine shifted the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Constantinople, a city named after him in 330 CE which marked the beginning of the Eastern Roman Empire. Constantinople was built on the ancient site of Byzantium which is now called Istanbul, located in Turkey. He issued the edict of Milan, which granted liberty to Christians to profess their religion and began the Christianization of the Empire.

Justinian was the last great Emperor who had control over both the Eastern and the Western halves of the Empire. His long-lasting achievements were the ‘Justinian code’ and his buildings in Constantinople. The Eastern Roman Empire with Constantinople as its capital continued to exist till it was overthrown by the Turks in 1453 CE.

Question 12.
What is Pax Romana? Explain.
Ans.
The Roman Empire covered a vast stretch of territory that touched three continents namely Europe, Asia, and Africa. The establishment of the Empire brought about great peace over these places, called Pax Romana, which made the growth of Roman civilization possible. The entire Mediterranean world was a place of constant wars and battles among the petty Rulers. Rome with the might of its army maintained peace there.

For about two centuries from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius the Empire enjoyed peace. As a result, trade and commerce flourished. People began to lead a prosperous life because of peace and prosperity. Cities were built, temples were constructed and remarkable development took place. Roman citizenship was granted to all those who came under the hegemony of Rome. It was a guarantee enough for them to be treated on par with all the others.

Question 13.
Write a short note on Roman law.
Ans.
The most outstanding intellectual contribution of Romans was the formation of a body of laws. Their laws have made a profound impact on almost all the civilized nations of the world today. It was largely their system of law and administration that enabled the Romans to maintain order over a vast Empire which the Greeks were unable to do. Laws encouraged travel and boosted trade. English words like Taw’, ‘legal’, ‘legislation’, ‘Justice’, ‘equality’ and ‘judge’, have all been derived from Latin. Much of the early laws were interpreted by priests. The first written code came in the form of Twelve Tables in 150 BCE. In order to keep abreast of changing economic conditions, the commercial transactions were legalised and all were equal before law.

Roman law can be divided into two parts.

1. The Jus-civil law, which applied only to Roman citizens.

2. Jus Gentium, originally applying to foreigners in Rome and to others within Roman lands, codified by the great Roman Emperor Justinian. Rome saw a series of legal reforms and the creation of principles of legal science. Practically all the later legal systems-from the common law of England to the Napoleonic code owed much to the Roman legal systems.

Question 14.
What are the contributions of Romans to language and literature?
Ans.
Latin was the language of the ancient Roman Empire. It belongs to the family of Indo-European languages. The native sons of Latium saw the superiority of the Greek languages and proceeded to use its style, formulating their own. Before the fall of Rome, Latin became the accepted language of much of the civilized world. Latin remained the language of the Church, science, medicine, law, and education. It was used for most of the written transactions in Europe, throughout the middle ages.

In the field of literature, the Romans tried to imitate the Greeks. The ‘Golden Age’ of Latin literature was heralded in the Prose works of Cicero and the Poetry of Catullus and Lucretius. Julius Caesar wrote ‘Gallic Wars’ and ‘Civil wars’. The dawn of Augustinian age saw writings of Virgil, Horace, Livy, and Ovid, Virgil has been given the title, the most splendid ‘Voice of Rome’.

He wrote ‘Aeneid’. Augustinian age saw the Lyrics of Horace and the ‘Natural History’ of Livy. Livy’s another great work was ‘History ”of Rome’. The ‘Silver Age’ (198 BCE- 138 CE) saw the Tragedies of Seneca, the Satire of Juvenal and the sceptical Histories of Tacitus. Tacitus also wrote ‘Annals’ and, ‘Histories’. Pliny, the Elder wrote ‘Natural History’. The other well-known Historians were Sallust and Plutarch. Marcus Aurelius wrote ‘Meditation’ and was a great orator on philosophy.

Question 15.
Explain briefly the contributions of Romans to Science.
Ans.
Roman Contributions in science were very limited. Most of the conclusions reached by Roman scientists were philosophical, and not the result of careful experimentation. They were the first to provide free medicine to poor patients. They maintained personal cleanliness, and for this purpose they built baths. They constructed hospitals and patients were treated by qualified Physicians.

The greatest Physician was Galen (130-200 CE). He wrote on Human Anatomy and Physiology. The knowledge of Human Anatomy enabled them to conduct operations and to remove goitres and tonsils. Galen was one of the first to discover the circulation of blood. The ‘Natural History’ of Pliny was a large Compendium of all known Science. Aretacus was the first to describe the symptoms of Diabetes and Diphtheria. The Romans borrowed the Etruscan rotation system, but it was not developed much above the level of arithmetic. Roman numerals I, X, L, C, etc. are still used today. The ancient Romans used numerals for commercial mathematics.

Question 16.
What are the contributions of Ancient Romans to Art and Architecture?
Ans.
The Romans were stupendous builders. Temples, Theatres, fine Public Buildings, Baths, and homes were built in large numbers. Pompey’s Theatre (55 BCE) was a magnificent structure. Augustus erected the Imperial Palace on the Palatine, one of the seven Hills of Rome. Vespasian built the Coliseum, where gladiatorial contests were held. Probably the most famous and best-preserved of Roman buildings is the Pantheon. It was originally built during the time of Augustus and it was fully rebuilt during the time of Hadrian. Justinian Church of Saint Sophia at Constantinople is still regarded as the most magnificent building of its kind in the near east. Romans were the inventors of concrete. They also introduced two architectural improvements.

1. Arches
2. Cupolas or Domes.

An efficient water distribution system and well paved and durable roads are examples of Roman engineering. Roads were primarily built for the movement of armies and for trade with distant parts of the world. So complete was Rome’s system of roads, linking all parts of the Empire, that there is a saying that ‘All roads lead to Rome’. Frontinus wrote a pioneering work on engineering.

Romans developed their sculptures on Greek models. Buildings were decorated with Sculptures and Bas Reliefs. Most of the Sculptures depicted Emperors, placed in-City squares as symbols of their authority and power. The Unknown Roman is the best-known example of their. sculpture. Most of the Roman paintings have disappeared. The best of the surviving murals are found in Pompeii. The art of painting was revived through Christian influence in Church Frescoes in the later period.

Question 17.
Write about the History of Rome.
Ans.
The city of Rome was founded by the twin brothers, Romulus, and Remus in 753 BCE, on the Palatine hill on the banks of river Tiber. It was named Rome (Roma) after Romulus. In its early history, Italy faced formidable enemies such as Aquinas, Etruscans, and Volscians. Under the leadership of Romulus, their attacks were effectively repulsed. But the Gauls attacked Rome and the city was burnt down. It was rebuilt later.

Republic or Monarchy was the usual form of Government. Roman Republic was supposed to have been established around 509 BCE. Even though it was a Republic, real power was enjoyed by the Patricians, the Aristocrats. The Plebeians comprised of the workers, small farmers, artisans, small traders, and soldiers. The Senate enjoyed the most important position. Rome fought the Punic wars with Carthage and destroyed it. The City of Rome expanded into an Empire.

A powerful Oligarchy dominated the Senate and the powerful army created super Generals like Marius, Sulla, Pompey, and Caesar. Marius became a Dictator of Rome. Later, the ‘First Triumvirate’ of Crassus, Pompey and Caesar took over. Caesar defeated Pompey and*became the Dictator. Julius Caesar brought in many reforms. After he was killed by the Brutus led Liberators, Augustus Caesar became the Emperor and took the Roman Empire to greater heights.

Question 18.
Write about the Rise of Dictatorship in Rome.
Ans.
The city of Rome expanded into an Empire. But it was still called Rome. In the Senate a powerful Oligarchy dominated. Misgovernment and despotism became common features in parts of the Empire. The Roman army which was now professional created super Generals like Marius, Sulla, Pompey, and Caesar. Marius was the first of the new leaders of Rome. He became a Dictator of Rome and one-man rule took root with him. After Marius, it was the turn of Sulla and he acted like a Monarch. Then came the ‘First Triumvirate’ of Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar.

1st PUC History Establishment of Greek and Roman Empires – Contributions Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the achievements of Pericles.
Answer:
Athenian democracy reached its greatest height, under the leadership of Pericles. He was a great radical in politics. He was the great-grandson of Clisthenes. It was he who completed the work of laying the foundation for democracy in Athens. He deprived the ‘Areopagus’ the legislative body of its political powers and transferred the same to the council of five hundred.

This body suggested measures to the Acclesia- the Assembly. It was freely discussed by all the citizens of Athens and laws were passed. A board of ten Generals elected by the Assembly acted as a kind of Cabinet. Pericles was the President of this board. The generals were responsible to the Assembly and thus could not become Dictators.

Another important feature of the Periclean age was the jury system. Every year about 5000 jurors were elected for a term of one year. Being a great lover of democracy, he wanted even the poorest citizen to take interest in the political affairs of the State. This was the forerunner for the present day’s Direct Democracy.

Athens which was destroyed during the Persian war was rebuilt by Pericles. Athens became a centre of progress in Art and Architecture. Very large public buildings were constructed, which beautified Athens. The famous Parthenon or the temple of Virgin was built of coloured marble stones. It was the most beautiful temple. To protect this beautiful city from foreign invaders, he built ‘Longwalls’ connecting the city with the port Piraeus.

Pericles patronised music and artistes. The age of Pericles produced great Philosophers like Socrates and his pupil, Plato. It was the Golden age of Greek plays. Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides were the great dramatists who wrote tragic plays. Hippocrates who is regarded as the Father of Medicine, Herodotus who is regarded as the Father of History and Thucycidides another famous historian all lived under the patronage of Pericles.

Question 2.
Discuss the contributions of Greeks.
Answer:
1. Cultural Contributions:
The Greeks contributed to human civilization immensely. They believed in the principles of a sound mind in a sound body. They imagined the human body as a thing of beauty and had great curiosity and thirst for knowledge. They made great contributions to Literature, Sports, Philosophy, Politics, Ethics, Science, Music, Drama, . Religion, Art and Architecture. Greek ideology so completely dominated European culture that, the western culture today is predominantly Hellenic in its inspiration and ideas. So the legacy of Greece is vital and universal.

2. Literature:
In the field of literature, Greeks contributed to Epics, Poetry, Drama and History. ‘Iliad’ and ‘Odyssey’ are the two works of Homer. These epics give us a fairly faithful account of the social, economic and political conditions of early Greek culture. The shorter Greek poems were called Lyrics, as they were primarily sung to the music of lyres. Pindar and Sappo the poetess were two great lyric poets of Greek Civilization.

The drama is the most familiar of the Greek forms of literature. The founder of Greek tragedy was Aeschylus, author of Prometheus Bound’ and ‘Agamemnon’. Sophocles, the greatest of the Greek tragedians, wrote ‘Oedipus Rex’, ‘Antigone’ and ‘Electra’. These plays are admired all over the world even today. Euripides the third of the great tragic poets, believed that in life people were more important than Gods. Hence he concerned himself with the passions and. emotions of human beings. One of his best-known plays is the ‘Trojan women’. Aristophanes was the greatest comic poet. Famous historians of the period were Herodotus, Thucydides, and Plutarch. Demosthenes was famous for his oratory skills, the art of making public speeches.

3. Science:
Greek philosophers furnished the impetus for the beginning of the study of science. Aristotle laid the foundation for the study of natural science. Theophrastus established Botany as a recognized science. Hippocrates known as the ‘Father of Medicine’ laid the foundations . of modern medicine. He taught that diseases have a natural origin and not caused by evil spirits. Herophilus is called as the ‘Father of Anatomy’.

Ptolemy believed that the Earth was the centre of the Universe. But Aristarchus propounded the theory that Earth and other planets, revolved around the Sun. Eratosthenes calculated the approximate circumference of earth within a small error of 320 Kilometres. He also prepared a fairly accurate map of the world and he was the first to suggest that one could reach India from Europe by sailing westwards. Pythagoras and Euclid made many contributions to mathematics, especially to Geometry. Archimedes was also a famous scientist of ancient Greece.

4. Art and architecture:
In the early times, the Greeks used wood, and later they used sun-dried bricks and marbles to build their temples. Greek architecture consists of three styles viz., Doric, Ionic, and the Corinthian styles. The Parthenon is said to be the most beautiful temple ever built out of the coloured marble stones. A tall marble statue of Goddess Athena carved by Phidias is inside the temple. The temple consists of 46 Doric columns, each 34 feet high Actinus, the famous architect of this temple blended Doric, Ionian, and Corinthian styles to make this temple a wonder of the world.

It was built by King Pericles. Alexander’s conquest initiated several centuries of cultural exchange between Greece and Central Asia. The Gandhara art in Ancient India developed due to Greek influence. The Greeks expressed the human values like beauty and courage in their sculptures. They portrayed naked, well built and muscular bodies. Even Gods were portrayed as human beings. Myron and Philidias were the best-known sculptors. Greeks also excelled in Paintings on vases.

Question 3.
Write about Alexander the Great (336-323 B.C.E).
Answer:
Alexander is one of the greatest names in the history of the world. He owed much to his father Philip II of Macedonia. He became greater than his father. He succeeded his father at the age of 20 and wanted to conquer the world.

He was tutored by one of the greatest Philosophers, Aristotle. He compelled the entire Greece to accept his leadership with his martial skills and industriousness. With 35,000 soldiers, he marched against the Persian Empire and defeated them in the battles of Granicus, Issus, and Arable.

Alexander conquered Egypt and built a new city called ‘Alexandria’ at the mouth of Nile delta. With this success, he marched into India, across the Karakorum Mountains. He defeated King Porus in the battle of ‘Hydaspes’ or battle of Jhelum (326 B.C.E). He sailed down of Indus, but he could not bring his Indian campaign to a victorious conclusion.

The army exhausted, refused to march forward. They were scared of facing the powerful Nandas. His efforts to inspire the soldiers to continue the expeditions became futile. At the height of his power, he died of fever at the age of 33 in Babylon.

Alexander’s concept of World Empire could not stand the test of time, as it had no firm political or economic basis. Nevertheless, he aided in the admirable task of spreading Hellenic civilization. He founded nearly seventy cities. He and his soldiers married Persian women and worshipped Persian Gods.

He encouraged Greek merchants to trade with Asiatic countries. A happy union of east and west led to the development of Greece- oriental culture. Alexander’s conquest initiated several centuries of cultural exchange between Greece and Central Asia. The Gandhara School of Architecture of Ancient India developed due to the Greek influence.

Question 4.
Explain the life and achievements of Augustus Caesar.
Answer:
He was a great ruler and a wise Statesman. After several years of political turmoil, Rome enjoyed more than three decades of peace. He not only built an Empire but also was a great patron of Art and Literature. His reign is called as the ‘Golden Age’ in the history of Rome. Julius Caesar’s assassination by the Brutus led Liberators, caused great political and social turmoil in Rome. The power passed into the hands of Mark Antony, Lepidus and Octavian who formed the ‘Second Triumvirate’.

The conspirators were defeated in the battle of Philippi and Brutus and Cassius were killed. The Triumvirate divided the Empire amongst themselves-Lepidus was in charge of Africa, Antony ruled in the Eastern Province and Octavian remained in Italy and controlled Gaul (France and Belgium). However, the relationship between Octavian and Antony deteriorated. Lepidus was forced to retire (after betraying Octavian in Sicily). Antony was living in Egypt and in the battle of ‘Actium’ was defeated by Octavian.

With the conquest of Egypt, anew Era began for Romans. By 27 BCE, Octavian was the sole Roman leader. His leadership brought the Zenith to Roman civilization that lasted for two centuries. He ruled the Roman Empire for 44 years with the titles ‘Augustus’, ‘Imperator’ and ‘Princeps’.

The Government established by him was known as the ‘Principate’- ‘Government by the Princeps’ – The first citizen.
Augustus introduced many reforms which had far-reaching consequences in Rome. He gave, ‘A centre to the System, a Chief to the Civil service, a Head to the Army, a Sovereign to the Subjects, a Protector to the Provinces and Peace to the Empire’.

He recognized the Governments of the conquered territories, stopped plunder and corruption and strengthened law and order. New Courts and Postal Services were established. Augustus continued the calendar promoted by Julius Caesar and the month ‘August’ is named after him. The Emperor kept the poor people happy by supplying food grains.

He spent money lavishly on the construction of public buildings, roads, bridges, amphitheaters, and fountains. The most important Amphitheatre was the Coliseum built at Rome. This could accommodate about 50000 people. Due to the construction of the well-paved interlinking system of roads, Rome became the nerve centre of trade and commerce in the Mediterranean world.

He maintained diplomatic and commercial contacts with a number of countries including India and China. There were the Generals Agrippa and Maecenas, and Writers, Poets, and Historians like Livy, Horace, Virgil, Ovid, Pliny and Tacitus in his time. Jesus Christ was born during his reign.

Augustan age is popularly called as ‘Golden Age’ in the history of Rome. It was known for peace and prosperity. This period is known as ‘Pax Romana’ or Roman peace. He gave the idea of the ‘World State’. His imperial system lasted for nearly 500 years and saved the great treasures of Greco-Roman civilization.

Question 5.
Describe the contributions of Roman Civilization.
Answer:
It is said that but for the Romans, the Greek culture would not have spread to the Western World. Directly or indirectly, Romans acted as the agents. Rome has made its own distinct contributions such as the formation of Republics and Governments. Laws, Legal procedures and Systems, Principles of Taxation, Citizenship Rights, Setting up of Hospitals and Sanitation Systems and construction of Public Buildings and Baths.

The greatest gift of the Romans was the ‘Pax Romana’ or the Roman Peace. The Roman Empire covered a vast stretch of territory touching three continents, namely Europe, Africa, and Asia. By the might of its army, Rome gave peace to the entire Mediterranean World. Prior to that, it was a place of constant wars between the petty Rulers.

But for the peaceful atmosphere, the growth of the Roman Civilization would not have been possible. It was Romans who gave the first practical demonstration of the idea of ‘World State’. They showed the world not only how to build an Empire, but also how to Govern it efficiently. They introduced a uniform system of Administration and common laws throughout the Empire.

The most outstanding intellectual contribution of the Romans was the formation of a body of laws. These laws have made a profound impact on almost all the civilized nations of the world today. Earlier, it was the Priests who were interpreting the laws for the common people.

The first written code came in the form of ‘Twelve Tables’ in 150 B.C. It established ‘Equality before Law’. It was of two parts Jus Civile applied to the Roman citizens and Jus Gentium applicable to all living on Roman lands that were not given citizenship. Justinian codified them completely.

Romans were the inventors of concrete. They introduced Arches and Cupolas (Domes) in their Architecture and built many fine Public Buildings, Amphitheatres and Temples. The Coliseum built by Vespasian and the Pantheon are fine examples for that. Romans built miles and miles of very good, well-paved highways like Via Appia, Via Latina and Via Valeria.

The roads were for the fast movement of their armies across the Empire and for trade with distant parts. Their system of interlinking roads connecting Rome with all the major parts of their Empire and the importance of Rome gave rise to the saying that “All roads lead to Rome”.

Roman Contributions in science were very limited. Most of the conclusions reached by Roman scientists were philosophical, and not the result of careful experimentation. They were the first to provide free medicine to poor patients. They maintained personal cleanliness, and for this purpose they built baths. They constructed hospitals and patients were treated by qualified physicians.

The greatest physician was Galen (130-200 CE). He wrote on Human Anatomy and Physiology. The knowledge of human Anatomy enabled them to conduct operations and to remove goitres and tonsils. Galen was one of the first to discover the circulation of blood. The natural history of Pliny is a large Compendium of all known science. Aretacus was the first to describe the symptoms of diabetes and diphtheria. The Romans borrowed the Etruscan rotation system, but it was not developed much above the level of arithmetic.

Roman numerals like I, X, L, C, etc. are used even today. The ancient Romans used numerals for commercial mathematics. Most of the Roman paintings have disappeared. The best of the surviving murals are found in Pompeii. The art of painting was revived through Christian influence in Church Frescoes in the later period.

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You can Download Chapter 13 Map Work: Historical Places of World Importance Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC History Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 13 Map Work: Historical Places of World Importance

Historical places of world importance

Babylonia	Athens
Rome	Alexandria
Jerusalem	Mecca
Venice	Constantinople
Cape of Good Hope	Lisbon
Londan	Paris
Waterloo	Berlin
Moscow	Versailles
Hioshima	Nagasaki
New York	Geneva

Babylonia:
It is in present Iraq. It was the capital of Mesopotamian Civilization. The famous law-giver Hammurabi ruled from here. Nebuchadnezzar built the ‘ Hanging Gardens’, which was one of the Wonders of the Ancient World.

2. Athens:
It is the present capital city of Greece. It was one of the City-States of Ancient Greek Civilization. The city was named after the Goddess Athena. The famous Parthenon Temple is located here. After Greeks, Athens was ruled by the Romans. In 15^th century C.E. it was captured by the Ottoman Turks. After the Greek War of Independence in the 19^th century, Athens was chosen as the capital of the newly independent Greek state in 1834.

3. Rome:
It is the capital of Italy. It was also the capital of the Roman Empire. Vatican City in Rome is the centre of Pope, who is the religious head of the Catholics. According to a Roman legend, Rome was founded by the twins Romulus and Remus in 8^th century B.C.E. According to another version the name is derived from the Greek word Rhome which means ‘strength’.

4.Alexandria:
It is in northern Egypt. It was founded by Alexander the Great. It was intended to be the link between Greece and the rich Nile Valley. An Egyptian City, Rhakotis already existed on the shores and was later given the name Alexandria. In Egyptian, it means “That which is built up”. In ancient times it had a Lighthouse which was one of the Wonders of the World.

5. Jerusalem:
It is in Israel. It is a holy city of three major religions- Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Jesus was crucified here in 30 C.E.

6. Mecca:
It is in Saudi Arabia. Prophet Mohammad, the founder of Islam was born here. It is regarded as the holiest city of Islam.

7. Venice:
It is in Italy. It was one of the centres of Trade and Commerce during Medieval Period. Famous travellers Marco Polo and Nicolo Polo belonged to this city. It is called as ‘The City of Canals’, as this beautiful city is basically a group of a lot of islands connected by bridges.

8.Constantinople:
Presently called as Istanbul is in Turkey. Its original name was Byzantium, which was founded in 7^th Century B.C.E. by a Greek King Byzas. Constantine the Great, made it the new capital of the Eastern Roman Empire in 4^th century C.E. Then it came to be known as Constantinople which means ‘The City of Constantine’. Ottoman Turks captured it in 1453, which led to the need to discover new sea routes to India.

9.Cape of Good Hope:
It is at the southern tip of South Africa. Bartholomew Diaz called it ‘Cape of Storms’. Later, Vasco-da- Gama renamed it as ‘Cape of Good Hope’ under the direction of King John of Portugal, since it gave hope for further explorations to reach India.

10. Lisbon:
It is the capital of Portugal. Most of the Portuguese navigators, including Vasco-da- Gama of the Age of discovery started their voyages from this city.

11. London:
It is the capital of U.K located on the banks of the River Thames. It was the main centre of the Industrial Revolution. It is the famous centre of learning. According to one origin, London meant the place belonging to a man called ‘Londinos’. As per another view, it is derived from the word ‘Lowonida’ meaning ‘river too wide to ford’ referring to river Thames, which flows through London.

12. Paris:
It is the capital of France. The Bourbon family ruled over France from here, till the French Revolution of 1789. In modern times, many historical treaties have been signed here. The name Paris is derived from that of its earliest inhabitants, known as the ‘Parissi’ meaning ‘The working People’ or ‘The Craftsmen’. Paris is also known as ‘The City of Light’, due to its fame as a centre of education and ‘Paradise of Travellers’. The famous Eiffel Tower is here.

13. Waterloo:
It is in Belgium. In 1815. Napoleon after escaping from the Island of Elba fought his last battle here against the Allied armies of Europe and was defeated.

14. Berlin:
It is the present capital city of Germany. It is located on the banks of River Spree. After World War II, it was divided into East and West Berlin and a dividing wall was built. In 1990, both East and West Germanys were reunited and the Berlin wall was demolished.

15. Moscow:
It is the capital city of Russia, located on the banks of the river Moskva and named after the river. It was one of the centres of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and was made the capital of USSR.

16. Versailles:
It is in France. In 1624 The French Ruler Louis XIII constructed a hunting lodge at the village of Versailles. His successor Louis XIV expanded it to be the largest Palace and from 1682 established his court here. After World War I, in 1919 the Treaty of Versailles was signed here between Germany and the Allied powers.

17. Hiroshima:
It is in Japan. Hiroshima means ‘Wide Island’. During World War II, it had large depots of military supplies. As retaliation for the Pearl Harbour attack, on Monday the 6^th August 1945 at 8.15 a.m., the first Atomic Bomb called ‘Little Boy’ was dropped on Hiroshima by the US Air force. As a result of this, an estimated 80,000 people were killed.

18. Nagasaki:
It is in Japan. Nagasaki means ‘Long Cape’. On 9^th August 1945, US Air force dropped the second Atomic bomb called ‘Fat Man’ on Nagasaki. As a result of this, more than 70,000 people died. Nagasaki was founded by the Portuguese in 16^th Century.

19. New York:
It is located on the Western coast of USA. It was one of the colonies of British.
The Head Quarters of UNO is located here. Both the State and the City were named after the 17^th Century Duke of York, James Stuart of England and Scotland. Originally it was a Dutch Colony. In 17^th Century it was called as New Amsterdam. Later on, the English captured it and renamed it as New York.

20. Geneva:
It is in Switzerland. It was one of the centres of Protestant movement. International organizations like ILO, WHO, WTO and GATT are located here.

You can Download Chapter 3 History of Ancient Civilization Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC History Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 3 History of Ancient Civilization

1st PUC History History of Ancient Civilization One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
On which river bank did the Egyptian civilization develop?
Answer:
Egyptian civilization developed on the banks of River Nile.

Question 2.
What is Egyptian writing called as?
Ans
Earlier Egyptian pictographic writing was called as Hieroglyphics.

Question 3.
Who was the first woman Empress in the world?
Answer:
Thutmose I’s daughter Hatshepsut was the first woman Empress.

Question 4.
Why did Egyptians preserve the dead bodies of their Kings?
Answer:
Egyptians preserved the dead bodies of their Kings, as they believed in the transmigration of souls and that their Kings were Gods.

Question 5.
Which is the biggest pyramid in the world?
Answer:
The pyramid of Giza is the biggest pyramid in the world

Question 6.
What is the meaning of the word ‘Mesopotamia’?
Answer:
Mesopotamia is a Greek word which means ‘Land between two rivers’.

Question 7.
Who built the Hanging Garden?
Answer:
King Nebuchadnezzar got the Hanging Garden built at Babylon.

Question 8.
What is a ziggurat?
Answer:
Ziggurats are temples with tall towers, built by the MesopotamiAnswer:

Question 9.
Who was the greatest Ruler of China?
Answer:
Shih Hu Wang Ti was the greatest Ruler of China.

Question 10.
Who was the proponent of Taoism?
Answer:
Lao Tse, a great philosopher was the proponent of Taoism.

Question 11.
Who popularized Buddhism in China?
Answer:
Buddhism spread to China from India during Kanishka’s period in the 1^st century. The Buddhist monks and traders from India popularized Buddhism in China.

Question 12.
What is civilization referred to?
Answer:
Civilization refers to a more clearly defined human society.

Question 13.
From which Language is the word Civilization derived?
Answer:
The word civilization is derived from the Latin word ‘civilis’ meaning City or City-States.

Question 14.
What is meant by Civilization?
Answer:
Civilization refers to our material gains, or what we have.

Question 15.
Where did most of the civilizations in the world develop?
Answer:
Most of the civilizations in the world developed on the banks of rivers.

Question 16.
What were the Egyptian Kings called as?
Answer:
The Egyptian Kings were called as ‘Pharaohs’.

Question 17.
What is the period of the Old Kingdom in Egypt also known as?
Answer:
The Period of Old Kingdom is also known as the Period of Pyramids.

Question 18.
What is the Period of the Middle Kingdom in Egypt also known as?
Answer:
The Period of the Middle Kingdom is also known as the Period of Feudal Lords.

Question 19.
Who was the father of Hatshepsut?
Answer:
Thutmose I was the father of Hatshepsut.

Question 20.
Who was the Sun God of the Egyptians?
Answer:
Ra was their Sun God.

Question 21.
Who was the Goddess of motherhood as per ancient Egyptians?
Answer:
Isis was the Goddess of motherhood for the ancient Egyptians.

Question 22.
What did the ancient Egyptians believed in?
Answer:
They believed in life after death.

Question 23.
What was papyrus used for?
Answer:
Papyrus was used for writing, by the ancient Egyptians.

Question 24.
What is the pyramid of Giza?
Answer:
The pyramid of Giza is the tomb of King Khufu.

Question 25.
What is Mesopotamia also called as?
Answer:
Mesopotamia is also called as ‘The Cradle and Graveyard of civilizations’ and ‘The Land of Shinar’.

Question 26.
Which Chinese Ruler believed that-people are basically undisciplined?
Answer:
Shih Hu WangTi.

Question 27.
What theory did the Chou [Zhou] dynasty evolve?
Answer:
Chou [Zhou] dynasty evolved the theory of ‘Mandate of Heaven’ i.e. ‘Divine Origin’.

Question 28.
Which dynasty replaced Qin Dynasty?
Answer:
Han Dynasty replaced Qin Dynasty.

1st PUC History History of Ancient Civilization Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Mention any two important inventions that helped the growth of civilizations.
Answer:

1. The invention of moving wheel by man brought major changes in the professions of potter, carpenter, blacksmith, etc. and the transport system.
2. The discovery of the cultivation of land, or Agriculture around 6,000 B.C., brought a great change in the way of living of the early humans, making them settlers from being nomads.

Question 2.
Define civilization.
Answer:
Civilization refers to our material gains and to the huge group of geographically oriented people.

Question 3.
Name any two ancient civilizations.
Answer:
Egyptian and Indus valley civilizations were two ancient civilizations.

Question 4.
Why are river valleys called as cradles of civilizations?
Answer:
Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, etc were the first human settlements. Humans first formed groups to live together. Valleys of rivers like Nile, Euphrates, and Tigris, Indus, Hwang – Ho and Yangtze-Sikiyang, etc. have helped these great civilizations to flourish. Hence the river valleys are called the cradles of civilizations.

Question 5.
Why is Egypt called the Gift of Nile?
Answer:
Because of Nile, plenty of food, fodder and uninterrupted supply of water was possible to Egypt. The food security provided sufficient leisure for the growth of civilization. Nile is born in the thick equatorial forests of Africa. It is in full spate throughout the year. But for Nile, Egyptian civilization would not have developed. Therefore Egypt is called the gift of Nile.

Question 6.
Name any two Gods and Goddesses of Egypt.
Answer:
Ra was the Sun God. Osiris, the God of the dead or underworld, Isis was the Goddess of. motherhood and the wife of Osiris. Horus, Hathor, etc. were minor Gods.

Question 7.
Why is Mesopotamia called as ‘the cradle and grave’ of civilizations?
Answer:
The two rivers Euphrates and Tigris formed the fertile plains. Early tillers settled in villages. With the growth of population, these villages developed into towns and later into cities. These plains were the cradles of many civilizations which developed and later vanished during 3500 to 500 B.C.E. Hence Mesopotamia is called as ‘Both the Cradle and Graveyard of Civilizations’.

Question 8.
Write any two causes responsible for the decline of Mesopotamian civilization.
Answer:

1. Internal quarrels among the rulers led to disunity and disorder.
2. The rulers failed to bring a perfect and workable political system.

Question 9.
Name the river valley on which Chinese civilization flourished.
Answer:
The river plains of Hwang-Ho in northern China and Yangtze and Sikiyang in Southern China, provided moderate challenges and minimum facilities, to develop a civilization.

Question 10.
Who built the Great Wall of China? Why?
Answer:
Shih Hu Wang Ti, the greatest Ruler of the Han dynasty of China, built the Great Wall of China to protect the Kingdom from the attack of Mongols.

Question 11.
Mention any two important scientific inventions of Chinese.
Answer:
Rockets, Seismograph, Mariner compass, etc. were the important scientific inventions of Chinese.

Question 12.
Name any two important philosophers of ancient China.
Answer:
Mencius, Confucius, and Lao-tse were the important philosophers of ancient China.

Question 13.
Which were the first sites of human settlements?
Answer:
Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, etc. were the first sites of human settlements.

Question 14.
What was the political condition of Egyptian Civilization?
Answer:
The early people settled into villages, which developed into cities and later the City-States were formed. They were ruled by Kings. This is also known as pre-dynastic period.

Question 15.
In how many ways can the rules of Egyptian dynasties be divided?
Answer: The rules of Egyptian dynasties can be divided into 3 parts-

1. The period of Old Kingdom
2. The period of Middle Kingdom
3. The period of New Kingdom.

Question 16.
What are the important books by the ancient Egyptians?
Answer:
The books of Dead, Coffin Text, The Story of Ship-wrecked Sailor and The tales of Anupu and Bitiu are some of the important books by the ancient Egyptians.

Question 17.
Who developed the calendar system?
Answer:
Egyptians developed a solar Calendar System of 365 days with 12 months in a year and 30 days in each month.

Question 18.
What is Sphinx?
Answer:
The sphinx has the head of a man and the body of a lion. Emperor Khaphre got it carved. It is 240 feet long and 66 feet high and carved out of a single stone. It is located in front of the Pyramid of Giza.

Question 19.
What areas did Mesopotamia include?
Answer:
Mesopotamia included the area of present Eastern Syria, Southern Turkey and most of Iraq.

Question 20.
Into how many groups was the Mesopotamian society divided?
Answer:
The Mesopotamian society was divided into four groups:

1. The Royals.
2. The Priests.
3. Rich Landlords and Merchants.
4. Slaves.

Question 21.
What does the word Shih Hu Wang Ti mean?
Answer:
Shih hu Wang Ti was the greatest Ruler of China belonging to the Han dynasty. Shih means first and Hu Wang Ti means Emperor.

Question 22.
Who was Wu Ti?
Answer:
Wu Ti was a famous Ruler of the Han dynasty. He divided the Empire into 13 provinces and centralised the Administration.

Question 23.
Mention some major inventions of the ancient Chinese.
Answer:
Silk, Tea, Paper, Brushes for painting and writing, Abacus, Acupuncture, Rudder, Gun-powder, Glass, Pottery, Porcelain, Rockets, Spoon, Forks, Umbrella, etc.

Question 24.
Write about the Art and Architecture of ancient Chinese.
Answer:
The Chinese had developed wonderful paintings. They painted on silk cloth, tomb walls, pots and papers. They had developed the art of casting bronze statues of animals and monsters. The Great Wall of China and the number of Pagodas are testimonials of their architectural skills.

Question 25.
Write about Chinese Sculpture?
Answer:
Chinese developed the art of casting bronze statues of animals and monsters. This art developed during Shang and Chou Dynasties. Buddhism influenced their sculpture and the statues of Bodhisatwa carved in stone are found in large numbers.

Question 26.
What is Terracotta Sculpture?
Answer:
The Terracotta army assembled in the tomb of the first Kin Emperor consists of life-size images of more than 8000 warriors and horses.

Question 28.
Into how many ways is the political history of China classified into.
Answer:
The political history of China is classified into two major eras:

1. Ancient era-2100-221 B.C.E
2. Imperial era-221 B.C.E-1911 C.E.

1st PUC History History of Ancient Civilization Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define civilization. Distinguish between civilization and culture.
Answer:
The word civilization is derived from the Latin word ‘civils’ meaning City or City-States. It stands for a more matured and refined life.
The differences between Culture and Civilization are as follows.
Culture:

1. Culture is more of an internal nature.
2. It includes art, literature, religion, philosophy, food and dress, thoughts and beliefs, customs and traditions.
3. It has no standards of measurement.
4. It is the way we believe, behave think and act.
5. It cannot be said to be always advancing.
6. Culture comes first.
7. There can be a culture without civilization.

Civilization:

1. It is of external nature.
2. It includes towns, cities, villages, buildings, bridges, transport, technology, etc.
3. It has standards of measurement.
4. It is the material attainments, gains, and facilities used to make the life more comfortable.
5. It is always advancing.
6. Civilization grows later.
7. There cannot be a civilization without culture.

Question 2.
Discuss the factors that helped the growth of civilizations.
Ans:
The factors that helped the growth of civilizations are as follows:

1. Deposition of fertile alluvial soil caused by the river floods.
2. Continuous and uninterrupted supply of water for irrigation and domestic purposes.
3. Favorable climate generally found on the river valleys.
4. Plenty of food, fruits, and vegetables for the humans and fodder for their animals.
5. River valleys helped fishing.
6. They helped the growth of trade and communication by providing means of transport.

Above factors reduced the burden of man in wandering for food and risk of life. There is a strong argument that “Men become more civilized if they have leisure to do creative work”. It is certain that river valleys provided them food in plenty and sufficient leisure to develop civilizations.

Humans invented metals, made tools, were able to cultivate the land, built buildings in wood and stone, prepared vessels, boats, weapons, furniture, clothing, jewellery, and many other things.

Question 3.
Explain the political conditions of Egyptian civilization.
Ans:
The early Egyptians settled into villages, which developed into cities and later the City-States were formed. They were ruled by Kings. This is known as the pre-dynastic period. These Kings were engaged in inter City – State quarrels. Stronger City-States showed their supremacy and started taking over other weaker City-States. This made way to the birth of Kingdoms. Different dynasties ruled these Kingdoms. About 30 dynasties have ruled Egypt for more than 3000 years. No dynasty survived for more than 6-7 generations.

The Egyptian Kings were called ‘Pharaohs’. They were considered as representatives of God on earth, hence enjoyed unlimited power. The Pharaoh ‘Menes’, united south and north Egypt in around 3000 B.C.E and made Memphis as his capital. The strong central government with absolute monarchy, a well-controlled administration and strict implementation of laws were the basic features of Egyptian polity.

The rule of dynasties can be divided into 3 phases.

1. The Period of Old Kingdom.
2. The Period of Middle Kingdom.
3. The Period of New Kingdom.

The Period of Old Kingdom:
It is also known as the Period of Pyramids. The Pharaohs of this period were very strong. There was a council of elders to advise the King, whose advice was not binding on the King. Pharaohs appointed Vizir, the Prime Minister who headed the Administration, Justice, and Treasury. The Local officers maintained the records and the accounts.

The Period of Middle Kingdom:
It is also known as the period of Feudal Lords. During this period, Lords became more powerful than the Pharaohs. It led to many internal wars and anarchy. The authority of Pharaohs was restored by Amen Hotep I.

The Period of New Kingdom:
During the new Kingdom, the Kings raised a powerful army and built a very strong Empire. Thutmose I conquered new territories and expanded the Empire. His daughter, Hatshepsut succeeded him. She was the first Empress in the history of the world. She ruled for twenty-one years.

Question 4.
Write a short note on learning and literature of the Egyptian civilization.
Ans
Egyptians developed pictographic writing. It is one of the earliest forms of writing. Egyptian writing is called Hieroglyphics. Glyph means a sign. Hieroglyphics contains hundreds of signs. Some of them stand for complete words while others represent sounds. Papyrus was used for writing. ‘The Books of Dead’, ‘Coffin Text’, ‘The Story of Ship wrecked Sailor’, ‘The tales of Anupu and Bitiu’, etc. were the important books of that era.

Egyptians had a fair knowledge of Medicine, Geometry, Calendars, Astronomy, and Mathematics. Most of the scholars of ancient Egypt belonged to the priestly class. The construction of huge pyramids proves beyond doubt that Egyptians had sound knowledge of Geometry and Arithmetic. They were the first to develop the fraction system.

They made a clear distinction between stars and planets. Their calendar was based on sun and known as a solar calendar. They developed the calendar of 3 65 days with 12 months in a year and 30 days in a month. They divided the year into three seasons of four months each. About 1500 B.C.E, they invented the Shadow Clock to mark the times of a day. A specimen of such an Egyptian shadow clock is preserved in the Berlin Museum.

Question 5.
Write a note on Art and Architecture of the ancient Egyptians.
Answer:
Egyptians were great builders. They developed fine arts. Their arts and architecture reflected their culture. They built temples for their Gods and Pyramids to bury their Kings. These are the proofs of a well organized and highly skilled artists, craftsmen and labourers. The Sphinx has the head of a man and body of a lion. Emperor Khaphre got it carved. It is 240 feet long and 66 feet high, carved out of a single stone.

The pyramid of Giza is the tomb of King Khufu. It is one of the heaviest structures ever built. It was built by his son and grandson. It is the biggest pyramid, 746 x 746 and 481 ft high 23,00,000 stone blocks of average 2.5-ton weight were used in its construction. It occupies 13 acres of area. A million slaves worked for 20 years to complete it.

It had a magnificent entrance. The road in front of it was lined with 365 statues of Sphinxes and two tall Obelisks stood on either side of the main road. During festive seasons the statues of Gods were paraded through the doors into the temple. There are more than 90 smaller Pyramids, still standing after 4000 years of their construction. The Pyramids are fine examples of the outstanding technical knowledge and sound administrative ability of the ancient Egyptians.

Question 6.
Write a short note on the Code of Hammurabi.
Answer:
Hammurabi, the Babylonian King who ruled Sumer between 2123 to 2081 B.C.E was one of the greatest Rulers of Mesopotamian civilization. He was a great conqueror and an able administrator. He became immortal in the history of mankind by compiling his ‘Code of Law’. He collected all the existing civil laws, classified them, improved on them, added new ones and codified them into one body of laws. It included 282 laws, relating to all aspects of life such as personal property, trade, and business, accidents, labour, marriages, divorce, slaves, rights of men and women, etc.

The code of law is engraved on a black stone, with the image of King Hammurabi receiving the laws from God Shamash the Sun God. The code is a mixture of enlightened laws and barbarous punishments. It gave complete responsibility to the State to give justice and deterred people from committing crimes. It aimed at providing equality, and rights to own property for women and slaves. It was truly an everlasting and monumental legal achievement of Hammurabi.

Question 7.
Write about the socio-economic conditions of Mesopotamia.
Answer:
1. Social conditions:
The Mesopotamian society was divided into four levels.

• The Royals
• The Priests
• Rich landlords and Merchants
• Slaves

Nobles enjoyed powers by heredity. They commanded great prestige and power in Administration and Army. Priests and scribes held high posts in the administration. They enjoyed a high status in the society. Farmers, artists, craftsmen, shopkeepers, and merchants for pied the third strata and slaves were at the lowest level. They could be bought and sold. Women enjoyed considerable freedom with right to property. They had social, religious and economic freedom.

2. Economic condition:
Agriculture was their main occupation, followed by cattle rearing and dairy farming. They used water wisely by digging canals from both Euphrates and Tigris. Mesopotamians also built dykes, embankments and storage basins to utilise water throughout the year. It is believed that the Shadoof was developed by them, for artificial irrigation.

Wheat, barley, fruits, and dates were grown in abundance and exported. Initially, they had a barter system but later started using metal coins. They exported wooden and fiber clothes, hides, dates, etc. They imported various metals. They had trade relations with India and Egypt. Horses and asses were used as means of transport.

Question 8.
Write a note on Confucius and his philosophy.
Answer:
Confucius was the greatest of the Chinese philosophers. Born in the Kingdom of Lu in 571 B.C.E, he lost his father at the age of 3. He faced a lot of difficulties. Confucius learnt archery and music. He was married at the age of 19 and gave up family life at the age of 23. He worked in different capacities as a language teacher, editor, judge, and minister. He proved to be a great philosopher and teacher.

The philosophy of Confucius is known as ‘Confucianism’. It had a basis in common Chinese tradition and beliefs. He taught loyalty towards family, worship of ancestors, respect to elders and unity among the Chinese.

His sayings.

1. What you do not like when done to yourself, do not do to others. It is considered as the golden rule of Confucius.
2. Character is the foundation of society.
3. Wisdom begins at home.
4. The great man acts before he speaks and speaks according to his actions.
5. Society rests on the obedience of children to their parents, wife to her husband and students to their teachers.
6. Excessive taxation and barbaric punishment should be abolished.
7. To see what is right and not to do it, is want of courage or of principle.
8. He wished that unemployed be provided with jobs.
9. The government must protect orphans, aged, widows, diseased and the disabled.

Question 9.
Write a note on Art and Architecture of China.
Answer:
1. Art of painting:
The Chinese had developed wonderful painting techniques. They painted on silk cloth, tomb walls, pots and papers. They believed that Tomb paintings were means to protect the dead and help their souls to go to heaven.

2. Sculpture:
Chinese developed the art of casting bronze statues of animals and monsters. This art developed during Shangs and Chous. Buddhism influenced their sculpture and the statues of Bodhisatva carved in stone are found in large numbers. Another noteworthy example of their mastery in sculpting is the Terracotta army consisting of more than 8,000 life-size warriors and horses, assembled in the tomb of the first Kin Emperor.

Chinese were great builders. The Great Wall of China which is visible from outer space is the finest monument for their architectural skill. It was built purely for the utilitarian purpose of protecting the country from Mongolian invasions. It is 2380 km long, about 22 ft high and 20 ft broad.

Watchtowers of400 ft high are built after every 300 ft. They also built great Palaces with mud and wood, which have not survived, and many Buddhist temples called Pagodas. Important among them are the Giant Wild Goose Pagoda and the Jade Pagoda. The temple of sleeping Buddha outside Peking, the present Beijing is also noteworthy.

Question 10.
Write a note on writing and literature of China.
Answer:
Chinese had developed the art of writing during the Shang period. Their script was standardized during the Chin rule. They have no alphabets and parts of speech. It consists of characters which are more than 40,000. Chinese writing started as pictographs, which was later developed into Logograms Chinese characters constitute the oldest continuously used systems of writing in the world.

Their writing played an important role in cultural unification. Chinese script also influenced Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese scripts. It is written from top to bottom. The inventions of paper, silk, and ink for writing helped the growth of writing and literature. The practice of writing history was also popular in China. Chinese literature comprised prose, poetry, philosophy, and history.

During the Han and Tang dynasties, Chinese poetry reached great heights. The Imperial Library of Han dynasty included 3123 volumes of classics, 2705 volumes on philosophy, 868 works on medicine,1318 volumes of poetry, 2568 volumes of mathematics and 790 volumes on war aspects. Tai-Li-Po the greatest of Chinese poets wrote 30 volumes of verse. Tu-Fu was also a great poet. Chinese had developed Geography, Geometry, Arithmetic, Calendars Astronomy and predicted eclipses.

Question 11.
Write a note on the inventions that have helped in the growth of civilizations.
Answer:
Many inventions such as the use of fire, rearing of animals for milk and meat, new weapons, tools, utensils, fishing nets, clay pots, discovery of weaving and building of huts and houses, new means and methods of transport, such as animals and carts etc., have brought revolutionary changes and given rise to new arts, crafts and occupations.

The quotation “Moving wheels made the Civilizations” is noteworthy. The invention of the moving wheel by humans brought major changes in the profession of potter, carpenter, blacksmith, rope maker, and transport system. It also increased the pace of growth of civilizations. Around 6000 B.C.E. a very important discovery i.e. the “Discovery of the cultivation of land. Agriculture” was made which brought a great change in the way of their living. Agriculture bound them to the soil, assured them food throughout the year and fodder for their animals.

Question 12.
What is River Valley? What is meant by ‘The Cradles of Civilization’?
Answer:
Most of the civilizations in the world developed on the banks of rivers. The places where humans settled first were naturally those parts of the world where the soil was rich and water was available for drinking and irrigation, wide and flat lands through which those rivers ran and the climate was warm. Humans appeared about 5.6 million years ago but started civilized life only 7000 years ago.

Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, etc were the first sites of human settlements. In these regions, they first formed groups to live together. Valleys of the rivers like Nile, Euphrates, and Tigris, Indus, Hwang- Ho and Yangtse – Sikiyang, etc. have helped great civilizations to flourish. Hence the river valleys are called, the Cradles of Civilizations.

Question 13.
What are the characteristics of a civilization?
Answer:
The major characteristics of a civilization are:

1. Group of people having a specific livelihood and specific settlement patterns.
2. Group of people having a specific pattern of administration.
3. Group of people having a specific social pattern and unique cultural traits.
4. During different ages, humans invented various metals and learnt their uses.
5. The growth of civilization necessitated the need for internal and external security.
6. It gave rise to complex administrative systems with bureaucracy and accounting which necessitated writing.
7. It developed complex economic systems such as ownership of land, distribution of production, personal possession, taxation, barter system, and monetary system.

Question 14.
What are the sources for learning about the ancient Egyptian Civilization?
Answer:
It was a great civilization which began 7000 years ago. It continued for more than 3000 years. We have a variety of archaeological and literary sources. They help us to reconstruct the history of those times. Important among them are the pyramids, the temples, the innumerable sculptural images like the sculpture of Sphinx, host of paintings, and the various implements, tools, jewellery etc. kept in the Pyramids. The Hieroglyphic writing on the papyrus, the Rosetta stone inscription, etc. are also sources of this civilization. Between 1789-1802, Napoleon invaded Egypt and after that, the study of Egyptian Civilization gained momentum.

Question 15.
What were the causes for the decline of Egyptian civilization?
Answer:
Every human activity and accomplishment, with whatever high degree of perfection it might achieve, ends up in decay and disintegration as was the case with the Egyptian Civilization also. Many reasons are attributed to it. In brief, some of them are as given below.

1. The Rulers failed to bring a perfect and workable political system.
2. The weak Rulers were unable to maintain their authority and the feudal Lords gained control resulting in decay and disorder.
3. The ruthless exploitation of lower class and religious intolerance resulted in disharmony and disunity in the society.
4. Internal quarrels among the Rulers led to disunity and disorder.
5. Invasions by uncivilized invaders from Africa and Assyria resulted in the demolition of . their temples and halt in the advancement. The invaders were more efficient in the art of warfare.
6. The material welfare and contented life discouraged independent thinking, resulting in decline.

Question 16.
What are the salient features of Mesopotamian civilization?
Answer:
1. Political life:
Early Mesopotamians established the City-States first, which developed into Kingdoms and later into an Empire. King was both the head of administration and religion. Kings were regarded as the representatives of God on earth. He was the head of the State and owner of the property of the State. He ruled the State in the name of God. Many a time, the King’s authority fell in the hands of military officers. Only the powerful Kings exercised immense power. Priests had a greater voice in the administration. Provincial administration with Governors and horse borne postal system for communication were some important aspects.

2. Hammurabi:
He was a Babylonian King who conquered Sumer and ruled between 2123 to 2081 B.C.E. He was one of the greatest Rulers of Mesopotamian civilization. He was a great conqueror and an able administrator. He conquered the whole of Mesopotamia. He was an enlightened despot. He united Sumer and Akkad and divided the province into districts. He personally supervised the administration. He built palaces, temples and fortified Babylon. Central and provincial administration was carried out smoothly, according to the orders of the Emperor.

3. Code of Hammurabi:
Hammurabi has become immortal in the history of mankind by his ‘Code of Law’. He collected all the existing laws, classified, improved, added new ones and codified them. The code included 282 laws relating to all aspects of life. It is beautifully engraved on a black stone with the image of King Hammurabi shown as receiving the laws from God Shamash i.e. the Sun God. The code is a mixture of enlightened laws and barbarous punishments. It is aimed at providing equality, giving women the right to own and inherit property. The significance of the code lies in the fact that it covered all aspects of human life. It was an everlasting and monumental legal achievement of Hammurabi which has made him immortal.

1st PUC History History of Ancient Civilization Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Describe the contributions of Egyptian civilization.
Answer:
Nile River flowing northward has formed the most fertile plains of 15-20 kms on either side of it. Because of Nile, plenty of food, fodder and uninterrupted supply of water was possible. The food security provided sufficient leisure for the growth of civilization. But for the Nile, Egyptian civilization would not have developed. Therefore Egypt is called ‘The Gift of Nile’.

The early people settled into villages, which developed into cities and later City-States were formed. They were ruled by Kings in this pre-dynastic period. The inter City- State quarrels made way to the birth of Kingdoms. About 30 dynasties have ruled Egypt for more than 3000 years but none could survive for more than 6-7 generations.

The rule of dynasties can be divided into 3 parts:
The Period of Old Kingdom, the Period of Middle Kingdom and the Period of the New Kingdom. Old Kingdom is also known as the Period of Pyramids. The Pharaohs of this period were very strong. They had a good administrative system. There was a council of elders to advise the King, which was not binding on him.

Pharaohs appointed Vizirs, the Prime Ministers who headed the Administration, Justice, and Treasury. The Local officers maintained the records and the accounts. Middle Kingdom is known as the Period of Feudal Lords. During this period, Lords became more powerful than the Pharaohs. It led to many internal wars and Anarchy. During the new Kingdom, the Kings raised powerful armies and built a very strong Empire and conquered new territories and expanded the Empire.

Egypt had a well organised society. There were three strata of people. The Upper class included the Royal family, Priests, Nobles and Military Officers who led a life of comfort and luxury. The Middle class included Physicians, Scribes, Craftsmen, Merchants, and Farmers. Slaves formed the Lower class or the last strata of the society and lived a very hard and toiling life. It was an agrarian economy.

They built Canals and Shadoofs for efficient irrigation purpose. They redesigned the hoe and fixed it to the yoke of oxen and transformed the hoe culture into plough culture for better yield. They developed a variety of crafts and manufacturing. Brass, bronze, gold, and iron were the metals used for making tools, utensils, ornaments, and weapons. They had developed both internal and external trade. They had perfected the art of shipbuilding to navigate the seas and smaller boats and vessels to sail the rivers.

Collection of taxes on agriculturists, traders and craftsmen were introduced to augment the state’s income. Egyptians developed pictographic writing called Hieroglyphics. These signs represented both sounds and some complete words. Papyrus was used for writing. They had a fair knowledge of Medicine, Geometry, Calendars, Astronomy, and Mathematics.

The construction of huge pyramids and the Sphinx are fine examples of their outstanding technical knowledge and sound administrative ability. They had invented the Shadow clock to mark the time of the day. Their education was controlled by the State.

Question 2.
Describe the contributions of Mesopotamian civilization.
Answer:
Agriculture was the main occupation of the Mesopotamians followed by cattle rearing and dairy farming. To that end, they developed erection of bunds to lands and artificial irrigation. They gave to the world the knowhow about digging of canals, construction of dykes, embankments and storage basins to regulate water consumption and usage throughout the year. It is believed that the Shadoof was developed by them for artificial irrigation.

They had a barter system in the beginning, but later started using metal coins. Weaving, dyeing, woodworks, pottery, jewellery, and metallurgy were the important crafts. They exported wooden articles and fiber clothes and had trade relations with India and Egypt.

As stone was not available in Mesopotamia, we do not find sculpture and architecture as we find in Egypt. Most of the buildings were built with brick and mud and only very few of them have survived. King Nebuchadnezzar constructed a Palace with a variety of gardens on the roof known as the Hanging Garden of Babylon which was considered as one of the Seven wonders of the Ancient World.

Mesopotamians were excellent artisans and sculptors. They carved beautiful images of eagles and other animals. Student copybooks and a library of clay books of 4,000 years old were found at excavations. They used flat bricks for writing which was known as ‘cuneiform’ writing. They composed many myths, legends, and poems. Their Epic of Gilgamesh is a rich poetry.

They knew about the Planets and believed that Sun and Moon influenced the life of men. They had faith in Astrology which was based on Astronomy. They divided the year into 12 months with 354 days. They followed the lunar Calendar. Their hour had 60 minutes and a minute had 60 seconds. They had made good progress in the field of medicine. Their book ‘Matoria Medica’ mentions of550 medicines prepared from vegetables, minerals, and animal products. That book also gives details of various diseases and their symptoms.

Mesopotamians worshipped Nature along with innumerable Gods and Goddesses. They built Ziggurats – Temples with tall towers. The Temples were also centres of education. They had streamlined Central and Provincial administrations. Governors were appointed to look after the provincial administration. They had a horse borne postal system for communication.

The greatest contribution of the Mesopotamian civilization was the ‘Code of Hammurabi’. King Hammurabi was a great Conqueror and an able administrator. He collected all the existing laws, classified them, improved them, added new ones and codified all into one body of laws. It covered all aspects of human life and was a mixture of enlightened laws and barbarous punishments. It was an everlasting and monumental legal achievement of Hammurabi, which has made him immortal.

Question 3.
Describe the contributions of Chinese civilization.
Answer:
1. Art of painting:
Chinese had developed wonderful painting. They painted on silk cloth, tomb walls, pots and papers. They believed that tomb painting were means to protect the dead and help their souls to go to heaven.

2. Sculpture:
Chinese developed the art of casting bronze statues of animals and monsters. This art developed during Shangs and Chous. Buddhism influenced their sculpture and the statues of Bodhisatwa carved in stone are found in large numbers. The Terracotta army assembled in the tomb of the first Kin Emperor consists of life-size images of more than 8000 warriors and horses.

Chinese were massive builders. The Great Wall of China is one of their most impressive and everlasting architectural accomplishment. It was purely built for the ’ utilitarian purpose of protecting the country from Mongolian invasions. They also built Buddhist temples called Pagodas, important among them are the ‘Giant Wild Goose Pagoda’, ‘Jade Pagoda’, ‘Flask Pagoda’ and the ‘Temple of Sleeping Buddha’ outside Peking, the present Beijing.

3. Writing and Literature:
Chinese had developed the art of writing during Shang period. Chinese script was standardized during Chin Rulers. They have no alphabets and parts of speech. It consists of only characters which are more than 40,000. It started as pictograph and later they developed Characters or Logograms.

Chinese characters constitute the oldest continuously used systems of writing in the world. Their writing played an important role in cultural unification. Chinese script also influenced Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese scripts. It is written from top to bottom.

The invention of paper, silk, and ink for writing helped the growth of writing and literature. The practice of writing history was also popular in China. The Chinese literature comprised of prose, poetry, philosophy and history. During Han and Tong dynasties, Chinese poetry reached great heights. Chinese had developed Geography, Geometry, Arithmetic, Calendars, Astronomy and they could predict eclipses accurately.

The important inventions of the Chinese are the following. Silk, Tea, Ink, Brushes for painting and writing, Abacus, Acupuncture, Rudder, Gun powder, Glass, Pottery, Porcelain, Rockets, Umbrella, Seismograph, and Mariner Compass.

4. Philosophy and Religion:
Lao Tse, Confucius, and Mencius were three great Philosophers who influenced the religious ideas of Chinese to a great extent. Lao Tse’s philosophy is known. as Taoism. He preached non-violence, not to be conservative, to respect the wise, do one’s duty with sincerity and honesty, etc., The philosophy of Confucius is known as ‘Confucianism’. The principles of Confucius had a basis in common Chinese traditions and beliefs. He taught loyalty towards family, worship of ancestors, respect to elders and unity among the people of China.

Question 4.
Briefly explain the History of Ancient civilizations.
Answer:
Many inventions such as use of fire, rearing of animals for milk and meat, new weapons, tools, utensils, fishing nets, clay pots, discovery of weaving and building of huts and houses, new means and methods of transport, such as animals and carts etc. have brought revolutionary changes and given rise to new arts, crafts and occupations.

Most of the civilizations in the world developed on the banks of the rivers. The places where humans settled first were naturally those parts of the world where the soil was rich and water available for drinking and irrigation, wide and flat lands through which great rivers ran and had a warm climate. Humans appeared about 5.6 million years ago but started civilized life only 7000 years ago.

Around 6000 B.C.E humans made the most important discovery i.e. the ‘Discovery of the cultivation of land Agriculture’ which brought a great change in the way of their living. Agriculture bound humans to the soil assured them food throughout the year and fodder for their animals.

1. The quotation “Moving wheels made the Civilizations”:
Is noteworthy. The invention of moving wheel by humans brought major changes in the profession of potters, carpenters, blacksmiths, rope makers and transport system. It also increased the pace of growth of civilizations. Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, China, etc were the first sites of human settlements. In these regions, humans first formed groups to live together, Valleys of the rivers like the Nile, Euphrates, and Tigris, Indus, Huwang-Ho, and Yangtse-Sikiang, etc., have helped the great civilizations to flourish. Hence the river valleys are called the Cradles of Civilizations.

The factors that helped the growth of Civilizations are as follows:

1. Deposition of fertile alluvial soil caused by the river floods.
2. Continuous and uninterrupted supply of water for irrigation and domestic purposes.
3. Favorable climate generally found on the river valleys.
4. Plenty of food, fruits, and vegetables for the humans and fodder for their animals.
5. River valleys helped fishing.
6. They helped the growth of trade and communication by providing means of transport.

The above factors reduced the burden on the humans in wandering for food and the risk of life. They started to settle down at one place and formed groups and communities, which later evolved into villages, towns, and cities. They started to become civilized. The leisure gave them the opportunity to discover metals, make tools and weapons, start building their homes, etc.

The characteristics of a civilization are as given below:

1. Group of people having a specific livelihood and specific settlement patterns.
2. Group of people having a specific pattern of administration.
3. Group of people having a specific social pattern and unique cultural traits.
4. Humans during different ages invented various metals and learnt their uses.
5. The growth of civilization necessitated the need for internal and external security.
6. It gave rise to a complex administrative system with bureaucracy and accounting which necessitated writing.

You can Download Chapter 9 Democratic Decentralisation Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 9 Democratic Decentralisation

1st PUC Political Science Democratic Decentralisation One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who is called as lather of local self-government in India?
Answer:
Lord Rippon is called as father of local self-government in India.

Question 2.
Which state implemented local self-government at first in India.
Answer:
Rajastan has first implemented local self-government in India.

Question 3.
Which constitutional amendment act related to Rural local bodies?
Answer:
73^rd constitutional amendment act relates to rural local bodies.

Question 4.
Which constitutional amendment act related to Urban local bodies?
Answer:
74^th constitutional amendment act relates to urban local bodies.

Question 5.
What is the term of president of Grama Panchayat?
Answer:
The term of the president of Grama Panchayat is 30 months.

Question 6.
Expand P.D.O.
Answer:
Panchayat Development Officer.

Question 7.
What is the term of president of the Taluk Panchayat?
Answer:
The term of the president of Taluk Panchayat is 20 months.

Question 8.
What is the tenure of Zilla Panchayat?
Answer:
5 Years.

Question 9.
What is the term of president of the Zilla Panchayat?
Answer:
The term of the president of Zilla Panchayat is 30 months.

Question 10.
Who is the administrative chief of the Zilla Panchayat?
Answer:
Chief Executive Officer.

Question 11.
Expand BBMP.
Answer:
Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palika.

Question 12.
What are the qualifications and tenure of Mayor?
Answer:
To be elected as a Mayor, first of all, he must be one of the councillors. He is elected as mayor for a period of 1 year only.

Question 13.
Who is the administrative officer of City Corporation.
Answer:
Corporation Commissioner.

Question 14.
How many members are nominated to Mahanagara Palika?
Answer:
5 members are nominated.

Question 15.
How many Mahanagar Palike are there in Karnataka.
Answer:
Bangalore, Mysore, Mangalore, Belgaum, Gulbarga, Bellary, Davangere, Hubii, Bharward.

Question 16.
What is local self-government?
Answer:
It is the government of locality. Its main objective is to facilitate the participation of the people in the developmental activities of their locality.

Question 17.
What is Panchayat Raj?
Answer:
It is multi-functional, multi-purpose organisational system. It is the outcome of democratic decentralisation.

Question 18.
Name the three stages of Local self-government.
Answer:

1. Village Panchayat.
2. Panchayat Samiti
3. Zilla Parishad.

Question 19.
Who is the Municipal Commissioner?
Answer:
He is the Chief Executive Officer of the Municipal Corporation. He is directly appointed by the Government.

Question 20.
What is Zilla Panchayat?
Answer:
It is constituted for each district. It has jurisdiction over the entire district.

Question 21.
Bring out the differences between Town Municipalities and City Corporations.
Answer:
Municipalities are located in urban areas whereas city corporations exists in metropolitan areas. Corporations are independent bodies whereas town municipalities are subject to the Council of Government.

Question 22.
Who is called as head of City Corporation?
Answer:
Mayor.

Question 23.
How many corporations are there in Karnataka?
Answer:
Eight corporations.

Question 24.
What is the term of Gram Panchayat?
Answer:
5 years.

Question 25.
Who proposed the Gram Rajya?
Answer:
Mahatma Gandhi.

Question 26.
Name the 3 tier of Panchayat raj system.
Answer:
Zilla Panchayat, Taluk Panchayat and Gram Panchayat.

Question 27.
What is the term of Gram Panchayat?
Answer:
A village or group of villages having a population of not less than 5,000 but not more than 7,000 is called Gram Panchayat. The power to declare an area as a Gram Panchayat rests with the Assistant Commissioner.

Question 28.
Name the administrative officer of Gram Panchayat.
Answer:
Secretary.

Question 29.
What is a corporation?
Answer:
Corporations are established in big cities like Bangalore, Mysore, Hubli-Dharwar, Davanagere. Elected members from different wards in the city known as councilors or corporators form the corporation.

Question 30.
Who is a councilor?
Answer:
The elected members of corporation are called Councilors.

Question 31.
What is a ward?
Answer:
For the purpose of election, people of the city are divided into various wards and the representatives of each ward form the corporation, who are also known as councilors.

Question 32.
Who is called first citizen of a city corporation?
Answer:
Mayor.

Question 33.
Who elects the members of City Corporation?
Answer:
They are directly elected by the people.

Question 34.
What is the term of city municipality?
Answer:
5 years.

Question 35.
Name the administrative officer of city municipality.
Answer:
Chief officer.

Question 36.
Who elects the members of town municipality?
Answer:
They are directly elected by the people.

Question 37.
What is the term of town municipality?
Answer:
5 years.

Question 38.
Name the administrative officer of town municipality.
Answer:
Chief Officer.

Question 39.
What is local government?
Answer:
It is as governmental machinery established by the people in a locality to administer the affairs of a local area.

Question 40.
What is Zilla Panchayat?
Answer:
There shall be a Zilla Panchayat at every distirct level and a member for a population of every 40,000.

Question 41.
Who elects the members of Zilla Panchayat?
Answer:
The members are directly elected by the people.

Question 42.
What is taluk Panchayat?
Answer:
There shall be a taluk Panchayat for a population not exceeding one lakh. It shall have minimum 11 members. Each member representing a population of one thousand.

Question 43.
Who elects the members of taluk Panchayat?
Answer:
The members are directly elected by the people.

Question 44.
What is a corporation?
Answer:
City corporations are established in big cities according to the acts of state legislature.

Question 45.
Name the political head of corporation.
Answer:
Mayor and Deputy Mayor.

Question 46.
Name the administrative head of corporation.
Answer:
Corporation Commissioner.

Question 47.
What is a Town municipality?
Answer:
There are municipalities established in cities and towns. If the population exceeds 20,000 but less than 50,000 it is called Town municipality.

Question 48.
Name the political head of Town municipality.
Answer:
President and vice president.

Question 49.
What is a City Municipality?
Answer:
If the population is more than 50,000 and less than 39,000, it is called a City Municipality.

Question 50.
Name the political head of City Municipality.
Answer:
President.

Question 51.
What is the role of the Deputy-Mayor?
Answer:
The Deputy Mayor discharges the duties of Mayor in case of absence, due to resignation, death, incapacity (exceeding 8 days) or the Deputy Mayor also performs the tasks assigned to him by the mayor.

1st PUC Political Science Democratic Decentralisation Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is democratic decentralization?
Answer:
Distribution of constitutional powers from union level to village level is called democratic decentralization.

Question 2.
Name the three stages of Local self-government according to the Balwant Roy Mehta committee.
Answer:

1. Village Panchayat
2. Panchayat Samiti
3. Zilla Parishad

Question 3.
Where and When the Panchayat Raj System came in to force?
Answer:
The Panchayat Raj system has first came into base on 2^nd October 1959 at Rajastan.

Question 4.
What is the importance of 73^rd and 74^th constitutional amendment?
Answer:
73^rd constitutional amendment Act deals with the rural local bodies and 74^th act relates to urban local bodies.

Question 5.
What is Local self-government?
Answer:
Local self-governments are the administrative units which are created by the statutory law to meeth the local needs fastly and effectively.

Question 6.
Which are the three stages of Rural Local self-government?
Answer:

1. Village Panchayat
2. Panchayat Samiti
3. Zilla Parishad

Question 7.
Who elects the President and Vice president of Grama Panchayath?
Answer:
The president and vice president elected by the members of Grama Panchayath, President(Adhyaksha) presides over the meetings. In the absence of President, Vice president (Upadhyaksha) presides over the meetings.

Question 8.
Who will cast the vote in the election of president and vice president of Taluk Panchayat?
Answer:
Members of Taluk Panchayat cast their votes.

Question 9.
Who elects the president of Zilla Panchayat?
Answer:
Members of Zilla Panchayat elects.

Question 10.
Name the standing committees of Zilla Panchayat.
Answer:

1. General committee.
2. The fiance, Auditing and planning committee.
3. Social justice committee.
4. Education and health committee.
5. Agricultural and Industry committee.

Question 11.
Name any two Mahanagar Palike or Corporations.
Answer:
Bangalore, Mysore, Mangalore, Belgaum, Gulbarga, Bellary, Davangere, Hubli, Bharward.

Question 12.
Who elect Mayor.
Answer:
Corporator elects Mayor.

Question 13.
What are the types of local self-government?
Answer:
Gram Panchayat at village level, Taluk Panchayat at Taluk level and Zilla Panchayat at district level.

Question 14.
What is Panchayat Raj?
Answer:
It is the system of administration in which the village people are given the right to manage their own local affairs and to satisfy their needs themselves.

Question 15.
Who is the main municipal authority?
Answer:

1. The Corporation or the General Council.
2. Standing Committees.
3. The Commissioner.

Question 16.
Mow the expenses are met in a Municipal Corporation?
Answer:
Every Municipal Corporation will have its own fund known as Corporation Fund. All incomes are deposited on these fund and all payments are made out of this fund.

Question 17.
Mention the standing committees of Corporation.
Answer:

1. Standing Committee for taxation and finance.
2. Standing Committee for Public Health.
3. Standing Committee for Public Works.

Question 18.
Which are the sources of income of City Corporation?
Answer:

• Profession, fairs, festivals.
• Rent from its land and property.

Question 19.
Name the Standing Committee of Gram Panchayat.
Answer:

• Social Justice Committee
• Amenities Committee
• Production Committee

1st PUC Political Science Democratic Decentralisation Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the meaning and importance of Democratic decentalization system.
Answer:
Distribution of constitutional powers from union level to village level is called democratic decentralisation
The importance of local governments is so paramount that it is called the “Primary school of democracy”.
1. Welfare state:
Modern states are welfare states. If the overall development of the state is to take place; the development of local governments is very vital. Because national progress can’t be divorced from rural progress.

2. Cradle of Democracy:
A citizen, not aware of the working of democracy is a burden on the nation. In local governments, people are introduced to functioning of democracy step by step and over a period of time they learn the nuances of democracy. Democracy can survive only when majority of the masses living in rural areas participate. That’s why local governments are called “cradles of democracy”;

3. Power to the People:
The other name of local government is power of the people; the local governments take power to the doorsteps of the people and empower them not only identify problems but also to solve them.

4. Knowledge of Administration:
Local governments aim at imparting knowledge of administration to locals, though the local people are aware of the government, they are not aware of the working of administration. But when interacted with officials, due to proximity, they get working knowledge of administration.

5. Local Solutions:
The basic principle of local government is, local problems must be solved at the local level. The centre or state government can’t understand local problems due to paucity of time, interest and information. But locals can, based on experience, identify suitable solutions to problems.

Question 2.
Explain the 73^rd constitutional amendment Act.
Answer:
The 73^rd constitutional amendment act which came in to force on 1993 can be explained its provisions as below:

1. 73^rd constitutional amendment act provides reservation to SC, ST, Backward class women.
2. The Panchayats can mobilize their revenue sources.
3. Elections should be need within 6 months.
4. The power to constitution of committees is rests with the state government.
5. Members of parliament and assembly are enjoying the membership in Panchayats.
6. The members of Panchayats have to elect by the elections.
7. The age limit to contest the election is fixed to 21 years.
8. The state election commission is the authority to conduct the elections.
9. The Panchayats have power to impose tax.
10. State finance commission has been established to review the finances of Panchayats.
11. Panchayats can prepare and enforce the plans for economic and social development.

Question 3.
plain 74^th constitutional amendment Act.
Answer:
The 74^th constitutional amendment act which came into effect in 1993 can be explained as its provisions as below.

1. The state government can conduct the elections.
2. It ensures a firm relation between state government and urban local bodies with regards to taxation powers and revenue sharing.
3. It provides adequate reservation facilities to SG, ST, Backward class and women.
4. The state government has power to legislate about reservation in urban local bodies.
5. The members should elect directly by the residents who are living in urban area.
6. The tenure of the urban local bodies in 5 years.
7. Elections shall be held within 6 months from the date of dissolution.
8. Members of parliament and assembly are the ex-officio members of urban local bodies.
9. The state government can nominate 5 members to the urban local bodies.
10. The state government has power to prepare plan for economic and social development.
11. State finance commission has been established to review the finances of urban local bodies.

Question 4.
Explain the constitution of Gram Panchayath.
Answer:
There is a Grama Panchayat at the village level, A Taluk Panchayat at the taluk level. There will be direct elections to all house levels. Reservation of seats for SC’s and ST’s according to their population. All Adhyakshas can be members of Zilla Panchayats, MPs and MLA’s can be members of both Zilla and Taluk Panchayat.

Question 5.
Write the composition of Taluk Panchayat or Explain the constitution of Taluk Panchayat.
Answer:
As per Karnataka Panchayat Act of 1993, the Grama Panchayats are constituted in the following manners.

• There shall be one member for the Grama Panchayat for every population of 400.
• 1/3 of total members of Gram Panchayats shall be from the backward classes and women.
• 15% of total seats in Gram Panchayat shall be reserved for SC’s and STs.
• The Government Officers conduct Panchayat electons. All the citizens whose names are there in the electoral roles are eligible to vote.

Question 6.
Explain the standing committees of Gram Panchayat.
Answer:
To look at the functions of Gram Panchayat there are 5 standing committees, they are:

1. Committee on Productivity
2. Committee on Social Justice
3. Committee on Services

Each committee consists of 5 members elected among them. No member can be in two committees at a time. Social justice committee must consist of one woman, one SC, and one ST member.

Question 7.
Explain the constitution of Mahanagara Palika.
Answer:
Corporations are constituted as per Karnataka Muncipal Corporation Act-1976. Wards are created on the basis of city population. A population exceeds more than 3 Laks can be called as Corporation. The members are called as corporators and elected by the city residents for a period of 5 years. Some seats are reserved for SC/ST, OBC, and Women. State government nominates 5 members to the corporation from different field. The MP’s and MLA’s in that jurisdiction are also the members of corporation and can attend the meetings with voting right. The Mayor elected by the Corporators presides over the meetings. The state government appoints administrative head as a commissioner from the IAS cadre. The meetings are held once in two months.

Question 8.
Explain the standing committees and financial sources of Pura Sabha.
Answer:
The Standing committees of Pura Sabha are

• Taxation, Finance and Appeal committee.
• Basic health, Education and Social justice committee.
• Tour planning and Improvement committee.
• Accounts and Audit committee.

Financial Sources

• Taxes on assets, water, professions, and advertisements.
• Rents from markets, complexes, and other properties.
• Grants and contributions from the State government.
• Income collected for providing drainage and sanitary facilities.
• Loans raised from the public with government approval.

Question 9.
What are the essential conditions for the access of focal self-government?
Answer:

• Local self-governing bodies can work successfully under the Mowing conditions.
• Absence of wide economic disparities .among the members of these communities.
• The bodies must have adequate financial resources available to them. Ethnic homogeneity in their membership is another condition for their success.

Question 10.
Write any 3 merits of local self-government.
Answer:

1. There is administrative convenience when the administration is looked after by the local self-govt. Local people can understand and manage local affairs better than the govt.
2. This would help to solve the local problems quickly and easily.
3. It brings administrative efficiency and economy in administration. The local people can deal with these matters efficiently spending less money.

Question 11.
Write any 3 demerits of local self-government.
Answer:

• Under this, people develop narrow loyalty for their city, town or district.
• Most local governing institutions are dominated by a few local leaders.
• Divided responsibility is one more demerit of local self-government. The responsibilities are divided between the government and local bodies.

Question 12.
What are the reasons for the decline of Panchayat Raj?
Answer:

1. Increasing tendency towards centralisation on the part of both central and state government.
2. Meagre resources available to the Panchayats.
3. Corruption and inefficiency in the working of the Panchayat Raj institutions.
4. Domination of economically and socially forward classes.

Question 13.
Write briefly on Mayor of Corporation.
Answer:
Mayor is head of the Municipal Corporation. It is an elected post. He is elected by the members of Corporation, at its first meeting after the general election of councillors. This term is for one year. He has the power to give directions to Municipal Commissioner.

Question 14.
Write briefly on Municipal Commissioner of the Corporation.
Answer:
Municipal Commissioner is appointed by the State Government in consultation with the Mayor. He is normally appointed for the term of 5 years. The Executive Powder of Corporation is vested in the Commissioner. He is the custodian of all the records and its Standing Committees.

Question 15.
Examine the finances of Grama Panchayat.
Answer:
Grama Panchayat will receive an annual grant of one lakh rupees for developmental activities. The Grama Panchayat levy taxes on buildings and lands, may level water rate. It may also levy a tax on entertainment, vehicles, advertisement and boardings fee on buses, etc.

Question 16.
Write a note on Balwanth Rai Mehta committee.
Answer:
The Balwanth Rai Mehtha Committee was established in 1956 to suggest ways and means to strengthen the local government system in India. The committee submitted its report in 1957 in which it suggested a three-tier Panchayat Raj System with Village Panchayat at the village level, Taluk Panchayat at the Taluk level and Zilla Panchayat at the district level. It also advocated decentralization of power and participation of locals on local matters. To realize the dream of Panchayat raj system in India, Rajasthan and Karnataka states implemented the Panchayat raj system.

Question 17.
Write a note on Ashok Mehta committee.
Answer:
The Ashok Mehta Committee was established in 1977. The committee submitted its report in 1978 in which it nearly made a hundred recommendations, some of which are listed as follows: decentralization of powers, taxing power to Panchayat institutions, participation of political parties in Panchayat system, protection to weaker sections and a two-tier Panchayat raj system.

Question 18.
What are the functions of the president of Zilla Panchayat?
Answer:
Powers of the President:

• To call, preside and conduct the meetings of Zilla Panchayat.
• Implement decisions of Zilla Panchayat through supervision and control.
• The president may sanction to the tune of Rs. 1,00,000 in case of natural claims subjects to the approval of Zilla Panchayat.
• In case of his absence due to resignation, removal or death, the responsibilities are looked after by the Vice president.

Question 19.
What are the functions of the president of taluk Panchayat?
Answer:
Powers of President:

• To call, preside and conduct the meetings of Taluk Panchayat. Implement the decision of Taluk Panchayat through supervision and control.
• The president may sanction to the tune of Rs. 25,000 in case of natural claims subjects to the approval of Taluk Panchayat.
• In case of his absence due to resignation, removal or death, the responsibilities are looked after by the vice president.

Question 20.
Name the standing committees of Taluk Panchayat.
Answer:
Standing Committees:
To look after the functions of Taluk Panchayat there are 3 standing committees, they are

1. General Committee.
2. Committee on Finance Accounts and Planning.
3. Committee on Social Justice.

Each committee consists of Selected members among them. No member can be in two committees at a time. The president of Taluk Panchayat will be the chairman of General Committee and Committee on Finance Accounts and Planning. For Committee on social Justice Committee, members elect the Chairman among themselves.

Question 21.
What are the functions of the president of Gram Panchayat?
Answer:
Powers of President:

• To call, preside and conduct the meetings of Gram Panchayat.
• Implement the decisions of Gram Panchayat through supervision and control.
• In case of his absence due to resignation, removal or death, the responsibilities are looked after by vice president.

Question 22.
What is the role of the mayor?
Answer:
The Mayor, the first citizen of the city holds a position of honour and prestige. The following are the functions of Mayor:

1. To preside over the council meetings and conduct it smoothly.
2. Exercise administrative control over the secretariat of General council
3. To direct the Corporation commissioner to implement the decisions taken by the General council.
4. He may call for records relating to city corporation administration.
5. Mayor may call for a special meeting of the General council on request by councilors with a requisite majority.

Question 23.
What are the functions of the president of a city/town municipality?
Answer:
The President is the political head of the town or city municipality. He is responsible for smooth conduct of proceedings. The functions of the president are as follows:

1. To preside over the council meetings and conduct it smoothly.
2. Exercise administrative control over the municipality.
3. To direct the Chief municipal officer to implement the decisions taken by the meeting.
4. He may call for any records relating to city municipal administration.
5. President may call for a special meeting of the General council on request by councilors with a requisite majority

Question 24.
What is the purpose of establishing standing committees?
Answer:
Each standing committee has clearly defined functions. This is to ensure efficiency and specialization. Committee on taxation and finance deals with matters relating to taxes and finance. The Committee on Public health, education, and social justice concern itself with matters relating to health, education and social justice. Issues concerning planning and development of city are taken care of by the committee on city planning and development. The crucial responsibility of auditing, income and. expenditure and protecting the public money lies with the committee on accounts.

Each standing committee consists of members. Members of each committee are appointed on the basis of proportional representation through single non-transferable vote. No member can be in more than one committee. The President of the committee is appointed by members from among themselves.

Question 25.
Mention the financial sources of Zilla Panchayat.
Answer:
Finances:
The financial need of Zilla Panchayat is met through the following sources.

• Funds transferred from the central reserved funds.
• Income earned through imposing taxes and collecting penalties.
• Income earned by way of rent and sale of Zilla Panchayat property.
• Interest earned on loans given by the Zilla Panchayat.

Question 26.
Mention the financial sources of Taluk Panchayat.
Answer:
The financial need of Taluk Panchayat is met through the following sources.

• Funds transferred from the central reserved, funds
• Income earned through imposing taxes and collecting penalties.
• Income earned by way of rent and sale of Taluk Panchayat property.
• Interest earned on loans given by the Taluk Panchayat.

Question 27.
Mention the financial sources of Gram Panchayat.
Answer:
The financial need of the Gram Panchayat is met through the following sources.

• Funds transferred from the central reserved funds.
• Income earned through imposing taxes and collecting penalties.
• Income earned by way of rent and sale of Gram Panchayat property.
• Interest earned on loans given by the Gram Panchayat.

Question 28.
Name the standing committees of Zilla Panchayat.
Answer:
To look after the functions of Zilla Panchayat there are 5 standing committees, they are

1. General Committee.
2. Committee on Finance, Accounts, and Planning.
3. Committee on Social Justice.
4. Committee on Education and Health.
5. Committee on Agriculture and Industry.

Each committee consists of 5 elected members. No member can be in two committees at a time. The President of Zilla Panchayat will be the Chairman of General committee and Committee on Finance Accounts and Planning. For Committee on Social Justice, Committee on Education and Health and Committee on Agriculture and Industry members elect the chairman among themselves.

1st PUC Political Science Democratic Decentralisation Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Discuss the functions of Gram panchayat.
Answer:
Functions of gram panchayat.

• Formulate plans for the development of Gram panchayat.
• Preparation of Budget of Gram panchayat.
• Collection and maintenance of necessary information and statistics relating to the panchayat.
• Provide relief during natural calamities like floods, famine or earthquakes.
• Encouragement to agriculture.
• Encouragement and development of poultry and pisciculture.
• Support to khadi and cottage industries.
• Protection of public health and support family welfare programmes.
• Encouraging rural housing by providing houses and sites to weaker sections.
• Promote cleanliness through underground drainage system.
• Provide drinking water and prevent water pollution.
• Construction and maintenance of roads, buildings, and bridges.
• Rural electrification.
• Encourage primary and higher education.
• Support and implement poverty alleviation programmes.
• Support adult education and informal education.
• Construction and maintenance of libraries and reading rooms.
• Regulation of market and fairs.
• Strive for the welfare of women and children.
• Strive for the welfare of weaker sections.
• Preservation of Public distribution system
• Maintenance of public gardens and stadiums.
• Maintenance of graveyards.
• Strive and support welfare of physically challenged (handicapped) and mentally retarded.
• Function as per directed by Panchayat Raj Act from time to time.

Question 2.
Explain the functions of Taluk Panchayat.
Answer:
The powers and functions of Taluk Panchayats are as below:

1. Preparation of annual plans and submit to Z.P.
2. Preparation of annual budget and report to Z.P.
3. Providing basic felicities to victims of natural calamities.
4. Promotion of agriculture and horticulture.
5. Ensuring overall development of the Taluk.
6. Constrictions and maintenances of roads, bridges, and buildings
7. Promotes poverty alienation programmes, literacy programmes.
8. Development of primary and secondary education.
9. Promoting the welfare of women children and physically handicapped.
10. Providing electric and water felicities.
11. Promoting animal husbandry, poultry and fisheries.
12. Promoting the welfare of SC, ST and backward class.
13. Regulating the markets in rural areas.
14. Conducting health and family welfare programmes.
15. Encouraging small irrigation programmes.

Question 3.
Explain the functions and constitution of Zilla panchayat
Answer:
Zilla panchayats are constituted in Karnataka at a district level to look after the development of the district. According to Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act 1993 the number of members will be decided on the basis of population of the district. For every 40,000 population is represented by one member. The members are directly elected by the voters for a period of 5 years.
Functions of Zilla panchayat:
Zilla panchayat is the nodal point of all developmental activities of the district.
Following are the functions of Zilla panchayat:

• Supervision co-ordination, direction and integrating development work at the district level.
• Conservation and development of agriculture and horticulture.
• Land development and soil conservation.
• Building and conservation of irrigational works.
• Encourage animal husbandry, dairy development, and poultry.
• Encourage rural cottage industries.
• Construction of district roads, buildings, and other communication facilities .
• Support small-scale industries.
• Establishment and maintenance of Public distribution system (PDS)
• Electrification of rural areas.
• Encourage co-operative activities.
• Implementation of health and family welfare programmes.
• Establishment and maintenance of primary and high schools.
• Planning and supervision of poverty alleviation programmes.
• Encourage rural cottage industries.
• Take up any work as directed by the state government under Panchayat Raj Act.

Question 4.
Explain the powers and functions of Mahanagara Palika.
Answer:
Functions of corporation:
The functions of corporation may be broadly classified into 3 groups:

1. General functions
2. Compulsory functions
3. Optional functions

1. General functions:
The 1976 Act stipulates certain general functions to the corporation. These functions are routine in nature.

• Management of administration of the corporation
• Preparation of budget
• Seek approval of budget

2. Compulsory Functions:
The corporation is duty bound to perform certain functions designated as compulsory. The following are the compulsory functions of corporation.

• Construction and conservation of public roads and streets.
• Providing electricity to public roads, streets, and markets
• Making arrangements for conservancy, drainage, and removal of garbage.
• Providing safe drinking water and water for other purposes.
• Naming and numbering of roads.
• Construction and maintenance of pubic markets.
• Prevent diseases through effective public health system
• Control over construction of buildings through effective clearance system.
• Prevent adulteration of food products , milk, and pharmaceuticals.
• Registaration and maintenance of birth and death records.
• Establishment and maintenance of primary schools.
• Planting and conservation of saplings.
• Construction and maintenance of public gardens and playgrounds.
• Construction and maintenance of burial grounds.
• Protection of public property and public monuments.

3.Optional functions:
Optional functions are discretionary in nature. They can be undertaken only if the time and money permits. The following are the optional functions of the corporations.

• Establishment of an efficient transport system.
• Establish associations for the welfare of orphans and the destitute.
• Establishment and maintenance of child welfare centers.
• Construction and conservation of swimming pools and bathing Ghats.
• Conduct surveys of land and buildings.
• Construction and maintenance of museums, art galleries, and gardens with district plants.
• Establishment and maintenance of hospitals for animals.
• Raise money for providing relief during natural calamities such as earthquake, drought, etc.,
• Improve slums by developing them.
• Construct houses for the poor, homeless and the destitute.
• Construction and maintenance of water troughs for animals.
• Support environment.

Question 5.
Explain the functions and constitution of Nagara Sabha in brief.
Answer:
Nagara Sabha is constituted on the basis of population of the city or town. According to Karnataka municipal act 1964 for every city with population of 50,000 to 3,00,000 city municipal council is constituted. Towns with population of 20,000 to 50,000 town municipalities are constituted. The members of Nagara Sabha are directly elected by the residense of the town and cities directly for a period of 5 years.
Following are the general functions:

• Management of administration of the corporation.
• Preparation of budget.
• Seek approval of budget.
• Compulsory functions of corporation.
• Construction and conservation of public roads and streets.
• Providing electricity to public roads, streets, and markets.
• Making arrangements for conservancy, drainage, and removal of garbage.
• Providing safe drinking water and waste for other purposes.
• Naming and numbering of roads.
• Construction and maintenance of public markets.
• Prevent diseases through an effective public health system.
• Control over the construction of buildings through an effective clearance system.
• Prevent the adulteration of food products, milk, and pharmaceuticals.
• Registration and maintenance of birth and death records.
• Establishment and maintenance of primary schools.
• Planting and conservation of saplings.
• Construction and maintenance of public gardens and play grounds.
• Construction and maintenance of burial grounds.
• Protection of public property and public monuments.

Optional functions:
Optional functions are discretionary in nature. They can be undertaken only if the time and money permits. The following are the optional functions of the corporations.

• Establishment of an efficient transport system.
• Establish associations for the welfare of orphans and the destitute.
• Establishment and maintenance of child welfare centers.
• Construction and conservation of swimming pools and bathing ghats.
• Conduct surveys of land and buildings.
• Construction and maintenance of museums, art galleries, and gardens with distinct plants.
• Establishment and maintenance of hospitals for animals.
• Raise money for providing relief during natural calamities such as earthquake, drought, etc.,
• Improve slums by developing them.
• Construct houses for the poor, homeless and the destitute.
• Construction and maintenance of water troughs for animals.
• Support environment conservation programmes through the planting trees etc.

Question 6.
Explain the functions of the Corporation.
Answer:
According to the Municipal Corporation Act of 1976, the functions of Corporation may be classified into

1. Obligatory functions
2. Discretionary functions

1. Obligatory functions:

• Construction and maintenance of public roads, streets, bridges, markets, drains, dispensaries, etc.
• To make the boundaries of the Municipal Corporation limits.
• Making arrangements for conservancy drainage, removal of garbage, etc.
• Lighting and watering of public streets.
• Supply of filtered water for drinking purposes and unfiltered water for other purposes.
• Maintenance of public health, vaccination, etc.
• Regulation of sale of food, drugs, milk, etc.
• Establishing and maintaining schools for primary education etc.

2. Discretionary functions:

• Construction and maintenance of libraries, museums, rest houses, gardens.
• Taking a census, arranging and maintaining means of transport.
• Maintaining diary forms set up and maintain institutions for sick or incurable etc.
• Organising and maintaining maternity and welfare centres for infant.

Question 7.
Describe the features of Local govt?
Answer:
1. It is territorial means it is of a particular locality. Usually, the areas demarcated for local bodies are village, block, district block, etc.

2. Functional:
Local self-govt are functional bodies. Their functions restricted to a particular area or locality.

3. They are non-sovereign bodies:
These bodies like village panchayats, town municipal councils, and city corporations are not independent and sovereign. They are subordinates to Central or State govt.

4. They enjoy autonomy to some extent:
Autonomy is given to them by Central or State Govt. Their powers and functions and jurisdictions are clearly determined by the Act of Law. which establishes them.

Question 8.
Write about the growth and development of Panchayat Raj in India?
Answer:
The recommendations of Balawantharai Mehta Committee, accepted by National Development Council in 1958. The first state to introduce Panchayat Raj was Rajasthan in 1959. According to Nehru, the system is the most revolutionary and historical step in context of modem India. People in rural India were so happy and began to feel that they had a say in the affairs of their own locality. During this time, there was massive development of Panchayat Raj institutions. More than 217 to 300 village Panchayats were established.

Question 9.
Explain the composition of Zilla Panchayat.
Answer:
Under the Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act 1993, there shall be constituted for each district a Zilla Panchayat, having jurisdiction over the entire district. These members shall be elected directly from each taluk. Each Zilla Panchayat consists of

1. Elected members
2. MPs and MLAs representing constituencies in districts.
3. Members of Rajyasabha and MLC’s registered as electors in districts.
4. Presidents (Adhyakshyas) of Taluk Panchayats.

All these members are entitled to take part in the proceedings and vote at the meetings of Zilla Panchayats. Seats are reserved for SC’s and ST’s on the basis of population, in district.

The elected members of Zilla Panchayat hold office for 5 years. The Zilla Panchayat shall meet once in 2 months. 1/3 of local members constitute quorum.

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Karnataka 1st PUC Hindi Workbook Answers रचना पत्र-लेखन

१) चार दिन का अवकाश माँगते हुए अपने प्रधानाचार्य को एक प्रार्थना-पत्र लिखिए।

जनता बाजार,
क्र. 11/बी, चित्रगुर्ग
दिनांक: 20 अगस। 2018

सेवा में,
प्रधानाचार्यजी,
सरकारी कॉलेज,
चित्रदुर्ग।

महोदय,
सविनय निवेदन है कि पिछले दो दिनों से मेरा स्वास्थ्य ठीक नहीं है। बार-बार बुखार आ रहा है। डॉक्टर ने आराम करने की सलाह दी है। अतः आपसे प्रार्थना है कि दिनांक 21 अगस्त 2018 से 24 अगस्त 2018 तक मुझे अवकाश प्रदान करने की कृपा करें।

धन्यवाद।

आपका आज्ञाकारी शिष्य,
विश्वनाथ पाटील
कक्षा प्रथम पी.यू.सी. ‘अ’

२) आर्थिक सहायता माँगते हुए अपने प्राचार्य को एक आवेदन-पत्र लिखिए।

नं. 225, स्टेशन रोड,
धारवाड़
दिनांकः 25 जून 2019

सेवा में,
प्राचार्य जी,
सरस्वती पी.यू. कॉलेज,
धारवाड़।

महोदय,
मैं प्रथम पी.यू.सी. कक्षा ‘बी’ की विद्यार्थिनी हूँ। इस वर्ष आगे की पढ़ाई के लिए आपसे छात्रवृत्ति मंजूर हो जाएगी, तो बड़ी कृपा होगी, क्योंकि हमारी आर्थिक स्थिति ठीक नहीं है।

धन्यवाद।

आपकी विनम्र शिष्या
सुजाता कुलकर्णी
(प्रथम पी.यू.सी. ‘बी’)

३) परीक्षा में सफल होने पर बधाई देते हुए अपने छोटे भाई को एक पत्र लिखिए।

क्र. 475, मेन रोड़,
गदग
दिनांकः 11 दिसंबर 2018

प्रिय ओंकार,
शुभाशीर्वाद।

अभी-अभी पिताजी का पत्र मिला। पढ़कर प्रसन्नता हुई कि तुम हिन्दी की ‘भाषा-भूषण’ परीक्षा में प्रथम श्रेणी में उत्तीर्ण हो गये हो और तुम्हें स्वर्ण-पदक भी मिलने वाला है। अतः मैं तुम्हें इस सफलता के लिए ढेर-सारी बधाइयाँ देता हूँ। आशा है, भविष्य में भी तुम इसी प्रकार कामयाब रहोगे। मंगल कामनाओं के साथ,

तुम्हारा अग्रज,
रामगोपाल

४) नशीले पदार्थों से बचे रहने का निर्देश देते हुए अपने मित्र को पत्र लिखिए।

‘शिव-सदन’, मेन रोड़,
गुलबर्गा।
दिनांकः 15 अप्रैल 2019

प्रिय मित्र रुद्रेश,
नमस्ते।
तुम्हारा पत्र मिला। जानकर खुशी हुई कि तुम्हें परीक्षा में 88% अंक प्राप्त हुए हैं। वास्तव में यह तुम्हारी लगन और मेहनत का फल है। मित्र रुद्रेश, मैं तुम्हें एक सलाह देना चाहता हूँ कि आजकल कॉलेजों में विद्यार्थियों को नशा करने की बहुत आदतें पड़ी हैं। गाँजा, शराब, बियर-ब्राँडी के अलावा कुछ विद्यार्थी चरस जैसे नशीले पदार्थों का सेवन करते हैं। अतः तुम इन सभी नशीले पदार्थों से दूर रहना। नशा करने वाले विद्यार्थियों से दोस्ती भी नहीं करना।

आशा है, तुम मेरी सलाह को गलत नहीं समझोगे। शेष सर्व कुशल।

तुम्हारा मित्र,
बसवराज

५) बैंक में खाता खोलने के लिए प्रबंधक के नाम आवेदन-पत्र लिखिए।

नं. 24, शिक्षक सदन,
बेंगलूर – 02.
दिनांक: 21 अप्रैल 2019

सेवा में,
शाखा प्रबंधक
सिंडिकेट बैंक,
केंपेगौड़ा सर्कल,
बेंगलूरु – 02.

विषय : बैंक में खाता खोलने हेतु आवेदन।

महोदय,
सविनय निवेदन है कि मैं यहाँ के एक स्थानीय कॉलेज में पढ़ रहा हूँ। यहाँ किसी बैंक में मेरा खाता नहीं है। अतः मैं आपके बैंक में बचत खाता खुलवाना चाहता हूँ। नियमानुसार परिचय-पत्र, घर का पता, पासपोर्ट साइज के फोटो इस आवेदन-पत्र के साथ रखे गए हैं। कृपया आपके बैंक में मेरा खाता खोलने का कष्ट करें।

धन्यवाद।

भवदीय
श्रीकान्त शर्मा

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

1) प्रथम श्रेणी में दसवीं कक्षा उत्तीर्ण करने पर अपने छोटे भाई को बधाई देते हुए पत्र लिखिए।

क्र. 475, मेन रोड़,
गदग
दिनांक: 11 दिसंबर 2018

प्रिय ओंकार,
शुभाशीर्वाद।

अभी-अभी पिताजी का पत्र मिला। पढ़कर प्रसन्नता हुई कि तुम दसवीं कक्षा की परीक्षा में प्रथम श्रेणी में उत्तीर्ण हो गये हो और तुम्हें स्वर्ण-पदक भी मिलने वाला है। अतः मैं तुम्हें इस सफलता के लिए देर-सारी बधाइयाँ देता हूँ। आशा है, भविष्य में भी तुम इसी प्रकार कामयाब रहोगे। मंगल कामनाओं के साथ,

तुम्हारा अग्रज,
रामगोपाल

सेवा में,
ओंकार राव्
36, तीसरी गली
विष्णुनगर
शिवमोग्गा – 577 201…

2) विदेश यात्रा पर जाने वाले अपने मित्र को उसकी मंगलमय यात्रा की कामना करते हुए पत्र लिखिए।

15-बी, अद्वैत अपार्टमेंटस
कुवेंपु नगर
मंगलूरू – 01
दिनांकः 20 अगस्त, 2018

प्रिय मित्र तीर्थराज सप्रेम नमस्कार।
आज ही तुम्हारा पत्र मिला। पढ़कर बहुत प्रसन्नता हुई कि तुम कम्प्यूटर की वेब साइट डिजाइनिंग प्रतियोगिता में राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर अव्वल आये हो। अब तुम इस प्रतियोगिता के अन्तर्राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर भाग लेने के लिए कनाडा जा रहे हो। इस उपलब्धि के लिए तुम्हें मेरी ओर से हार्दिक बधाई।

मुझे भरोसा है कि तुम इस प्रतियोगिता में भी अवश्य विजयी रहोगे। लगन, परिश्रम और दृढ़ संकल्प की भावना तुम में कूट-कूट कर भरी है। अपना तथा अपने देश का नाम ऊँचा करो।

एक बार पुनः मंगलमय यात्रा के लिए मेरी ओर से हार्दिक शुभकामनाएँ।

शुभकामनाओं सहित
तुम्हारा अनिल

सेवा में,
तीर्थराज
271, दूसरा ब्लाक
राजाजीनगर,
बेंगलूर – 560 010.

3) अपने बड़े भाई को पत्र लिखिए जिसमें उनके द्वारा दी गई सीख पर आचरण करने का आश्वासन दीजिए।

सरकारी महाविद्यालय
हुब्बली
दिनांकः 5 जून, 2019

प्रिय बड़े भैया सादर नमस्ते।
आज ही आपका पत्र प्राप्त हुआ। पत्र से ज्ञात हुआ कि आप मेरी पढ़ाई एवं बुरे दोस्तों की संगति में पड़ जाने की संभावना से चिंतित हो। आपने मुझे पढ़ाई करने, समय पर कॉलेज जाने एवं अच्छी संगति में रहने की हिदायत दी है। मैं इस बात को जानता हूँ कि अध्ययन ही कुसंगति से बचाता है। मैं आपको विश्वास दिलाता हूँ कि मैं ऐसा कोई भी कार्य नहीं करूँगा जिससे आपको या माता-पिता को दुःखी होना पड़े। मैं सदैव अध्ययन पर ध्यान दूँगा। आपका चिंता करना स्वाभाविक है। मैं इस बात को हरदम याद रखूगा। आप देखेंगे कि मैं वार्षिक परीक्षा में अच्छे अंकों से उत्तीर्ण हुआ हूँ।

माता-पिता को प्रणाम कहियेगा।

आपका अनुज
श्याम

सेवा में,
सूरज कुमार
105/75, मंडिपेट
दावणगेरे – 577 001.

4) बड़ी बहन के नाते अपने भाई को रक्षाबंधन के अवसर पर राखी भेजते हुए एक पत्र लिखिए।

‘कमल निवास’
5वाँ ब्लॉक, वसंत नगर
मैसूरु
दिनांकः 15 अगस्त, 2018

प्रिय विनय,
शुभाशीर्वाद।
कल, तुम्हारा पत्र मिला। तुम्हारे पत्र से ज्ञात हुआ कि तुम इस वर्ष रक्षाबंधन पर घर नहीं आ पाओगे। पढ़कर थोड़ा मन उदास हो आया। तुमने लिखा था इस वर्ष तुम्हें छुट्टी नहीं मिलेगी। मैं तुम्हारे उज्जवल भविष्य की कामना करती हुई इस पत्र के साथ राखी भेज रही हूँ। मैं अपने हाथ से तुम्हें राखी नहीं बाँध पाऊँगी। फिर भी मुझे संतोष रहेगा कि मेरी भेजी राखी तुमने बँधवा ली होगी।

यहाँ सभी कुशल मंगल हैं। माता-पिता तुम्हें याद करते हैं। शुभकामनाओं सहित।

तुम्हारी बहन
अर्पिता

सेवा में,
विनयकुमार
26, मधुरा कॉलोनी
नवनगर
धारवाड़ – 580 007.

5) अपने भाई के जन्म दिवस के उत्सव पर अपने मित्र को निमंत्रण पत्र लिखिए।

सी-4, राजाजीनगर
बेंगलूरू – 10
दिनांकः 10 जुलाई, 2019

प्रिय मित्र नरेश,
मित्र, तुम जानते ही हो के अनुज सत्येन्द्र का जन्म दिन 2 अगस्त को है। तुम्हें यह जानकर अत्यंत खुशी होगी कि इस बार भी इमारा परिवार सत्येन्द्र का जन्मदिन बड़ी धूम-धाम से मना रहा हैं। अगर इस अवसर पर तुम आ जाते हो तो दुगुना आनंद आएगा। इस बार कोई बहाना नहीं चलेगा। कम से कम चार से पाँच दिन का समय लेकर आना। मैसूरु घूमने भी चलेंगे। चाचा चाची को मेरा चरण-स्पर्श कहना। अपने छोटे भाई को प्यार।

तुम्हारा मित्र
वसंत सेवा में,

नरेश कुमार
201, श्री गुरु लेआऊट
हनुमंतपुरा
तुमकुर – 572 104.

6) अपने पिताजी को पत्र लिखकर उन्हें विद्यालय के वार्षिक उत्सव पर आमंत्रित कीजिए।

छात्रावास
सरकारी पीयू कॉलेज
चित्रदुर्गा
दिनांक: 5 मार्च, 2019

परम पूज्य पिताजी
सादर प्रणाम।

आपको विदित हो कि मैं यहाँ सानंद हूँ। मेरे सभी सहपाठी परिश्रमी एवं अध्ययनशील हैं। मुझे सबका सहज स्नेह प्राप्त है। यहाँ अनेक पठन-पाठन संबंधी प्रतियोगिताएँ होती रहती हैं। मैं उनमें उत्साह से भाग लेता हूँ। मुझे आपको सूचित करते हुए हर्ष हो रहा है कि 18 मार्च को होनेवाले कॉलेज के वार्षिक उत्सव में मुझे सम्मानित किया जाएगा। मैंने ढेर सारी प्रतियोगिताओं में पुरस्कार जीते हैं। मैं चाहता हूँ कि आप हमारे कॉलेज के इस वार्षिक उत्सव में उपस्थित रहकर मेरा हौसला बढ़ाये। मैं आपका ट्रेन टिकिट भेज रहा हूँ।

आप सबकी बहुत याद आती है। पूजनीय माता जी को मेरा प्रणाम कहना।

आपका स्नेहाकांक्षी
राहुल

सेवा में,
केशव प्रभु
33, स्टेशन रोड़,
बल्लारी – 583 101.

7) अपने मित्र को एक पत्र लिखिए जिसमें आनेवाली परीक्षा की तैयारी के विषय में उससे सलाह माँगिए।

130, सुल्तानपेट
बेंगलूरू – 45
दिनांक: 5 मार्च, 2019

प्रिय मित्र अभिनव
उम्मीद है तुम सकुशल होओगे। कई दिन से तुम्हारा पत्र नहीं आया है। शायद तुम वार्षिक परीक्षा की तैयारी में व्यस्त हो। गतवर्ष भी तुमने 96 प्रतिशत अंक लेकर विद्यालय में नया कीर्तिमान बनाया था। उम्मीद है इस बार भी ऐसी ही खुश खबरी मिलेगी। मेरी भी परीक्षाएँ होने वाली है।

मैं भी चाहता हूँ कि तुम्हारी तरह अंक लेकर उत्तीर्ण होऊँ। इसलिए चाहता हूँ कि तुम मेरा मार्गदर्शन करो। मुझे परीक्षा की तैयारी के लिए कुछ ऐसे सुझाव दो ताकि मैं भी प्रथम श्रेणी में उत्तीर्ण हो सकूँ। मुझे किस तरह पढ़ाई करनी चाहिए एवं समय-सारणी किस तरह से बनानी चाहिए इसका सलाह दो।

तुम्हारे पत्र का इंतजार रहेगा।

तुम्हारा मित्र
आनंद

सेवा में,
अभिनव,
189, बी.एम्. रोड
हासन – 573 201.

8) अपनी छोटी बहन को बोर्ड की परीक्षा में प्रथम स्थान पाने पर बधाई पत्र लिखिए।

कोडगु
दिनांकः 20 मई, 2019

प्रिय अंजली
प्यार।
मुझे कल ही तुम्हारे बोर्ड परीक्षा में प्रथम श्रेणी में उत्तीर्ण होने का समाचार मिला। मुझे यह खबर सुनकर जिस तरह के आनंद और गर्व का अनुभव हुआ है, उसे शब्दों में अभिव्यक्त करना मुश्किल है। पूरे परिवार को तुम पर गर्व है। कठिन परिश्रम से किसी भी लक्ष्य को प्राप्त किया जा सकता है।

प्रिय बहन! मेरी ओर से अपनी इस शानदार सफलता के लिए बधाई स्वीकार करो। मैं भगवान से प्रार्थना करता हूँ कि तुम जीवन में आगे भी सफलता हासिल करो।

मेरी शुभकामनाएँ तुम्हारे साथ है। तुम प्रगति के पथ पर आगे बढ़ती रहो।

तुम्हारा भाई
प्रकाश

सेवा में,
अंजली
देखभाल श्री रामचन्द्र अडिगा
संतेकट्टे, उडुपी – 576 105.

9) नगर निगम में कार्यालय सहायक पद के लिए एक आवेदन पत्र लिखिए।

सी-12/38, सरस्वतिपुरम
मैसुरू – 570 016
दिनांक: 20 जुलाई, 2018

नगर निगम अध्यक्ष
मैसूरु महानगर पालिके,
मैसूरु – 570 001.

विषयः कार्यालय सहायक पद के लिए आवेदन पत्र।

मान्यवर,
आपके द्वारा ‘स्टार आफ मैसूरु’ में प्रकाशित विज्ञापन के प्रत्युत्तर में मैं कार्यालय सहायक के पद हेतु अपना आवेदन-पत्र भेज रहा हूँ। मेरा व्यक्तिगत विवरण निम्नलिखित है:

अनुभव : कार्यालय सहायक जूनियर पद पर दो वर्ष का अनुभव
घोषणा : मैं आपको विश्वास दिलाता हूँ कि उपर्युक्त विवरण मेरे ज्ञान में पूर्णतया सत्य है। आशा है आप मेरी योग्यताओं पर सहानुभूतिपूर्वक विचार करते हुए सेवा का अवसर प्रदान करेंगे।

सधन्यवाद।

प्रार्थी
अनुराग कुमार

संलग्न : प्रमाण पत्रों एवं अनुभव प्रमाण पत्र की छायाप्रति।

10) शिक्षा निदेशक को छात्रवृत्ति के लिए एक आवेदन पत्र लिखिए।

हावेरी
दिनांकः 18 जून 2018

सेवा में,
शिक्षा निदेशक
पी.यू.सी. बोर्ड
बैंगलूरु

विषयः छात्रवृत्ति के लिए आवेदन।

महोदय,
मैं गाँधी विद्यालय, हावेरी का ग्यारहवीं कक्षा का छात्र हूँ। मेरी आर्थिक स्थिति चिंताजनक हैं। मेरे पिताजी प्राइवेट नौकरी से सेवानिवृत हो चुके हैं। महोदय मैं अपनी कक्षा में हर वर्ष अच्छे अंकों के साथ उत्तीर्ण होता रहा हूँ। गत वर्ष दसवीं की बोर्ड परीक्षा में मेरे 92 प्रतिशत अंक थे।

मेरा आपसे सविनय निवेदन है कि आप मुझे छात्रवृत्ति की सुविधा दिला दें। मैं जीवन भर आपका आभारी रहूँगा।

सधन्यवाद।

आपका आज्ञाकारी शिष्य
वेंकटेश

11) अपने क्षेत्र में रिक्त पड़े स्थान पर वृक्षारोपण के लिए सुझाव देते हुए वन्य विभाग के निदेशक को पत्र लिखिए।

अशोक कॉलोनी
चिकमगलूर
दिनांकः 15 सितम्बर, 2018

सेवा में,
निदेशक
वन विभाग
चिकमगलूर क्षेत्र

विषय : रिक्त पड़े स्थान पर वृक्षारोपण के सन्दर्भ में।

महोदय,
हम अशोक कॉलोनी, चिकमगलूर के निवासी हैं। इस पत्र के माध्यम से आपका ध्यान इस क्षेत्र में खाली पड़ी सरकारी जमीन पर वृक्षारोपण की ओर आकर्षित कराना चाहते हैं।

महोदय आज सब तरफ वन महोत्सव मनाये जा रहे हैं, वृक्षारोपण किया जा रहा है। आपसे निवेदन है हमारे इलाके कि खाली पड़ी जमीन पर वृक्षारोपण कर इस क्षेत्र को हराभरा बनाया जा सकता है। इससे हमारी कॉलोनी का वातावरण सुन्दर हो जायेगा।

आपसे अनुरोध है इस संबंध में उचित निर्णय लेकर समस्त मोहल्लावासियों को कृतार्थ करें।

सधन्यवाद।

समस्त मोहल्लावासी
अशोक कॉलोनी

12) अपने क्षेत्र में पेय जल की समस्या की ओर ध्यान आकर्षित करते हुए स्वास्थ्य अधिकारी को एक पत्र लिखिए।

102, बसवनगुड़ी
बेंगलूरु
दिनांकः 29 जून, 2019

सेवा में,
श्रीमान स्वास्थ्य अधिकारी
बृहत बेंगलूरु महानगर पालिका,

बेंगलूरु।

विषय : पेय जल की समस्या के समाधन हेतु।

महोदय,
हम बसवनगुड़ी के वार्ड नं. 36 में रहते हैं। इस पत्र के माध्यम से हम आपका ध्यान अपने क्षेत्र की पेय जल समस्या की ओर आकर्षित कर रहे हैं। हमारे वार्ड में आजकल पेय जल का इतना गहरा संकट छाया हुआ है कि लोगों का जीना दूभर हो गया है। नलों में पानी सुबह एक घंटे के लिए ही आता है।

आपसे अनुरोध है कि इस क्षेत्र में पानी के संकट को दूर करने के लिए पानी आने की समयावधि को बढ़वाने के लिए अधिकारियों को तुरंत निर्देश दे।

सधन्यवाद।

भवदीय
समस्त मोहल्लावासी
बसवनगुड़ी

13) अपने कॉलेज की वाद-विवाद प्रतियोगिता में भाग लेने की अनुमति के लिए प्रधानाचार्य को पत्र लिखिए।

अनुराग
प्रथम पी.यू.सी.
ई.ए.वी. कॉलेज
शिवमोग्गा – 577 206.
दिनांकः 15 सितम्बर, 2018

सेवा में,
प्रधानाचार्य
डी.ए.वी. कॉलेज
शिवमोग्गा – 577 206.

विषय : वाद-विवाद प्रतियोगिता में भाग लेने की अनुमति।

महोदय,
आपसे सविनय निवेदन है कि हमारे कॉलेज में वाद-विवाद प्रतियोगिता का आयोजन किया जा रहा है जिसका विषय ‘भारत का भविष्य और युवा’ है। महोदय मेरी इस प्रतियोगिता में भाग लेने तीव्र इच्छा है।
महोदय आपसे अनुरोध है कि मुझे इस प्रतियोगिता में भाग लेने की अनुमति प्रदान करें। सधन्यवाद।

आपका आज्ञाकारी
अनुराग

14) अपने बैंक प्रबंधक को एक पत्र लिखकर बैंक की कार्य व्यवस्था के बारे में कुछ सुझाव दीजिए।

45/05, मिनर्वा सर्कल
विश्वेश्वरपुरम
बेंगलूरु
दिनांकः 10 जनवरी, 2019

सेवा में,
बैंक प्रबंधक
बैंक ऑफ इंडिया
वी.वी. पुरम शाखा
बेंगलूरु।

विषय : बैंक की कार्यव्यवस्था के बारे में सुझाव।

महोदय,
इस पत्र के माध्यम से मैं बैंक की कार्यव्यवस्था के बारे में कुछ सुझाव देना चाहता हूँ। महोदय, शाखा में खाता धारकों के लिए निर्देश बोर्ड का अभाव है जिसके चलते व्यर्थ में उनको बिना जानकारी के अभाव में इस-उस डेस्क पर भटकना पड़ता है। इसके अतिरिक्त विद्यार्थियों के लिए शिक्षा ऋण आवेदन के लिए अलग से हेल्प डेस्क का भी अभाव है। इसके कारण उन्हें परेशानी उठानी पड़ती है। कई बार बैंककर्मी स्वयं व्यस्त होते हैं। लेकिन कभी कभी उनका खाताधारकों के साथ गैर जिम्मेदाराना व्यवहार होता है। आपसे सविनम्र अनुरोध है कि बैंक शाखा में स्वस्थ कार्य संस्कृति के विकास के लिए उपरोक्त सुझावों पर अमल करने का कष्ट करें।

सधन्यवाद।

आपका
सुदीप

15) अपने गली-मोहल्ले की समुचित सफाई के लिए नगर पालिका के अध्यक्ष को पत्र लिखिए।

सी-12/38, कुवेंपु मार्ग
रामनगर
दिनांकः 8 मार्च, 2019

सेवा में,
नगरपालिका अध्यक्ष
रामनगर।

विषय : गली-मोहल्ले की समुचित सफाई के लिए पत्र।

महोदय,
सादर निवेदन है कि कुवेंपु मार्ग पर गत कुछ समय से सफाई व्यवस्था समुचित तरीके से नहीं हो रही है। जगह-जगह कूड़े के ढेर लगे हैं। पानी भरा हुआ है। इससे इलाके में बीमारी फैलने का खतरा बढ़ गया है। स्थानीय पार्षद से भी कई बार शिकायत करने के बाद भी कार्रवाई नहीं हुई है। अतः आपसे निवेदन है कि शीघ्रताशीघ्र इस समस्या की तरफ़ ध्यान दें एवं संबंधित सफाई कर्मियों को सफाई व्यवस्था के लिए उचित निर्देश दें।

धन्यवाद सहित।

आपका
निरंजन एवं समस्त
मोहल्लावासी
कुवेंपु मार्ग

16) दैनिक समाचार पत्र के संपादक को मोहल्ले की तंग गली की जानकारी दीजिए।

25, राघवेन्द्र कॉलोनी
गिरीनगर
बेंगलूरु – 560 045
दिनांकः 20 सितम्बर, 2018

सेवा में,
संपादक
प्रजावाणी
वसंतनगर, बेंगलूरु – 560 068.

विषय : मोहल्ले की तंग गली की जानकारी के संबंध में।

महोदय,
मैं आपके लोकप्रिय समाचार पत्र के माध्यम से बृहत बेंगलूरु महानगर पालिके का ध्यान हमारे कॉलोनी की तंग गली की समस्या की तरफ आकृष्ट करना चाहता हूँ। आपसे अनुरोध है कि मेरे पत्र को ‘प्रजावाणी’ में प्रकाशित करने का कष्ट करें।

निवेदन है कि राघवेन्द्र कॉलोनी की गली न. 6, अतिक्रमण की समस्या के चलते तंग हो गई है। लोगों ने कार पार्किंग के लिए गली की मुख्य सड़क की जमीन पर अतिक्रमण कर लिया है जिससे चलते राह पर चलना मुश्किल हो गया है। पूरी सड़क पर जाम जैसी स्थिति बनी रहती है। कई बार बीबीएमपी कर्मचारियों का ध्यान इस समस्या की ओर दिलाया है। मगर कोई कार्रवाई नहीं हुई है।

बीबीएमपी के अधिकारियों को इस समस्या की ओर तुरंत संज्ञान लेने की जरूरत है।

सधन्यवाद।

भवदीय
क ख ग

17) किसी दैनिक समाचार पत्र के संपादक के नाम एक पत्र लिखिए जिसमें भारी वर्षा के कारण आपके इलाके में पानी भर जाने से होनेवाले कठिनाइयों का वर्णन हो।

27, मिर्जा इस्माइल मार्ग
हलसूरु
बेंगलूरु
दिनांकः 25 जुलाई, 2018

सेवा में,
प्रधान संपादक
बेंगलूरु पत्रिका
एम.जी. रोड
बेंगलूरु – 560 001.

विषय : जल-भराव की समस्या के समाधान हेतु।

महोदय,
मैं आपके प्रतिष्ठित एवं लोकप्रिय ‘समाचार पत्र’ के माध्यम से बेंगलूरु महानगर पालिके का ध्यान मोहल्ले में जल भराव की समस्या की ओर आकृष्ट करना चाहता हूँ। आपसे अनुरोध है कि मेरे पत्र को समाचार पत्र में प्रकाशित करने का कष्ट करें।

निवेदन है कि हलसूरु मोहल्ले में कई दिनों से सीवर बँद पड़े हैं। गंदा पानी गलियों एवं सडकों पर बह रहा है। निरंतर हो रही वर्षा ने हालात को और भी गंभीर बना दिया है। इस गंदे पानी में मक्खी-मच्छर पैदा हो रहे हैं। इससे बीमारियाँ फैलने का अंदेशा है।

बीबीएमपी के अधिकारियों को इस समस्या की ओर तुरंत संज्ञान लेने की जरूरत है।

सधन्यवाद।

भवदीय
क ख ग

18) आर्थिक सहायता मांगते हुए अपने प्रधानाचार्य को आवेदन-पत्र लिखिए।

नं. 225, स्टेशन रोड,
धारवाड़
दिनांकः 25 जून, 2019

सेवा में,
प्रधानाचार्य जी,
सरस्वती पी.यू. कॉलेज,
धारवाड़।

विषय : छात्रवृत्ति प्राप्त करने हेतु माननीय

महोदय,
सविनय निवेदन यह हैं कि मैं आपके कॉलेज का पी.यू.सी. ‘ब’ कक्षा का छात्र हूँ। मैं अपनी कक्षा में हर परीक्षा में अच्छे अंक से पास होता रहा हूँ। यही नहीं, चित्रकला तथा संगीत की प्रतियोगिताओं में भी मैंने अनेक पुरस्कार प्राप्त किए हैं। मैं फुटबॉल का एक अच्छा खिलाड़ी हूँ। मैं आपसे यह निवेदन करना चाह रहा हूँ कि मेरे घर की आर्थिक स्थिति ठीक न होने के कारण आप मुझे छात्रवृत्ति देने की कृपा करें। मेरे पिता जी की मृत्यु पिछले साल सड़क दुर्घटना में हो गई थी। माँ जो कि एक कार्यालय में छोटे से पद पर है, उनके लिए पूरी गृहस्थी का बोझ उठाना संभव नहीं हैं।

मुझे खेदपूर्वक कहना पड़ रहा है कि मेरे पास अगले माह की फीस देने के लिए पैसे नहीं हैं। यदि आप मुझ पर कृपा कर मुझे छात्रवृत्ति दिला दें, तो मैं अपनी पढ़ाई जारी रख सकूँगा। इस
सहायता के लिए मैं आपका बहुत आभारी रहूँगा।

धन्यवाद।

आपकी आज्ञाकारी शिष्या
सुजाता कुलकर्णी
(प्रथम पी.यू.सी. ‘ब’)

19) परिवहन निगम के अध्यक्ष को पत्र लिखिए जिसमें आपके गाँव/कॉलोनी बस चलाने का अनुरोध हो।

25/23, बसवेश्वर नगर
बेंगलूरु
दिनांकः 12 अगस्त, 2018

सेवा में,
अध्यक्ष
बेंगलूरु महानगर परिवहन निगम
बेंगलूरु – 560 027.

विषय : कॉलोनी से बस सुविधा प्रदान करने हेतु।

महोदय,
मैं बसवेश्वर नगर का निवासी हूँ। हमारी कॉलोनी से बेंगलूरू के किसी भी क्षेत्र के लिए सीधी बस सेवा नहीं है। हमें यहाँ 2 किलोमीटर पैदल चलकर विजयनगर बस स्टॉप जाना पड़ता है। यहाँ से अनेक यात्री सुबह अपने-अपने कार्यालयों को जाते हैं। बच्चे स्कूल जाते हैं। प्रतिदिन सुबह इतना पैदल चलना कठिन है। इससे यहाँ के निवासियों को अनेक कठिनाइयों का सामना करना पड़ता है।

आपसे अनुरोध है कि हमारी कॉलोनी से कुछ रूट के लिए सीधी बस सेवा शुरू करने की कृपा करें।

सधन्यवाद।

भवदीय
क ख ग

20) स्वास्थ्य में अपेक्षित सुधार लाने के लिए नित्य व्यायाम करने की प्रेरणा देते हुए अपने छोटे भाई को पत्र लिखिए।

367, वल्लभाई पटेल चौक
जेवर्गी कॉलोनी
कलबुरगी
दिनांकः 5 सितम्बर, 2018

प्रिय अनुज राजीव
सस्नेह शुभाशीष।

तुम्हारा पत्र मिला। तुमने बताया कि इस बार परीक्षा परिणाम तुम्हारे अनुकूल नहीं आएं हैं। तुमने बताया कि तुम्हारी तबीयत खराब हो गई थी। तुम यह अच्छी तरह जानते हो कि स्वास्थ्य ही मनुष्य की संपति है। पहला सुख ही निरोगी काया को माना गया है। अपने भविष्य को उज्जवल बनाने के लिए प्रातःकाल उठकर व्यायाम किया करो। व्यायाम से मन में उत्साह बना रहता है और मन प्रसन्न रहता है। बुद्धि का विकास भी होता है।

मुझे विश्वास है कि मेरी सलाह को मानकर तुम नित्य व्यायाम करोगे। शुभकामनाओं सहित।

तुम्हारा भाई
अरूण

सेवा में,
राजीव नायक
प्रथम पी.यू.सी.
जैन कॉलेज, जयनगर,
बेंगलूरु – 560 041.

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निम्नलिखित अनुच्छेद पढ़कर उस पर आधारित प्रश्नों के उत्तर लिखिएः

१) “ऐतिहासिक नगरी आगरा के निकट सतत प्रवाहिनी नीली-धारा वाली यमुना के दाहिने तट पर ताजमहल स्थित है। बादशाह शाहजहाँ ने इसे अपनी बेगम मुमताज की स्मृति में बनवाया था। अपने पति से बेगम ने इस संसार से बिदा लेते समय निवेदन किया था कि, ‘मेरी मृत्यु होने पर एक ऐसा मकबरा बनवाना जो संसार में सबसे सुंदर एवं स्थायी हो।’ बादशाह ने अपनी प्राणेश्वरी की अंतिम आकांक्षा की पूर्ति का भरसक प्रयास किया। इसमें उनको सफलता भी मिली। ताजमहल संसार के सात आश्चर्यों में से एक है। वर्षों के बाद भी वह अपने यथावत् रूप में दर्शकों के मन को मोह रहा है। सैकड़ों कारीगरों एवं मजदूरों के निरंतर बीस वर्ष के परिश्रम का परिणाम यह ताजमहल है। इसके बनवाने में बाईस करोड़ रुपया खर्च हुआ था।”

प्रश्नः
क) ताजमहल किस नगर में स्थित है?
ताजमहल आगरा नगर में स्थित है।

ख) ताजमहल को किसने बनवाया?
ताजमहल को शाहजहाँ ने बनवाया।

ग) ताजमहल को किसकी अंतिम आकांक्षा की पूर्ति के लिए बनवाया गया?
ताजमहल को बादशाह शाहजहाँ ने अपनी बेगम मुमताज की आकांक्षा की पूर्ति के लिए बनवाया था।

घ) ताजमहल के निर्माण में कितने वर्ष लगे?
ताजमहल के निर्माण में बीस वर्ष लगे।

ङ) ताजमहल को बनवाने में कितने रुपये खर्च हुए?
ताजमहल को बनवाने के लिए बाइस करोड़ रुपये खर्च हुए।

२) ईश्वर ने संसार के सारे रहस्य प्रकृति में छिपा कर रख दिये थे। मनुष्य ने अपने परिश्रम और प्रयत्न से उन रहस्यों पर से पर्दा उठा दिया। यह कहना गलत है कि मनुष्य संसार में अपना भाग्य लेकर आता है: वास्तव में वह अपने भाग्य का स्वयं निर्माता है जो वह अपनी मेहनत से बनाता है। प्रकृति मनुष्य के भाग्य से डर कर नहीं बल्कि इसके परिश्रम से हार मानती है। जो लोग भाग्य पर विश्वास करते हैं, वे आलसी हैं। वास्तव में वीर और परिश्रमी व्यक्ति अपना भाग्य स्वयं बनाता है।

प्रश्नः
क) ईश्वर ने संसार के सारे रहस्य किसमें छिपाकर रख दिये थे?
ईश्वर ने संसार के सारे रहस्य प्रकृति में छिपाकर रख दिये थे।

ख) किसने अपने परिश्रम और प्रयत्न से रहस्यों पर से पर्दा उठा दिया?
मनुष्य ने अपने परिश्रम और प्रयत्न से रहस्यों से पर्दा उठा दिया।

ग) प्रकृति किससे हार मानती है?
प्रकृति मनुष्य के परिश्रम से हार मानती है।

घ) भाग्य पर विश्वास करनेवाले लोग कैसे होते हैं?
भाग्य पर विश्वास करनेवाले लोग आलसी हैं।

ङ) अपने भाग्य का निर्माता कौन है?
परिश्रमी व्यक्ति अपने भाग्य का निर्माता स्वयं है।

अतिरिक्त प्रश्नः

1) गंगा का हमारे देश के लिए बहुत अधिक महत्व है। गंगा नदी तीन राज्यों में से होकर गुजरती है। वे हैं उत्तर प्रदेश, बिहार और बंगाल। भारत के इस मध्यम भाग को ‘गंगा का मैदान’ कहा जाता है। यह प्रदेश अत्यधिक उपजाऊ, संपन्न तथा हरा-भरा है जिसका श्रेय गंगा को ही है। इन राज्यों में कृषि उपज से संबंधित तथा कृषि पर आधारित अनेक उद्योग-धंधे भी फैले हुए हैं जिनसे लाखों लोगों की जीविका तो चलती ही है, राष्ट्रीय आय में वृद्धि भी होती है। पेयजल भी गंगा तथा उसकी नहरों के माध्यम से ही प्राप्त होता है। यदि गंगा न होती तो हमारे देश का एक महत्वपूर्ण भाग बंजर तथा रेगिस्तान होता। इसीलिए गंगा उत्तर भारत की सबसे पवित्र तथा महत्वपूर्ण नदी है। गंगा नदी भारतीय संस्कृति का भी अभिन्न अंग है। भारत के प्राचीन ग्रंथों जैसे वेद, पुराण, महाभारत आदि में गंगा की पवित्रता का वर्णन है। भारत के अनेक तीर्थ गंगा के किनारे पर ही स्थित हैं।

प्रश्नः
1) भारत के किस भाग को गंगा का मैदान कहा जाता है और क्यों?
2) गंगा के मैदान की क्या विशेषता है?
3) इस गद्यांश के लिए उपयुक्त शीर्षक दीजिए।
4) गंगा भारतीय संस्कृति से कैसे जुड़ी है?
5) यदि गंगा न होती तो क्या होता?
उत्तरः
1) भारत के मध्यम भाग को ‘गंगा का मैदान’ कहा जाता है। इसका कारण यह इलाका अत्यधिक उपजाऊ, संपन्न तथा हरा भरा है।
2) इस इलाके में कृषि उपज से संबंधित तथा कृषि पर आधारित अनेक उद्योग-धन्धे फैले – हुए हैं। लाखों लोगों की इससे जीविका चलती है। राष्ट्रीय आय में वृद्धि होती है।
3) ‘जीवनदायिनी गंगा’।
4) भारत के प्राचीन ग्रंथों जैसे वेद, पुराण, महाभारत आदि में गंगा की पवित्रता का वर्णन है। अनेक तीर्थ गंगा के किनारे पर स्थित हैं।
5) यदि गंगा न होती तो हमारे देश का एक महत्वपूर्ण भाग बंजर तथा रेगिस्तान होता।

2) संसार में तीन बातें बड़ी महत्वपूर्ण होती है। इनको प्राप्त करके तुम संसार के किसी भी कोने में जाओगे, तो अपना निर्वाह कर सकोगे। ये तीन बातें हैं – अपनी आत्मा का, अपने आप का और ईश्वर का सच्चा ज्ञान प्राप्त करना। इनका मतलब यह नहीं कि तुम्हें अक्षर ज्ञान नहीं मिलेगा। वह तो मिलेगा ही। लेकिन तुम उसकी चिंता करो, यह मैं नहीं कहता। इसके लिए तुम्हारे पास अभी बहुत समय है। अक्षर-ज्ञान तो इसलिए होता है कि जो कुछ तुम्हें मिला है, उसे तुम दूसरों को दे सको। इतना और याद रखना कि अब से हमें गरीबी में रहना है। जितना अधिक मैं विचार करता हूँ, उतना ही अधिक मुझे लगता है कि गरीबी में ही सुख है। इसलिए मेरी इच्छा है कि अपने परिवार में तुम एक योग्य किसान बनो। अक्षर-ज्ञान में गणित और संस्कृत पर पूरा ध्यान रखना। भविष्य में संस्कृत तुम्हारे लिए बहुत उपयोगी सिद्ध होगी। ये दोनों विषय बड़ी उम्र में सीखना कठिन है।

प्रश्नः
1) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश में किन तीन महत्वपूर्ण बातों की चर्चा की गई है?
2) लेखक के अनुसार ‘अक्षर-ज्ञान’ का क्या उद्देश्य है?
3) लेखक अपने पुत्र को योग्य किसान बनने की सलाह क्यों दे रहा है?
4) अक्षर-ज्ञान में कौन सी दो विषयों का ध्यान रखना है?
5) इस गद्यांश के लिए उपयुक्त शीर्षक दीजिए।
उत्तर:
1) अपनी आत्मा का, अपने आप का और ईश्वर का सच्चा ज्ञान प्राप्त करना – इन तीन महत्वपूर्ण बातों की चर्चा की गई है।
2) ‘अक्षर-ज्ञान’ इसलिए होता है कि हम उसे दूसरों को भी दे सकें।
3) गरीबी में ही सुख है। इसलिए लेखक अपने पुत्र को किसान बनने की सलाह दे रहा है।
4) अक्षर-ज्ञान में संस्कृत और गणित का पूरा ध्यान रखना है।
5) ‘अक्षर-ज्ञान’।

3) हमारी खराबी का स्रोत कहाँ है – इसका पता हमें लगाना चाहिए और वहीं से उसे ठीक करने का प्रयत्न करना चाहिए। स्रोत वहीं हो सकता है, जहाँ से हमारा जीवन प्रारंभ होता है और वह है हमारा घर। हमारे घर की इस समय बड़ी दुर्व्यवस्था है। अवश्य ही आप लोगों को अपने घर में असंतोष होगा। असंतोष इसी कारण हो सकता है कि अपने घर में कुछ दोष आप पाते हैं परंतु दोष की कुछ जिम्मेदारी आपके ऊपर भी तो है। ऐसी स्थिति में आपका कर्तव्य है कि आप इन दोषों को दूर करने का यत्न करें। सबके भावों का आदर करते हुए आपको ऐसा प्रयास करना होगा कि आपके कारण किसी दूसरे को कष्ट न हो। इससे घर की शांति और सौहार्द में वृद्धि होगी। आजकल की सबसे विचित्र बात यह है कि कोई अपने को दोष नहीं देता, सब कोई दूसरे को दोष देते हैं। आज के संसार में आपकी बड़ी जिम्मेदारी है। आगे का भारत वैसा ही होगा जैसा आप लोग अपने जीवन से उसे बनाएँगे। यदि आप अपना काम ठीक तरह से करते हैं तो आप सब देशभक्त हैं और यदि अपने काम के प्रति उदासीन हैं तो आप वास्तव में देशद्रोही हैं।

प्रश्नः
1) लेखक द्वारा ‘घर’ को खराबी का स्रोत बताए जाने का क्या कारण है?
2) आज के युवकों को अपने घर के प्रति असंतोष क्यों है?
3) घर में शांति एवं सौहार्द की वृद्धि करने के लिए लेखक ने क्या सुझाव दिया है?
4) लेखक ने वक्तव्य में किसे देशद्रोही कहा है?
5) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।
उत्तरः
1) घर से ही हमारा जीवन प्रारंभ होता है। इसलिए लेखक ने ‘घर’ को खराबी का स्त्रोत बताया है।
2) घर की दुर्व्यवस्था के कारण, युवकों में घर के प्रति असंतोष है।
3) लेखक ने सुझाव दिया है कि हमें घर में सबके भावों का आदर करते हुए ऐसा प्रयास करना होगा कि आपके कारण किसी को कष्ट न हो। इससे घर में शांति और सौहार्द की वृद्धि होगी।
4) यदि आप अपने काम के प्रति उदासीन हैं
5) ‘घर की दुर्व्यवस्था’।

4) हमारे समाज में बहुत से लोग भाग्यवादी होते हैं और सब कुछ भाग्य के सहारे छोड़कर कर्म में विरत हो बैठते हैं। ऐसे व्यक्ति ही समाज को प्रगति के पथ पर अग्रसर नहीं होने देते।,आज तक किसी भाग्यवादी ने संसार में कोई महान कार्य नहीं किया। बड़ी-बड़ी खोजें, बड़े-बड़े आविष्कार और बड़े-बड़े निर्माण के कार्य श्रम के द्वारा ही पहुँचते हैं। जब हम परिश्रम से अपने कर्तव्य का पालन करते हैं, तो हमारे मन को अलौकिक आनंद मिलता है। ऐसे व्यक्ति को धर्म के बाह्याचारों के अनुसरण की आवश्यकता नहीं होती; उसका परिश्रम ही उसकी पूजा है। यदि हम अपने कार्य में ईमानदारी से श्रम नहीं करते, तो हमारे मन में एक प्रकार का भय समाया रहता है। कभी-कभी तो हम ग्लानि का भी अनुभव करते हैं।

प्रश्नः
1) भाग्यवादी व्यक्तियों का समाज की प्रगति पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ता है?
2) लक्ष्य प्राप्ति में साधन संपन्नता, प्रतिभा और श्रम का क्या योगदान होता है?
3) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।
4) ईमानदारी से काम न करने का हमारे हृदय पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ता है?
5) हमारे समाज में बहुत से लोग क्या होते हैं?
उत्तरः
1) भाग्यवादी व्यक्ति समाज को प्रगति के पथ पर अग्रसर नहीं होने देते हैं।
2) बड़ी-बड़ी खोजें, बड़े-बड़े आविष्कार और बड़े-बड़े निर्माण के कार्य श्रम के द्वारा ही होते हैं।
3) ‘श्रम का महत्व’।
4) ईमानदारी से काम नहीं करने पर हमारे मन में एक भय समाया रहता है।
5) हमारे समाज में बहुत से लोग भाग्यवादी होते हैं।

5) हिंदी भाषा को राष्ट्रभाषा का पद मिलना चाहिए, यह नारा अब बिना मौसम का नारा है। हिंदी को राष्ट्रभाषा बनना नहीं है, वह राष्ट्रभाषा है। आज वह भारत की प्रमुख राजभाषा है, अंग्रेजी का स्थान उसके सामने गौण है। इसी प्रकार जो हिंदी प्रेमी अति उत्साह या क्रोध में आकर यह कह बैठते हैं कि ‘अरे मैं हिंदी के लिए रक्त दूंगा’ – वे भी बिना मौसम की बात कर रहे हैं। हिंदी अब रक्त लेकर क्या करेगी? अब तो उसे पैसे और पसीने की ज़रूरत है। पैसे उनके लिए चाहिए जिनके लिए हिंदी की किताबें और अखबार निकालते हैं और पसीना उनको चाहिए जो हिंदी के लेखक, कवि और पत्रकार हैं और जिन पर यह जिम्मा है कि वे विश्वविद्यालय स्तर की सारी पढ़ाई हिंदी के माध्यम से करें और शीघ्र ही हिंदी को विद्या की ऐसी भाषा बना दें कि उसके जरिए भारतवासियों के मस्तिष्क का चरम विकास हो सके। पसीना आज उनका भी चाहिए जो हिंदी जानते हैं और केंद्रीय या प्रांतीय सरकारों के दफ्तरों में काम कर रहे हैं। अब उन्हें पूरी छूट है कि वे केंद्रीय शासन के अधीन होने पर भी, यदि चाहें तो हिंदी में काम कर सकते हैं। यह स्वतंत्रता मिल जाने पर भी यदि वे हिंदी में काम करने से मुकरते हैं, तो उनकी देशभक्ति की भावना अधूरी है।

प्रश्नः
1) सरकारी दफ्तरों में कार्य करने वाले अपनी देशभक्ति का परिचय किस प्रकार दे सकते हैं?
2) ‘अब तो हिंदी को पैसे और पसीने की जरूरत है’ – इस पंक्ति से लेखक का क्या आशय है?
3) लेखकों, कवियों और पत्रकारों पर आज क्या उत्तरदायित्व है?
4) भारत की प्रमुख राजभाषा कौन सी है?
5) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिएं।
उत्तरः
1) सरकारी दफ्तरों में काम करनेवाले चाहें तो हिन्दी में काम करके अपनी देशभक्ति का परिचय दे सकते है।
2) हिन्दी समझने वाले, पढ़ने वाले वर्ग के लिए नौकरी एवं जो लोग हिन्दी की नौकरी कर रहे हैं उनकी मेहनत अर्थात पसीने की जरूरत है।
3) हिन्दी के लेखक, पत्रकार एवं कवियों पर जिम्मेदारी है कि वे विश्वविद्यालय स्तर की पढ़ाई हिन्दी के माध्यम से करें। 4) भारत की प्रमुख राजभाषा हिन्दी है।
5) ‘राजभाषा हिन्दी’।

6) मानव जीवन में कितनी संभावनाएँ छिपी हैं, इसकी कोई सीमा नहीं है। पशु से लेकर देवत्व तक की सारी सीढ़ियाँ मानवीय चोले में से होकर गुजरती है। शर्त एक ही है – उसके लिए चुनौती चाहिए। बिना चुनौती के वे सारी संभावनाएँ सोई रहती हैं। संसार में जितने भी पैगंबर या अवतार हुए हैं, वे सब अपने-अपने समय की चुनौतियों के उत्तर हैं। हरेक युग की अपनी चुनौतियाँ होती हैं, जन सामान्य इन चुनौतियों को न तो पहचान पाता है, न उनका सामना करने की सामर्थ्य जुटा पाता है। पर जो तेजस्वी पुरुष उन चुनौतियों को पहचान कर उनका उत्तर देने के लिए मैदान में कूद पड़ता है लोग उसे ‘महापुरुष’ कहकर स्वयं उसका अनुगमन करने को तैयार हो जाते हैं। संसार में ज्ञान-विज्ञान की जितनी भी उन्नति हई है. उन सबके मल में भी वही चुनौतियों वाली बात है। मनुष्य के मन में कुछ प्रश्न पैदा होते हैं, उन प्रश्नों का उत्तर देने के लिए वह अपनी बुद्धि का प्रयोग करता है। .. फिर कुछ नए प्रश्न पैदा होते हैं, वह फिर उनका उत्तर देने का प्रयत्न करता है – और यों ज्ञान-विज्ञान की दृष्टि से मानव-कोश में वृद्धि होती चली जाती है।

प्रश्नः
1) मानव जीवन में चुनौतियों का क्या महत्व है?
2) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।
3) ‘सामान्य पुरुष’ और ‘तेजस्वी पुरुष’ में क्या अंतर होता है?
4) ज्ञान-विज्ञान की दृष्टि से मानव-कोश में किस प्रकार वृद्धि होती रहती है?
5) किसके बिना सारी संभावनाएँ सोई रहती है?
उत्तरः
1) चुनौतियाँ ही मनुष्य जीवन की अनंत संभावनाओं को सामने लाती हैं। चुनौतियाँ ही महापुरुषों एवं पैगम्बरों को सामने लाती हैं।
2) ‘चुनौतियाँ एवं मानव जीवन’।
3) ‘सामान्य पुरुष’ न तो चुनौती को पहचान पाता है और न ही हिम्मत जुटा पाता है लेकिन “तेजस्वी पुरुष’ उन चुनौतियों को पहचानकर उसका सामना करता हैं।
4) मनुष्य के सामने जो प्रश्न पैदा होते हैं, उन प्रश्नों का वह अपनी बुद्धि से उत्तर देता है। इस प्रकार ज्ञान-विज्ञान की दृष्टि से मानव-कोश में वृद्धि होती है।
5) चुनौती के बिना सारी संभावनाएँ सोई रहती है।

7) विद्यार्थियों की अनुशासनहीनता का मुख्य कारण माता-पिता की ढिलाई है। माता-पिता के संस्कार ही बच्चे पर पड़ते हैं। बच्चे की प्राथमिक पाठशाला घर होता है। उसके संस्कार घर में से ही खराब हो जाते हैं। पहले तो प्यार के कारण माता-पिता कुछ करते नहीं; वह जहाँ बैठे और जहाँ चाहे खेले, जो मन में आए वह करे। पर जब हाथी के दाँत बाहर निकल आते हैं, तो उन्हें चिंता होती है, फिर वे अध्यापकों की आलोचना करना आरंभ कर देते हैं। दूसरा कारण आज की अपनी शिक्षा प्रणाली है जिसमें नैतिक या चारित्रिक शिक्षा को कोई स्थान नहीं दिया जाता। पहले विद्यार्थियों को दंड का भय बना रहता था पर अब आप विद्यार्थियों को हाथ नहीं लगा सकते क्योंकि शारीरिक दंड अपराध है। केवल जबानी जमा खर्च कर सकते हैं। इसमें विद्यार्थी बहुत तेज होता है, आप एक कहेंगे, वह आपको चार सुनाएगा। पश्चिमी संगीत, नृत्य तथा चलचित्रों ने भी विद्यार्थियों का बिगड़ने में कोई कसर नहीं छोड़ी है। इनके कारण उनमें चरित्रहीनता, उच्छृखलता इस हद तक बढ़ती जा रही है कि यदि समय रहते इस ओर ध्यान नहीं दिया गया, तो देश का भविष्य ही अंधकारपूर्ण हो जाएगा।

प्रश्नः
1) माता-पिता की ढिलाई किस प्रकार विद्यार्थियों को अनुशासनहीन बनाती है?
2) ‘पर जब हाथी के दाँत निकल आते हैं, तो उन्हें चिंता होती है’ पंक्ति का क्या आशय है?
3) आज की शिक्षा प्रणाली अनुशासनहीनता को किस प्रकार बढ़ावा देती है?
4) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।।
5) वर्तमान विद्यार्थियों में क्या हद तक बढ़ती जा रही है?
उत्तरः
1) माता-पिता के प्यार के कारण, नहीं डाँटने के कारण बच्चे अनुशासनहीन हो जाते हैं।
2) ‘बच्चे जब बड़े होकर बिगड़ जाते है। इसके लिए यह पंक्ति कही गई है।
3) आज की शिक्षा प्रणाली में नैतिक या चारित्रिक शिक्षा को कोई महत्व नहीं दिया जाता। अब बच्चों को दंड भी नहीं दिया जा सकता। इस तरह की शिक्षा व्यवस्था ही अनुशासनहीनता को बढ़ावा देती है।
4) ‘अनुशासन का महत्व’।
5) वर्तमान विद्यार्थियों में चरित्रहीनता, उच्छृखलता हद तक बढ़ती जा रही है।

8) हमारी संस्कृति में मानव जीवन के चार उद्देश्य बताए गए हैं – धर्म, अर्थ, काम, मोक्ष। जीवन के इन उद्देश्यों को स्वस्थ शरीर द्वारा ही प्राप्त किया जा सकता है। जब व्यक्ति स्वयं सुखी एवं संतुष्ट होता है, तो दूसरों को भी सुखी बनाने का प्रयास करता है तथा समाज एवं राष्ट्र के लिए कुछ कर पाने में समर्थ होता है। इसीलिए अच्छे स्वास्थ्य को महावरदान कहा गया है। जो व्यक्ति अच्छे स्वास्थ्य की उपेक्षा कर देता है, वह मानो अपने सभी सुखों की उपेक्षा कर रहा है। दुर्बल, रोगी तथा अशक्त मनुष्य न तो स्वयं की, न अपने परिवार की, न अपने राष्ट्र की और न ही मानवता की रेवा कर सकता है। इसलिए शरीर को पुष्ट, चुस्त एवं बलिष्ठ बनाना आवश्यक है। अस्वस्थ व्यक्ति घर बैठे अपनी दुर्बलता और असमर्थता पर नौ-नौ आँसू बहाया करते हैं जबकि स्वस्थ व्यक्ति असंभव को भी संभव में बदलने की क्षमता रखते हैं। इसीलिए प्रायः देखा गया है कि दुर्बल और अशक्त व्यक्ति निराशावादी और भाग्यवादी बन जाया करते हैं।

प्रश्नः
1) जीवन के चार उद्देश्य कौन-कौन से हैं तथा उन्हें किस प्रकार प्राप्त किया जा सकता है?
2) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।
3) राष्ट्र और मानवता की सेवा के लिए किस बात की सर्वाधिक आवश्यकता है?
4) किस प्रकार के व्यक्ति निराशावादी और भाग्यवादी बन जाते हैं और क्यों?
5) किसे महावरदान कहा गया है?
उत्तरः
1) जीवन के चार उद्देश्य – धर्म, अर्थ, काम एवं मोक्ष हैं। इनको स्वस्थ शरीर के द्वारा प्राप्त किया जा सकता है।
2) ‘पहला सुख निरोगी काया’।
3) राष्ट्र और मानवता की सेवा के लिए मनुष्य को चुस्त, पुष्ट एवं बलिष्ठ बनना आवश्यक है।
4) दुर्बल और अशक्त व्यक्ति निराशावादी और भाग्यवादी बन जाते हैं।
5) अच्छे स्वास्थ्य को महावरदान कहा गया है।

9) सृष्टि का सर्वश्रेष्ठ प्राणी मानव है। अतीत में एक समय था जब वह प्रायः पशु के समान ही था। दीर्घकालीन संघर्ष के पश्चात वह सर्वश्रेष्ठ बन सका। भीमकाय, बड़े भयंकर और अति-बलशाली पशुओं से संघर्ष था। मानव की विजय का कारण उसका शारीरिक बल उतना नहीं था जितना उसका बौद्धिक बल था। पशु अंतःप्रेरणा से एक सीमित क्षेत्र में ही काम करते हैं। उनमें जो परिवर्तन होता है, वह प्रकृति के कारण से होता है जबकि मानव अपनी बुद्धि का प्रयोग करके विस्तृत क्षेत्र में काम करता है। मानव की ‘जिज्ञासा वृत्ति’ भी उसे पशुओं से भिन्न करती है। प्रकृति के रहस्यों को खोजने, उन्हें उपयोग में लाकर जीवन को अधिक सुखमय बनाने तथा ज्ञान-विस्तार के मूल में उसकी ‘जिज्ञासा’ ही है, जिसका पशुओं में सर्वथा अभाव है। एक विशेष गुण मानव में और है, वह है – ‘सौंदर्यानुभूति’। सृष्टि के समस्त चराचरों में केवल मानव ही सुंदर और भद्दी वस्तुओं में भेद कर सकता है। अपने इस विवेक के कारण ही वह कलाकार बन सकता है तथा ललित कलाओं का विकास भी संभव हो पाया है।

प्रश्नः
1) मनुष्य को सृष्टि का सर्वश्रेष्ठ प्राणी क्यों कहा जाता है?
2) मनुष्य और पशु में क्या अंतर है?
3) मनुष्य की ‘जिज्ञासा’ वृत्ति ने उसे क्या लाभ पहुँचाया है?
4) मानव में कौन सा विशेष गुण है?
5) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।
उत्तरः
1) बौद्धिक बल के कारण मनुष्य को सर्वश्रेष्ठ प्राणी कहा गया है।
2) पशु अंतःप्रेरणा से सीमित क्षेत्र में काम करते हैं जबकि मानव अपनी बुद्धि का प्रयोग करके विस्तृत क्षेत्र में काम करता है।
3) मनुष्य की जिज्ञासा वृत्ति ने प्रकृति के रहस्यों को खोजने, उन्हें उपयोग में लाकर जीवन को सुखमय बनाने तथा ज्ञान विस्तार में मदद की है।
4) मानव में विशेष गुण ‘सौंदर्यानुभूति’ है।
5) ‘मनुष्य एक सर्वश्रेष्ठ प्राणी’।

10) मुखिया किसे कहते हैं? मुखिया शब्द मुख से निकला है। जिस प्रकार मुख सब अंगों में श्रेष्ठ है और यदि वह काम करना बंद कर दे तो शरीर के सभी अंग निकम्मे हो जाएंगे, उसी प्रकार मुखिया भी एक पूज्य, सदाचारी, श्रेष्ठ, सज्जन पुरुष है। मुख के दो कार्य हैं खाना और बोलना। खाने और बोलने का एक समान द्वार है। सच्चा मुखिया वही है, जो सोच-विचार करके बोले और किसी का पैसा भी न खाए। बुद्धिमान मनुष्य वह है, जिसका मुख दिल में हो अर्थात् सोच करके बोले। मूर्ख वह है जिसका दिल मुख में हो अर्थात् जो उसके मुख में आए, वह कह दे। आप भी अगर शुभ संकल्प मन में धारण करोगे और अशुभ वचन मुख से न निकालोगे, सोच-समझकर चलोगे तो पौ-बारह हैं। आपसे स्वयं ही शुभ कार्य होते रहेंगे फिर तो आपका बाल भी बाँका न होगा। जिधर जाओगे उधर आपका यश होगा।

प्रश्नः
1) मुखिया और मुख में क्या समानता है?
2) सच्चे मुखिया में कौन-कौन से गुण होने चाहिए?
3) बुद्धिमान और मूर्ख मनुष्य में क्या अंतर है?
4) शुभ संकल्प करने से क्या फायदा होगा?
5) इस गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।
उत्तरः
1) मुख सभी अंगों में श्रेष्ठ है। शरीर के सभी अंग उससे संचालित होते हैं। उसी तरह मुखिया भी एक पूज्य, सदाचारी, श्रेष्ठ सज्जन पुरुष है।
2) सच्चा मुखिया वही है जो सोच-विचार कर बोले। किसी का एक पैसा भी न खाए।
3) बुद्धिमान मनुष्य सोचकर बोलता है एवं मूर्ख मनुष्य बिना सोचे बोलता है।
4) शुभ संकल्प से हम सोच समझकर चलेंगे। हमसे स्वयं शुभ कार्य होते रहेंगे। जिधर जाएंगे उधर यश होगा।
5) ‘मुख और मुखिया’।

11) ‘वायु-प्रदूषण’ का सबसे अधिक प्रकोप महानगरों पर हुआ है। इसका कारण है बढ़ता हुआ औद्योगीकरण। गत बीस वर्षों में भारत के प्रत्येक नगर में कारखानों की जितनी तेजी से वृद्धि हुई है उससे वायुमंडल पर बहुत प्रभाव पड़ा है क्योंकि इन कारखानों की चिमनियाँ से चौबीसों घंटे निकलने वाले धुएँ ने सारे वातावरण को विषाक्त बना दिया है। इसके अलावा सड़कों पर चलने वाले वाहनों की संख्या में तेजी से होने वाली वृद्धि भी वायु-प्रदूषण के लिए पूरी तरह उत्तरदायी है। इन वाहनों के धुएँ से निकलने वाली ‘कार्बन मोनो आक्सा के कारण आज न जाने कितने प्रकार की साँस और फेफड़ों की बीमारियाँ आम बात हो गई हैं। इधर बढ़ती हुई जनसंख्या, लोगों का काम की तलाश में गाँवों से शहरों की ओर भागना भी वायु-प्रदूषण के लिए अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से उत्तरदायी है। शहरों की बढ़ती जनसंख्या के लिए आवास की सुविधाएँ उपलब्ध कराने के लिए वृक्षों और वनों को भी निरंतर काटा जा रहा है। वायु-प्रदूषण को बचाने वाले कारणों की हमें खोज करनी चाहिए। पर्यावरण की सुरक्षा के लिए अधिक से अधिक वृक्ष लगाने चाहिए।

प्रश्नः
1) वायु-प्रदूषण का सबसे अधिक प्रकोप महानगरों पर ही क्यों हुआ है?
2) सड़कों पर चलने वाले वाहन वायु-प्रदूषण में किस प्रकार वृद्धि करते हैं?
3) बढ़ती हुई जनसंख्या का पर्यावरण पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ा है?
4) पर्यावरण की रक्षा के लिए क्या किया जाना चाहिए?
5) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।
उत्तरः
1) शहरों में बढ़ते हुए औद्योगीकरण से वायु-प्रदूषण का सबसे ज्यादा प्रकोप हुआ है।
2) सड़को पर चलने वाले वाहन ‘कार्बन मोनो आक्साइड गैस’ छोड़ते है।
3) शहरों में बढ़ती जनसंख्या के कारण आवास की सुविधाएँ उपलब्ध करवाने के लिए वृक्षों एवं वनों को काटा जा रहा है।
4) पर्यावरण की सुरक्षा के लिए अधिक से अधिक वन लगाने चाहिए।
5) ‘शहरों में बढ़ता वायु-प्रदूषण’।

12) साहित्य का आधार जीवन है। इसी नींव पर साहित्य की दीवार खड़ी होती है। उसकी अटारियाँ, मीनार और गुंबद बनते हैं। लेकिन बुनियाद मिट्टी के नीचे दबी पड़ी है। जीवन परमात्मा की सृष्टि है, इसलिए सुबोध है, सुगम है और मर्यादाओं से परिमित है। जीवन परमात्मा को अपने कामों का जवाबदेह है या नहीं हमें मालूम नहीं, लेकिन साहित्य तो मनुष्य के सामने जवाबदेह है। इसके लिए कानून है जिससे वह इधर-उधर नहीं जा सकता। मनुष्य जीवन पर्यंत आनंद की खोज में लगा रहता है। किसी को वह रत्न द्रव्य में मिलता है, किसी को भरे-पूरे परिवार में, किसी को लंबे-चौड़े भवन में, किसी को ऐश्वर्य में। लेकिन साहित्य का आनंद इस आनंद से ऊँचा है। उसका आधार सुंदर और सत्य है। वास्तव में सच्चा आनंद सुंदर और सत्य से मिलता है, उसी आनंद को दर्शाना, वही आनंद उत्पन्न करना साहित्य का उद्देश्य है।

प्रश्नः
1) साहित्य और जीवन का क्या संबंध है?
2) इस गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।
3) साहित्य के आनंद का क्या आधार है?
4) साहित्य का क्या उद्देश्य है?
5) परमात्मा की सृष्टि का वर्णन किस प्रकार किया है?
उत्तरः
1) साहित्य का आधार ही जीवन है। इसी की नींव पर साहित्य की दीवार खड़ी होती है।
2) ‘साहित्य और जीवन’।
3) साहित्य के आनंद का आधार सुंदर और सत्य है।
4) आनंद को दर्शाना और आनंद को उत्पन्न करना ही साहित्य का उद्देश्य है।
5) जीवन परमात्मा की सृष्टि है इसीलिए वह सुबोध है, सुगम है और मर्यादाओं से परिमित

13) विनय का अभाव एक प्रकार का खोखलापन प्रकट करता है। जिन लोगों में कोई श्लाघनीय गुण नहीं होता, वे अपनी ऐंठ और डाँट-फटकार से लोगों पर प्रभाव जमाते हैं, किंतु गुणवानों को इनकी आवश्यकता नहीं। उनका प्रभाव तो स्वतः सिद्ध है। यदि विनयशील मनुष्य का समाज में प्रभाव थोड़ा हो, तो विनयशील मनुष्य का दोष नहीं; यह समाज का दोष है। इसके अतिरिक्त प्रेम का प्रभाव चाहे थोड़ा हो, पर दबाव के प्रभाव की अपेक्षा, वह चिरस्थायी होता है। यदि थोड़ी देर के लिए मान भी लिया जाए कि विनय सब स्थानों में काम नहीं देती – जैसे शत्रु के सम्मुख, तथापि हमें वह कहना पड़ेगा कि विनयशील पुरुष को ऐसे अवसर कम आएँगे कि जब अपनी विनय के कारण दुखद अनुभव करना पड़े। विनय के साथ निरभिमानता, मानव जाति का आदर, सहनशीलता, धैर्य आदि अनेक सद्गुण लगे हुए हैं।

प्रश्नः
1) विनय के साथ जुड़े अन्य सद्गुण कौन-से हैं?
2) प्रेम तथा दबाव के प्रभाव में क्या अंतर है?
3) विनय किन-किन स्थानों पर प्रभावशाली नहीं होता?
4) विनय का अभाव क्या प्रकट करता है?
5) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।
उत्तरः
1) विनय के साथ निरभिमानता, मानव जाति का आदर, सहनशीलता, धैर्य आदि सद्गुण जुड़े हुए हैं।
2) प्रेम का प्रभाव थोड़ा होने पर भी चिरस्थायी होता है जबकि दबाव का प्रभाव असीमित होने पर भी क्षणभंगुर होता है।
3) विनय शत्रु के सम्मुख प्रभावशाली नहीं होता।
4) विनय का अभाव एक तरह का खोखलापन प्रकट करता है।
5) ‘विनय का महत्व’।

14) लोकमान्य तिलक का कथन है – “मैं नरक में भी पुस्तकों का स्वागत करूँगा, क्योंकि इनमें वह शक्ति है कि जहाँ वे होंगी, वहाँ अपने आप स्वर्ग बन जाएगा।” श्रेष्ठ पुस्तकें मनुष्य, समाज और राष्ट्र का मार्गदर्शन करती हैं। संसार के इतिहास पर दृष्टिपात करने पर हम देखते हैं कि संसार की अनेक महान विभूतियों पर किसी-न-किसी श्रेष्ठ पुस्तक का प्रभाव पड़ा। महात्मा गाँधी, टालस्टॉय, अब्राहम लिंकन – सभी के जीवन में श्रेष्ठ पुस्तकों का महत्वपूर्ण योगदान था। लेनिन में क्रांति की भावना कार्ल मार्क्स के साहित्य को पढ़कर ही जागी थी। किसी भी जाति के उत्कर्ष या अपकर्ष का लेखा-जोखा उसके साहित्य से पता चलता है। गुप्तकाल को भारतीय इतिहास का ‘स्वर्ण युग’ कहा जाता है क्योंकि उस काल में अत्यंत उत्कृष्ट पुस्तकों की रचना हुई। विचारों के युद्ध में पुस्तकें ही अस्त्र हैं क्योंकि पुस्तकों का हमारे विचारों पर अत्यंत गहरा प्रभाव पड़ता है तथा पुस्तकों के विचार ही समाज की काया पलट कर देते हैं। श्रेष्ठ पुस्तकें मनुष्य को पशु से देवता बनाती है, उसकी सात्विक वृत्तियों को जाग्रत करती हैं तथा उसे असत्य से सत्य की ओर, अंधकार से प्रकाश की ओर ले चलती हैं।

प्रश्नः
1) लोकमान्य तिलक ने क्यों कहा कि ‘मैं नरक में भी पुस्तकों का स्वागत करूँगा’?
2) लेनिन के मन में क्रांति की भावना किस प्रकार जागी?
3) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।
4) श्रेष्ठ पुस्तकों का व्यक्ति पर क्या प्रभाव पड़ता है?
5) किन विभूतियों के जीवन में श्रेष्ठ पुस्तकों का योगदान था?
उत्तरः
1) क्योंकि पुस्तकों में वह शक्ति है, जहाँ वे होंगी, वहाँ अपने आप स्वर्ग बन जाएगा।
2) लेनिन में क्रांति की भावना कार्ल मार्क्स के साहित्य को पढ़कर जागी थी।
3) ‘पुस्तक एक सच्चा साथी’। 4) श्रेष्ठ पुस्तकें मनुष्य को पशु से देवता बनाती हैं। उसकी सात्विक वृत्तियों को जागृत करती हैं।
5) महात्मा गांधी, टालस्टॉय, अब्राहम लिंकन एवं लेनिन के जीवन में श्रेष्ठ पुस्तकों का योगदान था।

15) भारत एक महान देश है। विश्व में यही एकमात्र एसा देश है जो इतनी विविधताओं और विभिन्नताओं से परिपूर्ण है। स्थान-स्थान की जलवायु में भी विभिन्नता दिखाई देती है। यहाँ के अनेक धर्मों, विश्वासों, मत-मतांतरों तथा संस्कृतियों के संगम को देखखर इसे ‘अनेकताओं’ का देश कहकर पुकारा गया है। परंतु विभिन्नताएँ होते हुए भी भारत विभाजित नहीं है तथा जीवन के सभी क्षेत्रों में एकता का एक अखंड सूत्र जुड़ा हुआ है। भारत को उस पुष्पहार की संज्ञा दी जाती है जिसमें अनेकानेक रंग-रूप के पुष्पों को एक सूत्र द्वारा पिरोया गया है। हमारी जीवन मीमांसा, रहन-सहन, साहित्य, धार्मिक विश्वास, पूजा-पद्धति, देवी-देवता, तीर्थ स्थान, संगीत भारत की एकता को प्रदर्शित करते हैं। परंतु विदेशियों ने ‘फूट डालो और राज करो’ की नीति को अपनाकर इस देश पर राज्य किया तथा हम सैकड़ों वर्षों तक गुलामी की जंजीरों में जकड़े रहे। विदेशी शासकों ने बड़ी कूटनीति से हमारी भावनात्मक एकता को खंडित कर दिया। उन्होंने भारतीय संस्कृति से भारतीयों को विमुख करने का जो चक्र चलाया, वह आज भी जारी है। आज भी हम अपनी संस्कृति एवं जीवन दर्शन से दूर होकर पश्चिम की चकाचौंध से प्रभावित होकर अपने जीवन-मूल्यों को भूल बैठे हैं।

प्रश्नः
1) भारत को अनेकताओं का देश कहकर क्यों संबोधित किया गया है?
2) भारत की उपमा एक पुष्पहार से क्यों दी जाती है?
3) भारत में अनेक प्रकार की विविधताएँ होते हुए भी उसकी एकता किन बातों से प्रकट होती है?
4) पश्चिम की चकाचौंध के कारण हम किसे भूल बैठे हैं?
5) उपर्युक्त गद्यांश का उचित शीर्षक दीजिए।
उत्तरः
1) भारत के अनेक धर्मों, विश्वासों, मत-मतांतरों तथा संस्कृतियों के संगम को देखकर इसे ‘अनेकताओं’ का देश कहकर पुकारा गया है।
2) जैसे रंग बिरंगे पुष्पों को पुष्पहार में पिरोया जाता है वैसे ही भारत भी विभिन्न विविधताओं के होते हुए भी अखण्ड रूप से जुड़ा हुआ है।
3) हमारी जीवन मीमांसा, रहन-सहन, साहित्य, धार्मिक विश्वास, पूजा-पद्धति, देवी-देवता, तीर्थ स्थान, संगीत भारत की एकता को प्रकट करते हैं।
4) पश्चिम की चकाचौंध से प्रभावित होकर हम अपने जीवन मूल्यों को भूल बैठे हैं।
5) ‘अनेकता में एकता’।