Prasanna – KSEEB Solutions

KSEEB Class 8 Hindi गिनतियाँ

November 4, 2023

Students can Download KSEEB Class 8 Hindi गिनतियाँ, KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Hindi helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka State Syllabus Class 8 Hindi गिनतियाँ

KSEEB Class 8 Hindi गिनतियाँ

KSEEB Class 8 Hindi गिनतियाँ 1
KSEEB Class 8 Hindi गिनतियाँ 2

इकाई – 1
दहाई – 10
सैकड़ा – 100
हज़ार – 1000
दस हज़ार – 10,000
लाख – 1,00, 000
करोड़ – 100,00,000
अरब (बिलियन) – 1,000,000,000
सौ अरब-एक नीलम – (100,000,000,000)

पहला, दूसरा, तीसरा, चौथा, पाँचवाँ, छठा (छठ्वाँ), सातवाँ, आठवाँ, नौवाँ, दसवाँ।
पहली, दूसरी, तीसरी, चौथी, पाँचवीं, छठी, सातवीं, आठवीं, नौवीं, दसवीं ।
प्रथम, द्वितीय, तृतीय, चतुर्थ, पंचम, षष्ठ, सप्तम, अष्टम, नवम, दशम
क्षण = 3 मिनट
मन = 12 किलो
एक सेर = 933.10 ग्रॉम = 0.937 लीटर
छटक = 58.125 ग्राम (app. 59 gms)
1 मील = 1.61 कि.मी.

समयावधि

10 वर्ष – दशाब्दी (decade)
12 वर्ष – युग (period/age of 12 years)
100 वर्ष – शताब्दी (century)
पखवाड़ा/पाक्षिक – 15 दिन (fortnight)
महीना/माह/मास – 30 दिन (month)
1 वर्ष – 365 दिन (year)

1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 3 Basic Political Concepts

November 2, 2023

You can Download Chapter 3 Basic Political Concepts Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 3 Basic Political Concepts

1st PUC Political Science Basic Political Concepts One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is Sovereignty?
Answer:
Sovereignty is the supreme power of the state.

Question 2.
Which is the most essential element of the state?
Answer:
Sovereignty is the most essential element of the state.

Question 3:
Which is the root word of sovereignty?
Answer:
The word sovereignty has been derived from the Latin word ‘ Superanus’.

Question 4.
What are the two kinds of Sovereignty?
Answer:
Internal and External Sovereignty.

Question 5.
Who introduced (aspects) the sovereignty in the modern sense?
Answer:
Jean Bodin introduced Sovereignty in the modem sense.

Question 6.
Name the book written by Jean Bodin.
Answer:
The book written by Jean Bodin is “Six books on the republic”.

Question 7.
Who was the proponent of internal sovereignty?
Answer:
Badin advocated Internal Sovereignty.

Question 8.
Who was the proponent of external sovereignty?
Answer:
Hugo Grotius was the proponent of external sovereignty.

Question 9.
Define Law.
Answer:
According to Holland ‘Law is a general rule of external human action enforced by sovereign political authority. ’

Question 10.
What is the root word of law?
Answer:
The term law has been derived from the Teutonic root ‘lag’, means something fixed.

Question 11.
What is the basic of moral law?
Answer:
Moral law is based on ethical code of morality of the people.

Question 12.
What is the other name of municipal law?
Answer:
National law is the other name of municipal law.

Question 13.
What is ordinance and who promulgates it?
Answer:
Ordinance are executive orders which promulgates by the president when parliament is not in session.

Question 14.
What is administrative law?
Answer:
A law which deals with civil service matters is called administrative law.

Question 15.
Who enacts laws in India?
Answer:
Parliament enacts laws in India.

Question 16.
What is meant by Liberty?
Answer:
It means the freedom of the individual.

Question 17.
What is the root word of liberty?
Answer:
The root word of liberty is the Latin word; Liber’ which means free.

Question 18.
Which revolution upheld the ideals of liberty equality and fraternity?
Answer:
France Revolution (1789) uphelds the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

Question 19.
What is Equality?
Answer:
It means equalization of opportunities.

Question 20.
What are Economic rights?
Answer: The rights enable every citizens to earn their livelihood.

Question 21.
What is meant by constitutional law.
Answer:
It is the basic law that determines the organization and functions of the government.

Question 22.
What is case law?
Answer:
Case law is a law made by courts.

Question 23.
What are the two aspects of liberty?
Answer:
Negative and Positive aspects.

Question 24.
What is natural liberty?
Answer:
It means unrestricted freedom of the individual to do what he likes.

Question 25.
What is political liberty?
Answer:
Political liberty means the right of the people to participate in the governance of the country.

Question 26.
What is National Liberty?
Answer:
It is the freedom of the nation from outside control.

Question 27.
What is a Civil Liberty?
Answer:
It is liberty available to the citizens inside society or state.

Question 28.
What is Economic Liberty?
Answer:
It is the freedom of the individual to earn his livelihood.

Question 29.
What is Natural Equality?
Answer:
It means by nature all are equal.

Question 30.
What is Civil Equality?
Answer:
It means equality before the law.

Question 31.
What is political equality?
Answer:
It means equal rights to participate in the affairs of the state.

Question 32.
What is Economic Equality?
Answer:
It means the removal of all inequalities and equal distribution of wealth.

Question 33.
What is Social Equality?
Answer:
It means there should be no discrimination on the basis of birth or family background.

Question 34.
What are Rights?
Answer:
Rights are the freedom given to individuals to do and undo certain things with status permission.

Question 35.
What is Moral Right?
Answer:
They are based on an ethical code of morality of the people. It is not enforced by state law.

Question 36.
What is duty?
Answer:
It is an obligation to do or not to do something.

1st PUC Political Science Basic Political Concepts Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define sovereignty.
Answer:
According to Burgess “Sovereignty is original, absolute and unlimited power over the individual and all associations”.

Question 2.
What are the two aspects of sovereignty?
Answer:

Internal sovereignly.
External sovereignty.

Question 3.
Define law.
Answer:
According to Holland “Law is a general rule of external human action enforced by a sovereign political authority.

Question 4.
Mention different kinds of law.
Answer:
There are different kinds of law the important among them are: National law, International law, constitutional law, common law, ordinary law, and administrative law, etc.,

Question 5.
What is the meaning of liberty?
Answer:
Liberty’ is the power of a man to do anything that does not injure others.

Question 6.
Mention any two economic liberties.
Answer:

Right to work
Right to adequate wages.

Question 7.
What is right?
Answer:
Right is a facility given by the legal authority7 to develop the individual personality of the citizens.

Question 8.
Mention any two political rights.
Answer:

Right to vote.
Right to contest for election.

Question 9.
What is National Law?
Answer:
It is formulated by the state legislature and it is binding on all the people within the territory of the state.

Question 10.
Write the meaning of ordinances.
Answer:
Ordinances are the executive laws which promulgates by the president to meet the unforeseen situations when parliament is not in session.

Question 11.
What is administrative law?
Answer:
A law which deals with the civil service matter and comes under administrative tribunals is called administrative law.

Question 12.
What is rule of law?
Answer:
A system in which administration carried on in accordance with the law is called rule of law.

Question 13.
What is internal sovereignty?
Answer:
A state is empower to enact, enforce and interpret the laws with in its jurisdiction is called internal sovereignty.

Question 14.
What is external sovereignty?
Answer:
A state is independent from other states and can have foreign policy with its neighbouring states is called external sovereignty.

Question 15.
Define rights.
Answer:
According to Bosanquet “A right is a claim recognised by the society and enforced by the state”.

Question 16.
Name any two political rights.
Answer:

Right to vote.
Right to contest for election.

Question 17.
What is equality?
Answer:
Facilities are provided to all the persons without any discrimination is called equality.

Question 18.
Mention the types of Liberty.
Answer:

Natural Liberty.
Civil Liberty.
Political Liberty.
Economic Liberty.

Question 19.
Describe in brief the natural equality.
Answer:
All men are said to be born equal. This is natural equality. Human beings differ in their natural abilities and faculties.

Question 20.
What are the attributes of sovereignty?
Answer:
Absoultenegs permanence, universality, indivisibility exclusiveness originality are the attributes of sovereignty.

Question 21.
Mention types of Liberty.
Answer:
Natural Liberty, Civil Liberty, Political Liberty, Economic Liberty, National Liberty.

Question 22.
Explain Sovereignty.
Answer:
It is one of the most important elements of the sate. Bodin for the first time discussed sovereignty in the modem sense. It is the supreme power of the state.

Question 23.
How Sovereignty is absolute?
Answer:
The sovereignty of the state is absolute means it is subject to no legal limitations either internally or externally without this absolute power no state can exist.

Question 24.
What do you mean by sovereignty is indivisible?
Answer:
Indivisible means sovereignty can’t be divided. Division of sovereignty means destruction of sovereignty.

Question 25.
What do you mean by sovereignty is inalienable?
Answer:
It means sovereignty can’t be transferred. It cannot transferred to another, authority.

Question 26.
What is International Law?
Answer:
International law is a law that governs by a sovereign authority. It depends upon the acceptance and obedience of sovereign states.

Question 27.
What are the kinds of equality?
Answer:
Civil equality, Political Equality, Social Equality, National Equality, Economic Equality etc.,

Question 28.
What is Secular State?
Answer:
It is a state where there is religious freedom, and the state does not interfere with individuals’ religious matters.

Question 29.
What is legal sovereignty?
Answer:
Sovereignty according to law is known as legal sovereignty. Legal soveregin is the lawers concept of sovereignty. The authority, a person or body of persons which has power to issue and enforce the laws of state.

Question 30.
What is constitutional law?
Answer:
It is basic and fundamental law of country, it determines the organization and functions of government out in written or unwritten form.

Question 31.
What are Legal Rights?
Answer:
Legal rights are the rights which have a legal binding and are protected and recognised by state.

Question 32.
Write two fundamental duties of Indian Citizen.
Answer:

To uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.
To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.

Question 33.
Mention two features of Law.
Answer:

Law mirrors the wishes of the people.
Law is coercive and disobedience of law invites punishment.

Question 34.
What is ordinary law?
Answer:
Laws that are made by the parliament is called ordinary law.

1st PUC Political Science Basic Political Concepts Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the features of sovereignty.
Answer:
Jean Bodin – who was the first to explain the concept of sovereignty said: “Sovereignty is the supreme power over citizens and subjects unrestrained by law.”

According to Hugo Grotius:
“Sovereignty is the supreme power vested in him whose acts are not subjected to any other who will can’t be can overridden.”

Characteristics of Sovereignty:

a. Permanent:
Sovereignty is permanent. Every state is sovereign it is accordingly permanent. The death of the rules or the change in government doesn’t mean any change in sovereign power. It comes to an end when the state is destroyed or is conquered and ruled by some external power.

b. Universality:
Sovereignty embraces each and every person and every association within the territory of the state. No individual or association in the state can disobey the sovereign authority of the state.

c. Sovereignty can’t be transferred:
The state has no right to give away its sovereignty. When a state loses or has to give up a part of the territory and population to another state, that part comes under the control of that state.

d. Indivisible:
Sovereignty can’t be divided. Division of sovereignty leads to the destruction of sovereignty.

e. Absoluteness:
Sovereignty is absolute. There can be no legal power within the state, superior to it. All individuals, associations come under the absolute power of the state. The state is completely independent.

Question 2.
Write a note on economic liberty.
Answer:
Without economic liberty, other liberty, other liberty are meaningless and useless. It means liberty of security and opportunities to find reasonable significance in the livelihood.

Question
3. Discuss kinds of equality.
Answer:
1. Natural Equality:
It implies that nature has created all men equal. It can also be defined that it insists on removing all man-made and artificial inequalities and treat all equally.

2. Civil and legal Equality:
Implies that all are equal before law and all are protected equally irrespective of caste, class, colour, race, etc.,

3. Political Equality:
Implies that all the citizens, irrespective any type of difference are entitled to participate in the affairs of state. All have equal voice in the government. It is based on principle of universal adult Franchise.

4. Economic Equality:
Implies removal of inequalities based on wealth and insists on certain minimum standard of income to all to meet their basic needs.

5. Social Equality:
Implies every individual without any discrimination must be given equal opportunity for the development of their personalities.

Question 4.
Explain the kinds of Law?
Answer
1. Natural Law:
Natural law promotes individualism and contends that there should be no law s to regulate or restrict individual behavior.

2. Constitutional law:
It is the highest and fundamental law of the land, which defines the organization of the state, determines the functions of various departments and establishes the relationship between the governor and the governed.

3. Ordinary law:
It is subordinate to the constitutional law. It is made by the parliament. It determines the relationship between the state and citizens.

4. Administrative law:
It deals with regulating the activities of the government officials in relation to state authority.

5. International Law:
International law is a body of rules and regulations which the sovereign states are expected to follow, observe and honour in their interaction with one another.

6. National Law:
National law is formulated by the sovereign authority of the State applicable to all people and associations living within territorial limits or jurisdiction of the state. It is also known as municipal law.

7. Private law:
It determines the relation between citizens.

8. Public laws:
Regulates the relation between the citizens and the states.

9. Case laws:
It refers to the laws that come into existence as a result of the decisions or verdict given by the court in a particular case. The courts give their own interpretation to apply a legal provision to a particular case. Such are known as case laws.

Question 5.
What are the kinds of Law? Explain.
Answer:
1. Natural Law:
Natural law promotes individualism and contends that there should be no laws to regulate or restrict individual behavior.

3. Ordinary law:
It is subordinate to the constitutional law. It is made by the parliament. It determines the relationship between the state and citizens.

4. Administrative law:
It deals with regulating the activities of the government officials in relation to state authority.

5. International Law:
International law is a body of rules and regulations which the sovereign states are expected to follow, observe and honour in their interaction with one another.

6. National Law:
National law is formulated by the sovereign authority of the state applicable to all people and associations living within territorial limits or jurisdiction of the state. It is also known as municipal law.

7. Private law:
It determines the relation between citizens.

8. Public laws:
Regulates the relation between the citizens and the states.

Question 6.
Write the relation between liberty and authority.
Answer:
It is sometimes said liberty and authority of the state as opposed to each other. But liberty doesn’t mean that unlimited right of a man to do whatever he likes. The liberty of one should not infringe on the freedom of others.

Freedom is secured through such rules and regulations. Political authority makes and enforces the law. Absolute authority will destroy liberty. Authority is the basis of liberty.

Question 7.
Explain the importance of law.
Answer:
As we live in society, we have to observe certain rules and regulations otherwise living in society will be impossible. Therefore every going out makes rules and regulations to maintain peace and order in society. The law is framed and enforced by the state to regulate the activities of citizens and to keep them within certain limits.

Question 8.
Explain the meaning of equality.
Answer:
In a literal sense, equality means that all human beings are equal. Equality doesn’t mean absolute equality. In a negative sense equality means the absence of special privileges. This means that there shall be no discriminations made on basis of caste, religion, colour, wealth, gender, etc. In a positive sense, equality means availability of adequate opportunities to all for self-development.

Question 9.
Explain characteristics of law.
Answer:

It regulates the external behaviour of a man in an organised society.
Laws are universally applicable.
They are the expressions of the will of the state & laid down in precise & definite language.
Laws are enforced by the state.
Freaking of laws invite punishment. Laws aimed at ensuring and enhancing the individuals and general well being of the people.

Question 10.
Write the feature of liberty.
Answer:

Liberty means the absence of restraint on freedom of thought speech and action.
Liberty without any restraint is a license.
It means political freedom as opposed to political slavery.
In its positive aspect, it is the freedom to do a thing.
In its negative aspect, it means restraints on doing something.
Liberty can be safeguarded only in the state.
Liberty means freedom individual to do what he likes without injuring similar liberty of others.

Question 11.
Explain what is political liberty.
Answer:
Political liberty means to be active in the affairs of the state. It can only be possible when the government is carried on in accordance with the will of the people. Political Liberty can be attained by the exercise of the four main rights.

Right to vote.
Right to contest in the election.
Right to criticize the government.
Right to hold Public office.

Question12.
Write the relationship between liberty and equality.
Answer:
There are two opposite views regarding the relation between equality and liberty.
Lord Action maintained that liberty and equality are opposite to each other. But it is clear that this view is based on an interpretation of liberty as unrestricted freedom and equality as absolute equality. Hence this is wrong view.

Acc to second view, it is important to note that equality and liberty are complementary to each other. Liberty and Equality are just like two faces of same community liberty depends upon the state and laws.

Question 13.
Explain different kinds of rights.
Answer:

Moral Rights
Legal Rights.
Civil Rights.
Political Rights.
Economic Rights.

1. Moral Rights: are those which based on the ethical code of morality of people.

2. Legal Rights: are recognised and protected by the state.

3. civil Rights: are those rights which enable the individual to lead a normal life in society.

4. Political Rights: enable a citizen to take part in the affairs of the government.

5. Economic Rights: enable citizens to earn their living.

Question 14.
What is meant by popular sovereign?
Answer:

Popular sovereignty means the ultimate authority or supreme power of the state is vested in the people. In a democracy the sovereignty will be in the hands of people.
Civil, Political and Economic equality is assured in a democracy, all rights are provided to every citizen without any discrimination. It ensures equality before the law.
It gives importance to human personality. It recognise the worth of every individual every citizen has a voice in going out and its policies.

Question 15.
Describe two sources of law.
Answer:
Customs:
It is one of the earliest sources of law. It is the code of conduct. Habits and usage in families clans and tribes must have become well established and thus customs have been the earliest means of social regulation.

Religion:
In premitive societies custom was law was religious. Religious principles were the basis of the formation of most customs. Custom rules based on religion could not be violated. In India, Hindu law is based on the code of Manu. The Muslim law derives itself from the Quran. The influence of Christianity and the Bible in framing the laws of various western countries cannot be denied.

Question 16.
Explain negative and positive equality.
Answer:
The negative aspect, of equality, means the absence of special privileges. All barriers of birth, wealth, caste and sex should be removed in social and political life. Rights should be enjoyed – in common by all.

In its positive aspect equality means the provision of adequate opportunities for self-development to all adequate opportunities that can be given to everyone to develop the personality.

Question 17.
Distinguish between National and International law.
Answer:
National law is the branch of law that applies within the territory of the state. All persons living within the state shall obey national laws. Its violation is punishable international law is the law which regulates the relations of sovereign states with another.

International law has force only to the extent to which it is recognized and voluntarily accepted by the different states of the world.

Question 18.
What are the different kinds of liberty? Explain briefly.
Answer:
1. National Liberty:
It is associated with french thinker J.J. Rousseau. Acc to this type of man in the state of nature were completely free and there were no restrictions. This doesn’t exist in modem social life.

2. Civil liberty:
It is enjoyed by all the individuals in society. It consists of certain rights and privileges created and protected by the state.

3. Political Liberty:
This liberty is available only to the citizen either directly or indirectly participate in the political activities of the state. In short, a person makes or destroys the government.

4. Economic Liberty:
Without economic liberty, other liberty, other liberties are meaningless and useless. It means liberty of security and opportunities to find reasonable significance in the livelihood.

5. National Liberty:
This liberty implies the political independence of the state. All other liberties can’t be enjoyed unless the country is independent.

Question 19.
Write a note on the general duties of citizen.
Answer:
Duty is an obligation and a responsibility of a citizen. A citizen of a state is directed to discharge some functions and prohibited from certain functions. There are called as duties.
The duties are broadly divided into moral and legal duties.
The important general duties of a citizen are :

1. Loyalty to the state:
Every citizen should be loyal to his state. This includes his duty to defend the state during the war and his involvement in developmental activities, to protect and promote unity and integrity of the state.

2. Obedience to Law:
Every citizen should obey the laws as disobedience leads to confusion and disorder. The laws are made for the welfare of the citizens.

3. Payment of taxes:
Every citizen must honestly pay and promptly taxes for the economic development of the state.

4. Honest Exercise of the Right to Vote:
This enables citizens to elect going out of their choice which works for their development, welfare, security, protection, etc.,

Question 20.
Explain the political rights.
Answer:
1. Right to Vote:
All the citizens who have attained the age of 18 are eligible to vote through adult franchise without any discrimination.

2. Right to contest election:
All the citizens of a country who have attained a particular age are given the chance to contest elections and thus respect the aims and aspirations of various sections of society in government.

3. Right to Enter Government Service:
In a democracy, all the citizens are equally entitled to get government jobs on the basis of their qualifications.

4. Right to petition:
It gives an opportunity to all people to bring their problems to the notice of the government and seek remedies.

5. Right to Criticism:
It is one of the biggest boons of democracy. All citizens have the right to criticise the policies of the government.

Question 21.
What is the importance of liberty?
Answer:
1. Respect for individuals:
Liberty is essential for every individual to be at his best self, subject, to legal limitations.

2. Respect for laws:
Liberty is required to put down any kind of dominance within a civil society where all enjoy equal liberty and invasion of liberty of a person is nothing but a violation of liberty which is visited by penalty or punishment.

3.Respect for fellow being:
The fear of punishment in case of violation of the liberty of others; makes one respect the feelings of others thereby ensuring respect for fellow
beings.

4. Promotes co-operation and understanding:
Liberty ensures individuals to develop harmony, brotherhood, and understanding based on mutual necessity and co-operation.

Question 22.
Answer:
Explain the importance of Equality.
1. Self-respect:
In the absence of discrimination, all can develop as they wish, thus ensuring respect for individual personality.

2. Promotes Co-operation:
When all are treated equal in the eyes of law, people can lead a life based on cooperation and understanding, develop harmony, which will lead to the brotherhood.

3. Prevents revolution:
When all are treated equal, they can pursue what they consider best and it would prevent revolutionary tendencies from taking over the system.

Question 23.
Explain the importance of rights.
Answer:
1. Development of personality: Rights describe the do’s and don’ts of civilized life and this helps an individual to develop his personality.

2. Symbol of national prestige: The quality Of rights in a country symbolizes the quality of its rules and people.

3. Respect for fellow beings: Rights guarantees respect for fellow citizens.

4. Protection against government: Rights guarantees protection against government action.

Question 24.
Explain the importance of Sovereignty?
Answer:
1. Identifies the nation-state: Sovereignty has contributed to the identity and status of the nation-state.

2. Sovereignty gives freedom to the state: Sovereignty increases the freedom of nation-state, so as to decide on its domestic and foreign policy.

3. Allows progress: Sovereignty provides motivation for each nation to achieve progress.

4. Promotes nationalism: Sovereignty promotes national spirit and allows love for the nation.

5. Allows the state to exercise coercive power: Sovereignty monopolies the state internally and externally.

1st PUC Political Science Basic Political Concepts Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the law? explain its kinds.
Answer:
1. Natural Law:
Natural law promotes individualism and contends that there should be no laws to regulate or restrict individual behavior.

3. Ordinary law:
It is subordinate to the constitutional law. It is made by the parliament. It determines the relationship between the state and citizens.

4. Administrative law:
It deals with regulating the activities of the government officials in relation to state authority.

5. International Law:
International law is a body of rules and regulations which the sovereign states are expected to follow, observe and honour in their interaction with one another.

7. Private law:
It determines the relation between citizens.

8. Public laws:
Regulates the relation between the citizens and the states.

Question 2.
Explain the meaning and kinds of rights.
Answer:

Moral Rights
Legal Rights.
Civil Rights.
Political Rights.
Economic Rights.

1. Moral Rights: are those based on the ethical code of morality of people.

2. Legal Rights: are recognised and protected by the state.

3. civil Rights: are those rights that enable the individual to lead a normal life in society.

4. Political Rights: enable a citizen to take part in the affairs of the government.

5. Economic Rights: enable citizens to earn their living.

Question 3.
Explain the meaning and kinds of liberty.
Answer:
1. National Liberty:
It is associated with french thinker J.J. Rousseau. Acc to this type of men in the state of nature were completely free and there were no restrictions. This doesn’t exist in modern social life.

2. Civil liberty:
It is enjoyed by all the individuals in society. It consists of certain rights and privileges created and protected by the state.

4. Economic Liberty:
Without economic liberty, other liberty, other liberty are maningless and useless. It; means liberty of security and opportunities to find reasonable significance in livelihood.

5. National Liberty:
This liberty implies the political independence of the state. All other liberties can’t be enjoyed unless the country is indepent.

Question 4.
Describe the political rights.
Answer:
a. Right to Vote:
All the citizens who have attained the age of 18 are eligible to vote through adult franchise without any discrimination.

b. Right to contest election:
All the citizens of a country who have attained a particular age are given the chance to contest elections and thus respect the aims and aspirations of various sections of society in government.

c. Right to Enter Government Service:
In a democracy, all the citizens are equally entitled to get government jobs on the basis of their qualifications.

d. Right to petition:
It gives an opportunity to all people to bring their problems to the notice of the government and seek remedies.

e. Right to Criticism:
It is one of the bigget boon of democracy. All citizens have the right to criticise the policies of the government.

Question 5.
Explain economic rights.
Answer:
The rights which enable every citizens to earn their livelihood are called economic rights.

Following are the important economic rights.

Right to work – Every person is free to work at his choice.
Right to property – Every person is free to earn, enjoy and sale the property.
Right to leisure – the persons who are working are permitted to enjoy leisure time during working hours.
Right to material security – All the states have provided material security against old age, sickness, disability, unemployment, etc.
Right to contract – All the individuals are free to enter into agreement with others within the framework of law.

Question 6.
Distinguish between legal sovereignty and political sovereignty.
Answer:
A legal sovereign is a person or body of persons in a state which is the supreme law-making authority disobedience to law result in punishment.

The characteristics are :

The legal sovereign is always definite and determinate.
It may be in the hands of a single individual or body of individuals.
It is legal expression of the will of the state.
Legal sovereign grants the rights.
Political sovereignty: It is the power behind the legal sovereignty.

The legal sovereign simply makes laws. The wishes of political sovereign who can’t express the will of the state. It is not so easy to define political sovereign. It is unorganized and unknown to law. Political sovereign and legal sovereign concide in direct democracy.

Dejure and Defacts Sovereignty.
Dejure:
Sovereignty means sovereignty by law. In Other words, dejure is the lawful and legitimate sovereign. It is legally constituted and has the basis and authority of law. It has legal right to govern.

Defacto:
Sovereignty is which has no legal basis because it is not recognized by law but exists on fact. Defacto comes to power usually by force. If it manages to stick to power and show that he can rule he becomes dejure sovereign.

Titular Sovereignty and Real Sovereignty.
Titular has the power but he won’t use it but somebody else will use. For eg: King or Queen of England and the President of India. The council of ministers is the real soveregin and occupy a highly dignified and privileged position in the state. In a presidential system, there is no difference because the president himself exercises his powers and functions.

Question 7.
Define Law. Explain its features.
Answer:
The word law is derived from the Teutonic word Tag’ which means something fixed.
Acc to John Austin: “a command given by a superior to an inferior.”
Accordingly to Woodrow Wilson “Law is that position of established thought and habit which . has gained distinct and formal recognition in the shape of uniform rules.”

Characteristics of law:

Laws regulate the external behaviour of man in an organized society.
Laws are universally applicable to all individuals living in the state.
Laws are enforced by the state.
Breaking of law invites punishment.
Ignorance of laws is accepted as a ground for the exemption from the applicant of laws.

Question 8.
Explain Civil Rights.
Answer:
1. Right to live:
All people born in society have the right to live. The main responsibility of the state is to provide security of life to the people.

2. Right to Liberty:
All the people living in the state have the right to travel freely all over the country. They can reside anywhere as they desire.

3. Right to Religion:
All the citizens have the freedom to practice or propagate any religion they want.

4. Right to Culture and Education:
All the citizens have the right to protect, develop and practice their own culture. The right to education has been granted, to enable a person to develop and improve his or her personality.

5. Right to Association:|
All the citizens have the freedom to form the different types of association as per their needs and aspirations.

6. Right to Family:
Family is an integral part of human existence. Every individual has the right to marriage, to bring up children and to continue his generation.

Question 9.
What are the various sources of law?
Answer:
1. Customs:
Customs is one of the earliest sources of law. It is the code of conduct observed by people in society. When the state was established, these customs received
recognition and became laws.

2. Religion:
In many countries, religion is the basis of the law and it lies as the root of many national legal systems.

3. Equity:
It refers to the principles of equality, fairness, and justice in which judges apply. When existing laws provide no relief in a particular case, judges apply the principle of equity.

4. Judicial decisions:
Judges interpret mould and extend the existing laws. Such decisions of the judges later become precedents judicial precedents supplement the law and are applied in the future cases of a similar kind.

5. Scientific commentaries:
These are scientific discussions by eminent jurists or lawyers. It is an important source of material for lawmakers.

6. Legislation:
It means the enactment and promulgation of laws by the legislature. It forms an important source of law.

2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 3 Inclusive Strategies

November 2, 2023

Karnataka 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 3 Inclusive Strategies

You can Download Chapter 3 Inclusive Strategies Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Sociology Inclusive Strategies One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which Article of the Indian Constitution abolishes untouchability?
Answer:
Article 17.

Question 2.
In which year the untouchability (Offences) Act was enacted?
Answer:
1955.

Question 3.
In which year the Programe Stree Shakhti was launched?
Answer:
2000-2001.

Question 4.
Who introduced the concept of Micro Finance in Bangladesh?
Answer:
Muhammad Yunus.

Question 5.
Where is the Headquarters of Lijjat located?
Answer:
Mumbai.

Question 6.
Which non-governmental organization is working for Soligas?
Answer:
Vivekananda, Girijana Kendra.

Question 7.
Who started Harijana and young India Newspapers?
Answer:
Mahathama Gandhi.

Question 8.
Who started Mookanayak News Papers?
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Question 9.
Who founded Sulabh International?
Answer:
Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak.

Question 10.
What is gender discrimination?
Answer:
Discrimination against people based on their Gender.

Question 11.
In which year towards equality report was Submitted?
Answer:
1974.

Question 12.
Which year Government of India declared as year of women empowerment?
Answer:
2001.

Question 13.
Who coined affirmative Action?
Answer:
John. F. Kennedy.

Question 14.
Who started Harijana Sevaka Sangha?
Answer:
Mahathama Gandhi.

Question 15.
Who started Bahishkritha Hitha Karinisabha?
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Question 16.
Expand LAMPS.
Answer:
Large Area Multi Purpose Societies.

Question 17.
Expand TRIFED.
Answer:
Tribal Co-Operative Market Development Federation of India.

Question 18.
In which year protection of civil Rights Act was passed?
Answer:
1976. .

Question 19.
Expand NCW.
Answer:
National Commission for Women.

Question 20.
Expand SGH.
Answer:
Self – Help Groups.

Question 21.
Expand SEWA.
Answer:
SelfEmployed Women Association.

Question 22.
Expand SKDRDP.
Answer:
Shri Kshethra Dharmasthala Rural Development Project.

Question 23.
Expand SCP.
Answer:
Special Component Plan.

Question 24.
Expand SCA.
Answer:
Special Central Assistance.

Question 25.
Expand SCDC.
Answer:
Scheduled Caste Development Corporation.

Question 26.
Expand CIIL.
Answer:
Central Institute of Indian languages.

Question 27.
What is the provision of Article 335 of the constitution?
Answer:
Reservations to SCs and STs.

Question 28.
In which year national commission for women was established.
Answer:
1992.

Question 29.
Expand NABARD.
Answer:
National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development.

2nd PUC Sociology Inclusive Strategies Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give the meaning of Affirmative action.
Answer:
Affirmative action refers to policies that take factors including “caste, creed, religion, or sex, into consideration, in order to benefit an underrepresented group in areas of employment, education, and business”.

Question 2.
Explain the concept of Women Empowerment.
Answer:
The dictionary meaning of the terms “empowerment” is to give power or authority. Hence empowerment is the act of giving power. Thus women’s empowerment is the act of empowering women i .e. to give them the power or authority. The term Empowerment has different meanings to women of different classes.

Question 3.
What is a self help group?
Answer:
“A Self-Help Group comprises a group of micro enterpreneurs having homogenous social and economic backgrounds, all voluntarily coming together to save regular small sums of money, mutually agreeing to contribute to a common fund and to meet their emergency needs on the basis of mutual help”.

Question 4.
What is micro finance?
Answer:
Micro Finance is defined as, financial services such as Saving A/c, Insurance Fund & credit provided to poor & low income clients so as to help them to rise their income & there by improve their standard of I living.

Question 5.
What is Stree Shakthi?
Answer:
The programme was launched during 2000-01 and it is being implemented throughout the state to empower rural women and make them self reliant is called as Stree Shakthi.

Question 6.
Mention any two objectives of stree shakhti.
Answer:

To strengthen the process of economic development of rural women and create a conducive environment for social change.
To form self help group based on thrift and credit principles which builds self reliance and enable women to have greater access and control over resources.

Question 7.
Mention the advantages of Internal lending in self help groups.
Answer:
Managing their own common fund, financing needs of each other develops their skills of financial management.

2nd PUC Sociology Inclusive Strategies Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What were the provisions of the Untouchability Act 1955?
Answer:
The Untouchability (Offences) Act -1955. It provides penalties for the following offences.

Preventing a person on grounds of untouchability, from entering a place of public worship, offering prayer therein or taking water from a tank, well or spring.
Enforcing all kinds of social disabilities such as denying access to any shop, public
restaurant, public hospital or educational institutions, hotel or any other place of public entertainment, the use of any road, river, well, tank, water tap, cremation ground, sanitary convenience and Dharmashalas.’
Enforcing occupational, professional or trade disabilities in the matter or enjoyment of any benefit under the charitable trust in the construction or occupation of any residential premises in any locality or the observance of any social or religious usages or ceremony.
Refusing to sell goods or render services to an untouchable.

Question 2.
Briefly explain the role of NGOs for upliftment of SCs/STs.
Answer:
Non-Governmental. Organizations have played a vital role in welfare of Scheduled Castes. The important ones are (1) Harijan Sevak Sangh, (2) Indian Depressed Classes League, (3) Hindi Sweepers Sevak Sangh, (4) Servants India Society, (5) Ishwar Saran Ashram, (6) All India Backward Classes Federation, (7) Bharatiya Adimajati Sevak Sangh, Vanarasikalayana Sabha, Sri Ramakrishna Mission etc., have also made efforts to eradicate untouchability.

Question 3.
List out the strategies for women empowerment.
Answer:
The strategies for empowerment of women can be classified as legal, social and economic.
(1) Legal Strategies: After the independence several laws were drafted with the aim to treat women on par with men. Some of the legislation are as follows :

Hindu Marriage Act of 1955
Hindu Succession Act of 1956.
Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act of 1956.
Dowry Prohibition (Amendment) Act 1984
Domestic Violence Act 2005 etc.

(2) Social Strategies: Social strategies are as follow:

Establishment of Women Welfare Services.
Legal literacy of women through mass media.
Help of neighbours to be sought in the cases of abused women.
Conducting public education and awareness programmes in order to help women.
Males are also to be educated to realize their new roles in the changed times and the necessity of their own contribution to family life.

(3) Economic Strategies: Economic strategies are as follow;

Educational and vocational training for women which enable them to seek jobs and become economically dependent.
Technological aids that will be labour saving devices and will lighten women’s burden of heavy daily tasks.
Train women in both formal and non-formal education.
Credit facilities to start small-scale industr.evself-employment.
Programmes of placing women in important positions at various levels.

Question 4.
Explain the main features of micro finance.
Answer:
Micro Finance is defined as, financial services such as Savings Accounts, Insurance Fund & credit provided to poor & low income clients so as to help them to rise their income & there by improve their standard of living. Microfinance is a source of financial services for entrepreneurs and small businesses lacking access to banking and related services.
Major Features of Microfinance:

Loan without security
Loans to people who live BPL (Below Poverty Line)
Even members of SHG may get benefit from Micro Finance
Maximum limit of loan under microfinance is relatively small amount.
The terms and conditions given to poor people are decided by SHG.

For some, microfinance is a movement whose object is a world in which as many poor to have permanent access to an appropriate range of high quality financial services, including not just credit but also savings, insurance, and fund transfers. Many of those who promote microfinance generally believe that such access will help poor people out of poverty. For others, microfinance is a way to promote economic development, employment and growth through the support of micro-entrepreneurs and small businesses.

Question 5.
Explain the objectives of towards equality report.
Answer:
A National Commission was formed to examine the status and problems of Indian women. Report of this Commission is called as “Towards Equality Report 1974”.
Objectives of the Towards Equality Report

To examine the Constitutional, legal, and administrative provisions that have a bearing on the social status of women, their education and employment.
To assess the impact of these provisions during the last two decades on the status of women in the country, particularly in the rural sector and to suggest more effective programmes.
To consider the development of educations among women and determine the factors responsible for the slow progress in some areas and suggest remedial measures.
To survey the problems of the working women including discrimination in employment and remuneration.
To examine the status of women as housewives and mothers in the changing social pattern and their problems in the sphere of further education and employment.
To undertake survey of case studies on the implications of the population policies and family planning programmes on the status of women.
To suggest any other measures which would enable women to play their roles to the fullest in building up the nation.

2nd PUC Sociology Inclusive Strategies Ten Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the importance of towards equality report 1974.
Answer:
The study collected extensive data related to the various aspects of women. Trends observed by the study were surprising. Excepting the fields of education and employment where women belonging to the middle class achieved moderate success, almost all fields showed a very low percentage of participation by women. Many worked longer hours for meagre wages. Almost all women actively participated in economic activities without any financial benefit. In addition, they were also responsible for taking care of their family members especially children and the elderly.

It was believed that, due to the equality principle adopted by the constitution acted in favour of women who were denied equal rights earlier. It was felt that, Indian women enjoy equal status on par with men and also enjoy the support of men in their endeavours. In reality, only the middle class women were able to achieve some amount of progress in the fields of education and employment. But, a majority of Indian women still were victims of violence, dowry, gender discrimination etc., thus, the report of the Commission exposed hard realities.

The Commission expressed concerns about issues related to women like, lower rates of life expectancy, declining sex ratio, high death rates, low participation in economic activities etc. Such trends were against the accepted goals of our Constitution. Another point to be noted here is that, during the 19th century, women were seen as the victims of certain social evils and in the post-independence period they were seen as beneficiaries of development projects but not as active participants of development projects. Their role in the national movement, labour movements and peasant movement is ignored.

As observed by the scholars political parties accepted the role of women in building a new society in a rather reluctant way. Report of the Commission influenced the policies of the government while formulating developmental projects. It identified certain wrong notions about the role and status of women. It was a starting point for many future studies of women with a fresh perspective.

Question 2.
Mention any ten Constitutional provisions relating to upliftment of SCs and STs.
Answer:
Constitutional provisions relating to the above said groups are as follow:

Article 15: The state shall not discriminate against any citizen on the grounds of Religion, Race, caste sex, place of birth or any of them. The removal of any disability, restriction or condition with regard to access to shops, public restaurants, hotels and place of public entertainment or the use of wells, tanks, roads, and place of public resort maintained wholly or partly out of state funds or dedicated to the use of general public.
Article 16: There shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in matter relating to employment or appointment to any office under the state.
Article 17: Untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of untouchability shall be an offence punishable in accordance with law.
Article 23: Illegalizes traffic in human beings and forced labour.
Article 25 B: Hindu religious institution of public characters is open to all classes and sections of Hindu.
Article 29: Cultural and linguistic minority has right to conserve its language or culture. The article provides protection to scheduled tribe communities to preserve their languages, dialects and cultures. The state would not by law enforce upon it any other culture or language.
Article 46: The state shall promote with special care the educational and economic interest of the weaker sections of the people and in particular of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and shall protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation.
Article 164: provides for a separate ministry in charge of welfare of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and backward classes.
Article 325 of part XV: It guarantees to all citizens of India the right to vote.
Article 330, 332 and 334: Provides seats shall be reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the house of people and state legislature.
Article 335: It mentions the claim of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to services and posts.
Article 338: Empowers the central government to appoint a commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
Article 339: Empowers the president to appoint a commission to report on the administration of the scheduled areas and the welfare of scheduled tribes in the states.
Article 341: Empowers the president to specify the castes, races or tribes deemed as Scheduled Castes in a particular state or union territory.
Article 342: Empowers the president to specify the tribes deemed to be Scheduled Tribes in a particular state or union territory.

Question 3.
Explain the developmental programs for the upliftment of Scheduled Castes.
Answer:
1. Appointment of a National Commission for the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Tribes: A National Commission for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes has been set up by the Central Government to safeguard the interests of the SCs and STs. It functions as an advisory body on issues and policies related to the development of the SCs and STs.

2. Educational Opportunities: Due attention is paid to extend the educational opportunities of SCs and STs and hence special provisions have been made in this regard. Free education, free distribution of books, stationery, uniform etc. giving scholarships, educational loan facilities, providing mid-day meal, arranging for free boarding and lodging facilities, reserving seats for SCs and STs in all the government and government aided institutions, etc.

3. Expansion of Economic Opportunities: Government has taken up economic programmes also for the benefit of SCs and STs. Examples: Landless SC labourers are allotted land. Land reforms have been undertaken to bring benefits of land ownership for them. Poor SC farmers are supplied with seeds, agriculture implements, fertilizers, pesticides, interest-free loans, pair of bullocks for ploughing, subsidy for developing dairy farming, poultry farming, piggery, animal husbandry, handicrafts, spinning and weaving.

4 Expansions of Employment Opportunities and Reservation: In order to enhance the economic position of the SCs and STs the Constitution has provided for the reservation in services. Reservation exists in all these for the SCs and STs to the extent of 15% and 7.5% respectively.

5. Upliftment of Scheduled Castes through Five Year Plans: The welfare of the Scheduled Castes has been given special attention in the Five Year Plan. The Central Government sponsored a comprehensive three strategies for the development of the SCs during the 6th Five Year Plan [1980-85]. This consisted of three schemes:

Special Component Plan [SCPs]
Special Central Assistance [SCA]
Scheduled Development Corporation (SCDCs).

1. Special Component Plan [SCP]: The main objective of this plan is to assist the SC families to improve their income substantially. This plan envisages identification of schemes of development which would benefit SCs, quantification of funds from all programmes of specific targets as to the number of families to be benefited from these programmes.

2. Special Central Assistance [SCA]: The main purpose of this scheme is to provide additional assistance to the States from the Centre to help the economic advancement of the maximum possible number of Schedule Caste families living below the poverty line.

3. Scheduled Caste Development Corporation (SCDC): These SCDCs provide money and loan assistance to SC families and help them to increase the flow of funds from financial institutions to SC families. These Corporations established in the States are expected to act as interface between the SC families and financial institutions including banks. Both the Central and the State Governments contribute grants to these SCDCs.

Question 4.
Explain the Tribal welfare programs in India.
Answer:
The following welfare programmes are implemented for the upliftment of tribals.

I. Economic Programmes: The amount allocated for the tribal welfare schemes in different plans go to prove, that tribal development is one of the priorities. The amount allocated in fifth plan was Rs. 1100 crore and it was Rs. 5535 crore and Rs. 10.500 crore in the sixth plan (1980-85) and seventh plan (1985-90) respectively.

(a) The 20-point Programme: The 20-Point Programme too focused attention on the development of Scheduled Tribes. Economic assistance was lent to tribal families to move above the poverty line.

(b) Establishment of LAMPS and TRIFED: To relieve the tribals of the bonded labour system. The bonded Labour System (Abolition) Act. 1976 was passed. That apart, to loosen the grip of the moneylenders and the middlemen on the tribals, the government organized “Large Area Multi-Purpose Societies” (Lamps). These were intended to provide adequate credit facilities for- productive purposes.

These were the Co-operative societies helping tribals in selling their agricultural and minor forest produce and providing them with improved varieties of seeds, manure, -insecticides, agricultural implements, etc. For marketing the tribal produce, the “Tribal Co-operative Marketing Development Federation of India” (TRIFED) has been set up. It works to eliminate exploitation of tribals and realization of better prices.

(c) Assistance to Agriculture: Tribals cultivation is uneconomic and also unscientific. They are being persuaded to take up scientific agriculture. Agricultural implements, manure, seeds and loan facilities are being provided and tribals are also given land rights.

II. Educational Programmes: They are also provided with free hostels, faculties such as free tuition, stipends, scholarships, mid-day meals, text-books, etc. “Ashrama Schools” with lands attached to them and “Technical Schools” have come up in tribal areas. They are also given training free of cost in poultry, forestry, animal husbandry, Apiculture, etc. Tribal-students taking competitive examinations are given pre-examination training free of cost.

There are pre-examination training centers and coaching- cum-guidance centers exclusively meant for students of Scheduled Tribes. National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) and Central Institue of Indian languages Mysore have already prepared teaching module for more than 60 tribal dialects to popularize education among the tribals.

III. Research Programmes: For the study of tribal in scientific way Tribal Research centres have been set up. There are at present 11 such centres in India. To co-ordinate their activates, a 30 member “Central Research Advisory Council” has also been set up. The council provides guidance on policy formulation.

IV. Health, Housing and Other Schemes: Under various schemes, houses and sites have been given to the tribals. There are a number of voluntary organizations working for the welfare of tribals. For instance, Dr. H. Sudarshan’s Vivekananda Girijana Kendra and Karuna Trust has done a commendable work in the upliftment of Soliga, a tribal community inhabiting Biligiri Ranga Hills in Chamarajnagar district of Karnataka. They are helping in Education, Health and Empowerment of Soligas.

Question 5.
Briefly explain the Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat and SEWA.
Answer:
Shri Mahila Griha Udyog Lijjat Papad, popularly known as Lijjat, is an Indian women’s cooperative involved in manufacturing of various fast moving consumer goods. The organisation’s main objective is empowerment of women by providing them employment opportunities. Started in the year 1959 with a seed capital of Rs. 80, Lijjat has an annual turnover of around Rs. 6.50 billion in 2010, with Rs. 290 million in exports. It provides employment to around 42,000 women. Lijjat is headquartered in Mumbai and has 67 branches all over India.

Lijjat is primarily a cottage industry, urban by its origin, that has spread to the rural areas. It is considered as one of the most remarkable entrepreneurial initiatives by women that are identified with female empowerment in India. Self-Employed Women Association – SEWA: Self-Employed Women Association has made significant contribution to the empowerment of women. It has strived to integrate self-employed poor women with the mainstream economy through the twin strategies of struggle and development.

Women are the worst victims of poverty. Poor women generally experience a The self-employed women of Ahmadabad organized and formed the Self-Employed Women Association – (SEWA) in 1972. The motivation and guidance was furnished by the leadership Ela Bhatt. SEWA has strived to create conditions of full employment and self-reliance for all its members.

The central concern of SEWA has been to secure the existence of its members by furnishing financial support in the form of micro-credit to self-employed women. In order to provide finance facility at the earliest The Shri Mahila SEWA Sahakari Bank Ltd. Was registered in 1974. In the beginning SEWA Bank started functioning in urban areas; later on it extended its operations to rural areas. SEWA began its activities in rural areas in 1975.

Question 6.
Explain the role of Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B. R. Ambedkar in eradicating untouchability?
Answer:
Freedom struggle and eradication of untouchability were both very important for Gandhij i. He preached against untouchability and has set a model by his deeds and words. He himself lived with the Harijans and shared their sorrows and sufferings. He made them participate in worships, prayers, keerthanas. He wrote extensively in ‘Harijan’ and ‘Young India’ about the condition of Harijans and propagated in favour of various legal provisions against several kinds of injustice meted out to the untouchables.

He cleaned the streets and toilets of Scheduled Castes. By his selfless, sincere self effort he created awareness among the Harijans regarding cleanliness, sanitation and health. After 1931, Indian National Congress set up a council to consider the problem of untouchability.

It was due to ceaseless effort of this council that ‘Harijan Sevak Sangh’ came into existence. The sangh also provides the Harijan students with financial assistance and scholarships. Kasturaba Balika Ashram in Delhi, Harijan Balika Vidyalaya at Sabarmati are just two examples . of schools started by the Sangh for the cause of female education. The Sangh has branches all over the country and it is maintaining 120 boarding houses. Gandhiji called untouchables as UED Harijana and popularised the word Harijana.

The word Harijana was first coined by Gujarathi saint Narasimha Mehatha. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, popularly known as Baba Saheb stood for the emancipation of untouchables. Being the chief architect of the constitution, he has legalised the upliftment of the untouchables through the inclusion of many articles. The constitution of India guarantees, protects, and safeguards the rights and interests of all in general and of untouchables in particular.

Ambedkar wanted to instil in the hearts of untouchables, the ideas of self-dignity, self-confidence and self-respect. For the very same purpose he had started the ‘Bahishikrita Hitakarini Sabha’. The movement he had started was known as ‘self-respect movement’. In order to attain a respectable position in society, he asked untouchables to follow five principles, i.e., Pancha Sutras’. They are; Self Improvement, Self-Dependence Self-Respect Self-Confidence Self Progress.

In order to create awareness among the untouchables Ambedkar started a paper called Mooka Nayaka. He brought them under one banner; organized ‘All-India Depressed Classed Conference’ in 1942 at Nagpur. In his Dalit movement, Ambedkar suggested three principles: Education, Agitation and Organization.

Question 7.
Explain the role of sulabha souchalaya in Empowering scavengers?
Answer:
Sulabh International is an Indian based social service organization which works to promote Rehabilitation of manual Scavengers human rights, environmental sanitation, non-conventional sources of energy, waste management and social reforms through education. Sulabh was founded by Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak in 1970.

Innovations include a scavenging- free two-pit flush toilet (Sulabh Shauchalaya); safe and hygienic on-site human waste disposal technology; a new concept of maintenance and construction of pay-&-use public toilets, popularly known as Sulabh Complexes with bath, laundry and urinal facilities being used by about ten million people every day and generates bio-gas and bio-fertilizer produced from excreta-based plants, low maintenance wastewater treatment plants of medium capacity for institutions and industries.

Other work includes setting up public school in New Delhi and also a network of centres all over the country to train boys and girls from poor families, specially scavengers, so that they can compete in open job market. The United Nations Centre for Human Settlements has praised Sulabh’s sanitation system as a “Global Urban Best Practice” at the Habitat-II conference held at Istanbul (Turkey), in June, 1996.

The Economic and Social Council of the United Nations granted Special Consultative Status to Sulabh in recognition of its work. Sulabh claims their plan on human waste disposal and social reforms has provided jobs directly to 35,000 people, and made 240 towns scavenging free.

Question 8.
Explain the strategies of Women Empowerment.
Answer:
The strategies for empowerment of women can be classified as legal, social and economic.
(1) Legal Strategies: After the independence several laws were drafted with the aim to treat women on par with men. Some of the legislation are as follows :

Hindu Marriage Act of 1955
Hindu Succession Act of 1956.
Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act of 1956.
Dowry Prohibition (Amendment) Act 1984
Domestic Violence Act 2005 etc.

(2) Social Strategies: Social strategies are as follow:

Establishment of Women Welfare Services.
Legal literacy of women through mass media.
Help of neighbours to be sought in the cases of abused women.
Conducting public education and awareness programmes in order to help women.
Males are also to be educated to realize their new roles in the changed times and the necessity of their own contribution to family life.

(3) Economic Strategies: Economic strategies are as follow:

Educational and vocational training for women which enable them to seek jobs and become economically dependent.
Technological aids that will be labour saving devices and will lighten women’s burden of heavy daily tasks.
Train women in both formal and non-formal education.
Credit facilities to start small-scale industries/self-employment.
Programmes of placing women in important positions at various levels.

1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 2 State

November 2, 2023

You can Download Chapter 2 State Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 2 State

1st PUC Political Science State One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Which is the most essential human organisation?
Answer:
State is the most essential human organisation.

Question 2.
What is State?
Answer:
The state is politically organised people in a definite territory.

Question 3.
What is the main purpose of a state?
Answer:
The welfare of the people is the main purpose of a state.

Question 4.
Who said that man is a social and. also a political animal?
Answer:
Aristotle says man is a social and also a political animal.

Question 5.
What are the root words of the state?
Answer:
Romans says ‘‘civitas’’ and Italians say ‘statio’.

Question 6.
Give an example of a city-state.
Answer:
Sparta and Athens are examples of a city-state.

Question 7.
Who called the state as ‘Civitas’?
Answer:
Romans called the state as ‘Civitas’.

Question 8.
Who introduced the term state for the first time?
Answer:
Italian thinker Machiavelli introduced the word state in Political Science.

Question 9.
Who is the author of “The Prince”?
Answer:
Machiavehi is the author of ‘The prince’.

Question 10.
Which is the supreme of all associations?.
Answer:
The State.

Question 11.
Which association serves people from birth to death?
Answer:
State.

Question 12.
Who advocated the Sapthanga theory of the state?
Answer:
Kautilya advocates the Sapthanga theory of the state.

Question 13.
According to Plato what should be the population of the state?
Answer:
According to Plato, the population of the state is 5040.

Question 14.
Who said that the population of the state should be 10,000?
Answer:
Rousseau says the population of the state should be 10,000.

Question 15.
Who is the author of the book ‘Arthashastra’?
Answer:
Kautilya is the author of the book ‘Arthashastra’.

Question 16.
Name the state with the highest population in the world.
Answer:
The hight population state in the world is China.

Question 17.
Name the state with the lowest population in the world.
Answer:
The lowest population in the world is Nauru.

Question 18.
Who said that ‘Good people build a good state’.
Answer:
Aristotle says ‘Good people build a good state’.

Question 19.
What is the territory?
Answer:
A definite land which is essential for a state is called territory.

Question 20.
What is the government?
Answer:
An agent of a state is called the government.

Question 21.
Which is called as an agent of the state?
Answer:
The government is called an agent of the state.

Question 22.
Which organ is called as the ‘Heart and soul’ of the state?
Answer:
The government is called the ‘Heart and soul’ of the state.

Question 23.
What is meant by Sovereignty?
Answer:
Sovereignty is the Supreme Power of the State.

Question 24.
What is an association?
Answer:
A group of people which have a specific objectives is called an association.

Question 25.
Which is called as ‘The association of associations’?
Answer:
State.

Question 26.
What is society?
Answer:
A web of social relationships is called society.

Question 27.
Who said ‘Society is the web of social relationship’?
Answer:
Max Weber says society is the web of social relationship.

Question 28.
Which is known as the ‘crown association’?
Answer:
State.

Question 29.
What is the root word of the term ‘Nation’?
Answer:
The term ‘Nation has been derived from the Latin word ‘Natio’.

Question 30.
Who said ‘Nation is state + Nationality’?
Answer:
Gilchirst says ‘Nation is state + Nationality’.

Question 31.
When did India became a sovereign state?
Answer:
India becomes sovereign state on 15^th August 1947.

Question 32.
What is nation?
Answer:
An emotional feeling of oneness is called a nation.

Question 33.
What is meant by the State?
Answer:
State means an assembly of people occupying a definite territory, having an organized government and subject to no outside control. (Sovereignty)

Question 34.
What is the root word of the term ‘STATE’?
Answer:
The Teutonic term ‘Status’ may be regarded as the root word of the term State in Political Science.

Question 35.
What are the four Elements of the State?
Answer:

The four Elements of the State are:

Population
Territory
Government
Sovereignty

Question 36.
Which is the most important element of the State?
Answer:
The most important element of the state is sovereignty.

Question 37.
Mention the two aspects of Sovereignty.
Answer:

Two aspects of Sovereignty are: Internal and External Sovereignty.

Question 38. Which is the most powerful of all Social Institutions.
Answer:
The State.

Question 39.
Which is the root word of Sovereignty?
Answer:
The root word of Sovereignty is the Latin word ‘Super nus’ which means State.

Question 40.
Who wrote the book ‘The Prince’?
Answer:
Machiavelli of Italy.

1st PUC Political Science State Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is the meaning of state.
Answer:
The state is politically organised people in a definite territory.

Question 2.
Why is the state inevitable?
Answer:
The state is inevitable to ensure the protection of the life and property of the inevitable.

Question 3.
Name any two theories of the origin of the state.
Answer:
Divine theory and social contract theory are the two theories of the state.

Question 4.
Define state.
Answer:
According to Woodrow Wison, the state is people organised for law within a definite territory.

Question 5.
What is the welfare state?
Answer:
A state which provides the basic facilities to all the people from birth to death is called a welfare state.

Question 6.
Mention the organs of Sapthanga Theory.
Answer:
Swami (King), Amatya (Minister), Janapada (Population and territory), Kosha (treasury), Bala (Army), Durga (Fort). Mithra (International relations).

Question 7.
Mention the four elements of a state.
Answer:
Population, definite territory, sovereignty, and government.

Question 8.
Write any two advantages of a limited population.
Answer:

Nationality among the people.
No unemployment problem.

Question 9.
Name any two states which have a large population.
Answer:

China
India.

Question 10.
Name any two advantages of small territory.
Answer:

Effective administration.
Harmonious relationship between state and people.

Question 11.
Write any two advantages of large territory.
Answer:

Promoting as a strong country in the Global level.
The human resources can be utilised effectively.

Question 12.
Name any two states with large territory.
Answer:

Russia
U.S.A.

Question 13.
Name any two states which have small territory.
Answer:

Vatican city
Monaco

Question 14.
Write the meaning of government.
Answer:
The government his an agent which fulfills the interests of a state.

Question 15.
Mention the organs of government.
Answer:

Legislature.
Executive
Judiciary

Question 16.
Write any two forms of government.
Answer:

Democratic government.
Dictatorial government.

Question 17.
What is the meaning of sovereignty?
Answer:
A supreme power of the state over its citizens is called sovereignty.

Question 18.
Name the aspects of sovereignty.
Answer:

Internal sovereignty.
External sovereignty.

Question 19.
What is Internal Sovereignty?
Answer:
A Country that is free overall its individuals and associations within its territory is called internal Sovereignty.

Question 20.
What is external sovereignty?
Answer:
Freedom of a state which ensures to have an independent foreign policy with other countries is called external sovereignty.

Question 21.
What is the meaning of Society?
Answer:
The term Society refers to the whole complex of the Social relationship of Man. A Society may be defined as an association of individuals.

Question 22.
Write the difference between State and Society.
Answer:
Society was there before the State. It is prior to the State. Society has got variety purposes whereas the State only one object.

Question 23.
What is an associations? Give an example.
Answer:
Associations are a group of people united together to realize some common goals. They are Social institutions. The State is one among associations. Ex. Lions club.

Question 24.
Mention the two differences between State and Association.
Answer:
Membership of the State is Compulsory. It is Voluntary or Optional in the case of association. A Person can be a Citizen of only one State at a time. On the other hand, he can become a member of many associations at the same time.

Question 25.
Write the meaning of the Nation.
Answer:
An emotional feeling of oneness among the people who belongs to common stock is called a nation.

Question 26.
Write any two differences between the State and Nation.
Answer:

State is politically organised Nation is spiritually united
State is objective Nation is subjective.

Question 27.
What is the main difference between the State and Government?
Answer:
The government is the agent of the State. It is the agent through which the will of the State is formulated expressed realized. The State is an abstract concept government, is its concrete
form.

Question 28.
Why is the association ‘Voluntary’?
Answer:
Associations are formed to serve different aspects of Social life. Each having its own aims and objectives. Its membership is optional, so they are Voluntary.

Question 29.
Mention the Elements of Nationality.
Answer:
Common Race, Common Religion, Common Language, Common Culture and Traditions, Common History.

Question 30.
Who is an Alien?
Answer:
An Alien is one who owes his allegiance to his home state and not to the state where he lives temporarily. He enjoys only Civil Rights.

Question 31.
Give the meaning of Secular State.
Answer:
A country that does not have any religion as State religion, and it gives equal importance to all religions and does not insist on any individual to follow a particular religion is called a Secular State.

Question 32.
What is meant by Power?
Answer:
It is one of the subject matters of Political Science. It is the capacity to influence the behavior of others and also the capacity to get things done from others.

Question 33.
What is Dual Citizenship? Give Example?
Answer: The Citizen of a Nation Enjoys two kinds of Citizenship, one of his nation and another is of the state where he actually resides.
E g: U S A and Switzerland.

Question 34.
Name the two features of Power?
Answer:

Power is relative
Power is Circumstantial.

1st PUC Political Science State Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the Importance of the state.
Answer:
1. To realize social good:
the existence of the state enables the realization of social good.

2. Protection of rights and duties:
rights and duties enjoyed by men today can exist only within a state. It also promotes a smooth relationship between the government and the governed.

3. Protection to life and property:
state is the basic structure for the maintenance of law and order, so the property of the people is also protected by the state.

4. Protection of Weaker section of Society:
The state also protects the weaker section of the society like women, children, and minorities.

5. State creates Order in Society:
A society without a state will be one of anarchy. Political organization is necessary⁷ to prevent anarchy.

6. State creates order and Progress m the world:
The conception of the state is not only important within a state to create order but even outside the state in the international sphere.

Question 2.
What is Sovereignty? Explain the two aspects.
Answer:
The supreme power of the state is called Sovereignty. It can not be questioned by any person in the state. The two aspects of Soverignity are as follows.

Internal sovereignty means the supremacy of the state overall individuals and associations within its territory. Every independent state has some person, assembly or group which has the final legal power to command and enforce the authority on behalf of the state. It issues all the orders within its jurisdiction and receives orders from no one. It is absolute and has no legal limitations. Hence the laws of the state are final and binding.

External sovereignity means the state is independent of all external control and force which can coerce a state into obedience. A state is free and equal with other states. An independent state can enter into any treaty or agreement and have its own foreign policy to carry on its own foreign affairs without any interference from other states.

Question 3.
What is the difference between State and Society?
Answer:

State	Society
1. State is supreme institution.	1. Society is not supreme Institution.
2. State originated after the society.	2. Society originated prior state.
3. Scope of state is limited.	3. Scope of society is wider.
4. Definite Territory is essential for the state.	4. Definite territory is not essential for society.
5. State consists of organized people	5. Society consists of both organized and unorganized people.
6. State has sovereignty.	6. Society has no sovereignty.
7. State functions through the government.	7. Society has no government.
8. State is one of the association in the society.	8. Society has many associations of which state is one.
9. Membership of state is compulsory.	9. Membership of society is obligatory.
10. State Studies about Political system.	10. Society studies about social system.
11. State controls our external relations.	11. Society influences on our internal relations.
12. Rules of the state are compulsory.	12. The rules of society are not compulsory.
13.State has the power to punish the people.	13. Society cannot punish people.
14. State has a legal system.	14. Society has no legal system.

Question 4.
Distinguish between State and Association.
Answer:

State	Voluntary Association
1. Definite territory is essential element of state	1. Associations have no definite territory.
2. Membership is compulsory man cannot Give up the membership.	2. Membership is temporary; man can give up the membership.
3. Individual can get the membership of only a state.	3. Individuals can get the membership of various associations as he pleases.
4. State is permanent and continuous.	4. Associations are temporary. State can control and abolish them at any time.
5. State has sovereignty.	5. Associations have no sovereignty.
6. State’s functions are wider.	6. Functions of associations are narrower.

Question 5.
Explain the differences between State and Nation.
Answer:

State	Nation
1. State is Political Institution.	1. Nation is a Social Institution.
2. The State should be a nation.	2. Nation can become state.
3. The state four elements such as population, territory government, and sovereignty.	3. Nation has no four elements. It has Population and territory.
4. State expresses the political concept.	4. Nation has internal, psychological, Spiritual concepts.
5. State is limited.	5. Nation is universal.
6. State has sovereignty.	6. Nation has no sovereignty.
7. State may lose its state ship.	7. Nation is permanent.
8. State is Supreme.	8. Nation is not supreme.
9. State is organized.	9. Nation has social, religious, cultural nature.
10. State has the power to punish the people.	10. Nation has no power to punish the people.

Question 6.
Explain any two elements of Nationality.
Answer:
Common Race:
[Some writers Say racial purely is a factor, which helps in the formation and continuance of nationality].

People belonging to the same race develop strong bonds of unity and form nationality.

There is no pure race in any nation. The USA, Canada, Switzerland and India are belonging to various origins . Thus the racial unity is a desirable factor for the formation of nationality but an absolutely essential factor.

Common Language:
It brings people together. People who speak common language have a strong bond of relationship and unity. It helps people to communicate with each other. For e. g: People of Switzerland speak their languages, Hench, German and Italian but form one nationality. In India, we speak many languages but we belong to one nationality.

Question 7.
Write a note on the general duties of a citizen.
Answer:
Duty is an obligation and a responsibility of a citizen. A Citizen of a state is directed to discharge some functions and prohibited from certain functions. These are called duties. They are broadly divided into moral and legal duties. The legal duties are general duties that are enforced and recognized by the laws of the state. They are compulsory. If a citizen neglects his duty he is punished. The important general duties of a citizen are:

1. Loyalty to the state:
Every citizen should be loyal to his state. This includes his duty to defend the state during the war and his involvement in developmental activities, to Protect and promote unity and integrity of the state and for the maintenance of peace, order, and security of the state.

2. Obedience to law:
Every citizen should obey the laws as disobedience leads to confusion
and disorder.

3. Payment of Taxes:
Every citizen must honestly pay and promptly taxes for the economic development of the state.

4. Honest exercise of the right to vote:
This duty enables citizens to elect gout of their choice which works for development, welfare, security, etc.

Question 8.
Explain the Nature of State.
Answer:

State is sovereign as the people within the state have to obey the laws made by the state.
In order to operate its sovereign power, the state has to use coercive power.
Membership of the state is necessary for man for his very existence.
State protects and promotes individuals’ welfare.
State has come into existence due to the deliberate and conscious efforts of human beings.
State is dynamic in nature as it keeps changing from stage to stage.
State should necessarily have four elements viz, population, territory, government and, sovereignty.

1st PUC Political Science State Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define state and explain its essential elements. .
Answer:
Aristotle defines the state as “A Union of families and villages having for its end a perfect and self-sufficient life, by which we mean a happy and honorable life”.

According to Bluntschli. The state is Politically Organized people According to Wilson, “The state is a people organized for law within a definite territory”. According to Laski, “The state is a territorial society divided into government and subject, etc, claiming within its allotted physical area, a supremacy over all other institutions”.

The above definitions show that there are four essential elements of the state.

Population.
Territory.
Government.
Sovereignty.

1. population:
People are the most important essential of the state. If there are no people there will be nobody to rule and nobody to be ruled. A vacant island or desert can’t constitute a state. Hence, the population is essential for state and without population there can be no state.

For Aristotle, the number should be neither too large nor too small. It should be large enough to be self-sufficient and small enough to be well-governed. The actual population is less than the optimum; the natural resources can’t be fully utilized. If it is more, poverty will be the result.

2. Territory:
Territory is a definite area of earth’s surface where people reside permanently. We can’t think of a state without territory.
The area within these boundaries constitutes the “Territorial Jurisdiction” of a state.

There is no fixed limit to the size of the territory, it may be generally laid down that there should be a proper balance between population and territory.

3. Government:
For the peaceful existence, gout is very much essential for a state. The government is the machinery, which regulates controls and directs human behavior in society. It is an agency of the state through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and executed. The entire population of a political community makes a state. The gout is composed of few persons duly elected or selected. There are branches of government. They are legislature, executive and judiciary. The form of government differs from state to state.

4. Sovereignty:
It means the supreme power of the state. The term sovereignty derived from the Latin word supreranus, which means supreme. There are two aspects of sovereignty Internal and external ‘sovereignty’. Internal means supreme legal authority and group within its territory. External means freedom of state from any kind of outside control. It means Pot – Independence of state. ‘Sovereignty’ is the most important element of the State.

Question 2.
Explain the Importance of state.
Ans.
1. To realize social good:
The existence of the state enables the realization of social good.

2. Protection of rights and duties:
Rights and duties enjoyed by men today can exist only within a state. It also promotes a smooth relationship between the government and the governed.

3. Protection to life and property:
State is the basic structure for the maintenance of law and order, so the property of the people is also protected by the state.

4. Protection of Weaker section of Society:
The state also protects the weaker section of society like women, children, and minorities.

5. State creates Order in Society:
A society without a state will be one of anarchy. Political organization is necessary to prevent anarchy.

6. State creates order and Progress in the world:
The conception of the state is not only important within a state to create order but even outside the state in the international sphere.

Question 3.
What is meant by Nation and Nationality?
Ans.
Writers on political science are not agreed on the exact meaning of word nationality. The term. Nation and Nationality have been used interchangeably. Both the term Nation and Nationality are derived from the same root word ‘Nato’, which means born, birth, or race. The word nation has acquired a political meaning whereas nationality acquired spiritual meaning.

According to Lord Bryce, a nation means a self governs nationality.
To Gilchrist, a nation means state plus nationality refers to the feeling of oneness, which exists among a group of people with common race, religion, common language, etc.
The meaning of the word nation is not very clear as we have already stated this word derived from the word ‘Nato’ which means birth.

The Major points of difference are as follower.

The state refers to a politically organized society oh a given territory. Nation comprises of a group of people united by several ethnic factors.
The state is a political concept and a political organization. It signifies common consciousness and units.
The term state is narrow and technical. It consists of four elements of population, territory, government, and sovereignty.
State may be inhabited by heterogeneous groups of people. The nation is homogeneous in composition.
The state is sovereign. Sovereignty is its most essential feature. Without sovereignty may still be called a nation. Before 15^th August 1947 Indian was a nation, but not a state.

2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 2 Social Inequality, Exclusion and Inclusion

November 2, 2023

Karnataka 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 2 Social Inequality, Exclusion and Inclusion

You can Download Chapter 2 Social Inequality, Exclusion and Inclusion Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Sociology Social Inequality, Exclusion and Inclusion One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who Popularized the term Harijan?
Answer:
MahathamaGandhiji.

Question 2.
Who Advocated the policy of Isolation?
Answer:
Verrier Elwing.

Question 3.
Who Advocated the Policy of Tribal Panchasheela?
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru.

Question 4.
Name anyone Backward Classes Commission appointed by the Government of India.
Answer:
Mandal Commission.

Question 5.
Who Introduced the concept of Dominant Caste?
Answer:
M.N Srinivas.

Question 6.
Mention any one category of backward classes in India.
Answer:
Scheduled castes.

Question 7.
Who wrote “Caste and race in India”?
Answer:
G.S. Ghurye.

Question 8.
Who wrote “People of India”?
Answer:
Herbert Risley.

Question 9.
Who wrote caste in India?
Answer:
J.H. Hutton.

Question 10.
Who wrote “History of caste in India”?
Answer:
S.V. Kethkar.

Question 11.
Who called tribals as Backward Hindus?
Answer:
G.S. Ghurye.

Question 12.
Who was the chairman of First Backward class commission in India?
Answer:
Kalalker.

Question 13.
Who was the chairman of Second Backward class commission in India?
Answer:
B.P. Mandal.

Question 14.
In Karnataka which was the First Backward class commission?
Answer:
Naganna Gowda Commission.

Question 15.
Who is the present chairman of permanent Backward class commission of Karnataka?
Answer:
H. Kantharaj.

Question 16.
Which state has large number of scheduled Tribes? ‘
Answer:
Madhya Pradesh (23.27).

Question 17.
Which state has highest percentage of Scheduled Tribes?
Answer:
Mizoram (94.75).

2nd PUC Sociology Social Inequality, Exclusion and Inclusion Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is social capital?
Answer:
Social capital in the form of networks of contacts and social associations. Someone with influential relatives and friends (social capital) may – through access to good advice, recommendations or information – manage to get a well-paid job.

Question 2.
Name any two tribes of the southern zone.
Answer:
Kadu kuruba, Hakki-Pikki.

Question 3.
Define Tribe.
Answer:
Tribe in the dictionary of Anthropology is defined as “a social group Usually with a definite area, dialect, cultural homogeneity and unifying social organization. It may include several sub-groups such as sibs or villages”.

Question 4.
How is the word caste derived?
Answer:
The word caste is derived from the Spanish/Portuguese word “CASTA”, which means breed, Race, strain or a complex of hereditary qualities. The Portuguese applied the term to the classes of people in India known by name of Jati. The English word caste is a modification of the original term system CASTA.

Question 5.
Who coined the term Scheduled Caste?
Answer:
The term scheduled caste was coined by the Simon commission in 1928 which came to be used for the people described as untouchables and was used by the then Government of Indian Act 1935. According to Ambedkar, in early India, they were known as Broken men or outcastes. The British described them as “depressed classes”.

Question 6.
Define Prejudices.
Answer:
Prejudices refer to pre-conceived opinions or attitudes held by members of one group towards another. The word literally means ‘pre-judgement’, that is, an opinion formed in advance of any familiarity with the subject, before considering any available evidence.

Question 7.
Give the meaning of social inequality.
Answer:
Patterns of unequal access to social resources are commonly called social inequality.

Question 8.
Mention one definition of caste.
Answer:
M.N. SRINIVAS defines caste as a “Hereditary, endogamous, usually localized group, having a traditional association with an occupation and a particular position in the local hierarchy of castes. Relation between castes is governed, by the concept of pollution and purity, and generally maximum commensality occurs within the caste.

Question 9.
Mention two dominant castes of Karnataka.
Answer:
Vokkaligas and Lingayath.

Question 10.
Name any two Tribals mentioned in Vedic literature.
Answer:
Bharathas and Kinnaras.

Question 11.
Mention any two changes in Caste system.
Answer:
Occupational and food restriction are relaxed

Question 12.
Mention any two social reform movements.
Answer:
Brahma Samaja, Arya Samaja.

Question 13.
What is social exclusion?
Answer:
Social exclusion refers to ways in which individuals may become cut off from full involvement in the wider society.

Question 14.
Mention any two causes for changes in the caste system.
Answer:
Education and Industrialization.

Question 15.
Mention any two determinants of dominant caste.
Answer:
Preponderates Numerically over other castes and high

Ritual status in local.
hierarchy

Question 16.
Write any two problems of Scheduled Caste.
Answer:
Restriction to access public facilities and Restriction to Read Holy Scriptures.

Question 17.
Mention the three zones of tribals.
Answer:
The North and the Northeastern Tribal zone.

The Central Tribal Zone
The Southern Tribal Zone

Question 18.
Mention any two problems of Scheduled tribes.
Answer:
Geographical Isolation and Exploitation ofTribalbyNon-Tribal.

Question 19.
Mention the three views on the tribal welfare.
Answer:
The policy of Isolation, The policy of Assimilation and policy of Integration.

Question 20.
Give any two criteria of backwardness.
Answer:
Educational Criteria

Children between 5 and 15 years never attending school 25% above the state average.
Student drop-out rate 25% above the state average.

Question 21.
State any two reform movements affects the caste system.
Answer:
Brahma Samaja, Sathya Shodaka Samaja.

Question 22.
Define the concept of dominant caste.
Answer:
According to M.N. Srinivas “A caste is dominant when it preponderates numerically over the other castes, when it also wields preponderant economic and political power, and when it enjoys a high ritual status in local caste hierarchy”.

Question 23.
Define the Backward class or caste.
Answer:
The term backward class refers to those social groups or classes or castes, which are characterized by low literacy or lack of education, poverty, exploitation, non representation in services and untouchability. It may be also called as a social category which consists of all the socially, educationally, economically and politically backward groups, castes and tribes.

Question 24.
State any two scheduled castes of Karnataka.
Answer:
Holayas and Bhories.

Question 25.
State any two scheduled Tribes of Karnataka.
Answer:
Kadu Kuruba and Siddis.

Question 26.
Write any two definition of tribes.
Answer:
Tribe in the dictionary of Anthropology is defined as “a social group usually with a definite area, dialect, cultural homogeneity and unifying social organization. It may include several sub-groups such as sibs or villages”.

Question 27.
State the two Backward class commissions of India.
Answer:
Kalalker commission and Mandal Commission.

Question 28.
Mention any two Backward class commissions of Karnataka.
Answer:
L.G. Havannor Commission, Venkataswamy Commission.

Question 29.
Define other Backward classes or castes?
Answer:
Other Backward Classes (Castes) comprise the non-untouchables, lower and intermediary castes, who were traditionally engaged in agriculture, animal husbandry, and handicrafts, services, and other castes. The OBCs do not constitute a homogeneous category. There are many divisions within the overall category. The other backward classes are not classes at all, but group of communities. The OBCs constitute 51% of the total population of the country.

Question 30.
What do you mean by creamy layer?
Answer:
Creamy layer is used to refer to the relatively wealthier and better educated members of the Other Backward Classes (OBC’s) who are not eligible for Government sponsored Educational and professional benefits. The term was first introduced by the Sattanathan Commission in 1971 which directed that the ‘creamy layer’ should be excluded from the reservation (quotas) of civil posts and services granted to the OBCs.

Question 31.
How many caster and Tribes are enlisted in Karnataka as SCS & STS?
Answer:
101 SCs and 50 STs.

2nd PUC Sociology Social Inequality, Exclusion and Inclusion Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain social inequality and social exclusion.
Answer:
Patterns of unequal access to social resources are commonly called social inequality. Social inequality is not the outcome of innate or ‘natural’ differences between people, but is produced by the society in which they live. People often face discrimination and exclusion because of their gender, religion, ethnicity, language, caste and disability. People often harbour prejudices about other social groups.

Often these ideas reflect prejudices. Prejudices refer to pre-conceived opinions or attitudes held by members of one group towards another. The word literally means ‘pre-judgement’, that is, an opinion formed in advance of any familiarity with the subject, before considering any available evidence. Social exclusion refers to ways in which individuals may become cut off from full involvement in the wider society.

It focuses attention on a broad range of factors that prevent individuals or groups from having opportunities open to the majority of the population. Social exclusion can be defined as a situation in which multiple deprivations prevent individuals from participating in important activities. Thus socially excluded might be unable to find work, or actively participate in a society. Social exclusion is not accidental but systematic – it is the result of evolved structural features of society.

Question 2.
Briefly explain changes in caste system during British rule.
Answer:
The impact of British rule on caste system in India may be studied under the following heads.

Introduction of Universalistic Legal system
Impact of English Education
Impact of Social Reform Movement
Influence of New Social Formation
Impact of Freedom Struggle
Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization

1. Introduction of Universalistic Legal System: The establishment of British courts removed authority from the purview of caste panchayats. They introduced a new principle of justice, according to which all are equal before the law, and the caste panchayat in proportion lost their former importance. Some of the legislation which brought changes in the caste system can be made as the, following.

The Caste Disabilities Removal Act of 1850 This act served to remove some of the disabilities associated with castes including the practice of untouchability.
The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act 1856, This act made legal provision for the Hindu widows to remarry.
The Special Marriage Act of 1872 which considered marriage as a civil contract and legalized inter-caste or inter-religious marriage.
Other Legislative and Administrative Measures. In 185 8 British government announced that all schools maintained by the government shall be open to all the classes of its subjects without any discrimination. In 1923, the government issued a resolution that no grants would be paid to any aided educational institutions, which refused admission to the children of the depressed classes.

In 1925, a bill was passed by the Madras legislative council, throwing open all public office, well, tank, or place of public resort, to all classes of people including the depressed. Montogue-Chelmshford reforms made constitutional provisions for the special representation of depressed classes in the local as well as in the legislative bodies.

As education spread to the lower strata, it kindled libertarian impulses among them. Western education provided an indispensable passport to the new economic opportunities. Members from the lower castes became different professionals and took new commercial opportunities offered by the western education.

3. Impact of Social Reform Movements: Social reforms movements brought changes in ‘the caste system in British period. They were set out to eradicate caste and to establish a casteless and, classless society. They were against the fictitious difference between caste. They attacked the tendencies of separatism and Inequality in the caste system. Some important social reform movements are:

The Brahma Samaj founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Prarthana Samaja’s Athma Rama Pandurang Justice M. Ranade
The Arya Samaja founded by Swamy Dayananda Saraswathi
The Ramakrishna Mission represents the synthesis of the ancient and the modern thoughts. Swamy Vivekananda started Ramakrishna Mission.
Other Reform Movements such as Annie Beasant’s Theosophical society, Maharshi Arabindo Ghosh’s Divine life Society and etc. Thus all these organizations aimed at the destruction of caste system and social re-construction of Indian society.

4. Impact of New Social Formations: The new economic system brought about a new grouping of the population in the economic sphere. The Indians could be differentiated into such categories as capitalists, workers, peasants, propritiators, merchants, tenants, land lords, doctors, lawyers, teachers and technicians Each category being composed of individuals belonging to various castes, but having identical material and political interests. This division weakened the vertical caste lines.

Thus there came into existence such organization as Mill Owners Associations, All India Trade Union Congress, All India Kishan Sabha and etc., these groups struggled for their own interests. In the process of this struggle they developed a new consciousness and outlook and a new solidarity, which slowly weakened the caste consciousness.

5. Impact of Freedom Struggle: The growth of the nationalist movement played a great role in weakening caste consciousness. In India, the presence of foreign rule was a permanent stimulus to the Indians to unite on a national basis. Thus the growth of the national movement undermined the caste consciousness.”

6. Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization: The growth of Industries destroyed the old craft and provided new ways to earn a livelihood. Occupational mobility and movement from compact ancestral village started breaking down in the caste norms. New transport facilities, specially crowed trains and buses, which threw together millions of people of all castes and left little room for the necessities of ceremonial purity.

Taboos on food and water gradually weakening when industrial workers belonging to various castes started working under one roof. The demarcation observed by the members of different castes regarding eating food, physical contact with those of other castes, steadily crumbled in cities.

Question 3.
Explain the determinants of dominant caste.
Answer:
M.N. Srinivas introduces the concept of “Dominant Castes” which is of great help in understanding inter-caste relations and conflicts in Indian society. According to M.N. Srinivas “A caste is dominant when it preponderates numerically over the other castes, when it also wields preponderant economic and political power, and when it enjoys a high ritual status in local caste hierarchy”. Nature of Dominant Castes

(a) Determinants of Dominance: A dominant caste should own a sizeable amount of the land and it should enjoy greater economic and political power. In addition to this, a number of educated persons found in the caste and the nature of high occupation people pursue in the caste add to the dominant caste. When a caste enjoys all the elements of dominance, i.e. numerical strength, economic and political power, high ritual status, it is said to be dominant in a decisive way.

(b) Distribution of Dominance: Different elements of dominance are distributed differently among different castes in a village. For example, a caste, which is numerically high, maybe poor and lacking in political power, while a ritually high status caste may be rich economically and lacking strength in numbers. It can also be said that when a caste enjoys one form of dominance, it is frequently able to acquire other form of dominance.

(c) Dominance is Not Purely a Local Phenomenon: As M.N. Srinivas says in Rural India dominance is purely a local matter. A caste group, which has only a family or two in a particular village but enjoys decisive dominance in the wider region. Because the caste members of these families maintain a network of ties with the dominant relatives found in the wider region.

(d) New Factors Affecting Dominance of Caste: According to M.N. Srinivas, western education, jobs in the administration and urban sources of income are also significant in contributing to the prestige and power of particular caste groups in the village.

(e) Dominant Caste at the State Levels: Dominant castes, such as Lingayats and Vokkaligas in Karnataka, Reddys and Kammas in Andhra Pradesh, Nairs and Ezhavas in Kerala, Gounder, Padayachi and Mudaliars in Tamil Nadu, Marathas, Brahmins and Mahars in Maharashtra, Rajputs, Jats, Takurs, Gujars, Baniyas, Bhoomihars etc., in the North Indian states.

Question 4.
Discuss the changing concept of tribe.
Answer:
(a) Tribe as Homogeneous, Self-contained Unit: The Tribals are believed to be the original inhabitants of Indian Peninsula. They are generally called ‘adivasis’ which means original inhabitants. Vedic literature mentions various Tribes like the Bharathas, the Bhils, the Kolias, the Kirathas, the Kinnaras, the Matsyas, and the Nishadas. A Tribe was a homogeneous a self-contained unit without any hierarchical discrimination.

Each Tribe was organized under a chief. Most capable was elected as the chief and his continuation as military leader depended much upon his skill in war and defence. This process heralded the emergence of little republics and monarchies. Each Tribe had its own system of administration. Tribal chief exercised considerable influence over social, economic and religious affairs of the Tribe. Tribal councils were vested with legislative, judicial and executive powers.

(b) Tribe as a Political Division: The concept Tribe derives its origin from the Latin term ‘Tribuz’ means three division. For Romans, the Tribe was a political division. The Tribe was the highest political unit comprising several districts which in turn were composed of class It was a territorial organization exercising control over its people. The territory under the domain of a particular Tribe was generally named after it.

Thus, it is presumed that the name Bharath is derived from the mighty Bharatha Tribe. Similarly, the matsya kingdom of 6th B. C. The Minas of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh are believed to be the descendants of the matsya Tribe. Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura are named after the Mizo, the Naga and the Tripuri Tribes. Similarly, Santhal Paraganas, Gondawana, Lahaul and Kinnaur derive their names from the Santhalas, the Gondas, the Lahaulas and the kinnaras.

(c) Tribe as a Race: Race is used to designate a category of persons whose similar characteristics could be attributed to common descent. The Tribes in India broadly belong to three stocks namely, the Negritos, the Mongoloids and the MediterraneAnswer: The negritos are believed to be the earliest inhabitants of the Indian Peninsula. The traces of this race are found among the onges, Andamanese, jarwas of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and also among Kadars, Irulas and Paniyans of South-India.

They are generally known as the ‘Dravidians’, Tribes belonging to the Dravidian race are found both in southern parts and central parts of India. Dravidians are known as the original inhabitants of India. They speak Kannada, Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam or corrupt form of these languages.

(d) Tribe and Scheduled Tribe: With a view to have classified information about the Tribals, the Britishers conducted census operations in the tribal areas. A sub-heading called ‘Forest Tribes’ was formed under the category of ‘Agricultural and Pastoral Castes’ in the census report of 1891 by the Commissioner of Census J. A. Bains. Since then, in the subsequent census reports of 1901, 1911, 1921, 1931 and 1941 Tribals have been classified as ‘Animists’, ‘Tribal Animists’, ‘Hill and Forest Tribes’, ‘Primitive Tribes’ and ‘Tribes’ respectively.

As per Article 366 (25) of the Constitution of India, Scheduled Tribes means such Tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such Tribes. Article 342 empowers the President of India to specify the Scheduled Tribes by a public notification. The Parliament may, by law, include or exclude from the list of Scheduled Tribes any tribal community or part thereof in any state or union territory.

The foregone analysis makes it clear that the concept of Tribe has undergone a change from that of a political unit of older days to a group of people identified with poverty and backwardness. Though grouping together of tribal communities under the constitution has helped them in consolidating their position as a distinct ethnic, linguistic and cultural unity.

Question 5.
Explain the Geographical distribution of Indian tribes.
Answer:
(i) The North and the North-Eastern Tribal Zone This zone comprises the Sub-Himalayan Region and the Mountain Ranges of the North-Eastern Frontier of India, the Tista valley and the Jamuna-padma, portion of the Brahmaputra. It includes Himachal Pradesh, Northern UP, Sikkim and the seven states of the Northeast consisting of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Manipur and Tripura. They belong to the Mongoloid race and their language resembles the languages of Austric family.

This zone is inhabited by the Tribes such as Gurung, Limbu, Lepcha, Aka, Mishmi, Mikir, Rabha, Kachari, Garo, Khasi, Chakmas, Naga, Angami, Serna, Pham, Chang and so on. Spinning, weaving and agriculture are the predominant occupations of this zone. Nagas are having patriarchal family: Khasi and Gharos are having matriarchal family. Some tribes of this zone practice polyandry. However, monogamy is the usual practice in this zone. Nagas are the occasional head-hunters.

(2) The Central Tribal Zone: The central zone comprises plateau and mountains belt between the Indo-Gangetic plains to the North and the Krishna River in the South. It includes West Bengal, Orissa, Bihar, Southern UP, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. The important Tribes among these are the Gonds of Madhya Pradesh, Bhils of Rajasthan, Santhalas of Chotanagpur, Ho of Singhbhumi, Manbhumi, Khond and Kharia of Orissa, Sawara of Ganjam and the Mundas. Madhya Pradesh has the largest concentration of tribal population (23.27%). Santhalas of this zone are more advanced Tribe. Some of the Tribes are engaged in small-scale cottage industries and settled form of cultivation. Some of them live in very dense forests and difficult terrains.

(3) The Southern Tribal Zone These are the Tribes of South India (Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Kerala and two Union territories Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep). The Tribes of this zone are the original inhabitants of India and these people speak Dravidian languages. This zone consists of the Tribes like Chenchu, Kota, Kurumba, Badaga, Toda, Kadar, Malaya, Muthuran, Koya, Soliga, Kannikar, Paniya, Yeravas, Irula, Kadu Kuruba, Jenu Kuruba, Akki Pikki, etc.

Todas of Nilagiri practice fraternal polyandry and in some Tribes there is matriarchal type – of social organization. In the Andaman and Nicobar islands, there are six Tribes namely the great Andamanees, the Onges, the Sentinelese, the Jarwas represent the Negritos race and the Nicobaresand Shompens belong to the Mongoloids race. The Nicobares numbering about 22000 are comparatively an advanced Tribe and are settled in the Nicobar Islands. The remaining five Tribes are numerically very small and have been declared as the primitive Tribes.

Question 6.
Discuss three views, on tribal welfare.
Answer:
The Tribal problems have been approached from three points. They are as follows:

The Policy of Isolation
The Policy of Assimilation
The Policy of Integration.

(1) The Policy of Isolation: This policy favoured Isolation of Tribals from the mainstream society. J.H. Hutton, who was a commissioner for census of 1931, gave, a solution to the tribal problems of uncontrolled acculturation. He suggested the creation of self-governing tribal areas with free power of self-determination. Verrier Elwin suggested the creation of “National Parks” where the tribal people could safely live without being victims of Over-Hasty and Unregulated Process of Belief, and Civilization.

Both Hutton and Elwin were severely criticized for recommending this policy of Isolation, which was looked upon as proposal to create a museum or a zoo, instead of helping the tribal people to utilize the resources of knowledge and improve the conditions of their life.

(2) The Policy of Assimilation: The social reformers like Takkar Bapa, G.S. Ghurye some voluntary organizations and Christian missionaries advocated this policy. They have recommended for the assimilation of these tribal groups either into Christianity or into Hinduism. According to Takkar Bapa tribal problem could be solved only through contact with more advanced people. Separatism and Isolation seem to be dangerous theories and they strike at the root of National Solidarity.

(3) The Policy of Integration: The only approach that would make available to the Tribes the benefit of modem advanced society and yet retain their separate identity is Integration. This policy aims at developing a creative adjustment between Tribes and non-Tribes of India leading to responsible partnership. Pandit Nehru, M.N. Srinivas, D.N. Mujumdhar and others here had supported this view.

Question 7.
Explain tribal Panchasheela.
Answer:
Jawaharlal Nehru laid down the policy of Integration to five principles (1957) in his foreword note to Verrier Elwin’s book, called “The Philosophy of NEFA” (NEFA- North East Frontier of Assam). The tribal panchasheela as enunciated by him as follows:

People should ‘develop along the lines of their own genius ‘ and we should avoid imposing anything on them. We should try to encourage in every way their own traditional – arts and culture.
Tribal rights in land and forests should be respected.
We should try to train and build up a team of their own people to work, administration and development. Some technical personnel from outside will, no doubt be needed especially in the beginning. But we should avoid introducing too many outsiders into tribal territory.
We should not over-administer these areas or overwhelm them with a multiplicity of schemes. We should rather work through and not in rivalry to their own social and cultural institutions.
We should judge the results not by statistics or the amount of money spent but by the quality of human character that is evolved.

Question 8.
Explain the criteria of Backwardness according to Mandal Commission.
Answer:
The Second Backward Classes Commission came into existence in 1979, under the chairmanship of B. P. Mandal. The Mandal Commission in its report has listed 3743 castes and communities in the central list. The commission has recommended 27% reservation for other backward castes. One of the primary objectives of the Mandal Commission was to find out the criteria to be used to determine the socially, economically and educationally backward people. The commission found out 11 criteria for determining the social, economic and educational backwardness of the communities. These criteria fall into three categories as mentioned below.

A. Social Criteria:

Social backwardness as considered by others.
Dependence mainly on manual labor for livelihood.
Marriage of 25% girls and 10% boys in rural areas, and of 10% girls and 5% boys in urban area below 17 years.
Female work participation 25% above the state average.

B. Educational Criteria:

Children between 5 and 15 years never attending school 25% above the state average.
Student drop-out rate 25% above the state average.
Matriculation rate 25% below the state average.

C. Economic Criteria:

Average value of family assets 25% below the state average.
Families living in kachcha houses 25% above the state average.
Sources of drinking water beyond500 meters for more than 50% of the families.
Consumption of loan by households25% above the state average.

These criteria were differently weighted; three points each for social indicators, two points each for educational indicators, and one point each for economic indicators, adding up to 22 points. Any caste getting more than 11 points was counted as backward. The criteria of backwardness recommended by the Mandal Commission are widely applied today to determine the relative backwardness of a community.

Question 9.
Explain the problem of other Backward classes or castes.
Answer:
Other Backward castes/classes have been suffering from number of problem since a long time. The problems, which are common to all OBC’s are as follows :

(1) Other Backward Castes (Classes) constitute an Indefinite, Abstract and Unorganized Category: First Backward class commission known as Kalalker Commission was appointed to prepare a list of communities. Kalalker’s report had listed 2399 castes as backward castes and then Government had rejected this list. The mandal commission (Second Backward Class Commission) listed 3743 castes and communities as Backward classes.

Most of the OBC communities are strangers to one another. They do not have common awareness regarding their own problems. Conflicts do arises among themselves regarding the issue of “Backwardness”. No single All-India level organization has been established. These groups are scattered all over India and exhibit lot of diversities and difficult to unite them.

(2) Economic Backwardness: Most of OBCs are economically backward like SC and ST. A large number of poor, unemployed, Under-employed are found in this category. Only a few people are self employed, but majority of them are working for poor wages. Sizable numbers are economically exploited.

(3) Educational and Social Backwardness: Illiterates are found in a large number in this category. Higher education among OBCs at low level. Even though OBCs are not directly the victims of untouchability, but lot of social distance prevails between these and so called forward castes.

(4) Politically Unorganized: OBCs are comparatively unorganized because OBCs do not comprise a single caste. Most of these castes spreaded across the nation. No single backward caste numerically dominant in any one province. Hence they are not able to work as powerful “Pressure Groups” at the all India level.

Question 10.
Write a note on creamy layer.
Answer:
Creamy layer is used to refer to the relatively wealthier and better educated members of the Other Backward Classes (OBC’s) who are not eligible for Government sponsored Educational and professional benefits. The term was first introduced by the Sattanathan Commission in 1971 which directed that the ‘creamy layer’ should be excluded from the reservation (quotas) of civil posts and services granted to the OBCs.

The Government’s decision to implement the mandal commission report on reservation for the backward castes/class was referred to the Supreme Court, which gave its judgement on November 15, 1992. The Court accepted the policy of 27 percent reservation for the backward castes/ classes, though it gave certain direction for change in this policy.

(IThe creamy layer of backward castes/ classes should be excluded, (2) Armed forces and sensitive higher civilian posts (like Scientists, University Professors, Pilots., etc) should be kept outside the purview of caste reservation, (3) The Supreme Court recognised only 1238 castes/classes as OBC and reservation only in first appointments, (4) The court directed that the reservation quota should not go beyond 50% (SC + ST + OBC: 15.50% + 7.50% + 27% = 50).

Creamy layer was kept out of the quota as directed by the Supreme Court and high posts in the creamy layer (like President, Vice President, Supreme Court, High Court Judges, Class I Officers, Members of PSUs, CEC, CAG and wards of officers working in the World Bank or International organisation etc) were also identified.

The officers working in public sector undertakings professionals, like doctors, lawyers, chartered accountants, income tax consultants, architects and computer specialists, whose annual income was more than Rs one lakh were also included in the creamy laver. However, political posts (like PM, Union Ministers, CMs, Ministers, Governors and MPs, MLAs and MLCs were not included in the creamy layer category.

Backward class movement in Karnataka – The backward class movement in Karnataka is a desire of the under-privileged people to develop their own potentialities and contribute to the economic development of the nation. In every society some groups of people are higher and some are lower due to the opportunities they have in general. By such opportunities well-off people equip themselves and pursue careers which give them prestige and profit. By contrast, the lower or other backward classes have no opportunities to equip themselves.

In 1918, a committee of six non-official members presided over by Sir Leslie Miller. Miller committee recommended the acceptance of all the demands. Since then Backward Classes in princely Mysore state have availed benefits in the field of education, employment and political arena.

(A) Naganna Gowda Commission: The Karnataka Government appointed a backward class commission in 1960 under the Chairmanship of Dr. Naganna Gowda. It is the First Backward Class Commission in Karnataka. The commission has submitted its report on 1961, which recommends 15% for SCs, 3% for STs and 50% OBCs, providing total 68% of reservation. The government attempted to implement the report was stayed by the Supreme Court. However in 1963 the government issued an order guaranteeing 15% of reservation to SCs, 3% STs and 30% to OBCs.

(B) L. G Havanoor Commission: In 1972 the government has appointed the second backward class commission headed by Sri L. G. Havanoor. This commission in its report submitted in 1975 stated that though more than 75% of the people in the state belonged to backward classes and deserved reservation facilities. There was no constitutional provision for giving it. Hence, it made provision for up to 50% reservation. Government made provision for 58% reservation. However it was challenged in Supreme Court and govt, gave a submission to court stating to initiate a new commission.

(C) Venkataswamy Commission: In 1983, the government has appointed the Venkataswamy commission, which gave its report in 1986. The report created wide spread dissatisfaction. The government decided not to implement the report but to establish a new commission to find an amicable settlement to this problem.’

(D) Chinnappa Reddy Commission: The government instituted the Chinnappa Reddy commission in 1990, which has been comparatively more widely welcomed. The commission seems to have tried its best to uphold social justice. In Karnataka, the SCs and STs together enjoyed 18% while the OBCs quota is 32%.’ Based on the Mandal commission’s report, the supreme court of India gave directions to establish a permanent Backward Classes Commission in the centre as well as in states and union territories.

Accordingly, a permanent backward classes commission was set up in Karnataka Sri K. Narayana Rai (1994-1997), Prof, Ravi Verma Kumar (1997-2000), Sri Muniraju(2001-2003), Sri Siddalingaih(2003-2006), Dr. C. S. Dwarakanath (2007-2010)N. Shankarappa (2011 -13) headed the Backward Classes Commission in Karnataka. At present H. Kantharaj is the chairman of Karnataka state Back word class commission. The commission recommends for inclusion or exclusion of a caste in the backward class list. In Karnataka 101 and 51 Triber are enlisted as scheduled caster and scheduled Tribes Respectively.

2nd PUC Sociology Social Inequality, Exclusion and Inclusion Ten Marks Questions and Answers

Question 11.
Define caste system and Explain the characteristics of caste system.
Answer:
Life of every member of the Indian society is to a large extent influenced by three systems viz., joint family, caste system and village community. They influence one’s occupation, food dress, habits, philosophy and marriage etc. The study of caste system is important because caste in India is an all pervasive and deep rooted social institution. Definitions of Caste

1. Herbert Risley has defined caste as “A collection of families of or a group of families bearing a common name, claiming a common descent from a mythical ancestor, human or divine, professing to follow the same hereditary calling and regarding by those who are competent to give an opinion as forming a single homogeneous community”.

2. S. V. Kethkar in his work “History of Caste in India”, “A caste is a group having two characteristics 1) Membership is confined to those who are born of members. 2) The members are forbidden by an inexorable social law to marry outside the group (Endogamy)”. G. S. Ghurye explains the features of caste system in his book “Caste and Race in India”, which are as follow;

1. Caste as a Segmental Division of Society: The society is divided into various castes with a well developed life of their own. The membership in caste is determined by birth. Caste has hereditary status, which is determined by birth. Each caste has a council of its own known as caste panchayat. Caste panchayts imposed certain restriction on social intercourse marriage commensal, occupational. These restrictions each caste had its own way of life. Violation of caste norms attached punishment from the caste panchayath depending on violation of caste norms.

2. Hierarchy: The whole society is divided into distinct castes with a concept of high and low, or superior and inferior is associated with this gradation or ranking. The Brahmins were placed at the top of the hierarchy and regarded as pure. The degraded castes or untouchables have occupied the other end of the hierarchy. They were subjected to manifold disabilities.

3. Restrictions on Feeding and Social Intercourse: There are minute rules as to what sort of food or drink can be accepted by a person and from what castes, who should accept food or drink at the hands of whom is defined by caste.

4. Civil and Religious Disabilities and Privileges of the Different Sections: Segregation of individual castes or groups of castes in a village is the most obvious mark of civil privileges and disabilities and it has prevailed in a more or less definite form all over India. Generally, untouchables were made to live on the outskirts. Certain parts of the town or village are inaccessible to certain castes. Restriction on using of public, roads, water facilities and Hotels etc.

5. Restrictions on Occupations: According to G.S. Ghurye every caste was associated with a traditional occupation. The technical skill of the occupation was made hereditary. Since a distinction was made between occupation being clean and unclean. The hereditary occupations reflected a caste status.

6. Restrictions on Marriage (Endogamy): Finally every caste also maintained its rank and status upon marriage relation. Inter caste marriages were prohibited. Hence they practiced endogamy. Caste is an endogamous group. “Endogamy is the essence of the caste system. Every caste was segmented into sub-castes, and these sub castes were the units of endogamy.

Question 12.
Explain the problems of Scheduled Castes.
Answer:
I. Social Disabilities:

Denial or restriction of access to public facilities, such as wells, schools and roads.
Restrictions on movement were also imposed. Untouchables were not allowed to walk on roads and streets within prescribed distance of the houses or persons of higher castes.

II. Economic Disabilities:

Exclusion from any honorable and most profitable employment and fixity to dirty or
menial occupations. –
Restrictions on style of life, especially in the use of goods indicating comfort or luxury. Riding on horseback, use of bicycles, the wearing of gold and silver ornaments, all of these were forbidden in many areas.
Liability to unremunerated labour for the higher castes and to the performance of menial services for them.

III. Religious Disabilities:

In Indian untouchables were subjected to various religious disabilities. They were prevented from entering temples, Monasteries and cremation grounds and could not make use of them because it was believed that these places would become impure by their touch and presence. The untouchable could hot worship in the temples. Their presence was considered sufficient to defile the God. They were not allowed to read and listen to the Holy Scriptures.

D. N. Majumdar summarized the position of the untouchable castes by maintaining that these castes are not depressed in all states, the same caste may be depressed in one area but may not suffer from any social and political disability in another. The disabilities are rigid where the depressed castes are numerically small, and fewer or on the decline where they numerically strong.

Where the higher castes are not numerous and the depressed castes form the bulk of Population, the degree of ceremonial pollution observed is very small and often we find few disabilities attached to the inferior castes. A caste may be depressed but individual, members of the caste who have succeeded in life and who are wealthy and own property have been admitted to a higher social status.

Question 13.
Explain the problems of scheduled tribes in detail.
Answer:
The problems of Tribals are as follows:

1. Geographical Isolation: Tribals are the people who have been living in remote areas . and hill tracks, without any access to socio-economic inputs. For centuries Tribals were isolated from the rest of the community, which has also given them wide cultural variations. Their geographical isolation from the mainstream deprived them the chances of progress.

2. Cultural Problems: Contact with outsider, the tribal culture is undergoing a change. It has led to the degeneration of Tribal life and Tribal arts such as dance, music and different types of crafts. In several tribal areas, influence of other religions have affected their culture. This also responsible for alienating the Tribals from their culture.Then tribal groups have been divided into several sects on the basis of religion. This has shattered their collective life.

3. Social Problems: Due to the influence of outsiders the Tribals are facing the problem of dowry, child marriage, infanticide and untouchability. The contact with outsiders created several social and health related problems.

4. Economic Problems: Tribal people are economically backward. The major economic problems of tribals are as follows:

Alienation of Tribal Land to the Non-Tribals
Problem of Indebtedness
Exploitation in Forestry Operations
Primitive Methods of Cultivation

5. Educational Problems: According to 2011 census, the literacy among the scheduled Tribes was 29.6 percent. Main causes of slow progress in literacy among the scheduled. Tribes are poverty of the parents, content of education, inadequate educational institutions and supporting services, absenteeism, medium of instruction and educational policy, etc.

6. Exploitation of Tribal by the Moneylenders: The Tribals continue to be the victims of exploitation by the moneylenders. Indebtedness among the Tribals may be attributed to the following reasons: Poverty Loopholes in the existing money lending laws, lack of awareness about sources of institutional finances and existing legal protection, Inability to follow complicated procedure to obtain loan and consumer credit from institutional sources. Indifferent attitude of government and bank officials, Private money lenders willingness to advance money to the Tribals without any security.

Absence of alternative credit facility has compelled the Tribals to compromise their fate with moneylenders Accept indebtedness as almost an inescapable aspect of their existence Lack of employment opportunities.
6. Health Problems: The main cause of their sickness is the lack of clean drinking water, nutritive food and prevalence of communicable diseases are major health problems.

Question 14.
Explain the major reasons for the changes in caste system.
Answer:
The impact of British rule on caste system in India may be studied under the following heads.

Introduction of Universalistic Legal system
Impact of English Education
Impact of Social Reform Movement
Influence of New Social Formation
Impact of Freedom Struggle
Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization

The Caste Disabilities Removal Act of 1850 This act served to remove some of the disabilities associated with castes including the practice of untouchability.
The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act 1856, This act made legal provision for the Hindu widows to remarry.
The Special Marriage Act of 1872 which considered marriage as a civil contract and legalized inter-caste or inter-religious marriage.
Other Legislative and Administrative Measures.

In 185 8 British government announced that all schools maintained by the government shall be open to all the classes of its subjects without any discrimination. In 1923, the government issued a resolution that no grants would be paid to any aided educational institutions, which refused admission to the children of the depressed classes. In 1925, a bill was passed by the Madras legislative council, throwing open all public office, well, tank, or place of public resort, to all classes of people including the depressed. Montogue-Chelmshford reforms made constitutional provisions for the special representation of depressed classes in the local as well as in the legislative bodies.

2. Impact of English Education: British education was based on scientific, secular and universal principles. It made an accessible to everyone, irrespective of caste or community, who could pay for it. It remained liberal in content. It propagated principles such as the liberty equality and fraternity. As education spread to the lower strata, it kindled libertarian impulses among them. Western education provided an indispensable passport to the new economic opportunities. Members from the lower castes became different professionals and took new commercial opportunities offered by the western education.

The Brahma Samaj founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Prarthana Samaja’s Athma Rama Pandurang Justice M. Ranade
The Arya Samaja founded by Swamy Dayananda Saraswathi
The Ramakrishna Mission represents the synthesis of the ancient and the modern thoughts. Swamy Vivekananda started Ramakrishna Mission.
Other Reform Movements such as Annie Beasant’s Theosophical society, Maharshi Arabindo Ghosh’s Divine life Society and etc. Thus all these organizations aimed at the destruction of caste system and social re-construction of Indian society.

4. Impact of New Social Formations: The new economic system brought about a new grouping of the population in the economic sphere. The Indians could be differentiated into such categories as capitalists, workers, peasants, propritiators, merchants, tenants, land lords, doctors, lawyers, teachers and techniciAnswer: Each category being composed of individuals belonging to various castes, but having identical material and political interests. This division weakened the vertical caste lines.

Question 15.
Explain the functional changes and changer in the role of caste system in post – Independent India.
Answer:
Changes in caste system in post independent period can be discussed under two headings, viz., Functional Changes in Caste System and Changes in the Role of Caste System.

(A) Functional Changes in the Caste System: The caste system has neither disintegrated of people of all castes and left little room for the necessities of ceremonial purity. Taboos on food and water gradually weakening when industrial workers belonging to various castes started working under one roof. The demarcation observed by the members of different castes regarding eating food, physical contact with those of other castes, steadily crumbled in cities. 66. Explain the functional changes and changer in the role of caste system in post – Independent India.

nor did it disappear in present India despite many modifications. During the last six decades caste structures has considerably changed. Though, these two important features of hereditary membership and hierarchy have not changed at all. But we do find some changes in the following:

Occupational choice is relaxed
Decline and Disappearance of the caste panchayaths
Commensall restrictions are relaxed
The religious basis of caste has ramped. Caste is no more believed to be divinely
Caste is no longer restricts newly valued individual freedom and the occupational career of an individual, though his social status continue to be dependent on his caste membership.

(B) The Changes in the Role of Caste System: The major changes in the role of Caste system are following:

(1) Elections Based On Caste System Caste in modem India is very important, and every political party is aware of its vote catching power though the political leaders condemn caste verbally. But in practice caste consideration are potent.

(2) Increase of Caste Consciousness and Organizations: Caste consciousness and organization have increased in modem India. Caste based Educational Institutions, Banks, Hostels, Cooperative Societies, Charities, Marriage halls and journals, which are the indicators of caste consciousness. The journals, published by the caste organization, are the units of the media of communicative integration. The community aspect of caste has been made more comprehensive and permanent. According to G. S. Ghurye “Thus a vicious circle has been created. The feeling of caste solidarity is now so strong that it is truly described as caste patriotism”.

(3) Impact of Modern Means of Transport and Communication: According to M.N Srinivas “The building of Roads all over India, and the introduction ofRailway, Postal service, cheap paper and printing especially in regional languages enabled castes to organize as they had never done before. A post card carried news of a caste meeting and the railways enabled members sheltered in far-flung villages to come together when necessary, with the availability of cheap news print facilitated, the founding of caste journals, whose aim was to promote the interests of their respective castes.

(4) Impact of Modern Education: Education has been liberalized in post independence era. No doubt, modem educated youths being inspired by the ideals of equality, liberty, fraternity, scientific outlook, secularism, etc. have changed their attitudes towards caste system. It did not necessarily mean that caste has disappeared. The educated leaders started caste journals and held conferences. Funds were collected to organize the caste meetings and to help the poorer members. In general, it may be said that the last hundred years have seen a great increase in caste solidarity and the concomitant decrease of a sense of interdependence between different castes.

Question 16.
Define scheduled castes and explain the problem of scheduled castes.
Answer:
The description of scheduled castes as a marginalized group with a series of disabilities that are imposed on them. It is instead a catalogue typically associated with untouchability. These are as follows:

I. Social Disabilities.

Denial or restriction of access to public facilities, such as wells, schools and roads.
Restrictions on movement were also imposed. Untouchables might not be allowed to walk on roads and streets within prescribed distance of the houses or persons of higher castes.

II. Economic Disabilities.

Exclusion from any honourable and most profitable employment and fixity to dirty or menial occupations.
Restrictions on style of life, especially in the use of goods indicating comfort or luxury. Riding on horseback, use of bicycles, the wearing of gold and silver ornaments, all of these were forbidden in many areas.
Liability to unremunerated labour for the higher castes and to the performance of menial services for them.

III. Religious Disabilities.

In Indian untouchables were subjected to various religious disabilities. They were prevented from entering temples, Monasteries and cremation grounds and could not make use of them because it was believed that these places would become impure by their touch and presence. The untouchable could not worship in the temples. Their presence was considered sufficient to defile the God. They were not allowed to read and listen to the Holy Scriptures.

D.N. Majumdar summarized the position of the untouchable castes by maintaining that these castes are not depressed in all states, the same caste may be depressed in one area but may not suffer from any social and political disability in another. The disabilities are rigid where the depressed castes are numerically small, and fewer or on the decline where they numerically strong.

Question 17.
Define Tribe and explain the changing concept of Tribe.
Answer:
(a) Tribe as Homogeneous, Self-contained Unit: The Tribals are believed to be the original inhabitants of Indian Peninsula. They are generally called ‘adivasis’ which means original inhabitants. Vedic literature mentions various Tribes like the Bharathas, the Bhils, the Kolias, the Kirathas, the Kinnaras, the Matsyas, and the Nishadas. A Tribe was a homogeneous a self-contained unit without any hierarchical discrimination.

(b) Tribe as a Political Division: The concept Tribe derives its origin from the Latin term ‘Tribuz’ means three division. For Romans, the Tribe was a political division. The Tribe was the highest political unit comprising several districts which in turn were composed of clAnswer: It was a territorial organization exercising, control over its people. The territoiy under the domain of a particular Tribe was generally named after it. Thus, it is presumed that the name Bharath is derived from the mighty Bharatha Tribe.

Similarly, the matsya kingdom of 6th B. C. The Minas of Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh are believed to be the descendants of the matsya Tribe. Mizoram, Nagaland and Tripura are named after the Mizo, the Naga and the Tripuri Tribes. Similarly, Santhal Paraganas, Gondawana, Lahaul and Kinnaur derive their names from the Santhalas, the Gondas, the Lahaulas and the kinnaras.

Tribal people of the Sub-Himalayan region belong to the Mongoloid race. They are sub-divided into Palaeo-Mongoloid represented by Tribes living in Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland and Manipur and the Tibeto-Mangoloid represented by the Tribals living the Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh and Ladak (Jammu & Kashmir). A major portion of the Tribal population in India belongs to the Mediterranean stock. They are generally known as the ‘Dravidians’. Tribes belonging to the Dravidian race are found both in southern parts and central parts of India. Dravidians are known as the original inhabitants of India. They speak Kannada, Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam or corrupt form of these languages.

Mahatma Gandhiji called Tribals as Girijana and G.S. Ghurye consider tribals as Backward Hindus. The concept of a Tribe has undergone further changes particularly after India’s independence. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar preferred the concept “Scheduled Tribe” to ‘Adivasis’. Under the Constitution of India certain Tribes have been specified as Scheduled Tribes. The constitution neither defined nor lays down any criteria for specifying the scheduled Tribes. Here Scheduled simply means ‘grouped together’. Tribes so grouped are given special treatment of facilities envisaged under the Constitution.

Question 18.
Give a Brief overview of – Backward class commissions of Karnataka.
Answer:
The backward class movement in Karnataka is a desire of the under-privileged people to develop their own potentialities and contribute to the economic development of the nation. In every society some groups of people are higher and some are lower due to the opportunities they have in general. By such opportunities well-off people equip themselves and pursue careers which give them prestige and profit. By contrast, the lower or other backward classes have no opportunities to equip themselves.

Anew awareness arose among the non-Brahmins in the princely state of Mysore. Vokkaligas, Lingayats and Muslims of Mysore had realized their position of relative deprivation as against the Brahmins. By 1917, these groups form an alliance called Prajamitra Mandali in 1918, this mandali pleaded Maharaja of Mysore for the representation in legislature, reservation in posts of public services and educational institutions. In 1918, a committee of six non-official members presided over by Sir Leslie Miller. Miller committee recommended the acceptance of all the demands. Since then Backward Classes in princely Mysore state have availed benefits in the field of education, employment and political arena.

(A) Naganna Gowda Commission: The Karnataka Government appointed a backward class commission in 1960 under the Chairmanship of Dr. Naganna Gowda. It is the First Backward Class Commission in Karnataka. The commission has submitted its report on 1961, which recommends 15% for SCs, 3% for STs and 50% OBCs, providing total 68% of reservation. The government attempted to implement the report was stayed by the Supreme Court. However, in 1963 the government issued an order guaranteeing 15% of reservation to SCs, 3% STs and 30% to OBCs.

(B) L. G Havanoor Commission: In 1972 the government has appointed the second backward class commission headed by Sri L. G. Havanoor. This commission in its report submitted in 1975 stated that though more than 75% of the people in the state belonged to backward classes and deserved reservation facilities. There was no constitutional provision for giving it. Hence, it made provision for up to 50% reservation. The government made provision for 58% reservation. However it was challenged in Supreme Court and govt, gave a submission to court stating to initiate a new commission.

(C) Venkataswamy Commission: In 1983, the government has appointed the Venkataswamy Commission, which gave its report in 1986. The report created wide spread dissatisfaction. The government decided not to implement the report but to establish a new commission to find an amicable settlement to this problem.

Based on the Mandal commission’s report, the supreme court of India gave directions to establish a permanent Backward Classes Commission in the centre as well as in states and union territories. Accordingly, a permanent backward classes commission was set up in Karnataka Sri K. Narayana Rai (1994-1997), Prof, Ravi Verma Kumar (1997-2000), Sri Muniraju (2001-2003), Sri Siddalingaih (2003-2006), Dr. C. S. Dwarakanath (2007-2010)N.

Shankarappa(2011 -13) headed the Backward Classes Commission in Karnataka. At present H. Kantharaj is the chairman of Karnataka state Back word class commission. The commission recommends for inclusion or exclusion of a caste in the backward class list. In Karnataka 101 and 51 Triber are enlisted as scheduled caster and scheduled Tribes Respectively.

1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 5 Constitution of India

November 2, 2023

You can Download Chapter 5 Constitution of India Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 5 Constitution of India

1st PUC Political Science Constitution of India One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
When did the constitution of India came into force?
Answer:
The constitution as a whole came into force with effect from January 26, 1950.

Question 2.
Who was elected as a temporary president of the constituent assembly?
Answer:
Sachidanda Sinha elected as a temporary president of the constituent assembly.

Question 3.
Who was elected permanent chairman of the Constituent Assembly?
Answer:
Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as the permanent chairman of the constituent assembly.

Question 4.
Who was the chairman of the drafting committee?
Answer:
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was the chairman of the drafting committee.

Question 5.
Name any two members of the Indian constituent assembly.
Answer:
Acharya Krupalani and K.M. Munshi are two members of the Indian constituent assembly.

Question 6.
How many members were there in the constituent assembly?
Answer:
There were 389 members in the constituent assembly.

Question 7.
When did the drafting committee submitted the draft of Indian constitution?
Answer:
The first draft submitted on February 1948 and the second one on October 1948.

Question 8.
When did the constituent assembly accept the draft of the Indian constitution?
Answer:
The constituent assembly accepts the draft of the Indian constitution on 26^th November 1949.

Question 9.
How many articles exist in the original constitution.
Answer:
There are 395 articles that exists in the original constitution.

Question 10.
How many articles exist now in our constitution.
Answer:
There are 465 articles that exist now in our constitution.

Question 11.
Which is the lengthiest constitution in the world?
Answer:
The Constitution of India is the lengthiest constitution in the world.

Question 12.
Which is the shortest constitution in the world?
Answer:
The American constitution is the shortest constitution in the world.

Question 13.
How much time has been taken by the constituent assembly to make the Indian constitution?
Answer:
The constituent assembly took 2 years 11 months and 18 days with 11 session to make the Indian constitution.

Question 4.
Who described the preamble as the “political horoscope” of the constitution?
Answer:
K. M. Munshi described the preamble as the “political horoscope” of the constitution.

Question 15.
Mention the words which were added to the preamble by the 42^nd amendment.
Answer:
The words “Socialism” and “Secular” were added to the preamble by the 42^nd amendment.

Question 16.
Name the three lists of division of power.
Answer:

Centre list
State list
Concurrent list.

Question 17.
Name the part which contains the directive principles of state policy.
Answer:
Part IV of the constitution contains the directive principles of state policy.

Question 18.
Name the part which contains the fundamental rights.
Answer:
Part III of Indian constitution.

Question 19.
Which amendment removes the right to property from fundamental rights.
Answer:
44^th amendment removes the right to property from fundamental rights.

Question 20.
Which article refers to right to constitutional remedies?
Answer:
Article 32 refers to right to constitutional remedies.

Question 21.
How many fundamental duties were there in the constitution?
Answer:
There were 11 fundamental duties were there in the constitution.

Question 22.
Name the body that framed the Indian constitution.
Answer:
The constitution of free India was framed by the Constituent Assembly.

Question 23.
When the constituent Assembly was constituted?
Answer:
It was elected in the year 1946 under the cabinet mission plan.

Question 24.
Which body drafted the constitution of India?
Answer:
A Drafting committee drafted the constitution of India.

Question 25.
What is meant by a preamble?
Answer:
It is one which declares the aims and objectives of constitution.

Question 26.
What is secular state?
Answer:
It is where there is freedom of religion state doesn’t interfere with the individuals religious matters.

Question 27.
What is ordinance?
Answer:
It is temporary law issued by executive for the sake of administrative convenience or to meet the urgent situation.

Question 28.
What is Republic?
Answer:
It means that India shall have an elected representative as the head of the state for a limited period of time.

Question 29.
Mention the number of articles and schedules in constitution of India.
Answer:
It originally consisted of 395 articles and 9 schedules. At present there are 445 articles and 12 schedules.

Question 30.
Which new words were added to preamble by 42^nd amendment to the constitution Assembly act 1947?
Answer:
The word secular was added.

Question 31.
Name the lengthiest constitution in the world.
Answer:
Indian constitution.

1st PUC Political Science Constitution of India Two Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
What is preamble?
Answer:
It is the introduction of constitution which deals with the aims and objectives.

Question 2.
Name the two aspects of sovereignty?
Answer:

Internal sovereignty.
External sovereignty.

Question 3.
What is the meaning of a socialist state?
Answer:
Bringing about socio-economic changes to ensure a decent life to Indian citizens is called a socialist state.

Question 4.
State the meaning of secular state.
Answer:
The government cannot extend special favour to any particular religion and treats equal is called secular state.

Question 5.
What do you mean by republic state?
Answer:
The head of the state directly or indirectly elects through election for a fixed tenure is called republic state.

Question 6.
What do you mean by parliamentary form of government?
Answer:
The executive is created by the legislature and responsible for it. It is known as the parliamentary form of government.

Question 7.
What do you mean by fundamental rights?
Answer:
Fundamental rights are the facilities granted by the law to develop the individual personalities of the citizens.

Question 8.
What do you mean by directive principles of state policy?
Answer:
Directive principles of state policy are provisions enshrined in the constitution to provide the ideals of social and economic democracy.

Question 9.
Give the meaning of single citizenship.
Answer:
All the Indians irrespective of state, province are having only one citizenship is called single citizenship.

Question 10.
State the emergency power of the president.
Answer:

Under article 352 National emergency.
Under article 356 state emergency.
Under article 360 financial emergency.

Question 11.
List out the fundamental rights.
Answer:

Right to equality.
Right to liberty.
Right against exploitation.
Right to freedom of religion.
Cultural and educational rights.
Right to constitutional remedies.

Question 12.
Name the different kinds of writs.
Answer:

Habeas corpus
Prohibition
Certiorari.
Oro – warrant.

Question 13.
What you mean by universal adult franchaise?
Answer:
All the citizens who attained the particular age are having right to vote irrespective of caste, creed, religion is called universal adult franchaise.

Question 14.
Name the freedoms mentioned in article 19 of the constitution,
Answer:

Freedom of speech and expression.
Freedom of rally.
Freedom of association.
Freedom of travelling in India.
Freedom of residing in India.
Freedom of carrying any job.

Question 15.
Write a short note on the drafting committee of the constitution of India?
Answer:
The constituent assembly set up a drafting committee of 7 members with Dr. Ambedkar as its chairman. The constituent assembly spent more than 2 years in thoroughly discussing and enacting the constitution.

Question 16.
What are territorial constituencies?
Answer:
Areas delimited for the purpose of election are called constituencies. Each state or union territory is divided into elected areas or territorial constituencies as parliamentary constituencies.

Question 17.
Write the reservation of seats for scheduled castes and tribes?
Answer:
A Specified number of seats are reserved for the scheduled castes and tribes in Loksabha. From a reserved constituency, persons belonging to these castes and tribes can contest an election. This provision was made to provide due to representation to the weaker sections of the society.

18.
What is consolidated fund of India?
Answer:
The expenditure considered being a charge on the consolidated fund of India is not put to the vote of parliament. It includes salaries of president.

19.
Write the meaning of federation.
Answer:
The word federation is derived from the Latin word ‘foedus’, which means treaty or agreement. The federal form of government comes into existence through treaty or agreement federation is born by creating new state.

1st PUC Political Science Constitution of India Five Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Give an introductory note on Indian constitution.
Answer:
The framers of constitution of India drew the ideals, principles and even the organizational details from many sources. They have harrowed extensively from several well-known constitutions of the world.

It has incorporated the parliamentary system of England. The USA has taken mainly from the government of India Act 1935.

The objectives, resolution adopted by the constituent assembly in its first session became the basis of the preamble to constitution.

Question 2.
Write a short note on constituent assembly.
Answer:
It was set up under the 1946, cabinet mission plan. The assembly consisted of representatives of all important communities. The constituent assembly met on 11^th December 1946. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was unanimously elected as its president.

The constituent assembly initially consisted of 389 members 292 from the British India province and 93 from the states. The elections were held in July 1946.

On 29^th August 1947, the constituent assembly appointed a drafting committee, under the leadership of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Question 3.
Write about the drafting committee.
Answer:
The drafting committee of the Indian constitution has been formed on 29^th August 1947 and B.R. Ambedkar was elected as a chairman. The main responsibility that entrusted to the drafting committee to draft the new constitution. It consists of 7 members called B.R. Ambedkar, chairman, B.L. Mitter, N: Gopalaswamy Ayvangar, Alladi KrishswamyAyyar, Dr. K.M Munshi, Saiyid Mohd Saadullah, D.R Khaitan.

The drafting committee prepared the first draft which was published in February 1948. It prepared a second draft which was published in October 1948 and completed its work in 141 days. On 29^th November 1949, the constituent assembly accepts and enacted the Indian constitution.

Question 4.
Write the text of the preamble of the Indian constitution.
Answer:
The preamble of the constitution of India explains the aims and ideology and reads as:
WE THE PEOPLE OF INDIA having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN, DEMOCRATIC, SOCIALIST, SECULAR and REPUBLIC Nation and securing to all its citizens.
JUSTICE – social, economic and political.
LIBERTY – of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship.
EQUALITY – of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all.
FRATERNITY – assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and the integrity of the Nation.
The idea of the preamble has been borrowed from constitution of U.S.A.

Question 5. Explain the principles of the preamble.
Answer:
The preamble of the constitution of India explains the aims and ideology and reads as:
WE THE PEOPLE OF INDIA having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN, DEMOCRATIC, SOCIALIST, SECULAR and REPUBLIC Nation and securing to all its citizens.

JUSTICE – social, economic and political.
LIBERTY – of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship.
EQUALITY – of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all.
FRATERNITY – assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and the integrity of the Nation.
The idea of the preamble has been borrowed from constitution of U.S.A.

Question 6.
List out the fundamental duties of Indian citizens.
Answer:
The 42^nd amendment has incorporated a number of fundamental duties.

Abide by the constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the national flag and, national anthem.
Uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India.
Defend the country and render national service.
Promote common brotherhood and harmony.
Value and preserve our composite culture.
Protect the natural environment.
Develop the scientific temper.
Strive towards excellence in all sphere.

Question 7.
Explain the different kinds of writs.
Answer:
1. Habeas corpus: It is an order issued by the court to produce the person who has wrongly detained within 24 hours.

2. Mandamus: It is a command issued by the court to ask the government official for performing his duties.

3. Prohibition: It is issued by a higher court to lower court to prevent their exceeding jurisdiction.

4. Certiorari: It is issued by a higher court to lower court to transfer a case pending with the later in a case.

5. Quo – warranto: It is issued by a court to enquire into the legality of claim of a person to public office.

Question 8.
Write a short note on RTE.
Answer:
RTE stands right to education which means all the children in India are entitled to get compulsory and free education. The 86^th amendment act of 2002 provides an opportunity to get free and compulsory education to all the children from the age 6 to 14 years.

Parliament passed the compulsory education act on 2009 and in compliance of the central government, the Karnataka government framed rules and enforced from 28th April 2012. Main provisions of RTE

All the children from the age of 6 to 14 should get free and compulsory education.
The responsibility of the parents are to send their children to the school.
The provisions are made to ensure the education facilities especially to the weaker section and child belonging to a disadvantaged group.
The central and state government have jointly responsible to carry over this scheme.
To provide the education to all the children, the government should establish the schools accesses to the children.
The government should bear the expenses of education and should pay the same to education institutions.
The concerned BEO and DDPI should have responsibility to look after this.

Question 9.
Why is the Indian Constitution called quasi-federal?
Answer:
The constitution of India has been described as quasi-federal because it has both federal and unitary features. Though the constitution of India establishes a federal form of government. The term federation has not been used anywhere in the constitution. The framers of constitution incorporated a number of unitary elements such as strong centre, single citizenship, appointment of governess by the centre, etc. According to K.C. Where the Indian constitution establishes a system of government which is almost quasi-federal.

Question 10.
What is Right to freedom?
Answer:
Our constitution guarantees 6 valuable freedoms to the citizens of India.

The freedom of speech and expression.
To assemble peacefully without arms.
To form associations or unions.
To move freely across the length and breadth of the country.
To reside or settle down in any part of India.
To carry on any lawful trade or occupation.

1st PUC Political Science Constitution of India Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the salient features of the Indian constitution.
Answer:
Salient Features of the Indian Constitution are:
The constitution of India came into force on 26^th January, 1950. The preamble enumerates the source, the nature and high aims and ideals of the constitution. The preamble cannot be enforced in a court of law it is a grand declaration.

The following are the salient features of the constitution of India:
1.Detailed and Written Constitution:
The constitution of India is a comprehensive document. It is detailed and lengthy constitution in the world. It consists of 445 Articles, 22 parts, 12 schedules, and 100 Amendments. The bulk of the constitution is due to many reasons. Such as :

It contains the broad principles and details of administration.
The constitution provides for the administrative machinery at the centre and also in the States.
Incorporation of Fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy.
Special provision for safeguarding the interest of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes,
UPSC and SPSC and Election Commission, Independent Judiciary,
Official languages and regional languages etc. have been dealt with in the constitution.

2. Sovereign, Democratic, Republic:
The constitution of India is Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic and Republic.

India is a sovereign state and it is subject to no other authority either in her internal affairs or external relations. Its power is absolute internally and externally within its sphere.
42 Amendment Act of 1976 declares India to be a socialist state.
Preamble to the constitution declares that India is a sovereign democratic Republic. The President of India is elected and his term of office is five years.

3.Single Citizenship:
The constitution of India has established a single and uniform citizenship for the whole of the country. Single citizenship implies that all Indian citizens owe allegiance to the Indian Union. Any citizen, irrespective of his birth or residence, is entitled to enjoy civil and political rights throughout India In all states and Union Territories.

4.Fundamental Rights:
Part III of the Indian constitution embodies six fundamental Rights, which are guaranteed to the people of India. These rights are sacred and sacrosanct and cannot be violated. The constitution makes the Supreme Court and the High Courts, the guardian of rights and liberties of the people. However they are not absolute. The constitution imposes necessary limitations and the rights can be suspended under conditions of grave emergency.

Right to Equality.
Right to Freedom.
Right against Exploitation.
Right to Religion.
Cultural and Educational Rights.
Right to constitutional Remedies.

5. Fundamental Duties:
The 42^nd Amendment Act of 1976 has incorporated ten duties for even Indian citizen.

To abide by the constitution and respect its ideals, institutions, the flag, and the National Anthem.
To cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspire our national struggle for freedom.
To uphold and protect the sovereignty; unity and integrity of India.
To defend the country and render national services when called upon to do so.
To promote harmony and spirit of common brotherhood among all the people of India.
To value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture.
To protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures.
To develop the scientific temper, humanism and the script of inquiry and reform.
To safeguard public property and to adjure violence,
To strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collection activity.

6.Secular and Socialist State:
At the time of drafting the constitution, the framers did not have the vision to mention these words in the preamble of the constitution. But these words were added in the preamble by the 42^nd Amendment Act of 1976. Accordingly, India is a secular and non-religious in character. In fact, it does not identify itself with any religion. India is neither religious, nor irreligious, nor anti-religious but it is detached from the religious dogmas and activities. The aim of the constitution is too make India a socialist state on the basis of welfare programs.

7. Backward Classes and Minorities:
The constitution protects the interest of the backward class and the Minorities.

8. Official language:
Hindi. is laid as the official language of India. A common official language symbolized the unity of the country.

9. Directive Principles of State Policy:
It is another important feature of the Indian constitution. It contains various aims and aspirations to fulfilled by the state. They are instruments of instructions to the government to follow specific polices.

10.Parliamentary System of Government:
The Indian constitution proposed a parliamentary system of government for India.

11. Federation with strong centre:
The constitution has laid down a federal form of government; with a Union of the states. The Union is more powerful than the states.

12. Independent Judiciary:
The judiciary under the constitution is made independent of the legislature and the executive. It protects the fundamental rights and safeguards the provisions of the constitution. In fact, it is the guardian of the constitution and protector of Fundamental Rights.

13. Judicial review:
The Supreme Court of India has the power of judicial review. It can declare laws enacted by the parliament and state legislatures and orders passed by the executive as invalid if found contrary to the provisions of the constitution.

14. Election Commission:
The constitution provides for the establishment of Election Commission for the whole country. It conducts free and fair elections of the president, vice-president, members of parliament and state legislatures from time to time. It consists of one chief Election commissioner and two other Election commissioners who are appointed by the president of India for the period of 6 years.

15. Rigidity and flexibility:
There is a unique procedure of constitutional amendment. Article 368 of the constitution deals with the amendment procedure:

(a) By simple majority:
The creation of new states, creation or abolition of the legislative council, etc. These can be amended by a simple majority in both the houses of the union parliament.

(b) By half – simple and half-rigid method:
The provisions such as citizenship, Fundamental Rights, Directive principles, etc., shall be amended by 2/3 majority of members present and voting in both houses of the parliament.

(c) By Rigid Method:
The method of amending the constitution involves rigid procedure. Matters relating to the election and powers of the president and powers of the Union and State government. Union judiciary, establishment of High Court, division of legislative powers, representation of states in Union Parliament, etc., can be amended by 2/3 majority members of both houses of the Union parliament and has to be ratified by not less than half of the state legislature.

16. Adult.Franchise:
Every person who is a citizen of India and who are above 18 years of age irrespective, gender is entitled to be registered as a voter.

17. Emergency provisions: the constitution of India envisages three types of emergencies. which the president may proclaim in different critical situations. Such as:

(a) National Emergency:
Article 352 provides national emergency. If the president is satisfied that the security of India or any part thereof is threatened by war, or external aggression or internal disturbance, he may issue a proclamation of emergency. But it must be laid before each house of parliament for approval.

(b) Failure of constitutional machinery in the state:
The president on the receipt of report from the Governor of a state if satisfied, that a situation has arisen in which the government of a state cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the constitution, he can proclaim state emergency. It is to be approved by each House of parliament within two months. But normally it remains for six months and can be continued for three years.

(c) Financial Emergency:
The president of India is satisfied that the financial stability of India is any part thereof is threatened he may proclaim financial emergency . It expires at the end of two months unless it is approved by the parliament.

18. Local self-Governments:
A constitutional statue was given to local self-governments in accordance with the 73^rd and 74^th constitutional amendments which were made in the year 1992 and came into force in 1993.

Question 2.
Explain the Fundamental Rights of Indian Citizens.
Answer:
The III Part of the constitution of India has guaranteed seven fundamental rights. But the 44^th Amendment Act of 1978 deleted 6^th fundamental right; right to property. Now it remains only a legal right. All the fundamental rights come under articles from 12 to 35. These rights are explained as under

1. Right to Equality:
(14 to 18) Article 14 confers on all the citizens equality before the law and equal protection of the law.

Article 15 prohibits any discrimination by the state towards its citizens on grounds of race, religion, caste, gender, and place of birth. The same article throws open public places, like shops, wells, restaurants, etc. to all citizens.

Article 16 provides for equality in matters of public employment. No one shall be discriminated against on the grounds of race, religion, caste, gender, place of birth and residence. But the state may discriminate in favor of Backward classes of citizens by reserving jobs in the Government.

Article 17 prohibits the practice of untouchability in any form. Those who practice it will be severely punished.

Article 18 prohibits the state from conferring titles like Rao Bahadur, His Highness, etc, on its citizens. However, it may award military or civil distinction like Paramavir Chakra,
Bharat Ratna, Padma Bhushan, Padmashree.

2. Right to Freedom (19 to 22) Article 19 gives 6 freedoms to the citizens of India. Such as:

Freedom of speech and expression.
Assemble peacefully without arms.
Form associations.
Move freely within the country.
To reside and settle down in any part of the country.
To practice any profession or trade.

Article 20 – lays down the Right to personal Life and Liberty.
No person shall be arrested when the law is not in operation.
No person shall be punished more than once for the same offence.
No person shall be forced to give evidence against himself.

Article 21 – No person shall be deprived of his life and liberty except according to the procedure established by law. The punishment shall be enforced only when he is punished.

Article 22 – Preventive Detention provides safeguards to persons under arrest. They are:
22 (1) the person arrested shall be informed on the grounds of his arrest as soon as possible.
22 (2) the person arrested shall be produced before the nearest magistrate within 24 hours of his arrest. He shall not be denied the right to consult and be defended by a lawyer.
22 (3) preventive detention shall not be applicable to the person who has been arrested according to law.
22 (4) the person who has been arrested shall not be detained in custody for more than 3 months.
22 (5) the person who has been arrested and detained in custody shall be informed of the ground of his arrest.
22 (6) to inform the ground of arrest against the public interest shall be informed.
22(7) with the approval of the parliament the detention period shall Be extended, more than 3 months.

3. Right against Exploitation: (23 to 24)
Article 23 prohibits traffic in human beings and forced labour. Selling of women into prostitution is prohibited.
Article 24 prohibits the employment of children below 14 years of age in factories and mines which is of hazardous nature.

4. Right to Religion: (25 to 28)
Article 25 – Every citizen has the right to profess, propagate and practice any religion as he pleases subject to public peace and morality.
Article 26 – Every religious group shall establish institutions for charitable and religious purposes and manage its internal affairs and acquire the property.
Article 27 – State shall not collected taxes for the maintenance of any particular religion or religious institution.
Article 28 – no religions instructions shall be given in the government or aided educational institutions.

5. Cultural and Educational Rights: (29 to 30)
Article 29- Every citizen has the right to protect the culture and script of his choice.
Article 30 gives the right to any cultural group or minority community to run an educational institution and the government shall not make any discrimination while making grants.

6. Right to constitutional Remedies: (32)
It protects the citizens against encroachment of his rights. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar said that this right is “the heart and soul of the constitution”. Every citizen has the right to move to the court if his rights are encroached by anybody. Article 32 (1) The Supreme Court is empowered to issue writs of Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo-Warranto and Certiorari. Article 226-High Court can also issue writs for the enforcement of fundamental rights. This right is regarded as die custodian of all the rights.

Question 3.
Write a note on constituent assembly.
Answer:
The first of Constituent Assembly was held on 9^th December, 1946. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was made as the President of the Constituent Assembly. The historic objectives resolution was moved in the Government Assembly by Nehru on 13^th December 1946 The beautifully worded draft of the objectives resolution cast the horoscope of the sovereign Democratic Republic.

The Constituent Assembly appointed a number of committees to deal with the framing of the constitution. The committees worked hard and produced valuable reports. These reports were considered by the Constituent Assembly and later considered by the drafting committee. On 29^th August 1947, the Constituent Assembly appointed a Drafting Committee under the chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar to scrutinize the draft of the constitution, prepared by constitutional advisor B. N. Rau.

The constitution of India was drafted by the Drafting Committee and was submitted to the president of the Constituent Assembly on 21^st February 1948. A large number of comments, criticism, and suggestions for the amendment of the draft were received. The Drafting Committee decided to issue a report of the draft constitution and was submitted to the President of the Assembly on 26^th October. 1948.

The second reading of the constitution was completed on 16^th Nov 1949 and on the next day the Constituent Assembly took up the third reading of the constitution. It was adopted on 26^th Nov 1949. The Constituent Assembly accomplished the tremendous task of framing the constitution in 2 years 11 months and 18 days. The constitution was finally signed by members of the Constituent Assembly. The same constitution came into force on 26^th Jan 1950.

Besides framing the constitution, the Constituent Assembly performed several other important functions like passing certain statues, adopting the national flag, declaring the national anthem, ratifying the decision in regard to the membership of the commonwealth and election of the first president of the Republic.
The draft of the constitution contained 18 parts 8 schedules and 445 articles are considered as the most bulky and lengthiest in the world.

Question 4.
Explain the Directive principles of state policy.
Answer:
Our constitution lays down some directives in the nature of moral guides to the state. These are non – enforceable. The idea of incorporating directives or ideals or goals in the constitution was borrowed from the Irish constitution. The directive principles are contained in part IV of the constitution, in Article 36 to 51.

Full list of the Directive Principles:
Article 39: The state shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing:

That the citizens, men, and women equally, have the right to an adequate means to livelihood.
That the ownership and control of the material resources to be useful for the common good.
That the operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common determinant.
That there is equal pay for equal work for both men and women.
That the health and strength of the workers, men, and women, and the tender age of children are not used and that citizens are not forced by economic necessity to enter vocations unsuitable to their age or strength.
That children are given opportunities to develop in a healthy manner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment.

Classification of Directives:
The directive principles are embodied in Articles from 36 to 51. They cover a wide range of state activities concerning social, economic, legal, educational and International principles. They are classified into four categories, such as welfare, Gandhian, liberal and general principles.

Welfare Principles:
These principle aims at the attainment of the welfare state.
Article 38 provides that the state shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing and protecting a social order in which justice, social, economic and political, shall inform all the institutions of national life.

Article 39 provides that the state shall direct its policy towards securing that.

The citizens, men, and women equally have the right to an adequate means of livelihood.
The ownership and control of the material resources of the community are so distributed as to subserve the common good.
The operation of the economic system does not result in the concentration of wealth and means of production to the common detriment.
There is equal pay for equal work for both men and women.
The health and strength of workers, men, women, and children are not abused and that citizens are not forced to enter vocations unsuitable to their age.
Childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and moral and mental abandonment.

Article 41 ensures that the right to work education and public assistance in case of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement and other cases of undeserved want.

Article 42 provides that provisions shall be made by the state for securing just and human conditions of work and maternity relief.

Article 43 exhorts the state to secure to all workers – industrial, agricultural work, a living wage, conditions of work, decent standard of life, enjoyment of leisure, social and cultural opportunities.

Article 46 provides that the state shall take special care of the economic and educational interest of the weaker sections particularly of SC’s and ST’s and protect them from social injustice and exploitation.

Article 47 states that are made duty-bound to raise the level of nutrition, the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health.

Gandhian Principles:
The Gandhian philosophy finds its expression in some of the articles mentioned in the 4^th part of the constitution. Such as :

To organize village Panchayats and endow them with such powers as may enable them to function as units of self-government.
To promote the educational and economic interests of SC’s ST’s and weaker sections of the people.
To promote cottage industries on an individual and co-operative basis.
To take steps for preventing and improving the breeds of milk and drought cattle, including cows and prohibition of slaughter of cows.
Prohibition of consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs which are injuries to health (except for medical purpose).

Liberal Principles:
These principles are embedded in the following provisions.

To secure uniform civil code for the citizens throughout the territory of India.
To provide free and compulsory education for the children up to the age of 14 years of age.
To organize agriculture and animal husbandry on modem and scientific lines.
To take steps to separate the judiciary from the executive in the public service of the state.
Article 49 provides that it is the obligation of the state to protect every historical monu¬ment or place for national interest.

General Principles:

The state shall promote international peace and security.
To maintain just and honorable relations between nations.
To foster respect for international law and treaty obligations.
To encourage settlement of international disputes by arbitrations.

Criticism:

The directives have been subjected to serve criticisms.
These principles are considered as mere platitudes without any practical use for the people.
There is no immediate social and economic program for the people.
These principles do not attract the people as they are silent and not inspiring.
These principles are neither properly classified nor logically arranged.
There is no legal force behind them.
These principles are not legally enforceable.

KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 13 Statistics Ex 13.3

November 2, 2023

Students can Download Maths Chapter 13 Statistics Ex 13.3 Questions and Answers, Notes Pdf, KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Maths helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka Board Class 8 Maths Chapter 13 Statistics Ex 13.3

Question 1.
Runs scored by 10 batsmen in a one-day cricket match are given. Find the average run scored. 23, 54, 08, 94, 60, 18, 29, 44, 05, 86
Answer:
Σ x = 23 + 54 + 08 + 94 + 60 + 18 + 29 + 44 + 05 + 86 = 421
N = 10
Average = Mean = $\overline{X}=\frac{\Sigma x}{N}=\frac{421}{10}=42.1$

Question 2.
Find the mean weight form the following table:

Weight (kg)	29	30	31	32	33
No. of children	02	01	04	03	05

Answer:

Weigh t(kg)	No. of children(x)	‘ f
29	02	58
30	01	30
31	04.	124
32	03	96
33	05	164
	N= 15	Zf = 473

Mean = $\frac{\Sigma f_{X}}{N}=\frac{473}{15}=31.53$

Question 3.
Calculate the mean for the following frequency distribution.

Mark	10-20	20-30	30-40	40-50	50-60	60-70	70-80
Frequency	3	7	10	6	8	2	4

Answer:

Marks	Frequency	Midpoint	fx
10-20	3	15	45
20-30	7	25	175
30-40	10	35	350
40-50	6	45	270
50-60	8	55	440
60-70	2	65	130
70-80	4	75	300
	N = 40		Efx = 1710

Mean = $\frac{\Sigma f_{x}}{N}=\frac{1710}{40}=42.75$

Question 4.
Calculate the mean for the following frequency distribution.

Mark	15-19	20-24	25-29	30-34	35-39	40-44
Frequency	6	5	9	12	6	2

Answer:

Marks.	Frequency	Midpoint	f(X)
15-19	6	17	102
20-24	5	22	*110
25-29	9	27	243
30-34	12	32	384
35-39	6	37	222
40-44	2	42	84
	N = 40		Efx = 1145

Mean = $\overline{X}=\frac{\Sigma f_{X}}{N}=\frac{1145}{40}=28.625$

Question 5.
Find the median of the data 15,22, 9,20, 6,18,11,25,14.
Answer:
6, 9, 11, 14,(15), 18, 20, 22,25 (Ascending order)
N = 9,
$\frac{N+1}{2}+\frac{9+1}{2}=\frac{10}{2}=5^{\text { th }}$
Median = 15.

Question 6.
Find the median of the data 22,28,34, 49, 44, 57,18,10,33, 41, 66, 59.
Answer:
10, 18, 22, 28, 33, 34, 41, 44, 49, 57, 59, 66 (Ascending order)
N = 10
∴ Median = $\frac{34+41}{2}=\frac{75}{2}=37.5$

Question 7.
Find the median for the following frequency distribution table.

Class interval	110-119	120-129	130-139	140-149	150-159	160-169
Frequency	6	8	15	10	6	5

Answer:

Class interval	Frequency (f)	Cumulative frequency (fc)
110-119	6	6
120-129	8	14
130-139	15	29
140-149	10	45
160-169	5	50
	N = 50

N = 50
$\frac{\mathrm{N}}{2}=\frac{50^{25}}{\not 2}=25$
∴ Median class is 130 – 139
LRL = 129.5
Fc = 14
Fm = 15
i = 10
KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 13 Statistics Ex. 13.3 1

Question 8.
Find the median for the following frequency distribution table.

Class interval	0-5	5-10	10-15	15-20	20-25	25-30
Frequency	5	3	9	10	8	5

Answer:

Class interval	Frequency (t)	Cumulative frequency (fc)
0-5	5	5
5-10	3	8
10-15	9 ,	17
15-20	10	27
20-25	8	35
25-30	5	40
	N = 40

N = 40
$\frac{N}{2}=\frac{40}{2}=20$
∴ Median class is 15 – 20
LRL = 15
Fc = 17
Fm = 9
i = 5
KSEEB Solutions for Class 8 Maths Chapter 13 Statistics Ex. 13.3 2

Question 9.
Find the mode for the following data.
(i) 4,3,1,5,3, 7, 9,6 Answer: Mode = 3
(ii) 22,36,18,22,20,34,22, 42, 46,42
Answer:
Mode = 22

Question 10.
Find the mode for the following data

X	5	10	12	15	20	30	40
f	4	8	11	13	16	12	9

Answer:
Mode = 20 (It has the highest frequency)

1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 1 Political Science as a Discipline

November 2, 2023

You can Download Chapter 1 Political Science as a Discipline Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 1 Political Science as a Discipline

1st PUC Political Science as a Discipline One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Who is known as the Father of Political Science?
Answer:
Aristotle is known as the father of Political Science.

Question 2.
Who studied political science first scientifically?
Answer:
Aristotle studies political science first scientifically.

Question 3.
Name the book written by Aristotle.
Answer:
Aristotle wrote the book “The Politics”.

Question 4.
Name any one of the city-state of ancient Greece?
Answer:
Sparta is one city-state of ancient Greece.

Question 5.
What is political science?
Answer:
A study of the political activities of human being is called political science,

Question 6.
Who called political science as supreme or master science?
Answer:
Aristotle.

Question 7.
Who said, ‘man is a social animal’?
Answer:
Aristotle.

Question 8.
How many constitutions did Aristotle study prior to writing ‘The politics’?
Answer:
Aristotle studies 158 constitutions prior to write ‘The politics’.

Question 9.
Which is the root word of Politics’?
Answer:
Politics is derived from the Greek word ‘polis’.

Question 10.
What is the meaning of word ‘polis’?
Answer:
‘Polis’ means Greek City-States.

Question 11.
Name the book written by Machiavelli?
Answer:
The book written by Machiavelli is ‘The prince’.

Question 12.
Which is the root word of Political Science?
Answer:
Greek word‘Polis’is the root word of Political Science.

Question 13.
To which branch of science does Political Science belong?
Answer:
Political Science is an exact science. It belongs to the category of Social Science.

Question 14.
Which scholar considered Political Science to be both normative and descriptive?
Answer:
MAX WEBER considered Political Science to be both normative and descriptive.

Question 15.
What are the major divisions of Political Science?
Answer:
The major division of Political Science is

Study of Political Theory.
Normative and Empirical study.
Study of Political institutions.

Question 16.
Mention the writers who believed Political Science to be a study of the state alone.
Answer:
Garies, Garner, Goodnow, and Bluntschli believed political science to be the study of the state alone.

Question 17.
For what reason Political Science cannot be regarded as science?
Answer:

Political Science deals with human beings and society where there is no uniform behaviour among the people.
It cannot have exact and universal laws.

Question 18.
Who said a man is a social animal?
Answer:
Aristotle has said man is a social animal.

Question 19.
Write the definition of Political Science given by G W. Garner.
Answer:
G W. Garner: Political science begins and ends with the state.

Question 20.
Who said political Science is a master science?
Answer:
Aristotle said political science is a master science.

Question 21.
Who wrote the book ‘Republic’?
Answer:
Plato wrote the book ‘Republic’.

Question 22.
What is the subject matter of Political Science?
Answer:
State and Government are subject matter of Political Science.

Question 23.
What is the meaning of ‘Politics’?
Answer:
The word ‘Politics’ is derived from the word ‘Polis’, which means city to Greeks, which deals with city-state.

1st PUC Political Science as a Discipline Two Marks Questions And Answers

Question 1.
Define political science.
Answer:
Political Science is the part of social science which deals with the study of the state, government, law, people, power and other political concepts of the state. Aristotle considered the father of political science.

Question 2.
Name the divisions of the scope of political science.
Answer:

Political theory
Political institutions
Political parties
International relations.

Question 3.
What is the subject matter of political science?
Answer:
The subject matter of political science is state and government.

Question 4.
Why is ‘man is a social animal’?
Answer:
Aristotle said, man, is a social animal because man can fulfill his basic desires, needs, requirements and protect himself. He cannot live all alone himself and he is not self-sufficient and self reliant.

Question 5.
What is the scope of political science?
Answer:
The scope of political science means boundary or the sphere of the province of the subject. It means the subject matter of the study.

Question 6.
What do you know about the Greek city-states?
Answer:
In the ancient days, the Greeks lived in city-states. In those days, city-states were very small. People were living in small city-states and direct democracy was existing in those city-states.

Question 7.
In which of the ancient Indian work do we find reference to state administration?
Answer:
We find references of state administration in the works of Kautilya in ‘Arthashastra’, Kamandaka in ‘Neetisara’, Rigveda, Yajurveda, Shukraneetisara and Manusmrithi.

Question 8.
When and where was the International Political Science Conference held?
Answer:
The International Political Science Conference was held in Paris in 1948 under the UNESCO conference.

Question 9.
Who is called the Greek Philosopher Trio?
Answer:
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are called a Greek philosopher Trio.

Question 10.
Who are the writers who said political science is a science?
Answer:
Aristotle, Bodin, Hobbes, Machiavelli, Montesque, Lewis, Bluntschli argues that political science is a science.

Question 11.
Who are the writers who said political science is an art?
Answer:
J.S. Mill, Buckle, August Compte, Maitland, James Bryce, and Charles A. Bryde says that political science is an art.

Question 12.
Write the definition of Political Science given by Paul Janet.
Answer:
According to Paul Janet, “Political Science is’ that part of social science, which treats the foundation of the state and principle of government”.

Question 13.
Explain the nature of political Science.
Answer:
He who is unable to live in society must be either a beast or a god. It means that man is a social animal. He cannot lead a life of isolation. He has to live in society. To satisfy his wants man has to live in society. Man is not only a social animal but he also a political animal. He is quarrelsome by nature, to control this behaviour some laws are needed.

Question 14.
Is Political Science a Philosophy?
Answer:
Some writers consider political science as a part of philosophy because it deals with abstract concepts. But we cannot fully accept this argument because political science deals not only .with theories and ideas but also with practice.

Question 15.
Is the study of Political Science a must for every Politician?
Answer:
Politician is a person who takes an active part in politics. It is very much necessary for a politician to study political science. It teaches him good governance about the state and working of the government.

16. Is the study of political Science necessary for every citizen?
Answer:
The study of political science is very much necessary for every citizen, especially in a democracy. To know the value of vote, rights and to take part actively in the administration of the government.

Question 17.
Write the two definitions of Political Science.
Answer:
According to Paul Janet “Political Science is that part of social science which treats the foundation of the state and principles of government”. According to Gilchrist “Political Science deals with state and government”.

Question 18.
Who are the writers who said Political Science is the study of the state alone?
Answer:
Garies, Garner, Goodnow, and Bluntschli are a group of thinkers who maintain that only the state is the subject matter of political science.

Question 19.
Who are the writers who say political science is the study of government alone?
Answer:
Stephen Leacock, John Seelay and Robson argued that political science deals with the only government. They believed that the subject matter of political science is the government.

Question 20.
Mari cannot live in isolation, Why?
Answer:
Man cannot live in isolation because he is a social animal and as such he is born and lives in the society living together give protection and security and man can fulfill all his basic necessities.

Question 21.
Give Gettell’s definition of political science.
Answer:
According to Gettell, Political Science is a historical investigation of what the state has been, an analytical study of what the state is and a political ethical discussion of what the state should be.

Question 22.
Mention any one major work of Plato and Aristotle.
Answer:
Plato – The Republic. Aristotle – Politics.

1st PUC Political Science as a Discipline Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Discuss the evolution of political science.
Answer:
Man can understand the world with the help of science. Science is classified into different divisions such as physical science, biological science, and social science. Physical science helps us to discover new innovations, Biological science helps us to know nature. Social science helps us to know- the world in different dimensions. Social science includes history, economics, sociology, political science, geography, psychology, Ethics, philosophy, etc. Political science is one of the important branches of social science and occupies a very significant role in understanding the evolution of human beings.

The subject matter of political science is an ancient one. The ancient Greek philosophers have laid a good foundation for political science. In fact, the ancient Indian thinkers have referred to the concepts of political science in their works and historical documents. References are made on the state administration in the works of Kautilya in ‘Arthashatra1, Shukraneetisara of Shukra and Manusmirthi of Manu. But these works are focused more on religious consciousness rather than political awareness.

Hence the study of political science was neither systematic nor scientific during that period. The credit for developing the theory of political science on a systematic and scientific basis rightly goes to the Greeks. Socrates a great ancient Greek philosopher contributed his political thinking through dialogues.

Plato emphasized his political views in his work ‘The Republic’. Whereas, Aristotle went a step ahead and made his approach to the study of political science more realistic. He laid a scientific foundation for the study of political science and regarded it as the “Supreme science”. He expressed his political thinking in his familiar work “The Politics”. In the modem context, Machiavelli of Italy added a new dimension to the study of political science in his great work “The prince”.

Question 2.
Explain the nature of political science.
Answer:
Aristotle says that man by nature is a social animal. He born in society, live in society and die in society only. To fulfill his needs, he created society. In society only he can enjoy all the facility’s love and affection. Away from society he maybe God or ghost. Man is a social being at the same time he is a political being also.

He is a selfish, egoist and quarrelsome by nature. The attitudes of selfish, egoist and jealousy of a man lead to anarchy in the society while leading the life. So the order of the society may be disrupted and man cannot lead his life happily and peacefully.

In order to control the bad behavior of such people and establish a peaceful society, there should be rules and regulations. The state has emerged to frame and implement these rules through its agency “The Government”. So the state controls the political activities of the human being and restore peace in the society. The subject which studies about the state, government, the political activities of a human being is regarded as political science.

Question 3.
Explain the scope of political science.
Answer:
Aristotle described political science as a ‘master science’ which made it perhaps the greatest contribution to the making of political science scientific. Hie term “Scope” refers to the subject or the boundaries of a particular branch of knowledge. There is no perfect agreement among the political thinkers as to the problems, which come under the study of political science. Broadly speaking, there are three groups of writers holding different views on the scope of political science.

The first group of writers like Garies, Gamer, Goodnow, and Bluntschli restricted the scope of political science only to the study of the state.

The second group of writers like Prof. Sheley and Dr. Stephen Leacock said that political science deals with government only.

The third group of writers like Gettell, Gilchrist, Paul Janet, and Prof. Laski maintained that the scope of political science extends to both state and government. Prof. Laski maintains that the state, in reality, means the government.

We may agree with the third group of writers that political science is a study of both state and government is the steering wheel of the ship of the state. There can be no state without a government, the state remains the central subject of our study, and the whole mechanism of government revolves around it.

Scope according to the UNESCO; the international Political Science Association at its Paris Conference in 1948 discussed the scope of political science and marked out its subject matter as follows:

1. Political Theory:
Political Theory, History of Political Ideas.

2. Government:
The Constitution, the Government-Regional and Local Government, Public Administration, Economics and Social functions of government, Comparative political institutions.

3. Parties, Groups and Public Opinion:
Political Parties, Group and Associations, Citizen Participation in Government and administration, Public Opinion.

4. International Relations:
International relations, International organization, and Administration, International Law.

Question 4.
Is political science a Science? Explain.
Answer:
Aristotle called political science as supreme or Master science. Many writers like Thomas Hobbes, Jean Bodin, and Lord Bryce agree that political science is a science.

Reasons for it to be called as a science are:

1. Political Science is a systematic study:
Just like the science subjects which are studied systematically, in the same way. it is possible to make a study of political science. There is a connection between cause and effects.

2. Experiments are possible in Political Science:
Politics is also a systematized knowledge that has been acquired by systematic observation, experiment and study For e.g. framing the Indian constitution and the methods of direct democratic devices adopted in Switzerland.

3. Common principles, conclusions possible:
Political scientists have arrived at broad principles after observing the political phenomenon over a long period of time. Reasons for the rise of new states, the eruption of revolts and revolutions, the emergence of political parties, etc, have been discovered.

4. Relationship between the causes and effects can be known:
In political science with a greater degree of approximation, the relationship between causes and effects can be established.

5. More exact than other social sciences:
Political science has the status of being more exact than other social sciences.

Question 5.
Is Political science is an art? Explain.
Answer:

1. Absence of Uniform terminology:
The study is called by different terms and there is no unanimity among thinkers regarding the exact term. The subject is called politics, political science, political theory, political philosophy, applied politics, theoretical politics, etc.

2. Differences regarding methods, definition, and scope:
There is no single method of studying the subject but different methods are available. Political principles are not universally accepted and applied. Terms like democracy, socialism, communism, liberalism, and Nationalism have been defined and explained in different ways.

3. Absence of Precision:
Political science lacks precision in the study of state and government or theories like democracy.

4. Experimentation is not possible:
Conducting experiments in political science is difficult since it deals with human beings and their behavior is unpredictable.

5. Absence of Universal Laws:
Political science has certain concepts acceptable with similar meaning but there is no universal truth.

6. Difficult to predict the future:
Political researchers find it difficult to predict the future course of events since political events are subject to ever-changing public opinion.

7. Lack of Objectivity:
The political scientists cannot be objective since he is influenced by race, religious, economic and other considerations.

Question 6.
Explain the origin and development of political science.
Answer:
According to Aristotle, political activity can be traced to the very nature of man. It is true that no individual can exist or live in isolation. No one is self-sufficient. So, man is a social animal. In the same manner, he is a political animal. Hence society requires an organization to regulate and control human activities. The organization states, which in turn function through its agency, government.

1st PUC Political Science as a Discipline Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the Nature and Scope of Political science.
Answer:
Aristotle described political science as a ‘master science‘ which made it perhaps the greatest contribution to the making of political science scientific. The term “Scope” refers to the subject or the boundaries of a particular branch of knowledge. There is no perfect agreement among the political thinkers as to the problems, which come under the study of political science.

Broadly speaking, there are three groups of writers holding different views on the scope of political science.

The first group of writers like Garies, Gamer, Goodnow, and Bluntschli restricted the scope of political science only to the study of the state.

The second group of writers like Prof. Sheley and Dr. Stephen Leacock said that political science deals with the government only.

Scope according to the UNESCO; the international Political Science Association at its Paris Conference in 1948 discussed the scope of political science and marked out its subject matter as follows:

Political Theory:
Political Theory. History of Political Ideas.

Government:
The Constitution, the Government-Regional and Local Government, Public Administration, Economics and Social functions of government, Comparative political institutions.

Parties, Groups and Public Opinion:
Political Parties, Group and Associations, Citizen Participation in Government and administration, Public Opinion.

International Relations:
International relations. International organization and Administration, International Law.

Question 2.
Explain the relevance of the study of political science in the contemporary world.
Answer:
The study of political science is very useful to individuals and society. As said by Bernard Shaw that “political science by which alone civilization can be saved”. Political science exerts its influence on the life and destiny of human beings. Why political science has become so important in the life of man? It can be judged on the following grounds:

1. Essential for a cultured existence:
The study of Political Science introduces an individual to the requirements of a civilized and cultured society.

2. To understand the evolution of state and government:
Political Science is a study of state and government in all its aspects, in order to understand the roots of state and government such as how and why the state and government came into existence and .why it continues to be in existence and what are the essential factors that make a state, the types and forms of government, the aims and objectives of the government, etc., the knowledge of political science is essential.

3. To provide knowledge of rights and duties:
Every citizen, especially in a democracy desires to have knowledge of rights and duties. It is in political science that one learns all the aspects of these rights and duties.

4. To make Democracy effective:
Democracy today is the most popular system of government. Many factors contribute to the success and effectiveness of democracy. Political science enables one to understand all the principles, merits and defects of democracy.

5. Provides political education:
The study of political science provides political education to a citizen so that he may understand national problems in a new perspective.

6. Provides knowledge of ideologies:
The study of political science provides a vast knowledge of various prevailing ideologies like democracy, socialism, communism, nazism, fascism, etc.

7. Knowledge useful to political leaders and bureaucrats:
Knowledge of political science is very useful to the political leaders to carry on the working of the government effectively. Knowledge of the constitution is necessary for everyone to contribute better to the functioning of the government.

8. To understand political power:
Political Science helps citizens to understand the concept of political power; how governments function; what are the interest and forces behind the policies; who are his elected representatives and what they stand for.

9. To promote human warfare:
Political Science in the contemporary’ period lies the fact that it creates conditions for economic progress since it is motivated by an interest in human welfare.

10. To understand international relations and contribute to peace:
International relations is one of the specialized branches of political science dealing with the relationship among sovereign states. It includes many concepts like balance power, collective security alliances, treaties, international law, international organizations, etc.

Question 3.
Is political science a Science or an art? Explain.
Answer:
Aristotle called political science as supreme or Master science. Many writers like Thomas Hobbes, Jean Bodin, and Lord Bryce agree that political science is a science.

Reasons for it to be called as a science are:
1. Political Science is a systematic study:
Just like the science subjects which are studied systematically, in the same way, it is possible to make a study of political science. There is a connection between cause and effects.

2. Experiments are possible in Political Science:
Politics is also a systematized knowledge which has been acquired by systematic observation, experiment and study. For e.g. framing the Indian constitution and the methods of direct democratic devices adopted in Switzerland.

4. Relationship between the causes and effects can be known:
In political science with a greater degree of approximation, the relationship between causes and effects can be established.

5. More exact than other social sciences:
Political science has the status of being more exact than other social sciences. Some writers consider political science as a part of political philosophy. It may be noticed that every political theory owes its origin to some philosophical idea. But however, we need not accept this argument in political science, not only deal with theories and ideas but also with practice.

In political science, there is an attempt to apply theoretical knowledge to the practice of politics. An art to be perfected require intelligence and constant practice by artist. On the basis of the above discussions, it may be concluded that it is an art.

3. Absence of Precision:
Political science lacks precision in the study of state and government or theories like democracy.

4. Experimentation is not possible:
Conducting experiments in political science is difficult since it deals with human beings and their behavior is unpredictable.

5. Absence of Universal Laws:
Political science has certain concepts acceptable with similar meaning but there is no universal truth.

6. Difficult to predict the future:
Political researchers find it difficult to predict the future course of events since political events are subject to ever-changing public opinion.

7. Lack of Objectivity:
The political scientist cannot be objective since he is influenced by race, religious, economic and other considerations.

Question 4.
Define political science. What is the significance or utility of its study?
Answer:
The term ‘Politics’ was used by the great Greek Philosopher Aristotle. It is derived from the term ‘Polis’ which means ‘city’ to Greeks city was the state and subject that was dealing with city-state was called politics. So political science means a systematic study of the state and government.

The following are some of the important definitions.

Garner: “Political science begins and ends with the state”.
Garies: “Political science deals with government”.
Gilchrist: “Political science deals with state and government”.
Paul Janet: “Political science is that part of social science which treats the foundations of state and principles of government”.

Political science has become the most important branch of social science. Aristotle called it a master science. Democracy has become the most common form of government nowadays. The study of political science trains the people for the successful working of democracy. The study of political science enables the individual to understand his rights and duties and enlightens him to take an active part in the affairs of the state.

It also promotes a sense of responsibility and the spirit of patriotism.

The citizen can understand the nature, merits, and demerits of different types of Government and other administrative institutions in their state by studying political science. Studying political science will enable people to understand different theories and ideologies and help him to decide whether to accept it or reject it.

The study of political science enables to understand international relations and international law. It helps to understand thoroughly the significance of world organizations in solving international problems and in maintaining international people.

2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 1 Making of Indian Society and Demography

November 2, 2023

Karnataka 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 1 Making of Indian Society and Demography

You can Download Chapter 1 Making of Indian Society and Demography Questions and Answers, Notes, 2nd PUC Sociology Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

2nd PUC Sociology Making of Indian Society and Demography One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
How is the term Demography derived?
Answer:
The term Demography is derived from two Greek words i.e. demos (people) and graphein (describe), implying the description of people.

Question 2.
What is Demography?
Answer:
Demography is the systematic study of population.

Question 3.
Name any one type of Demography.
Answer:
Formal Demography.

Question 4.
Give one major characteristic of Demographic profile of India.
Answer:
Size and Growth of India’s Population.

Question 5.
Mention sex ratio of India according to 2011 census.
Answer:
940.

Question 6.
Which district in Karnataka is Selected to Implement Beti Padavo and Beti Bachavo Programme?
Answer:
Vijyaypura District.

Question 7.
Name one racial group of India.
Answer:
Negritos.

Question 8.
Give one sub division of Mongoloid race in India;
Answer:
Paleo Mangoloid.

Question 9.
Who introduced Christianity to India?
Answer:
St Thomas and St Bharathaomew.

Question 10.
What is unity?
Answer:
Unity implies oneness, or a sense of we-ness.

Question 11.
Name one basis of diversity in India.
Answer:
Linguistic Diversity.

Question 12.
Name one basis of unity of India.
Answer: Religious unity.

Question 13.
What is National Integration?
Answer:
National integration refers to national unity and a sense of belonging to the nation.

Question 14.
Name anyone challenge to National Integration.
Answer:
Communalism.

Question 15.
Name any one religious community of India.
Answer: Hindus.

Question 16.
Name any one ancient name of India.
Answer:
Bharathakanda.

Question 17.
What does DEMARU stands for?
Answer:
Data from 2001 census to coin another acronym – DEMARU – where D stands for daughter and MARU stands for killing. In English “E” will denote elimination. Punjab, Hariyana, Himachal Pradesh & Gujarath, Maharashtra as DEMARU states, where the sharp decline in the Juvenile sex ratio.

Question 18.
Which European colonial group first entered India?
Answer:
Portuguese.

Question 19.
Expand the UNPF
Answer:
United Nations Population Fund.

Question 20.
Expand the Abrivation BIMARU
Answer:
Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.

Question 21.
Define formal Demography.
Answer:
Formal demography is primarily concerned with the measurement and analysis of the components of population change. Its focus is on quantitative analysis for which it has a highly developed mathematical methodology suitable for forecasting population growth and changes in the composition of population.

Question 22.
Define social Demography.
Answer:
Social demography, on the other hand, enquires into the wider causes and consequences of population structures and change. Social demographers believe that social processes and structures regulate demographic processes; like sociologists, they seek to trace the social reasons that account for population trends.

Question 23.
In which year first census was conducted.
Answer:
1867-72.

Question 24.
Which is the oldest civilization of India.
Answer:
Indus valley civilization.

Question 25.
In which was year Kannada language has declared as one of the classical languages.
Answer:
2008.

Question 26.
What is the total population of Karnataka according to 2011 census?
Answer:
6,10,95,297.

Question 27.
What is the sex ratio of Karnataka according to 2011 census?
Answer:
973.

Question 28.
Which is the most populated district in Karnataka.
Answer:
Bangalore District.

Question 29.
Which district has Highest Sex Ratio in Karnataka? ‘
Answer:
Udupi District (1094).

Question 30.
Which district has Lowest Sex Ratio in Karnataka?
Answer:
Bangalore District (916).

Question 31.
What is the density of Karnataka according to 2011 census?
Answer:
319.

Question 32.
Which district in Karnataka registers Highest density?
Answer:
Bangalore District (2985).

Question 33.
Which district in Karnataka registers Lowest density?
Answer:
Kodagu District (134).

Question 34.
Which district has recorded highest SC population in Karnataka?
Answer:
Kolar District.

Question 35.
Which district has recorded highest ST population in Karnataka?
Answer:
Raichur District.

Question 36.
Which district in Karnataka has retained highest literacy rate?
Answer:
Dhakshina Kannada (88.57).

Question 37.
Which district in Karnataka has retained lowest literacy rate?
Answer:
Yadagiri(51.83).

Question 38.
What is the total literacy rate of Karnataka in 2011?
Answer:
75.39%.

Question 39.
What is Sex Ratio?
Answer:
Number of females for 100 male population.

Question 40.
State a Reason for Imbalance in Sex Ratio.
Answer:
Sex selective abortion.

Question 41.
Which year is considered as demographic divide?
Answer:
1921.

Question 42.
How many languages were recognized by Indian constitution as official languages?
Answer:
22.

Question 43.
Mention any one Indo-Aryan language
Answer:
Hindu.

Question 44.
Mention any one Dravidian Language.
Answer:
Kannada

Question 45.
Mention any one Austric Language
Answer:
Mundari.

Question 46.
In which year Government of India declared Kannada as one of the classical language?
Answer:
2008.

Question 47.
Which is the oldest water dispute in the world?
Answer:
Cauvery water dispute.

2nd PUC Sociology Making of Indian Society and Demography Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define Demography.
Answer:
Demography studies the trends and processes associated with population including – changes in population size; patterns of births, deaths, and migration; and the structure and composition of the population, such as the relative proportions of women, men and different age groups.

Question 2.
Give two major characteristics of Indian Demographic profile.
Answer:

Size and Growth of Population.
The declining sex ratio.

Question 3.
Mention any two factors responsible for decline of child sex ratio.
Answer:
Sex selective Abortions, Neglect of Girls in an Infancy.

Question 4.
Mention any two racial groups of India.
Answer:
Negritos and Mongoloids

Question 5.
Name two difficulties to the process of Aryanzation.
Answer:

Tribal groups refused to be absorbed.
Special problem posed by strong ethnic groups.

Question 6.
What does DEMARU stands for?
Answer:
Data from 2001 census to coin another acronym – DEMARU – where D stands for daughter and MARU stands for killing. In English “E” will denote elimination. Punjab, Hariyana, Himachal Pradesh & Gujarath, Maharashtra as DEMARU states, where the sharp decline in the Juvenile sex ratio.

Question 7.
Define national Integration.
Answer:
National integration refers to national unity and a sense of belonging to the nation.

Question 8.
What is Regionalism?
Answer: Regionalism refers to an extreme loyalty or love to a particular region which may undermine the interest of the nation.

Question 9.
What is communalism?
Answer:
Communalism is the antagonism practiced by the members of one community against the people of community and religion.

Question 10.
What is Iinguism?
Answer:
Linguism implies one-sided love and admiration towards one’s language and a prejudice and hatred towards others’ languages.

Question 11.
Give two measures to strengthen national integration.
Answer:

Reorganization of syllabus
conductiong community programmes.

Question 12.
State any two dravidian language.
Answer:
Tamil and Kannada.

Question 13.
State any two Indo – Aryan languages.
Answer:
Sanskrit and Hindu.

Question 14.
State any two Austric languages.
Answer:
Mundari and Santhali.

Question 15.
State any two Tibeto – Burman languages.
Answer:
Bodo and Ladaki.

Question 16.
Mention any two classical languages of India.
Answer:
Sanskrit and Tamil.

Question 17.
Mention any two threats to national Integration.
Answer:
Communalism and Regionalism.

Question 18.
State any two forms of regionalism.
Answer:

Demond for a separate Nation from India.
Demond for a separate State within India

Question 19.
Why India is regarded as museum of languages?
Answer:
India is a land of many languages and it has been called as a ‘museum of languages’.

Question 20.
What is demographic Dividend?
Answer:
Demographic dividend refers to demographic or population advantage which is obtained due to numerical domination of the young people in the population. It is an advantage due to less dependency ratio.

Question 21.
What is dependency ratio?
Answer:
Dependency ratio means children less than 14 years and people above 65 years are considered as to be dependent on the rest of the population. In simple terms the ratio of the combined age group 0-14 years plus 65 years & above to the 15-65 years age group is referred to as the total dependency ratio.

2nd PUC Sociology Making of Indian Society and Demography Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Explain the racial groups classified by B.S. Guha.
Answer:
B.S. Guha who identified six major racial elements in the population of India:

Negrito
Proto-Australoid
Mongoloid
Mediterranean
Western Brachycephals .
Nordic

In the south, the Kadar, the Irula, and the Paniyan, and in the Andaman Islands, the Onge and Jarwas of the Andamanese have definite Negrito characteristics. Some traits of this group are found among the Angami Naga and the Bagadi of the Rajmahal hills. On the western coast there are some groups with pronounced Negrito traits, but they perhaps represent later arrivals, who came to India with the Arab traders.

The Proto-Australoid group is numerically more significant; most of the tribes of middle India belong to it. These were the people described by the Indo-Aryans as Anas, Dasa, Dasyu, and Nishad – all derogatory terms. The Mongoloid group is sub-divided into two branches – Paleo- Mongoloid and Tibeto-Mongoloid. Tribal groups in the Himalayan region and those in the north-east are of Mongoloid stock. Some Mongoloid features are seen in the non-tribal population of the eastern States – Assam, West Bengal, Manipur, and Tripura.

The Western Brachycephals (sub-divided into the Alpinoid, Dinaric, and Armenoid groups), Alpinoid and Dinaric characteristics are seen in some groups of northern and western India; the Parsis belong to the Armenoid section. The Mediterraneans are associated with the Dravidian languages and cultures. The Nordics were the last major ethnic element to arrive in India and make a profound impact on its culture and society. But before they came a unique civilization had slowly developed in India. It is known as the Indus Valley Civilization.

Question 2.
Write note on the processes of Aryanization.
Answer:
They were essentially a pastoral people with a flair for poetry, philosophical speculation, and elaborate rituals. They regarded themselves as superior and tended to look down upon the earlier inhabitants of the land, for whom they coined several derogatory terms. They were required to marry within their own group, i.e., practise endogamy, and had some elementary notions of ritual purity and pollution which governed their physical contacts and commensal – inter-dining – relations with others. This led to the origin of the Vamas and also of Jati (caste). Commensality and sexual relations within different tribal groups and earlier ethnic groups were governed by customary norms and taboos, and the advent of the Indo-Aryans brought in refinements and complexities in them.

The Indo-Aryans were divided into three groups – the Rajanya (warriors and the aristocracy), the Brahmana (priests), and the Vaishya (cultivators). These were Dvija (twice-born) groups

born first at physical birth and a second time when initiated into Varna status. The Shudras were the fourth Vama; they were from outside the Indo-Aryan group and were perhaps the progeny of unions between the Indo-Aryan and the Dasa (the pre-Aryan .inhabitants of the land). They emerged as cultivators, but were denied twice – bom status. Outside the four-fold vertical Vama structure, there was a fifth group – Avarna or the Pancham – whose ethnic status was so low and their occupations so degraded and polluting that any physical contact with them was prohibited for the twice-born and the Shudra.

The process of Aryanization of the sub-continental traditions was neither smooth nor complete. Its earlier phase was characterized by considerable cultural conflict and warfare. Much Accommodation and Compromise were also taking place.

This necessitated greater harmony with the older inhabitants; in any case, some kind of synthesis between them was already taking place. As a result the non-Aryans adopted some elements of Indo-Aryan ritual and their philosophy of social organization, while retaining their own ethnic and regional identities. Pluralism was being stabilized and a cultural mosaic being formed.

Question 3.
Explain the nature of diversities in India.
Answer:
The term Diversity denoting collective differences so as to find out dissimilarities among the people: geographical, religious, linguistic etc. Thus all these differences presuppose collective differences or prevalence of variety of groups and culture. Indian society is characterized by unity as well as diversity.
The Nature of Diversities in India
Primarily there are major four types of diversities in India, which are;

Regional Diversities
Linguistic Diversities
Religious Diversities
Cultural and Ethnic Diversities

(1) Regional Diversities: It is evident that there are extreme regional diversities in its geographic features. Indian territory contains huge mountains, thick forests, numerous rivers and etc. It is only in India that there are different regions, different types of climates and the temperatures. India is a vast country. From the Himalayas in the North to Indian Ocean in the south. There are difference in altitude, temperature, Flora and Fauna. India has every conceivable type of climate, temperature and physical configuration. There is the scorching heat of Rajastan and the biting cold of the Himalayas, Rainfall varies from 1200 to 7.5 cms per year. The result is that India has some of the wettest and driest areas in the world. India also possesses arid desserts and fertile riverine lands, bare and hilly tracts and luxuriant open plain.

spoken in the country. According to Grierson’s Linguistic Survey of India, these languages belong to five linguistic families, namely; Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Austric languages, Tibeto – Burman languages and European languages.

The Indo-Aryan languages including in the Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marati, Gujarathi, Oriya, Panjabi, Bihari, Rajasthani, Assami, Sindhi and Kashmiri languages spoken by 3/4th of Indian population.
The Dravidian languages include Tamil, Kannada, Telugu and Malayalam.
The Austric languages include Mundari, Santhali, Maithili, Dogri and etc.
Tibeto – Burman languages: Tribal languages and dialects of North and North-East India belong to this category. For example Manipuri, Bodo, Ladiki, Khaki, etc.
The European languages include English, Portuguese and French. These last two languages are spoken mostly people in Goa and Pondicherry.

This makes language planning and promotion difficult. But the mother tongue does evoke strong sentiments and reactions. As a consequence of this multiplicity, there is considerable bilingualism and administration has to use more than one language. Linguistic diversity has posed administrative and political challenges.

(3) Religious Diversities: There are eight major religious communities in India. Hindus constitute 82.7%, Muslims 11.8%, Christians 2.6%, Sikhs 2%, Buddhists 0.7%, Jains 0. 4%, Zoroastrians 0.3%, and Jews 0.1 %. Each major religion is subdivided along the lines of religious documents, sects, and cults. The Hindus are now broadly divided into Shaivite (worshippers of Shiva), Vaishnavaite (worshippers of Vishnu and his incarnations), Shakta (worshippers of the Mother Goddess in various manifestations. Even among them there are sub – divisions based on doctrinal and ritual differences.

Buddhism was spread widely in India once, it lost its hold in the country of its birth and remained confined only to a few pockets. Jainism too, once held wide sway in India, and though its followers are now numerically small, they are found in both the northern and southern States. They have two main divisions: Digamber-unclothed, and Shwetamber. The Indian Muslims are divided broadly into the Sunni and Shia communities.

Indian Christians are divided into Roman Catholics and Protestants and into many denominational churches. Sikhism is synthesizing religion that emphasizes egalitarianism. Grantha Sahib is the holy book and Amritsar Golden Temple is one of their holy piligrimage. The Parsis are a small community, but they have played an important role in India’s industrial development. The Jewish has been established in India for over a millennium. They also had White and Black divisions and prohibition on inter-marriage and inter-dining, but they all worshipped in the same synagogues. The Jati-like restrictions are much less in Bombay and Cochin, to where many Jews have migrated.

(4) Cultural and Ethnic Diversities: Another important source of diversity is the cultural diversity. The people differ considerably in their social habits. Cultural difference varies from state to state. The conflicting and varying shades of blood, strains, culture, and modes of life, the character, conduct, beliefs, morals, food, dress, manners, social norms, Socio-Religious customs, rituals and etc. causes cultural and ethnic diversities in the country. Dr. R.K. Mukherji rightly said that “India is a museum of cults and customs, creeds and culture, faiths and tongues, racial types and social systems”. Another important source of diversity is the cultural identity of particular communities and region.

Question 4.
Explain the unity in India.
Answer:
In India aspects of Diversity is as follows as :

(1) Regional Unity: The Natural boundaries provide India a. geographical unity. In ancient times India was known as Bharatavarsha, Bharathakanda, Jambudweepa. This symbolizes the significance of historical unity. The very name “Bharatavarsha” has occupied an important place in the minds of poets, political philosophers, and religious thinkers. Each of them has conceived of the country as a single expanse from the Himalayas to Kanyakumari, a country ruled by one king Bharatha. The concept of Mother India also indicates the realization of geographical unity.

(2) Linguistic Unity: Despite the presence of number of languages, India also possesses lingual unity. Sanskrit as a common base of Indian languages provides the basis of unity as a result of which the linguistic multiplicity has been solved. Simultaneously Sanskrit became the language of Hindu culture and all classics were composed in this language, which demanded reverence and respect. People may speak different languages in different regions but they have common language of Engl ish and Hindi to communicate with each other. The formation of linguistic states and using regional languages as medium of teaching at schools, colleges and universities are the products of Independence.

In 2004 the govt, of India declared that languages that met certain requirements could be accorded the status of a classical language in India. Tamil (2004), Sanskrit (2005), Kannada (2008), Telugu (2008), Malayalam (2013) and Oriya (2014) are declared as classical languages of India. Thus it is an effort to restore linguistic heritage of India.

(3) Religious Unity: In spite of the religious diversities, it possesses religious unity. The feelings of each religious groups are the same, each accepts the truth of immortality of > soul, temporary nature of world, belief in rebirth, the doctrine of karma, Salvation, Contemplation etc., There may be differences in the way these elements are treated but each religion preaches a fundamentally single religious faith and shares a belief in purity ; and values of life in respect of belief in unseen power, benevolence, piety, honesty and liberality, with every religious faith. The worshippers may visit different centres of pilgrimage, but all have a common goal of “Earning religious merit by visiting a sacred place”. India is the sacred land not only for the Hindus but also for Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists. The Muslims and Christians too have several sacred centres of pilgrimage in India.

(4) Cultural Unity: In art and architecture, dress and food, literature, music and dance, sports and cinema, medicine and technology there was a fusion of style and the emergence

of new forms which were the result of their combined efforts. Thus it became apparently clear from the above account that running through various diversities. India has been helped both by nature and nurture, by her geographical condition and historical experiences, by her religious ethics, and political ideas. To realize a unity to perceive, preserve and strengthen the thread of basic unity which makes India a fine example of unity in diversity, transcending birth, caste, language, ethnicity and religious groupings to establish a big society and a big nation.
Modem education, the development of a network of transport and communications, industrialization and urbanization provided new bases for unity.

Question 5.
Discuss briefly the challenges to National Integration.
Answer:
There are many challenges to national integration. They are as follows:

Regionalism
Communalism
Linguism
Extremism and Terrorism

(1) Regionalism: Regionalism is expressed in the desire of people of one region to promote their own regional interest at the expense of the interests of other regions. It has often led to separatism and instigated separatist activities and violent movements. It has also gained tremendous momentum during the recent years because it is exploited by the selfish politicians Thus, regionalism has challenged the primacy of the nationalistic interests and undermines national unity. Regionalism assumed mainly four forms.

(2) Communalism: Communalism is the antagonism practiced by the members of one community against the people of community and religion. Bipin Chandra holds that communalism is the product of a particular society-, economy and polity, which creates problems. Asghar Ali Engineer, Moin Shakir and Abdul Ahmed try to explain communalism as an ideological tool for propagation of economic and political interests. According to them, it is an instrument in the hands of the upper class to concentrate power by dividing people. The elites strive to maintain a status quo against transformation by dividing people on communal and religious lines.

(3) Linguism: Linguism implies one-sided love and admiration towards one’s language and a prejudice and hatred towards others’ languages. India is a land of many languages and it has been called as a ‘museum of languages’. Diversity of languages has also led to linguism. It has often been manifested into violent movements posing threat to national integration. Linguistic tensions are prevailing in the border areas which are bilingual.

(4) Extremism and Terrorism: Extremism and terrorism have emerged during the recent years as the most formidable challenges to national integration. Extremism refers to the readiness on the part of an individual or group to go to any extreme even to resort to undemocratic, violent and harmful means to fulfill one’s objectives. In the past India has been facing the problems of terrorism since independence. India has faced this problem in Nagaland (1951), Mizoram (1966), Manipur (1976), Tripura (1980) and West Bengal in (1986).

Terrorism in India is essentially the creation of politics. According to According to Prof. Rama Ahuja there are four types of terrorism India, (1) Khalistan oriented terrorism in Puniab (2) Militants terrorism in Kashmir. (3) Naxalite terrorism in west Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh Telangana, Maharastra, Uttarapradesh Jharkhand, chattisghad out of 318 district 77 districts are highly Naxal poore districts causing lot of bloodshed in these areas. (4) ULFA terrorism in Assam.

The Khalistan oriented Sikh terrorism was based on a dream of theocratic state, Kashmir militants are based on their separate identity. The Naxalite terrorism is based on class enmity. Terrorism in North Eastern India is based on the identity crisis and the grievance situation. In addition to these factors, corruption, poverty, unemployment/youth unrest, widening gap between rich and poor, which are also the major challenges for national integration.

Question 6.
Briefly explain the Dr. Sampurnananda committee recommendations to strengthen National Integration.
Answer:
The Central Education Ministry organized a ‘Committee for National Integration’ in 1961 under the Chairmanship of Dr. Sampurnanand. The Integration Committee gave some recommendations to promote and strengthen national integration. Some of them are stated below:

Re-organization of the syllabi at various levels – primary, secondary, college and university level- to promote national integration.
Giving due encouragement to extra-curricular activities besides imparting formal knowledge to the students with the intention of promoting national unity.
Improvement of textbooks helps a great deal in giving a true national perspective to the students. They can be made to understand their rich cultural heritage and feel proud of their nation.
Conducting community programmes such as mass prayers, mass meetings, speeches by respected leaders, etc., to help to bring the people together.

Apart from the governmental efforts to achieve the goal of national unity various stakeholders such as educational institutions, religious/cultural associations and mass media should involve in chalking out action-based programmes to enhance awareness/dissemination of traditional values among the masses and increase cultural exchange banking on the richness of our cultural heritage and diversity. Special steps should be taken by various interest groups to speed up development of economically and socially backward groups who are the easy victims of violent activities.

Question 7.
Write a note on BIMARU v/s DEMARU.
Answer:
The results of the 2001 census fully validate the diagnosis of India’s population problem in terms of the dominance of BIMARU States (Bihar, MP, Rajastan, UP) accounted for 39% of India’s population, 42% of growth and 48% of the total Illiterate population and the adverse role of these BIMARU states. To take note of the alarming data from 2001 census to coin another acronym – DEMARU – where D stands for daughter and MARU stands for killing. In English “E” will denote elimination. Punjab, Hariyana, Himachal pradesh & Gujarath, Maharashtra as DEMARU states, where the sharp decline in the Juvenile sex ratio.

These states are in the perverse practice of Foeticide. The unholy alliance between Tradition (Son complex) and Technology (Ultra sound etc.) is playing havoc with Indian society pre-birth sex determination tests & sex selective abortion are rampant in these states. During the last decade in Punjab, the sex ratio (0-6 age group) declined from 875 to 793. In Hariyana the sex ratio (0-6 age group) decreased from 879 to 820.

In Maharashtra every single district showed a decline in the Juvenile sex ratio between 1991-2001. In Himachal pradesh from 951 to 845. In Gujarath from 928 to 878. In Chandigarh from 899 to 845 and in Delhi from 915 to 865. Even though an increase in the sex ratio for the total population was 927 in 1991 to 933 to 2001. In contrast the sex ratio of child population (0-6 age group) which was 945 in 1991 decreased to 927 in 2001. In short the girl child (below 6 years) has lost out badly.

The state-level child sex ratios offer even greater cause for worry. As many as six states and union territories have a child sex ratio of under 900 females per 1000 males. Punjab is the worst off with an incredibly low child sex ratio of 793 (the only state below 800), followed by Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi, Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh. Uttaranchal, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra are all under 925, while Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Jammu and Kashmir, Bihar, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Orissa are above the national average of 927 but below the 950 mark. Even Kerala, the state with the best overall sex ratio does not do too well at 963, while the highest child sex ratio of986 is found in Sikkim.

Question 8.
What is Demographic Dividend? How it can be utilized?
Answer:
Demographic dividend refers to demographic or population advantage which is obtained due to numerical domination of the young people in the population. It is an advantage due to less dependency ratio. Dependency ratio means children less than 14 years and people above 65 years are considered as to be dependent on the rest of the population. In simple terms the ratio of the combined age group 0-14 years plus 65 years & above to the 15-65 years age group is referred to as the total dependency ratio.

The younger age groups in the age structure is believed to be an advantage for India. Like the East Asian economies in the past decade and countries like Ireland today, India is supposed to be benefitting from a ‘demographic dividend’. This dividend arises from the fact that the current generation of working-age people is a relatively large one, and it has only a relatively small preceding generation of old people to support. But there is nothing automatic about this advantage – it needs to be consciously utilised in the following ways.

a. The demographic advantage or ‘dividend’ to be derived from the age structure of the population is due to the fact that India is one of the youngest countries in the world. In 2020, the average Indian will be only 29 years old, compared with an average age of 37 in China and the United States, 45 in Western Europe, and 48 in Japan. This implies a large and growing labour force, which can deliver unexpected benefits in terms of growth and prosperity.

b. But this potential can be converted into actual growth only if the rise in the working age group is accompanied by increasing levels of education and employment.

c. India is indeed facing a window of opportunity created by the demographic dividend. The effect of demographic trends on the dependency ratio defined in terms of age groups is quite visible. The total dependency ratio fell from 79 in 1970 to 64 in 2005. But the process is likely to extend well into this century with the age-based dependency ratio projected to fall to 48 in 2025 because of continued fall in the proportion of children and then rise to 50 by 2050 because of an increase in the proportion of the aged.

d. This suggests that the advantage offered by a young labour force is not being exploited. Unless a way forward is found, we may miss out on the potential benefits that the country’s changing age structure temporarily offers.
Discuss the Manifestation of Regionalism.

Regionalism assumed mainly four forms:

(i) The Demand for Separate Nation from the Indian Union: The first and most challenging form of Regionalism took was the demand of the people of certain state to succeed from the Indian union and became an independent sovereign states. The first such example was the Tamil community of the state of Madras. The campaign throughout Madras state for the separation of Madras from India and for making it an independent sovereign state of dravidastan. In a similar way Sikhs of Punjab demanded for a separate nation called Khalistan and liberation of Jammu and Kashmir form the Indian union, Insurgency and Secessionist movement in North-Eastern States (Assam, Nagaland, Tripura, Manipur, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram) etc. demand for separate nation.

(ii) Demand for a Separate Statehood: A new form of regionalism has manifested in recent years was the demand for separate statehood in several states of Indian Union, like; Vidarbha states (Maharastra), Telangana, (Andhra Pradesh), Bundelkhand (M.P. and U.P.), Vindhya, Bhojpur and etc. In early 1980s the Jharkhand movement grow much more miltant and the various groups demanding the formation of separate state of Jharkhand, as well in Darjaling, district of West Bengal for Gorkha Land.

(iii) Demand for Full Fledged Statehood: Yet another manifestation of regionalism in India is demand of union territories for full fledged statehood, e.g. Delhi.

(iv) Inter – State Disputes: The first such dispute took place between Karnataka and Maharashtra, Punjab and Haryana. In addition to the above the main disputes are over the sharing of river waters. Over the water of Narmada, Krishna, Kaveri, Bheema and etc. Kaveri water dispute is the oldest water dispute in the world, causing animosity between Karnataka and Tamilnadu frequently.

2nd PUC Sociology Making of Indian Society and Demography Ten Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define Demography and Explain the major characteristics of Demographic profile of India.
Answer:
Demography is the systematic study of population. The term Demography is derived from two Greek words i.e. demos (people) and graphein (describe), implying the description of people. The term Demography was coined by Achille Guillard in 1855. Demography studies the trends and processes associated with population including – changes in population size; patterns of births, deaths, and migration; and the structure and composition of the population, such as the relative proportions of women, men and different age groups.

There are different varieties of demography, including Formal demography which is a largely quantitative field, and Social demography which focuses on the social, economic or political aspects of population. All demographic studies are based on processes of counting or enumeration – such as the census or the survey – which involve the systematic collection of data on the people residing within a specified territory.

The American census of 1790 was probably the first modern census, and the practice was soon taken up in Europe as well in the early 1800s. In India, census was conducted by the British Indian government between 1867-72, and regular ten yearly (decennial) censuses have been conducted since 1881. Independent India continued the practice, and seven decennial censuses have been conducted since 1951, the most recent being in 2011. Demographic data are important for the planning and implementation of state policies, especially those for economic development and general public welfare.

The Major Characteristics of the Demographic Profile of India:

Size and Growth of India’s Population
Age Structure of the Indian Population
Sex-Ratio in India
Birth Rate and Death Rate
Increasing Literacy Rate of Indian Population
Increasing Rural-Urban Differences

(1) Size and Growth of India’s Population: India is the second most populous country in the world after China. According to 2011 census India’s population is 121 crores (1.21 billion). Between 1901-1951 the average annual growth rate did not exceed 1.33%, a modest rate of growth. In fact between 1911 and 1921 there was a negative rate of growth of-0.03%. This was because of the influenza epidemic during 1918-19 : 5%of the total population of the country. The growth rate of population substantially increased after independence from British rule going up to 2.2% during 1961-1981. Since then although the annual growth rate has decreased it remains one of the highest in the developing world.

(2) Age Structure of the Indian Population: India has a very young population – that is, the majority of Indians tend to be young, compare to most other countries, the share of the less than 15 age group in the total population has come down from its highest level of 42% in 1971 to 29% in 2011. The share of the 15-60 age group has increased slightly from 53% to 63%, while the share of the 60+ age group is very small but it has begun to increase (from 5% to 8%) over the same period. But the age composition of the Indian population is expected to change significantly in the next two decades. 0-14 age group will reduce its share by about 11% (from 34% in 2001 to 23% in 2026) while the 60 plus age group will increase its share by about 5% (from 8% in 2001 to about 12% in 2026).

(3) The Declining Sex-Ratio in India: The sex ratio is an important indicator of gender balance in the population. The sex ratio is defined as the number of females per 1000 males. The trends of the last four decades have been particularly worrying – from 941 in 1961 the sex ratio had fallen to an all time low of 927 in 1991 before posting a modest increase in 2001.

According to the Census of India 2011 sex ratio has been increased and now it is 940 females per 1000 males. But what has really alarmed demographers, policy makers, social activists and concerned citizens is the drastic fall in the child sex ratio. The sex ratio for the 0 – 6 years age group (known as the juvenile or child sex ratio) has generally been substantially higher than the overall sex ratio for all age groups, but it has been falling very sharply. In fact the decade 1991-2001 represents an anomaly in that the overall sex ratio has posted its highest ever increase of 6 points from the all time low of 927 to 933, but the child sex ratio in 2011 census has dropped from 927 to 914, a plunge of 13 points taking it below the overall sex ratio for the first time.

(4) Increasing Literacy Rate of Indian Population:. Literacy varies considerably across gender, regions, and social groups. As can be seen from Table No. 4, the literacy rate for women is almost 22% less than the literacy rate for men. However, female literacy has been rising faster than male literacy, partly because it started from relatively low levels. Female literacy rose by about 11.2 percent between 2001 and 2011 compared to the rise in male literacy of 6.2 percent in the same period.

Female literacy was 8.9% in 1951 has increased to 65.4 in 2011 male literacy in the same period wan 27.2% has increased to 82.17. In 1951 total literacy rates 18.3% has increased . to 74.04 in 2011.

Question 2.
Explain the development of Christianity and Islam in India.
Answer:
To understand the texture of Indian society we have also to take note of the long presence of Christianity and Islam in the country. Both were influenced by the prevailing ethos and both made some impact on society. Christianity and Islam acquired some special characteristics in the Indian setting. St. Thomas and St. Bartholomew (A.D. 50) are believed to have brought Christianity to India in A.D. 50. When the Portuguese arrived in India, Christianity was found to have spread over seventeen kingdoms of Kerala. It is believed that Kalyan, near Bombay, emerged as a major centre of Christianity. Apart from St. Bartholomew, a specially invited Stoic philosopher – Pantaenus – was preaching at Kalyan.

The early Christians, however, were held in high esteem by the Hindus. Things began to change with the arrival and establishment of the Portuguese in India. When St. Francis Xavier landed in Goa in 1542, it had become a Christian settlement with fourteen churches and over a hundred clergymen. The Italian Jesuit, Roberto de Nobili, who landed in Goa in 1605 and died in Mylapore (Madras) in 1656, communicated with the people in Tamil and other regional dialects. His discussions with the Brahmans were in Sanskrit. De Nobili was keen to get convinced converts from the top of Hindu society to facilitate the rapid spread of Christianity. He avoided contact with Christians of lower caste origins, including their priests. By the end of the seventeenth century De Nobili and his associates had made many converts.

The later development of Christianity in India is better known because of the association of the Church with foreign powers – The Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French. Considerable evangelical and humanitarian work was done by Christian missionaries of diverse nationalities and denominations. Besides Kerala and Tamil Nadu, there are pockets of Christianity in most States of the Indian Union. At least three of the tribal north-eastern States have substantial Christian majorities. Christians have a sizeable presence among the tribals of Chotanagpur too.

Islam first came to India by peaceful methods, often with the encouragement of Hindu rulers. On the western coast, the Balhara dynasty in the north and the Zamorin of the Malabar coast welcomed Muslim traders and encouraged them to settle in places like Anhilwara, Calicut, and Quilon. They could freely build mosques and practice their religion. Arab and Persian immigrants settled down along the coast and married non – Muslim women. This is how the Nawait (Natia) community of Konkan and the Mappilla (Moplah) community of the Malabar coast emerged. The Labbais, on the east coast of Tamil Nadu, are said to have originated from the union of Tamil women with Arabs who were either shipwrecked or exiled from Iraq.

In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries several missionaries were active in the Punjab, Kashmir, the Deccan, and eastern and western India. What needs to be emphasized is that these missionaries transmitted the message of Islam through love and without the support of the armed might of the State. The sword doubtless won converts but it also evoked hostility; the saints used persuasion and they still have a grateful and devoted following even among non-Muslims.

The socio-political conditions in India had changed by the time Ghazni invaded the country. Infighting between rival kingdoms had weakened Indian resistance. The Muslim rulers were in India not only for the spread of Islam, but had other interests also. Some of them took upon themselves the mission of Islamizing society more seriously than others; discriminatory practices such as the imposition of jizyah (poll tax), in addition to kharaj (tax on land and property), were pursued more vigorously by some rulers, while others were relaxed about them.

Despite long years of Muslim rule the overwhelming majority of the people remained Hindu. The army, state administration, and trade and commerce all depended on the direct and indirect support of the Hindus. Thus, in respect of the hated jizyah we find that it was levied sometimes and then abolished, only to be re-levied by another zealot. In fact, Islam was being Indianized; in the process, it acquired some distinctive characteristics in India. In the realms of art and architecture, philosophy and religion, medicine and other secular knowledge, there was considerable interchange. A composite culture was gradually evolving.

It may be added that Hindu rule was never completely wiped out from India. During the Delhi Sultanate, the Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar was an impressive power in south. During Mughal times warriors like Rana Pratap refused to surrender; others worked out adjustments which left them considerable internal autonomy.

In Muslim society itself there was internal differentiation. For example, the difference between the Ashraf (those claiming descent from groups of foreign extraction) and Ajlaf (Converts from the lower Hindu castes) had a lower social position, many of the lower groups converted to Islam continued to occupy more or less their old position in society. Some Hindus occupied higher position in the royal courts and were even Generals in the army. The Hindu and Muslim aristocracy was closer. The poorer Muslims could only have the psychological satisfaction of belonging to the religion of the ruling class. But economically and socially they remained backward and exploited. The Muslim rulers of India understood the value of communal amity and realized the importance of inter community tolerance and understanding.

Question 3.
Define diversity and explain types of diversity in India.
Answer:
The term Diversity denoting collective differences so as to find out dissimilarities among the people: geographical, religious, linguistic etc. Thus all these differences presuppose collective differences or prevalence of variety of groups and culture. Indian society is characterized by unity as well as diversity.
The Nature of Diversities in India
Primarily there are major four types of diversities in India, which are;

Regional Diversities
Linguistic Diversities
Religious Diversities
Cultural and Ethnic Diversities

(2) Linguistic Diversities: Language is another source of diversity. It contributes to collective identities and even to conflicts. The Indian Constitution has recognized 22 languages in the 8th schedule for its official purposes but as many as 1652 languages and dialects are spoken in the country. According to Grierson’s Linguistic Survey of India, these languages belong to five linguistic families, namely; Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Austric languages, Tibeto – Burman languages and European languages.

The Indo-Aiyan languages including in the Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marati, Gujarathi, Oriya, Panjabi, Bihari, Rajasthani, Assami, Sindhi and Kashmiri languages spoken by 3/4th of Indian population.
The Dravidian languages include Tamil, Kannada, Telugu and Malayalam.
The Austric languages include Mundari, Santhali, Maithili, Dogri and etc.
Tibeto – Burman languages: Tribal languages and dialects of North and North-East India belong to this category. For example Manipuri, Bodo, Ladiki, Khuki, etc.
The European languages include English, Portuguese and French. These last two languages are spoken mostly people in Goa and Pondicherry.

(3) Religious Diversities: There are eight major religious communities in India. Hindus constitute 82.7%, Muslims 11.8%, Christians 2.6%, Sikhs 2%,-Buddhists 0.7%, Jains 0. 4%, Zoroastrians 0.3%, and Jews 0.1%. Each major religion is sub – divided along the lines of religious documents, sects, and cults. The Hindus are now broadly divided into Shaivite (worshippers of Shiva), Vaishnavaite (worshippers of Vishnu and his incarnations), Shakta (worshippers of the Mother Goddess in various manifestations. Even among them there are sub – divisions based on doctrinal and ritual differences.

Buddhism was spread widely in India once, it lost its hold in the country of its birth and remained confined only to a few pockets. Jainism too, once held wide sway in India, and though its followers are now numerically small, they are found in both the northern and southern States. They have two main divisions: Digamber- unclothed, and Shwetamber. The Indian Muslims are divided broadly n o the Sunni and Shia communities.
Indian Christians are divided into Roman a’.holics and Protestants and into many denominational churches.

Sikhism is synthesizing religion that emphasizes egalitarianism. Grantha Sahib is the holy book and Amritsar Golden Temple is one of their holy piligrimage. The Parsis are a small community, but they have played an important role in India’s industrial development. The Jewish has been established in India for over a millennium. They also had White and Black divisions and prohibition on inter-marriage and inter-dining, but they all worshipped in the same synagogues. The Jati-like restrictions are much less in Bombay and Cochin, to where many Jews have migrated.

(4) Cultural and Ethnic Diversities: Another important source of diversity is the cultural diversity. The people differ considerably in their social habits. Cultural difference varies from state to state. The conflicting and varying shades of blood, strains, culture and modes of life, the character, conduct, beliefs, morals, food, dress, manners, social norms, Socio-Religious customs, rituals and etc. causes cultural and ethnic diversities in the country. Dr. R.K. Mukherji rightly said that “India is a museum of cults and customs, creeds and culture, faiths and tongues, racial types and social systems”. Another important source of diversity is the cultural identity of particular communities and region.

Question 4.
Define Unity and explain the factors of unity in India.
Answer:
Unity implies one-ness ora sense ofwe-ness. Meaning of integration wherein hitherto divisive people and culture are synthesized into a united whole, along with higher levels of co operation, mutual understanding, shared values, common identity and national consciousness. It lightly holds together the various relationships of ethnic groups or institutions in a neatly combined through the bonds of planned structure, norms and values.

In India aspects of Diversity & Unity co-exist, which follows as :

(2) Linguistic Unity: Despite the presence of number of languages, India also possesses lingual unity. Sanskrit as a common base of Indian languages provides the basis of unity as a result of which the linguistic multiplicity has been solved. Simultaneously Sanskrit became the language of Hindu culture and all classics were composed in this language, which demanded reverence and respect. People may speak different languages in different regions but they have common language of English and Hindi to communicate with each other. The formation of linguistic states and using regional languages as medium of teaching at schools, colleges and universities are the products of Independence.

The worshippers may visit different centres of pilgrimage, but all have a common goal of “Earning religious merit by visiting a sacred place”. India is the sacred land not only for the Hindus but also for Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists. The Muslims and Christians too have several sacred centres of pilgrimage in India.

(4) Cultural Unity: In art and architecture, dress and food, literature, music and dance, sports and cinema, medicine and technology there was a fusion of style and the emergence of new forms which were the result of their combined efforts. Thus it became apparently clear from the above account that running through various diversities. India has been helped both by nature and nurture, by her geographical condition and historical experiences, by her religious ethics, and political ideas. To realize a unity to perceive, preserve and strengthen the thread of basic unity which makes India a fine example of unity in diversity, transcending birth, caste, language, ethnicity and religious groupings to establish a big society and a big nation.

Modern education, the development of a network of transport and communications, industrialization and urbanization provided new bases for unity.

Question 5.
Define National Integration and explain challenges to National Integration.
Answer:
National integration refers to national unity and a sense of belonging to the nation. It is an essential aspect in the making of a nation. Promotion of national integration is regarded as a part and parcel of the policy of any country. Many scholars have defined national integration in different ways. Among these Benjamin’s definition on national integration is quoted here According to Benjamin “National integration refers to the assimilation of the entire people of a country to a common identity”.

In simple words, National Integration refers to the process wherein a feeling of togetherness, a sense of national unity and above all, a sense of national belongingness is developed among people. It is in this context, the concept of ‘national integration’ has assumed importance. There are many challenges to national integration.

They are as follows:

Regionalism
Communalism
Linguism
Extremism and Terrorism

(1) Regionalism: Regionalism is expressed in the desire of people of one region to promote their own regional interest at the expense of the interests of other regions. It has often led to separatism and instigated separatist activities and violent movements. It has also gained tremendous momentum during the recent years because it is exploited by the selfish politiciAnswer: Thus, regionalism has challenged the primacy of the nationalistic interests and undermines national unity. Regionalism assumed mainly four forms.

(2) Communalism: Communalism is the antagonism practiced by the members of one community against the people of community and religion. Bipin Chandra holds that communalism is the product of a particular society, economy and polity, which creates problems. Asghar Ali Engineer, Moin Shakir and Abdul Ahmed try to explain communalism as an ideological tool for propagation of economic and political interests. According to them, it is an instrument in the hands of the upper class to concentrate power by dividing people. The elites strive to maintain a status quo against transformation by dividing people on communal and religious lines.

(4) Extremism and Terrorism: Extremism and terrorism have emerged during the recent years as the most formidable challenges to national integration. Extremism refers to the readiness on the part of an individual or group to go to any extreme even to resort to undemocratic, violent and harmful means to fulfil one’s objectives. In the past India has been facing the problems of terrorism since independence. India has faced this problem in Nagaland (1951), Mizoram (1966), Manipur (1976), Tripura (1980) and West Bengal in (1986).

Question 6.
Explain national population policy
Answer:
In 1977, ‘family planning’ was renamed as “family welfare”. The Government of India adopted the UNPF (United Nations Population Fund) guideline of delaying the -first child and spacing the subsequent birth(s);

The Primary health Centres are engaged in family planning programmes, perform two specific functions: providing services to the people and disseminating information about these services in an effective manner in order to motivate the people to accept family planning. The major objective of family planning is “To increase individual happiness and to enhance health of the society”.

National Population Policy 2000 [NPP-2000]: is the latest in the series. It reaffirms the commitment of the government towards administering family planning services. The object of NPP-2000 is to bring the total fertility rate (TFR) to replacement levels by 2010. It contains the goals and the target to be achieved by 2010.

They can be briefed here.

Reduce infant mortality rate.
Reduce maternal mortality ratio.
Achieve universal immunisation of chilcjren against all preventable diseases.
Achieve institutional deliveries by trained persons.
Achieve 100% registration of births, deaths, marriage and pregnancy.
Prevent and control communicable diseases.
Promote vigorously the small family norm to achieve TFR.
Contain the spread of AIDS (Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome).
Address the unmet needs for basic reproductive and child health services, supplies and infrastructure.
Make school education up to age 14 free and compulsory and reduce drop-outs at primary and secondary school levels.
Achieve universal access to information/counselling and services for fertility regulation and contraception. .
To take appropriate steps to make family welfare programme a people-centred programme.

Question 7.
Define Demography. Explain the characteristics of demographic profile of India.
Answer:
Demography is the systematic study of population. The term Demography is derived from two Greek words i.e. demos (people) and graphein (describe), implying the description of people. The term Demography was coined by Achille Guillard in 1855. Demography studies the trends and processes associated with population including – changes in population size; patterns of births, deaths, and migration; and the structure and composition of the population, such as the relative proportions of women, men and different age groups.

The American census of 1790 was probably the first modem census, and the practice was soon taken up in Europe as well in the early 1800s. In India, census was conducted by the British Indian government between 1867-72, and regular ten yearly (decennial) censuses have been conducted since 1881. Independent India continued the practice, and seven decennial censuses have been conducted since 1951, the most recent being in 201L Demographic data are important for the planning and implementation of state policies, especially those for economic development and general public welfare.

The Major Characteristics of the Demographic Profile of India:

Size and Growth of India’s Population
Age Structure of the Indian Population
Sex-Ratio in India
Birth Rate and Death Rate
Increasing Literacy Rate of Indian Population
Increasing Rural-Urban Differences

(1) Size and Growth of India’s Population: India is the second most populous country in the world after China. According to 2011 census India’s population is 121 crores (1.21 billion). Between 1901-1951 the average annual growth rate did not exceed 1.33%, a modest rate of growth. In fact between 1911 and 1921 there was a negative rate of growth of-0.03%. This was because of the influenza epidemic during 1918-19 : 5% of the total population of the country. The growth rate of population substantially increased after independence from British rule going up to 2.2% during 1961-1981. Since then although the annual growth rate has decreased it remains one of the highest in the developing world.

(4) Increasing Literacy Rate of Indian Population: Literacy varies considerably across gender, regions, and social groups. As can be seen from Table No. 4, the literacy rate for women is almost 22% less than the literacy rate for men. However, female literacy has been rising faster than male literacy, partly because it started from relatively low levels. Female literacy rose by about 11.2 percent between 2001 and 2011 compared to the rise in male literacy of 6.2 percent in the same period.

Female literacy was 8.9% in 1951 has increased to 65.4 in 2011 male literacy in the same period wan 27.2% has increased to 82.17. In 1951 total literacy rates 18.3% has increased to 74.04 in 2011.

(5) Increasing Rural-Urban Differences: According to 2011 Census, 68.8% population lives in rural areas while 31.2% people live in urban areas. The urban population has been increasing its share steadily, from about 17.3% in 1951 to 31.2 in 2011, an increase of about two-and-a-half times. The results of the 2001 census fully validate the diagnosis of India’s population problem in terms of the dominance of BIMARU States (Bihar, MP, Rajastan, UP) accounted for 39% of India’s population, 42% of growth and 48% of the total Illiterate population and the adverse role of these BIMARU states.

To take note of the alarming data from 2001 census to coin another acronym – DEMARU – where D stands for daughter and MARU stands for killing. In English “E” will denote elimination. Punjab, Hariyana, Himachal pradesh & Gujarath, Maharashtra as DEMARU states, where the sharp decline in the Juvenile sex ratio. These states are in the perverse practice of Foeticide. The unholy alliance between Tradition (Son complex) and Technology (Ultra sound etc.) is playing havoc with Indian society pre-birth sex determination tests & sex selective abortion are rampant in these states. During the last decade in Punjab, the sex ratio (0-6 age group) declined from 875 to 793.

In Hariyana the sex ratio (0-6 age group) decreased from 879 to 820. In Maharashtra every single district showed a decline in the Juvenile sex ratio between 1991-2001. In Himachal pradesh from 951 to 845. In Gujarath from 928 to 878. In Chandigarh from 899 to 845 and in Delhi from 915 to 865. Even though an increase in the sex ratio for the total population was 927 in 1991 to 933 to 2001. In contrast the sex ratio of child population (0¬6 age group) which was 945 in 1991 decreased to 927 in 2001. In short the girl child (below 6 years) has lost out badly.

Question 8.
Explain the Demographic profile of Karnataka.
Answer:
According to 2001 census, Karnataka with an area of 1,91,791 sq. km. has a population of 52,850,562 with 26,898,918 males and 25,951,644 females. According to 2011 Census, the Population of Karnataka has increased to 6,10,95,297 (Males – 3,09,66,657; Females – 3,01,28,640)withasexratioof973 females for every 1000 males. Karnataka with a population of 6,10,95,297, retains the ninth rank as in 2001, in pupulation among all the 28 States, and seven Union Territories (including the National Capital Territory of Delhi) and accounts for 5.05 per cent of Country’s pupulation of 1,21,05,69,573 in 2011.

1. Rural – Urban population in Karnataka: Among the districts within the State, Bengaluru District is the most pupulated District with 96,21,551 persons and accounts for 15.75 percent of the State’s total pupulation while Kodagu District with a pupulation share of 0.91 per cent is the least pupulated District.

In terms of percentage, 61.33 per cent are Rural residents and 38.67 per cent are Urban residents. In terms of urbanization, the State has witnessed an increase of 4.68 per cent in the proportion of Urban pupulation in the last decade. Among the districts, Bengaluru is the most urbanized District with 90.94 per cent of its pupulation residing in Urban areas followed by Dharwad District (56.82 per cent), Dakshina Kannada District (47.67 per cent), Mysuru District (41.50 per cent) and Ballari District (37.52 per cent). The least urbanized District in the State is Kodagu with 14.61 per cent, preceded by Koppal District (16.81 per cent), Mandya District (17.08 per cent), Chamarajanagar District (17.14 per cent) and Yadgiri District (18.79 per cent).

During the decade 2001-11, the State population witnessed a net addition of 82,44,735 persons to its 2001 population of 5,28,50,562. Among the districts, Bengaluru District, has witnessed the highest decennial growth rate of 47.18 per cent followed by Yadgir, the newly created District, with 22.81 per cent.

Chikkamagaluru District, a predominantly plantation area in the Malnad region, is the only District in the State which has registered a negative growth rate of -0.26 per cent. Kodagu District another plantation area in the Malnad region with a growth rate of 1.09 per cent ranks 29, just above Chikkamagaluru District.

2. Sex Rartio in Karnataka: The Sex Ratio in Karnataka has increased from 965 in 2001 to 973 in 2011. The Sex Ratio for Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe population is identical at 990 and is significantly higher than that of the State. Among the districts, the highest overall Sex Ratio of 1094 is recorded in Udupi District and the lowest of 916 is recorded in Bangalore District. Female population is higher than male population in Chikmagalur, Kodagu (1019), Hassan, (1012) Dakshina Kannada (1020) and Udupi (1094).

Inspite of favourable Sex Ratio, it has declined in Udupi (-36) and Dakshina Kannada (2).

3. Density in Karnataka: Density of Population: The number of persons’for every square Km.area is called the density of population. According to 2001 census Bengaluru Urban District has registered the highest density of 2,985 persons per sq. km and the lowest density per sq.km, was recorded in Kodagu (134) and Uttara Kannada (132) districts. The density of population of the state was 319 in 2011 as against 276 in 2001. The density of population of Bengaluru metropolitan city was 4,378 in 2011 as against to 2985 in 2001. Uttar Kannada (140) and Kodagu (135) have the lowest density of population in the State.

4. Seheduled caste population in Karnataka: The Scheduled Caste population in the State has increased from 85,63,930 in 2001 to 1,04,74,992, in 2011, registering a decennial growth rate of 22.32 per cent. The Scheduled Caste population constitutes 17.15 per cent of the total population of the State. The highest proportion of Scheduled Caste population is returned from Kolar District with 30.32 percent, followed by Chamarajanagar District with 25.42 per cent. The least proportion of Scheduled Caste population is recorded in the coastal district of Udupi (6.41 per cent) District.

5. Seheduled Tribe population in Karnataka: The Scheduled Tribe population in the state has increased from 34,63,986 in 2001 Census to 42,48,987 in 2011, registering a decennial growth rate of22.66 per cent. The proportion of the Scheduled Tribe population to total population of the State is 6.95 per cent. The highest proportion of Scheduled Tribe population is in Raichur District (19.03 per cent) and the least proportion is returned from Mandya District (1.24 per cent).

6. Literacy Rate in Karnataka: Literacy Rate of the State has increased from 66.64 per cent in 2001 to 75.36 per cent 2011. While the Male Literacy has increased from 76.10 per cent to 82.47 per cent, the Female Literacy rate has increased from 56.87 per cent to 68.08 per cent.

Among the districts, Dakshina Kannada District with overall Literacy rate of 88.57 per cent retains its top position, closely followed by Bengaluru District (87.67 per cent) and Udupi District (86.24 per cent). The lowest overall Literacy rate of 51.83 per cent is recorded in the newly created Yadgir District, preceded by Raichur District which has recorded 59.56 per cent.

1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 4 Constitution and Government

November 2, 2023

You can Download Chapter 4 Constitution and Government Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank with Answers Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Karnataka 1st PUC Political Science Question Bank Chapter 4 Constitution and Government

1st PUC Political Science Constitution and Government One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write the root word of constitution?
Answer:
The root of the term constitution is the latin word ‘Constituere’.

Question 2.
What is constitution?
Answer:
The rules and principles according to which the government of a country functions is called constitution.

Question 3.
What is constitutional government?
Answer:
According to K.C. Where “Constitution is collection of legal rules which govern the government of the countries and which have been embedded in a document”.

Question 4.
What is written constitution?
Answer:
A constitution which is written down in one or several documents is called written constitution.

Question 5.
What is unwritten constitution?
Answer:
A constitution which is not written down but has grown during various centuries is called unwritten constitution.

Question 6.
What is rigid constitution?
Answer:
A constitution which cannot be amended easily is called rigid constitution.

Question 7.
What is flexible constitution?
Answer:
A constitution which can be amended easily is called flexible constitution.

Question 8.
Give the best example for written constitution.
Answer:
America, India having written constitution.

Question 9.
Give the best example for un-written constitution.
Answer:
England having un-written constitution.

Question 10.
Give the best example for rigid constitution.
Answer:
America is having rigid constitution.

Question 11.
Give the best example for flexible constitutions.
Answer:
England is having flexible constitution.

Question 12.
What is democratic government?
Answer:
A government which can be ruled by the people is called a democratic government.

Question 13.
Give the meaning of direct democracy.
Answer:
A government where people are directly participating in the administration is called direct democracy.

Question 14.
Give an example of direct democracy.
Answer:
Ancient Greek city-states having direct democracy.

Question 15.
Give the meaning of indirect democracy.
Answer:
A government where the representatives are participating in the administration is called indirect democracy.

Question 16.
Give an example for indirect democracy.
Answer:
India is having indirect democracy.

Question 17.
What is dictatorial government?
Answer:
A government where only one person or group run the administration is called a dictatorial government.

Question 18.
Give an example for dictatorial government.
Answer:
Germany was an example for the dictatorial government.

Question 19.
What is ancient dictatorship?
Answer:
To meet the immediate crisis dictators came into existence is called ancient dictatorship.

Question 20.
Give an example for ancient dictatorship.
Answer:
Ancient Rome was a example of ancient dictatorship.

Question 21.
What is modern dictatorship?
Answer:
Once a dictator came to power is desiring to be in the power permanently is called modem dictatorship.

Question 22.
Give an example of modern dictatorship.
Answer:
Saddam Hussian of Iraq was an example for modern dictatorship.

Question 23.
What is the root word of democracy?
Answer:
The word democracy has been derived from the Greek words ‘Demos’ and ‘Kratia’.

Question 24.
Define parliamentary government.
Answer:
In parliamentary form of government executive is the part of legislature and responsible to the legislature.

Question 25.
Give an example for the parliamentary government.
Answer:
England is an example of parliamentary government.

Question 26.
What is presidential government?
Answer:
In this system, the chief executive is directly elected by the people. It is not the part of the legislature.

Question 27.
Give an example for the presidential government.
Answer:
America is an example for the presidential government.

Question 28.
What is the root word of the federation?
Answer:
The root word of federation is the Latin word ‘foedus’.

Question 29.
What is the federal government?
Answer:
A government where the powers have been distributed between union and state is called federal government.

Question 30.
Give an example for federal government.
Answer:
America is an example for federal government.

Question 31.
What is unitary government?
Answer:
A government where the powers are concentrated in union is called unitary government.

Question 32.
Give an example for unitary government.
Answer:
England is an example for unitary government.

Question 33.
Who used the word constitution for the first time?
Answer:
The word constitution was used by Henry II of England.

Question 34.
What is constitutional law?
Answer:
Constitutional law is a fundamental law of a country drafted and enacted by constitutional assembly.

Question 35.
What is the ordinary law?
Answer:
The ordinary law is not fundamental law. It is subordinate to the constitutional law.

Question 36.
What is constitutional government?
Answer:
Government which functions on the basis of the law laid down by constitution is constitutional government.

Question 37.
What is ideal constitution?
Answer:
Burgess describes an ideal constitution as one which contains the principle of liberty, government and sovereignty.

Question 38.
What is meant by collective responsibility?
Answer:
It means the cabinet and council of ministers individually and collectively responsible to the parliament:”

Question 39.
What is “no-confidence motion”?
Answer:
It is the power of the legislature to remove the ministry from office.

Question 40.
What is veto-power?
Answer:
It is the power of President to say ‘No’ to a law passed by parliament’ and send it back for reconsideration.

Question 41.
Which is the lengthiest constitution in the world?
Answer:
Indian constitution.

Question 42.
Who is the protector of constitution?
Answer:
The Judiciary (Supreme court).

1st PUC Political Science Constitution and Government Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define constitution.
Answer:
According to K.C. Wheare “Constitution is collection of legal rules which govern the government of the countries and which have been embedded in a document”.

Question 2.
Write the meaning of constitutional government.
Answer:
A government which functions in accordance with defined rule as laid down in constitution is known as constitutional government. In short constitutional government means limited government.

Question 3.
Define written constitution.
Answer:
According to C.F. Strong “A written constitution is in the form of a document which has a special sanctity”.

Question 4.
Define un-written constitution.
Answer:
According to Sir Ivor Jennings – “An unwritten constitution consists of institutions and not paper documents. It is not made but has grow n from time to time by a process of evolution”.

Question 5.
Define rigid constitution.
Answer:
According to A.V. Dicey a rigid constitution is one which certain laws generally are known as constitutional or fundamental laws cannot be changed in the same maimer as the ordinary laws.

Question 6.
Define flexible constitution.
Answer:
According to Gamer the flexible constitution places constitutional law and ordinary law on the same footing.

Question 7.
Write the meaning of democratic government.
Answer:
Democracy is the form of government in which the ruling power is largely vested not in any particular class or classes but in the members of the community as a whole.

Question 8.
What do you mean by the dictatorial government?
Ans.
A form of government in which absolute power is concentrated in a person or group is called dictatorial government.

Question 9.
Define parliamentary government.
Answer:
In parliamentary form of government executive is the part of legislature and responsible to the legislature.

Question 10.
What is the presidential government?
Answer:
In this system, the chief executive is directly elected by the people. It is not the part of the legislature.

Question 11.
Define federal government and give example.
Answer:
It is the government which the powers of the state are divided and distributed between central and state government. It is, also known as dual polity. The federal government discharges its power and authority in accordance with constitution. Eg: U.S.A

Question 12.
What is meant by unitary system of government?
Answer:
In the unitary system of government, where all the powers and authority of the state is concentrated in the single Central government and the supreme power is exercised by it.
Eg: England, France, Japan, etc.

Question 13.
Define and explain the term constitution.
Answer:
According to Lord Bryce “The constitution is the aggregate of laws and customs under which the life of states goes on” Maclver defines as “law which governs the state”.

Question 14.
What are the characteristics of democratic government?
Answer:

It is a government ruled by the people.
It is government by discussion.
It is based in universal adult suffrage.
There is liberty and equality and rights.
It is constitutional government.

Question 15.
What is presidential form of government?
Answer:
In this system, the legislature and executive are separate and independent. The term of office of the president is fixed and goes by calender.

Question 16.
How do non-democratic government arise?
Answer:
It arises out of illegal method. It is the result of the use of force. A powerful individual or group can overthrow the constitutional government and establish dictatorship. ,

Question 17.
Describe the features of the Presidential system of government.
Answer:
In Presidential executive president is the supreme head of the state. Here executive is neither elected, nor responsible to legislature. The term of office here is fixed. It is not responsible to the legislature.

Question 18.
Describe the merits of Parliamentary form of government.
Answer:

It ensures harmony between legislative and executive branches.
There is no division of responsibility.
Opposition keeps government on right path.
There will be peaceful change of government.
It ensures flexibility and elasticity.

Question 19.
What are the demerits of parliamentary form of government?
Answer:

Executive dominates legislature.
Parliamentary government is unstable. It does not have fixed term.
In a parliamentary government, the government comes under the control of majority party.
It may lead to the dictatorship of the cabinet.

Question 20.
Distinguish between division of powers and separation of powers.
Answer:
Division power is in a federal form of government Power is divided between the central and state government, where as separation of powers means there is clear cut demarcation between 3 organs of government that is Legislature, executive and judiciary.

Question 21.
Give one definition of democracy.
Answer:
According to Lord Bryce “Democracy is the form of government where the ruling power of the state is legally vested not in any particular class but in members of community as a whole.

Question 22.
What is the meaning of federal government?
Answer:
The word federal is derived from the Latin word ‘Foedus’, which means treaty or agreement. The federal form of government comes into existence through treaty or agreement, when a state with its vast geographical territory, heterogeneous characteristics desires to protect them is born by creating new state.

Question 23.
What is Indirect democracy? Give example.
Answer:
It is also known as representative democracy. The citizens of a state elect their representatives in the election. The elected representatives administer the country on behalf of people. Eg : India, U.S.A, U.K.

Question 24.
What is the difference parliamentary and presidential form of government?
Answer:
The distinction between parliamentary and presidential executive is based on the relationship between the legislature and executive. If the executive depends on legislature for its survival it is a parliamentary government and if the executive is independent of legislative it is presidential executive.

1st PUC Political Science Constitution and Government Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1
Explain the significance of constitution.
Answer:
The significance of a constitution to the state is discussed below:

1. Outlines the goals of state:
No state can progress and prosper, however rich and wealthy, if it does not possess clear cut aims and objectives. A constitution details the path to be followed by a state in accomplishing its objectives thereby living up to the aims and objectives of its people.

2. Regulates behavior of people:
The constitution provides for basic guidelines or a reasonable code of conduct which helps create a civil and civilized society. A constitution is very important in harmonizing relationship between and among numerous sections of people.

3. Control over authority of the government:
The government derives its power from the constitution and is bound to abide by provisions of the constitution. No government can take law into its hand and deal whimsically.

4. Establishes ruler – ruled relationship:
The people and government are like two faces of the same coin. A state can succeed only if people and government share mutual trust and co-operation. The constitution should avoid any kind of needless friction between the governor and the governed.

5. A guide to future generations:
A constitution is often referred to as the mirror of a state which reflects the basic ambitions and aspirations of a state. By acting as a standard of reference it guides future generations to make necessary changes based on the existing structure.

Question 2.
Describe the Characteristics of constitutional government.
Answer:
The Characteristics of constitutional government are as below:
1. Supremacy of the constitution :
In this system all the powers of government are laid down in accordance with the provisions of constitution. Government should function with in the frame work of the constitution.

2. Equality before law :
Here law will apply to all the people equally. The benefits of law can be enjoyed all the citizens irrespective of caste, creed, religion, social and economic
status.

3. Individual liberty :
In the constitutional government all the citizens are enjoying the fundamental rights guaranteed by the constitutions. So constitution provides the rights to all the people and ensures protection.

4. Protects public interest :
All people in the country should be lived under the purview of constitution. Violation of the provisions of constitution invites severe punishment. So constitution safeguards the interests of the people by protecting them from all the outside aggression.

Question 3.
Explain the features of wirtten constitution.
Answer:
The features of written constitution are explained below.

A written constitution is written in the document by the constituent assembly.
It is deliberately framed by the constitutional experts.
It came in to effect from a particular date.
In the written form of constitution, all the provisions relating to the organization of the government, rights, and duties of the citizens are clearly mentioned.
In this system the amendment procedure is very difficult and rigid.
Written constitution provides the provisions of independence of judiciary.
In the written constitution all provisions are clearly mentioned and the contents are in precise.

Question 4.
Explain the features of unwritten constitution.
Answer:
The features of unwritten constitution are explained as below.

An unwritten constitution is not written by the constitution assembly but evolved over a period of time.
It is not deliberately framed by the experts but grown by customs, traditions and usages.
An unwritten constitution has not come in to effect from a particular date.
In un written constitution the provisions with relates to the organization of the government, rights and duties of the citizens are the fruits of customs traditions and usages.
In this system the amendment procedure is very easy and flexible
An un written constitution is not clear and unsettled.

Question 5.
Explain the features of rigid constitution.
Answer:
The features of rigid constitution are explained below.

In the rigid constitution there is a difference between constitutional law and ordinary law.
Here constitutional law is superior to ordinary law.
To ammend the constitutional law, there is a need to follow the special amendment procedure.
In this system the powers of government should be with the framework of constitution.
The powers and functions of government are clearly mentioned in this system.
Judiciary has a special power to safeguard and protect the constitution.

Question 6.
Explain the features of flexible constitution.
Answer:
The features of the flexible constitution are explained as below

In the flexible constitution, there is no difference between constitutional law and ordinary law.
In this system constitutional law and ordinary law are framed by the parliament of the country.
Constitutional law can be amended as in the form of amendment of ordinary law.
In the flexible constitution the powers and functions of the government are assumable by the parliament.
In this system judiciary does not exercise its power of judicial review.
All the power of the organization of government are defined by the parliament.

Question 7.
Describe the essential elements of the Ideal constitution.
Answer:
The essentials of an ideal constitution are explained as below
1. It should be definite :
An ideal constitution should not be vague but clearly narrate the provisions which relates to the organization of the government. The principles should be precise and clarity.

2. It should be comprehensive:
An ideal constitution must be comprehensive enough to mention the functions of the government and rights, duties of the citizens. The constitution should not be too big but include all the information on the government.

3. Method of amendment:
An ideal constitution should possess the method of amendment. As the social condition of the people is going on change, the constitution must also undergoes change. It should represent the future needs of the future generation.

4. It should correspond to reality :
An ideal constitution should correspond to the real, conditions obtained with in the state, otherwise it cannot work properly.

Question 8.
Explain the features of unitary governments.
Answer:
Features of Unitary Government:
1. Concentration of Power:
A Unitary government is characterized by the presence of a single centre, which is omnipotent and omnipresent all over the territory. All decisions of the state flow from one single centre.

2. No Provincial Autonomy:
The provinces or local units in a unitary system are created by the centre for the sake of administrative convenience. It carries out the orders of the centre without having any powers to make decisions. Thus, the local units only act as subordinate agents of the centre without any authority or autonomy.

3. Single legislature:
In a Unitary system of government there will be only one single supreme legislative assembly which makes laws for the whole country and are faithfully implemented by the local units.

4. Constitution may be written or unwritten:
The constitution, in a unitary government, may be written or unwritten as there is one single central authority wielding power all over the state without any other centres of power.

Question 9.
Explain the features of federal government.
Answer:
1. Division of Powers:
A federal government is characterized by the existence of two governments- the centre and the local government created on the basis of division of powers. Both are independent and autonomous within their spheres of powers and yet interdependent. The residuary powers rests with the centre in some states (e.g. India)
and in the hands of local units in some states (e.g. Great Britain).

2. Supremacy of the constitution:
In a Federal system, the power enjoyed by the centre and local units is original because both derive their powers from the constitution. This avoids any confusion or contention in the sharing of power. The division of powers is based on necessity and convenience.

3. Written and rigid constitution:
The constitution in a federal government would definitely be rigid because it has to deal with powers related to both center and local governments. Each and every detail should be explained in a written form in order to avoid any clash of jurisdiction or possible over-lapping of responsibilities. The amendment procedure would be rigid which protects the interest of the federation from frequent, mindless changes to the constitution.

4. Special provision for settlement of disputes:
In a presidential system, in order to settle disputes arising between the states or between centre and the states, the judiciary has been assigned the job of interpreting the provisions of the constitution, thus acting as custodian and guardian of the constitution.

5. Power of amendment:
In a presidential system, to amend the constitution both the centre and the local governments have been assigned equal powers. No constitutional amendment can be made without the consent of federal units.

Question 10.
Distinguish between federation and confederation.
Answer:
Confederation is an association of state founded on the basis of common interests. The member states, retain their original sovereignty and independence.
Federation is permanents established through a constitution. Constitution units do not possess the right to withdraw from a federation.

Question 11.
What is residuary powers?
Answer:
In a federal government subjects of national interest are allocated to the centre. Matters of regional or local interests are given to units or states. The remaining powers those which have not been mentioned in the constitution are known as residuary powers.

Question 12.
Describe the parliamentary type of executive.
Answer:
There is a difference between real and nominal executive head on whom all powers are concentrated, but these powers are exercised by the cabinet. In this system, cabinet is responsible to the parliament for all their actions. There is individual and collective responsibility of ministers. There is a close relationship between the cabinet and the council of ministers.

Question 13.
Explain the characteristic of Constitution.
Answer:

Constitution lays down fundamental structure of the state.
Constitution represents the heart and soul of a state i.e., the basic objectives of a state.
Constitution may be a product of deliberate creation or gradual evaluation.
Constitution may be written or unwritten.
Constitution may be embodied in one or several documents.
Constitution determines the structure arid relationship between various organs of government.
Constitution regulates the ruler – ruled relationship.
Constitution is a growing organism i.e., it provides for a procedure of its own change.

Question 14.
What is a Constitutional Government?
Answer:
A government that is run strictly in accordance with provisions of the constitution is called a constitutional government. Constitutional governments It strives for the welfare of the whole society rather than any perceived vested interest. These governments are a creation of the people and therefore obedience and allegiance to it are natural. The use of force in running a government does not find a place in a constitutional government. Constitutional government is also called “limited government” or “controlled government”.

Question 15.
What is Democracy? Explain the features of Democracy?
Answer:
The word “Democracy” is a derivative of Greek words ‘Demos’ and ‘Kratia’ meaning ‘people’ and ‘rule’ respectively. Thus, democracy is the rule of the people.

Features of Democratic Government:
The following features can be identified by democratic form of government.

Democracy is based on freedom and openness;
Democracy thrives on majority opinion;
Democracy upholds individual dignity ;
Democracy is open to criticism and correction and
Popular Sovereignty is the basis of democracy expressed through universal adult franchise.

Question 16.
What is Dictatorship? What are the kinds of dictatorship?
Answer:
Dictatorship is a form of government where all the powers of the state are concentrated in one man or in one party or in one group. Dictatorship is classified as traditional and modem, old and new, leftisit fascist, communist and military. The old type of dictatorship existed in ancient Greece and Rome; they are temporary and appointed during crisis. Modem dictatorship is of new type and permanent. Modem dictatorship has taken three forms;

Fascist or Nazi dictatorship as it existed in Italy, Germany, Spain, and Portugal.
Party Dictatorship as was found in U.S.S.R. and found at present in china
Military Dictatorships as found in Pakistan and some African and Latin American countries.

Question 17.
What is a Federal Government?
Answer:
In a federal government, there will be two sets of government. The powers and authority of government is divided between a government for the whole country and provincial governments of the country in such a way that each government is legally independent within its own sphere.

The term ‘Federation’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Foedus’ meaning ‘treaty’ or ‘agreement’. Two or more provinces, after surrendering the sovereignty, on agreement agree to work within the union with a certain degree of autonomy under a single sovereignty. The Central government and the provincial governments are neither superior nor subordinate to each other but work in unison with co-ordination and co-operation.

The best examples for a federal form of government are the USA, India, Switzerland, Australia and Canada.

Question 18.
Explain Division of powers in India.
Answer:
In India, the division of powers is based on three lists i.e., the Union list, State list and Concurrent list. The Union list consists of 99 Subjects such as defense, national security; home affairs, science and technology are vested in the hands of central government. The State List consisting of 66 subjects like education, health, maintenance of law and order, providing basic facilities etc., are vested in the state governments. There are certain provisions in which both states and centre shall share power, under the Concurrent list consisting of 52 subjects such as marriage, divorce, contracts etc.

1st PUC Political Science Constitution and Government Ten Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Write the meaning and significance of constitution.
Answer:
Importance of a constitution to the state is discussed below:
1. Outlines the goals of state:
No state can progress and prosper, however rich and wealthy if it does not possess clear cut aims and objectives. A constitution details the path to be followed by a state in accomplishing its objectives thereby living up to the aims and objectives of its people.

2. Regulates behavior of people:
The constitution provides for basic guidelines or a reasonable code of conduct which helps create a civil and civilized society. A constitution is very important in harmonizing the relationship between and among numerous sections of people.

3. Control over the authority of the government:
The government derives its power from the constitution and is bound to abide by provisions of the constitution. No government can take law into its hand and deal whimsically.

4. Establishes a ruler — ruled relationship:
The people and government are like two faces of the same coin. A state can succeed only if people and the government share mutual trust and co-operation. The constitution should avoid any kind of needless friction between the governor and the governed.

Question 2.
Distinguish between written and unwritten constitution.
Answer:
Written constitution

A written constitution is written in the document by the constituent assembly.
It is deliberately framed by the constitutional experts.
It came in to effect from a particular date. ^
In the written form of constitution, all the provisions relating to the organization of the government, rights, and duties of the citizens are clearly mentioned.
In this system, the amendment procedure is very difficult and rigid.
The written constitution provides the provisions of the independence of the judiciary.
In the written constitution all provisions are clearly mentioned and the contents are precise.

Unwritten constitution

An unwritten constitution is not written by the constitution assembly but evolved over a period of time.
It is hot deliberately framed by the experts but grown by customs, traditions, and usages.
An unwritten constitution has not come in to effect from a particular date.
In un written constitution the provisions with relates to the organization of the government, rights, and duties of the citizens are the fruits of customs traditions and usages.
In this system, the amendment procedure is very easy and flexible.
An un written constitution is not clear and unsettled.

Question 3.
Distinguish between rigid and flexible constitution.
Answer:
Rigid constitution

In the rigid constitution there is a difference between constitutional law and ordinary law,
Here constitutional law is superior to ordinary law.
To ammend the constitutional law, there is a need to follow the special amendment procedure.
In this system the powers of government should be with the framework of constitution.
The powers and functions of government are clearly mentioned in this system.
Judiciary has a special power to safeguard and protect the constitution.

Flexible Constitution

In the flexible constitution, there is no difference between constitutional law and ordinary law.
In this system constitutional law and ordinary law are framed by the parliament of the country.
A constitutional law can be amended as in the form of amendment of ordinary law.
In the flexible constitution the powers and functions of the government are assumable by the parliament.
In this system judiciary does not exercise its power of judicial review.
All the power of the organization of government are defined by the parliament.

Question 4.
Describe the features of democratic government.
Answer:

1. The government in a democracy is responsible to the people. The government will also have to function according to public opinion. Self-government makes the people more disciplined and there will be more responsible citizens than in any other form of government.

2. Democracy upholds the principles of liberty and equality. Political and economic equality are assured in a democracy.

3. Democracy respects the dignity of human being. It provides rights and liberties for the development of the personality of individual.

4. A democratic government promote the welfare of the people, where as in other forms of government only particular class may be benefitted.

5. Democratic government is stable and efficient government. It avoids the revolution because it tarried on according to the wishes of the people.

6. Unlike other forms of government, democracy is self-corrective. In democracy the freedom of speech and freedom of press creates an enlightened public opinion

7. Democracy is progressive and educative force. In a democracy, people have full civil and political rights. It is a training ground for active, healthy and intelligent citizenship.

8. In democracy, there is order, peace and progress. It is flexible government which adopts itself to change peacefully.

9. As the people have a share in the government of country, the spirit of patriotism is strengthened and everybody is willing to work and undergo sacrifices for the welfare of the community.

10. Democracy protects the minority. A written constitution guarantees the rights of the minorities.

Question 5.
Explain the features of the dictatorial government.
Answer:
1. Absolute power:
Dictatorship is characterized by absolute power where the dictator controls the constitution. He can make and unmake laws. All the laws must originate from him and there is neither a limit on his tenure nor is he subjected to any other authority.

2. Based on Force:
Dictatorship stands on the twin pillars of force and coercion. The word of the dictator should be honored in letter and spirit. Any violation of the order may result in severe punishment or even death.

3. Totalitarian state:
Dictatorial regimes regulate and control all aspects of human existence. It provides security, basic necessities such as food, shelter and clothing, education and order in society. In totalitarian state’s individual personality is suppressed and all aspects of an individual are regimented and brought under the control of the state. The totalitarian approach is well summarized by Mussolini when he says: “Everything within the state, nothing above the state, nothing outside the State’’. Thus, the State is the central point around which all human activities must revolve.

4. One Nation one party:
In a dictatorship, for the whole state, there is only one constitution and the administration is managed by one single party and that is responsible for the whole state. Any kind of criticism of the party or the leadership is not tolerated. The distinct feature of dictatorship is its intolerance to criticism and new ideas.

5. No individual liberty:
In a dictatorship, individual freedom and liberty do not find place. Freedom of thought and expression is restricted.

Question 6.
What is a parliamentary form of government? Explain its features.
Answer:
A parliamentary form of government is characterized by the direct responsibility of the executive to the legislature which lasts as long as it enjoys the confidence of the legislature. The parliamentary government system which first began in England (Great Britain) is also called as ‘Cabinet government’ and ‘Responsible government’.

Features of a Parliamentary form of Government.
1. Nominal Executive:
The presence of a nominal executive is a primary feature of parliamentary government. Though all powers of the state are vested in his name by the constitution, it is in fact exercised by the real executive consisting of Prime minister and council of ministers. For example, the Queen of England and the President of India are the nominal executives.

2. Collective responsibility:
A parliamentary government is directly responsible to the legislature and stays in office as long as it enjoys the confidence of the lower house. A decision taken by cabinet is binding on ministers and they should defend it in and out of parliament. Together we sink or sail” is the key statement of parliamentary government.

3. Individual Responsibility: Each minister will be in charge of a ministry and is wholly responsible for all decisions of the ministry to the legislature. Parliamentary government and individual responsibility go hand in hand.

4. Political Homogeneity:
In a parliamentary government, all ministers belong to the same party or alliance having common policies, programmes, values and beliefs and work under a common minimum programme (CMP). As a result, it is not difficult to secure co¬operation and co-ordination.
In case, a government consists of divergent policies and beliefs, frequent quarrels, squabbling, and infighting brings down the government. It defeats the very purpose of government formation.

5. Membership of parliament:
In a parliamentary government, a minister must be a member of either house of parliament. On becoming a minister he must become a member of either house within 180 days. Otherwise, he will have to step down from office. This is to ensure individual responsibility to the parliament.

6. Oath of Secrecy:
It is the responsibility as well as duty of the cabinet to protect official secrets. Cabinet decision should not become public without the authorization from parliament. Ministers are administered the ‘oath of secrecy’ to maintain secrecy of cabinet decisions. The purpose is to avoid any person or a group taking undue advantage of the leaked information.

7. Leadership of the Prime Minister:
In parliamentary government, Prime Minister is the backbone of the cabinet. He acts as the spokesperson of the government by defending it in and out of the government. He acts as the advisor to the president in summoning, proroguing and dissolving the parliament. The Prime minister exercises independence in appointing ministers, expanding the ministry and allocation of portfolios.

8. Effective opposition:
Opposition party is called “the government in waiting”. In parliamentary government, opposition parties follow the day-today administration and
bring before the people the failures of the government from time to time. During elections they seek a mandate on the basis of the failures of the government Thus, opposition acts as a watchdog of the government.

In fact, in Britain, the shadow cabinet functions just like the government but without powers.
They too have separate departments to monitor developments in respective areas.

Question 7.
What is a Presidential form of Government? Explain its features.
Answer:
In Presidential government the Executive is not responsible to the legislature. It is based on the principle of ‘Separation of powers’. It is known as non-responsible system or fixed executive system. E.g. USA.

Features of presidential government.
1. Separation of powers:
The Presidential government is based on Montesquieu concept of “separation of powers”. The concept of separation powers contend that the legislature, executive and judiciary must be independent of each other and function independently. Legislature performs the task of law-making, executive law implementation and judiciary interpretation of laws.

2. Checks and Balances:
The presidential government is based on checks and balances. Though the legislature, executive and judiciary function independently, complete separation is not only desirable but also impractical. To maintain the exercise of power balanced, controlled and widespread each organ is given a fair degree of power in one another ’s the functional area.

3. Executive is not responsible to legislature:
The president in U S.A is directly elected by the people and hence is not responsible to the legislature. The president can’t participate in the proceedings of the congress. He can neither initiate a bill nor pilots it. The President is not accountable to anyone but the constitution and the people.

4. Real Executive:
In the presidential government, the president is directly elected by the people. The president is not only the real executive but also the head of government. He is directly responsible for all happenings in the country.

5. Secretaries directly responsible to the president:
The secretaries known as presidents ‘Brain Trust’ are appointed by the president and stay in office as long as they enjoy the confidence of the president. The President may remove any secretary without assigning any reason. Secretaries are neither responsible to congress nor to the people but to the president. The President can hire or fire secretaries

6. Fixed Tenure:
The President does not depend on the congress for his survival. He, is directly elected for a period of 4 years and lasts his full term. He cannot be removed from office except on grounds of inefficiency and proven misbehavior through an impeachment motion.

Question 8.
Distinguish between democratic and dictatorial government.
Answer:
Democratic government :

Democracy is based on freedom and openness;
Democracy thrives on majority opinion;
Democracy upholds individual dignity;
Democracy is open to criticism and correction and
Popular Sovereignty is the basis of democracy expressed through universal adult franchise.

Dictatorial government
Dictatorship is a form of government where all the powers of the state are concentrated in one man or in one party or in one group. Dictatorship is classified as traditional and modem, old and new, leftisit fascist, communist, and military. The old type of dictatorship existed in ancient Greece and Rome; they are temporary and appointed during crisis. Modem dictatorship is of new type and permanent. Modem dictatorship has taken three forms;

Fascist or Nazi dictatorship as it existed in Italy, Germany, Spain, and Portugal.
Party Dictatorship as was found in U.S.S.R. and found at present in china
Military Dictatorships as found in Pakistan and some African and Latin American countries.

Question 9.
Distinguish between parliamentary and presidential government.
Answer:
A parliamentary form of government is characterized by the direct responsibility of the executive to the legislature which lasts as long as it enjoys the confidence of the legislature. The parliamentary government system which first began in England (Great Britain) is also called as ‘Cabinet government’ and ‘Responsible government’.

1. Nominal Executive:
The presence of a nominal executive is a primary feature of parliamentary government. Though all powers of the state are vested in his name by the constitution, it is in fact exercised by the real executive consisting of Prime minister and council of ministers. For example, the Queen of England and the President of India are the nominal executives.

3. Individual Responsibility:
Each minister will be in charge of a ministry and is wholly responsible for all decisions of the ministry to the legislature. Parliamentary government
and individual responsibility go hand in hand.

In case, a government consists of divergent policies and beliefs, frequent quarrels, squabbling, and infighting brings down the government. It defeats the very purpose of government formation.

6. Oath of Secrecy:
It is the responsibility as well as the duty of the cabinet to protect official secrets. Cabinet decision should not become public without the authorization from cabinet decisions. The purpose is to avoid any person or a group taking undue advantage of the leaked information.

8. Effective opposition:
Opposition party is called “the government in waiting”. In parliamentary government, opposition parties follow the day-today administration and bring before the people the failures of the government from time to time. During elections, they seek a mandate on the basis of the failures of the government. Thus, opposition acts as a watchdog of the government.

In fact, in Britain, the shadow cabinet functions just like the government but without powers.
They too have separate departments to monitor developments in respective areas.

Presidential Government:
In the Presidential government, the Executive is not responsible to the legislature. It is based on the principle of ‘Separation of powers’. It is known as a non-responsible system or fixed executive system. E.g. USA.

1. Separation of powers:
The Presidential government is based on Montesquieu concept of “separation of powers”. The concept of separation powers contend that the legislature, executive and judiciary must be independent of each other and function independently. Legislature performs the task of law-making, executive law implementation and judiciary interpretation of laws.

3. Executive is not responsible to the legislature:
The president in U S A is directly elected by the people and hence is not responsible to the legislature. The president can’t participate in the proceedings of the congress. He can neither initiate a bill nor pilots it. The President is not accountable to anyone but the constitution and the people.

6. Fixed Tenure:
The President does not depend on congress for his survival. He is directly elected for a period of 4 years and lasts his full term. He cannot be removed from office except on grounds of inefficiency and proven misbehavior through an impeachment motion.

Question 10.
Distinguish between federal and unitary government.
Answer:
Unitary government:

The authority of the central government is supreme and all the organs of government are integral parts of one single administrative machinery.
Units are the creation of the central government. The powers given to them can be increased or decreased or cancelled.
Single citizenship right prevails.

Federal government:

The powers of the nation be divided between central and state governments. These are two administrative machineries.
The powers are divided and distributed to the state and central government by constitution.
Dual citizenship right enjoyed by citizen.

Question 11.
What are the kinds of Democracy?
Answer:
There are two kinds of Democracy

Direct democracy and
Indirect Democracy.

1. Direct Democracy:
Direct democracy is a kind of governance where the people directly ’’ take part in electing their government and also have a share in the exercise of real power. For example, the ancient Greek and Roman city-states had direct democracy where people directly participated to elect their representatives and take necessary measures.

In modem times, the direct democracy is still in practice in some of the cantons of Switzerland, where the voters meet in ‘ open-air parliament’. However, direct democracy . is best suited to only countries small in area and a population small enough to directly take part in the affairs.

Direct Democracy functions through constitutional devices like referendum, initiative, and recall.
Referendum means referring a bill or proposal for amendment of the constitution to the people to know their opinion.
Initiative provides the people a right to petition or request the parliament to enact a certain type of law.
Recall is a method by which the people may compel an elected representative to either resign or to submit to re-election before his term of office is over.

2. Indirect Democracy:
Under this system, the people participate in the affairs of the state through their representatives. Though popular sovereignty rests in the hands of the people, it is actually exercised by their representatives and they are in turn responsible to the people. If the representatives fail to stand up to the aims and aspirations of the people, they may be changed in the next election.

Question 12.
What are the factors that condition the success of Democracy?
Answer:
1. Liberty and Equality:
Democracy can work satisfactorily only when people are allowed to enjoy a greater amount of freedom and equality. Freedom is necessary for the participation of the people in their administrative affairs. People must enjoy economic, social and political liberty and equality without any discrimination.

2. Eternal Vigilance:
Eternal vigilance is the price of democracy. Vigilance is nothing but. alertness or watchfulness of the people. Citizens must constantly watch as to how the government is doing its administrative business. The government can be kept on track if the people are constantly vigil on what is going on at the government level.

3.Spirited Leadership:
Spirited leadership is a must for the success of democracy. Leaders should be able, efficient, intelligent, active and honest. They must have good reasoning capacity, rational attitude, clean-hands and descent behavior. They must take proper steps to increase the competence of the government.

4. Literacy:
The active and intelligent participation of citizens in public affairs can be assured if all of them are adequately educated. The government has to chalk out plans to provide free and compulsory education for all.

5. Bi-party system:
For the successful working of democracy, there must be only two political parties.

6.Strong Opposition:
For the success of democracy, there must be a strong opposition. The government becomes irresponsible and careless in the absence of strong and effective opposition parties. Opposition parties should check the illegal, unpopular and unconstitutional act of the ministers and the representatives. They should try to keep the government on the right track through their rational criticism.

7. Participation:
The people must have an independent opinion in public affairs. The success of democracy depends upon the ability, character and power of common man.

8. Tolerance:
Tolerance is a noble virtue of democracy. The government must be tolerant enough to listen to the criticism made by people from time to time. People must be tolerant enough to understand the problems of the government. The minority must accept the majority views, and majority must understand the feelings of the minority.

9. Independent Judiciary:
In all democratic countries, the judiciary should play a significant role. An independent and impartial judiciary is necessary to protect the fundamental rights of the people guaranteed in the constitution. For the administration of justice, settlement of disputes and to interpret the laws and constitution, an independent judiciary is a must.

10. Decentralization:
It is the most important feature of democratic government. Power in the hands of the people is called decentralization. Rural and Urban Panchayat Raj system has been implemented on the basis of decentralization.

Question 13.
What is a Unitary Government? Explain its features.
Answer:
A unitary government is system in which the power and authority to make and unmake laws lie with the centre. It enjoys the authority of transferring power to provincial units, for the sake of administrative convenience, which can be installed, changed or removed at the discretion of the single central authority. The United Kingdom, France, Italy, Japan, China, Sri Lanka, and Iran are some of the examples of a unitary state.

Features of Unitary Government:
1. Concentration of Power:
A Unitary government is characterized by the presence of a single centre, which is omnipotent and omnipresent all over the territory. All decisions of the state flow from one single centre.

3. Single legislature:
In a unitary system of government, there will be only one single supreme legislative assembly which makes laws for the whole country and are faithfully implemented by the local units.

Question 14.
Explain the features of a Federal Government.
Answer:
1. Division of Powers:
A federal government is characterized by the existence of two governments- the centre and the local government created on the basis of division of powers. Both are independent and autonomous within their spheres of powers and yet interdependent. The residuary powers rests with the centre in some states (e.g. India) and in the hands of local units in some states (e.g. Great Britain).

3. Written and rigid constitution:
The constitution in a federal government would definitely be rigid because it has to deal with powers related to both centre and local governments. Each and every detail should be explained in a written form in order to avoid any clash of jurisdiction or possible over-lapping of responsibilities. The amendment procedure would be rigid which protects the interest of the federation from frequent, mindless changes to the constitution.