Question 1.
\nThe Great Leap Forward campaign was initiated in the year_________
\nAnswer:
\n1958.<\/p>\n
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<\/p>\n
Question 2.
\n_____has the largest workforce in agriculture.
\nAnswer:
\nIndia<\/p>\n
Question 3.
\nBoth India and Pakistan have followed __________models of development.
\nAnswer:
\nFive-year plan<\/p>\n
Question 4.
\nLife expectancy at birth (years) is highest in__________
\nAnswer:
\nChina<\/p>\n
II. Answer the following questions in a word \/sentence (each question carries 1 mark)<\/span><\/p>\n Question 1. Question 2. Question 3. Question 4. Question 5. Question 6. Question 7. Question 8. Question 9. Question 10. Question 11. Question 12. Question 13. Question 14. IV. Answer the following questions in twelve sentence (each question carries four marks)<\/span><\/p>\n Question 1. (b) Life expectancy at birth: It is the average number of years a person is expected to live. In other words, it is the longevity of life. A high value of life expectancy better indicates a quality of human development.<\/p>\n (c) Adult literacy rate: It is the average number of persons who have reading and writing skills with basic local knowledge. It is expressed in percentages. The high literacy rate shows high human development.<\/p>\n (d) GDP per capita: The gross domestic product per head is also one of the indicators of human development. The high value of GDP per capita indicates better human development.<\/p>\n (e) Infant mortality rate: It means the death of babies per thousand live births. If the IMR . is high it indicator’s low human development.<\/p>\n (f) Maternal mortality rate: It shows the death of mothers per 1 lakh live births. If MMR is low, it indicates better human development.<\/p>\n (g) Population using improved sanitation: If the percentage of the population using improved sanitation is more, it is a good indicator of human development.<\/p>\n (h) Population with sustainable access to improved water sources: If the percentage of the population using sustainable access to an improved water source is high, it is a good indicator of human development.<\/p>\n (i) People living below the poverty line: If fewer people are living below7 the poverty line, then it is a good indicator of human development.<\/p>\n (j) Percentage of children undernourished: If the number of undernourished children is diminishing, then it is a good indicator of human development.<\/p>\n Question 2. They are as follows: Question 3. Pakistan is ahead of India in reducing the proportion of people below the poverty line and also its performance in sanitation.<\/p>\n But neither India nor Pakistan is able to save women from maternal mortality. In China, for lakh births, only 27 women die whereas, in India and Pakistan, about 178 and 174 women die respectively. Surprisingly all three countries report providing improved drinking water sources for most of their population.<\/p>\n Question 4. The Great Leap Forward campaign aimed at industrializing the country on a massive scale. People were encouraged to set up industries in their backyards. In rural areas, communes were started. Under the commune system, people collectively cultivated lands. In 1958, there were 26,000 communes covering almost all the farm population.<\/p>\n The Great Leap Forward campaign met with many problems. A severe drought caused havoc in China killing about 30 million people. When Russia had conflicts with China, it withdrew its professionals who had earlier been sent to China to help in the industrialization process.<\/p>\n Question 5. The main reasons for the growth and re-emergence of poverty in Pakistan are as follows:<\/p>\n V. Answer the following questions in twenty sentences (each question carries 6 marks)<\/span><\/p>\n Question 1. Despite extensive land reforms, collectivization, the great keep forward and other initiatives, the per capita grain output in 1978 was the same as it was in the mid-1950s.<\/p>\n The following points prove that China\u2019s rapid industrial growth can be traced back to its reforms in 1978: (b) In a later phase, reforms were initiated in the industrial sector: Private sector firms, in general, and township and village enterprises, i.e., those enterprises which were owned and operated by local collectives, in particular, were allowed to produce goods. At this stage, enterprises owned by the government which w e. in India call public sector enterprises were made to face competition.<\/p>\n (c) The reform process also involved dual pricing: This means fixing the prices in two ways i.e, farmers and industrial units were required to buy and sell fixed quantities of inputs and outputs on the basis of prices fixed by the government and the rest were purchased and sold at market prices. Over the years, as production increased, the proportion of goods or inputs transacted in the market also increased. In order to attract foreign investors, special economic zones were established.<\/p>\n Question 2. The economic reforms have increased economic efficiency and the capacity to acquire resources necessary for the growth in agricultural and industrial output. The benefits to productivity were due to the reallocation of resources in sectors, once they were state-run, such as agriculture, commerce and the service sector.<\/p>\n The major factors which led to rapid growth in the economic development of China are as follows: (b) Foreign capital: Technological innovation developed abroad was brought by importing industrial equipment and from foreign direct investment.<\/p>\n (c) Dual pricing: China adopted a price equalization mechanism, i.e., dual pricing. This means fixing the prices in two ways farmers and industrial units were required to buy and sell fixed quantities of inputs and outputs on the basis of prices fixed by the government and the rest were purchased and sold at market prices. Over the years, as production increased, the proportion of goods or inputs transacted in the market also increased. In order to attract foreign investors, special economic zones were established.<\/p>\n Further, it was found that the establishment of infrastructure in the areas of education and health, land reforms long existence of decentralized planning and the existence of small enterprises had helped positively in improving the social and income indicators in the post-reform period.<\/p>\n Through the commune system, there was a more equitable distribution of food grains. Experts also point out that each reform measure was first implemented at a smaller level and then extended on a massive scale. The experimentation under decentralized government enabled us to assess the economic, social and political costs of success or failure.<\/p>\n For instance, when reforms were made in agriculture, as pointed out earlier, handing over plots of land to individuals for cultivation, brought prosperity to a vast number of poor people. It created conditions for the subsequent phenomenal growth in rural industries and built up a strong support base for further economic reforms.<\/p>\n Question 3. Question 4. <\/p>\n VI. Project-oriented question (Five marks)<\/span><\/p>\n Question 1.
\nWhat type of economic system is followed in P\u00e4kistan?
\nAnswer:
\nPakistan is following a mixed economic system.<\/p>\n
\nMention some examples of regional and global economic groupings.
\nAnswer:
\nSAARC. European Union. ASEAN. G-8. G-20. BRICS.<\/p>\n
\nWhen were reforms introduced in all three economies India, China and Pakistan?
\nAnswer:
\nChina in 1978: Pakistan in 1988 and India in 1991.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\nGive the meaning of infant mortality rate. (N – 2018)
\nAnswer:
\nThe infant mortality rate is the death of babies per thousand live births.<\/p>\n
\nWho introduced the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution?
\nAnswer:
\nMao in China introduced the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.<\/p>\n
\nBetween India and China, which country has a higher value of the human development index?
\nAnswer:
\nChina has a higher value of the human development index.<\/p>\n
\nMention the major reason for the low population growth in China.
\nAnswer:
\nThe major reason for the low population growth in China was the introduction of the one-child norm.<\/p>\n
\nName the campaign initiated in China with the aim of industrialisation.
\nAnswer:
\nThe Great Leap Forward campaign was initiated in 1958 with the aim of industrialization.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\nWhich country has the highest life expectancy?
\nAnswer:
\nChina has the highest life expectancy.<\/p>\n
\nAmong China, Pakistan and India, which country has the largest contribution of the service sector to the GDP?
\nAnswer:
\nIndia has the largest contribution of the Service Sector to the GDP.<\/p>\n
\nWhy are regional and economic groupings formed?
\nAnswer:
\nThe major reasons for forming regional and economic groupings were as follows:<\/p>\n\n
<\/p>\n
\nWhat is a commune system?
\nAnswer:
\nUnder the commune system, all individual ownerships of lands was done away with in favour of communal ownership. People collectively cultivated lands. People were encouraged to set up industries in their backyards. In rural areas, communes were started.<\/p>\n
\nGive the meaning of liberty indicator.
\nAnswer:
\nLiberty indicator is defined as the measure of the extent of demographic participation in social and political decision making. Examples are:<\/p>\n\n
\nWrite two implications of the \u2018 one child norm’ in China
\nAnswer:
\nThe important implications of one child norm for China are as follows:<\/p>\n\n
<\/p>\n
\nWhat are the various indicators of human development? (S-2018)(Board Paper)
\nAnswer:
\nThe various indicators of human development are as follows:
\n(a) Human development index: It consists of the standard of living index, life expectancy at birth and educational attainment. If the HDI is high it is a good indicator of human development.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\nWhat similar development strategies have India and Pakistan followed for their respective development paths?
\nAnswer:
\nIndia and Pakistan have been following similar developmental strategies for their respective developmental paths.<\/p>\n
\n(a) Both the countries have started their path of economic development after 1947 by starting five-year plans. India started its first five-year plan in 1951 and Pakistan started in 1956.
\n(b) Both the countries are following a mixed economic system
\n(c) Both the countries have given importance to the public sector with huge investments.
\n(d) Both the countries introduced economic reforms rear about the same time, India in 1991 and Pakistan in 1988.
\n(e) Both the countries have adopted economic policies as per the instructions of IMF.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\nCompare and contrast the development of India, China and Pakistan with respect to some salient human development indicators. (N-2018)
\nAnswer:
\nThe development of India, China and Pakistan in respect of salient human development indicators can be explained with the help of the following table.
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\nIt is clear from the above table, that China is moving ahead of India and Pakistan. This is true for many indicators viz., income indicators such as GDP per capita or proportion of population below the poverty line or health indicators such as mortality rates, access to sanitation, literacy, life expectancy or malnourishment.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\nWrite a note on the Great Leap Forward Campaign of China.
\nAnswer:
\nThe Great Leap Forward was initiated in 1958 by the Communist Party of the Peoples\u2019 Republic of China. After the establishment of the people\u2019s Republic of China under one-party rule, all the critical sectors of the economy, enterprises, and lands owned and operated by the individuals were brought under government control.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\nGive the reasons for the slow growth and re-emergence of poverty in Pakistan.
\nAnswer:
\nThe proportion of poor in Pakistan during 1960 was more than 40% which was reduced to 25% in the 1980s and started rising again in 1990.<\/p>\n\n
\nChina\u2019s rapid industrial growth can be traced back to its reforms in 1978. Do you agree? Elucidate.
\nAnswer:
\nThe present-day fast industrial growth in China can be traced back to the reforms introduced in 1978. The leadership at that time in China was not happy with the slow pace of growth and lack of modernization in the Chinese economy under Maoist rule. They felt that the Maoist vision of economic development based on decentralization, self-sufficiency and shunning of foreign technology, goods and capital had failed.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\n(a) China introduced reforms in phases: In the initial phase, reforms were initiated in agriculture, foreign trade and investment sectors. In agriculture, for instance, commune lands were divided into small plots which were allocated to individual households. They were allowed to keep all income from the land after paying stipulated taxes.<\/p>\n
\nWhat are the various factors that led to the rapid growth in economic development in China?
\nAnswer:
\nChina\u2019s economic growth can be attributed to two factors viz.,<\/p>\n\n
\n(a) Structural changes: The Republic of China shifted from being an agricultural country into a highly productive industrial economy and a significant exporter.<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
\nExplain the path of developmental strategies followed in Pakistan.
\nAnswer:
\nThe path of development strategies taken by Pakistan can be pointed out as follows:
\n(a) Pakistan followed a mixed economic system with the coexistence of public and private sectors.
\n(b) Between 1950-60, Pakistan introduced a variety of regulatory policy framework for the growth of domestic industries. In agriculture, they adopted green revolution technology to increase agricultural production and thereby increasing industrial production.
\n(c) There was an increase in public investment in agriculture, which led to rising in the production of food grains.
\n(d) In the 1970s, capital goods industries were nationalized. But, few industries were again de-nationalized. During the 1980s, encouragement was given to increase the role of the private sector through many incentives. At the same time, Pakistan received financial support from the USA, UK, IMF and World Bank, which helped the country in increasing economic growth.
\n(e) During 1988, much before India, Pakistan adopted new economic reforms.<\/p>\n
\nCompare and contrast India and China\u2019s sectoral contribution towards GDP in 2013. What does it indicate?
\nAnswer:
\nThe structural contribution towards GDP in India and China during 2013. can be explained with the help of the following table.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n Sector<\/strong><\/td>\n Contribution to GDP<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n India<\/strong><\/td>\n China<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Agriculture<\/td>\n 17<\/td>\n 9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Industry’<\/td>\n 30<\/td>\n 43<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Services<\/td>\n 53<\/td>\n 48<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\nFrom the above table, we can conclude as follow’s:<\/p>\n\n
<\/p>\n
\nGroup the following features pertaining to the economies of India, China and Pakistan under three heads.
\n(a) Single child norm
\n(b) Low fertility rate
\n(c) High rate of urbanization
\n(d) Mixed economy
\n(e) High fertility rate
\n(f) Large population growth.
\n(g) High density of population
\n(h) Growth due to manufacturing sector.
\n(i) Growth due to service
\n(j) Low rate of literacy
\nAnswer:<\/p>\n