{"id":7836,"date":"2019-11-20T17:43:01","date_gmt":"2019-11-20T12:13:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/?p=7836"},"modified":"2021-07-02T15:45:33","modified_gmt":"2021-07-02T10:15:33","slug":"1st-puc-history-question-bank-chapter-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/1st-puc-history-question-bank-chapter-4\/","title":{"rendered":"1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 4 Establishment of Greek and Roman Empires – Contributions"},"content":{"rendered":"

You can Download Chapter 4 Establishment of Greek and Roman Empires – Contributions Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC History Question Bank with Answers<\/a>\u00a0Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.<\/p>\n

Karnataka 1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 4 Establishment of Greek and Roman Empires – Contributions<\/h2>\n

1st PUC History Establishment of Greek and Roman Empires – Contributions One Mark Questions and Answers<\/h3>\n

Question 1.
\nWhich is the most ancient civilization of Europe?
\nAnswer:
\nGreek civilization is the most ancient civilization of Europe.<\/p>\n

Question 2.
\nOn which river valley did the Greek civilization develop?
\nAnswer:
\nDanube.<\/p>\n

Question 3.
\nWhat is the meaning of the word \u2018Hellenes\u2019?
\nAnswer:
\nAncient Greeks were called \u2018Hellenes\u2019, as they claimed descent from a common ancestor, Hellenes.<\/p>\n

Question 4.
\nIn which civilization do we find City-States?
\nAnswer:
\nWe find City-States in the Greek civilization.<\/p>\n

Question 5.
\nIn which City-State of Greece did democracy develop?
\nAnswer:
\nAthens was the City-State of Greece were democracy developed.<\/p>\n

Question 6.
\nWhose period is popularly called as the \u2018Golden Age\u2019 of Athens?
\nAnswer:
\nPericles\u2019 period is popularly called as the \u2018Golden Age\u2019 of Athens.<\/p>\n

\"KSEEB<\/p>\n

Question 7.
\nWho is called as the father of Medicine?
\nAnswer:
\nHippocrates is regarded as the father of medicine.<\/p>\n

Question 8.
\nBetween whom was the Peloponnesian wars fought?
\nAnswer:
\nThe Peloponnesian wars took place between Sparta and Athens.<\/p>\n

Question 9.
\nName the battle in which Alexander defeated Porus.
\nAnswer:
\nAlexander defeated Porus in the battle of Hydespes or battle of Jhelum (326 B.C.E).<\/p>\n

Question 10.
\nWhich Indian King defeated Seleucus?
\nAnswer:
\nChandra Gupta Mourya was the Indian King who defeated Seleucus.<\/p>\n

Question 11.
\nWho was Euripides?
\nAnswer:
\nEuripides was a Greek dramatist who specialised in tragic plays.<\/p>\n

Question 12.
\nWho was the author of the book \u2018Peloponnesian wars’?
\nAnswer:
\nThucycidides was the author of the book \u2018Peloponnesian wars\u2019.<\/p>\n

\"KSEEB<\/p>\n

Question 13.
\nWho wrote the book \u2018The Republic\u2019?
\nAnswer:
\nPlato wrote the book \u2018The Republic\u2019.<\/p>\n

Question 14.
\nIn which year did the Olympic Games begin?
\nAnswer:
\nThe Olympic Games began in 776 BC.<\/p>\n

Question 15.
\nWhat were the Greeks originally called as?
\nAnswer:
\nGreeks were originally called as \u2018Hellenes\u2019.<\/p>\n

Question 16.
\nWhich language did the early Greeks speak?
\nAnswer:
\nEarly Greeks spoke an Indo-European language.<\/p>\n

Question 17.
\nMention the important features of the Periclean age.
\nAnswer:
\nThe important features of the Periclean age were the participation of even the poorest in the political affairs of the State and the jury system.<\/p>\n

Question 18.
\nWhen was Athens destroyed?
\nAnswer:
\nAthens was destroyed during the Persian war.<\/p>\n

\"KSEEB<\/p>\n

Question 19.
\nWho rebuilt Athens?
\nAnswer:
\nAthens was rebuilt by Pericles.<\/p>\n

Question 20.
\nOf which material, was the famous Parthenon or the temple of Virgin built?
\nAnswer:
\nIt was built of coloured marble stones.<\/p>\n

Question 21.
\nWho is regarded as the \u2018The Father of History\u2019?
\nAnswer:
\nHerodotus (485-425 B.C.E) is regarded as the \u2018The Father of History\u2019.<\/p>\n

Question 22.
\nWho were the poets during the Golden age of Pericles?
\nAnswer:
\nSappho and Pindar.<\/p>\n

Question 23.
\nWhich parts of Alexander\u2019s Empire came under the control of Antigonus?
\nAnswer:
\nMacedonia and Greece came under the control of Antigonus.<\/p>\n

Question 24.
\nWho is called as the \u2018Father of Anatomy\u2019?
\nAnswer:
\nHerophilus is called as the \u2018Father of Anatomy\u2019.<\/p>\n

\"KSEEB<\/p>\n

Question 25.
\nWhat was Ptolemy\u2019s belief about the Earth and the Universe?
\nAnswer:
\nPtolemy believed that the Earth was the centre of the Universe.<\/p>\n

Question 26.
\nWhich became an important Kingdom under Philip II?
\nAnswer:
\nMacedonia, in North-Eastern Greece, became an important Kingdom, under Philip II.<\/p>\n

Question 27.
\nOn which river bank did the Roman Civilization develop?
\nAnswer:
\nRiver Tiber.<\/p>\n

Question 28.
\nWhen was the Roman Republic established?
\nAnswer:
\nIn 753 BCE.<\/p>\n

Question 29.
\nFrom which word is the name \u2018Rome\u2019 derived?
\nAnswer:
\nIt was named Roma after Romulus, one of the founders of the city.<\/p>\n

\"KSEEB<\/p>\n

Question 30.
\nThe word \u2018Republic\u2019 is derived from which Latin word?
\nAnswer:
\nFrom\u2018Respublica\u2019, meaning \u2018A thing of the people\u2019.<\/p>\n

Question 31.
\nWho was Hannibal?
\nAnswer:
\nHannibal was a Carthagean General who had scored brilliant victories but could not capture Rome.<\/p>\n

Question 32.
\nWho became the first Dictator of Rome?
\nAnswer:
\nMarius became the first Dictator of Rome.<\/p>\n

Question 33.
\nWho acted as a Mediator between Julius Caesar and Pompey?
\nAnswer:
\nCrassus acted as a Mediator between Julius Caesar and Pompey.<\/p>\n

Question 34.
\nWhose famous words were \u201cVini, Vidi, Vici\u201d?
\nAnswer:
\nJulius Caesar.<\/p>\n

Question 35.
\nWhich was the battle in which Julius Caesar defeated Pompey?
\nAnswer:
\nBattle at Pharsalus.<\/p>\n

Question 36.
\nWho was Cleopatra?
\nAnswer:
\nCleopatra was the Queen of Egypt.<\/p>\n

\"KSEEB<\/p>\n

Question 37.
\nWho was the person responsible for the murder of Julius Caesar?
\nAnswer:
\nBrutus.<\/p>\n

Question 38.
\nName the greatest Ruler of the Roman Empire?
\nAnswer:
\nAugustus Caesar was the greatest Ruler of the Roman Empire.<\/p>\n

Question 39.
\nWhat was the original name of Augustus Caesar?
\nAnswer:
\nGaius Octavius.<\/p>\n

Question 40.
\nWhat is the meaning of \u2018Augustus\u2019?
\nAnswer:
\nHoly or dignity is the meaning of \u2018Augustus\u2019.<\/p>\n

Question 41.
\nWho was the Emperor of Rome when Jesus Christ was born?
\nAnswer:
\nAugustus Caesar was the Emperor of Rome when Jesus Christ was born.<\/p>\n

Question 42.
\nWho shifted the capital of the Roman Empire to Constantinople?
\nAnswer:
\nEmperor Constantine shifted the capital to Constantinople.<\/p>\n

\"KSEEB<\/p>\n

Question 43.
\nWhat is the present-day name of Constantinople?
\nAnswer:
\nIstanbul.<\/p>\n

Question 44.
\nWhat was Justinian famous for?
\nAnswer:
\nJustinian was famous for his code of Roman Law called the \u2018Justinian Code\u2019.<\/p>\n

Question 45.
\nWho was the greatest Physician of Ancient Roman Empire?
\nAnswer:
\nGalen.<\/p>\n

Question 46.
\nWho was the first person to describe the symptoms of Diabetes and Diphtheria?
\nAnswer:
\nAretacus.<\/p>\n

Question 47.
\nWho built the Saint Sophia Church at Constantinople?
\nAnswer:
\nEmperor Constantine.<\/p>\n

Question 48.
\nWhere is the city of Rome located?
\nAnswer:
\nThe city of Rome is located on the Banks of River Tiber on the Palatine and six other Hills.<\/p>\n

\"KSEEB<\/p>\n

Question 49.
\nWhich was the usual form of Government in Ancient Rome?
\nAnswer:
\nRepublic or Monarchy was the usual form of Government.<\/p>\n

Question 50.
\nWhen was the Roman Republic established?
\nAnswer:
\nRoman Republic was established around 509 BCE.<\/p>\n

Question 51.
\nWho was a great General, Dictator, and Reformer of Ancient Rome?
\nAnswer:
\nJulius Caesar.<\/p>\n

Question 52.
\nWhat is Augustan age popularly called as?
\nAnswer:
\nAugustan age is popularly called the \u2018Golden age\u2019 in the history of Rome.<\/p>\n

1st PUC History Establishment of Greek and Roman Empires – Contributions Two Mark Questions and Answers<\/h3>\n

Question 1.
\nName any two City-States of ancient Greece.
\nAnswer:
\nSparta, Athens, Macedonia, Corinth, and Thebes were the important City-States.<\/p>\n

Question 2.
\nName any two reforms introduced by Solon.
\nAnswer:
\nHe helped Athenian merchants by introducing Coin-Currency and encouraged foreign artisans to settle in Athens. He brought about a system by which the people as a whole gained the power of electing their magistrates and judging their work. His reforms benefitted both middle and poor class Athenians.<\/p>\n

\"KSEEB<\/p>\n

Question 3.
\nMention any two reforms of Cleisthenes.
\nAnswer:
\nCleisthenes, from an influential family, broke the power of the ruling clans by granting citizenship rights to male adults. Thus poor people also got the right to vote. He reorganized the state on a democratic trend.<\/p>\n

Question 4.
\nWhere is the Parthenon temple? Who built it?
\nAnswer:
\nParthenon temple is in Athens. It was built by Pericles.<\/p>\n

Question 5.
\nName any two Dramatists of Periclean age.
\nAnswer:
\nAeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides were the Dramatists of Periclean age.<\/p>\n

Question 6.
\nMention any two Philosophers of Periclean Age.
\nAnswer:
\nSocrates and his pupil Plato were the great Philosophers during the age of Pericles.<\/p>\n

Question 7.
\nName any two important Historians of Periclean Age.
\nAnswer:
\nHerodotus (485-425 B.C.E) who is regarded as the father of history and Thucycidides (471\u00ac400 B.C.E) were two important Historians of the Periclean Age.<\/p>\n

\"KSEEB<\/p>\n

Question 8.
\nName any two battles in which Alexander defeated the Persians.
\nAnswer:
\nAlexander with his 35,000 soldiers, marched against the Persian empire. He defeated them in the battles of Granicus, Issus, and Arable.<\/p>\n

Question 9.
\nWhich are the two works of Homer?
\nAnswer:
\n\u2018Iliad\u2019 and \u2018Odyssey\u2019 were two of the works of Homer.<\/p>\n

Question 10.
\nWho were the two lyric Poets of Greek Civilization?
\nAnswer:
\nPindar and Sappo were the two lyric Poets of Greek Civilization.<\/p>\n

Question 11.
\nName the two works of Aeschylus.
\nAnswer:
\n\u2018Prometheus Bound\u2019 and \u2018Agamemnon\u2019 were two of the works of Aeschylus.<\/p>\n

Question 12.
\nMention any two works of Sophocles.
\nAnswer:
\n\u2018Oedipus Rex\u2019, \u2018Antigone\u2019 and \u2018Electra\u2019 were the works of Sophocles.<\/p>\n

Question 13.
\nWho were the famous mathematicians of ancient Greece?
\nAnswer:
\nPythagoras and Euclid who had made many contributions to mathematics, especially to Geometry were the famous mathematicians.<\/p>\n

Question 14.
\nMention any two styles of ancient Greek Architecture.
\nAnswer:
\nDoric, Ionic, and the Corinthian were the styles of ancient Greek Architecture.<\/p>\n

\"KSEEB<\/p>\n

Question 15.
\nMention any two important Philosophers of ancient Greece.
\nAnswer:
\nThe most famous Philosophers of ancient Greece were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.<\/p>\n

Question 16.
\nMention any two works of Plato.
\nAnswer:
\n\u2018Republic\u2019 and \u2018The laws\u2019 are two works of Plato.<\/p>\n

Question 17.
\nMention any two works of Aristotle.
\nAnswer:
\nHis important works are\u2018The Politics\u2019 and \u2018History of animals\u2019.<\/p>\n

Question 18.
\nWhat is classical Civilization?
\nAnswer:
\nThe term classical is used to typify the climax in the development of the ancient civilizations.<\/p>\n

Question 19.
\nWrite about Athenian Democracy.
\nAnswer:
\nAthenians made remarkable progress in politics, laws, literature, art, science, and philosophy. Monarchy and Oligarchy did not suit their temperament and so were discarded and with the contributions of Draco, Solon, and Cleisthenes, Democracy came into existence in Athens.<\/p>\n

Question 20.
\nWho was Draco?
\nAnswer:
\nDraco was an Athenian nobleman who gave the Athenians a written code of laws. It provided-safety to the people from the tyranny of dishonest and corrupt judges but did nothing to help the poor farmers.<\/p>\n

\"KSEEB<\/p>\n

Question 21.
\nWho was Solon?
\nAnswer:
\nSolon introduced constitutional reforms of democratic character in Athens which liberated the enslaved farmers from their debts and mortgages of land. He introduced Coin-Currency and encouraged foreign artisans to settle in Athens.<\/p>\n

Question 22.
\nWho was Cleisthenes?
\nAnswer:
\nCleisthenes, from an influential Athenian family, broke the power of the ruling clans by granting citizenship rights to male adults. Poor people also got the right to vote and the tribal nature of the Government was brought to an end and the State was set on a democratic trend.<\/p>\n

Question 23.
\nName the great Greek Dramatists, who wrote tragic plays.
\nAnswer:
\nAeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides were the Greek Dramatists.<\/p>\n

Question 24.
\nWhich is regarded as the \u2018School of Hellas\u2019 and \u2018The Golden Age\u2019?
\nAnswer:
\nPericlean age of Athens.<\/p>\n

Question 25.
\nWhich are the epics written by Homer?
\nAnswer:
\n\u2018Iliad\u2019 and \u2018Odyssey\u2019.<\/p>\n

Question 26.
\nWhat plays did the greatest Greek tragedian write?
\nAnswer:
\nThe greatest of the Greek tragedians, Sophocles wrote \u2018Oedipus Rex\u2019, \u2018Antigone\u2019 and \u2018Electra\u2019.<\/p>\n

\"KSEEB<\/p>\n

Question 27.
\nWho founded the city of Rome?
\nAnswer:
\nThe city of Rome was founded by the twin brothers, Romulus, and Remus in 753 BCE, on the Palatine hill.<\/p>\n

Question 28.
\nName the \u2018first Triumvirate\u2019 of the Roman Empire.
\nAnswer:
\nThe first Triumvirate were Pompey, Julius Caesar, and Crassus.<\/p>\n

Question 29.
\nWhich are the books written by Julius Caesar?
\nAnswer:
\nJulius Caesar wrote \u2018Gallic Wars\u2019 and \u2018Civil Wars\u2019.<\/p>\n

Question 30.
\nName any two reforms introduced by Julius Caesar.
\nAnswer:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. He increased the strength of the Senate and reduced its power.<\/li>\n
  2. He distributed public lands and provided employment to the poor.<\/li>\n
  3. He extended citizenship rights to provincial subjects.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

    Question 31.
    \nWho Formed the \u2018Second Triumvirate\u2019?
    \nAnswer:
    \nMark Antony, Lepidus and Octavian formed the \u2018Second Triumvirate\u2019.<\/p>\n

    Question 32.
    \nWhat is Coliseum?
    \nAnswer:
    \nColiseum was an Amphitheatre in Rome for holding fights between Gladiators. It was built in 80CE by Emperor Vespasian. It could accommodate about 50000 people.<\/p>\n

    Question 33.
    \nMention the two important Generals of Augustus Caesar.
    \nAnswer:
    \nAgrippa and Maecenas.<\/p>\n

    Question 34.
    \nName any four Poets or Historians who adorned the court of Augustus Caesar.
    \nAnswer:
    \nLivy, Horace, Virgil, Ovid, Pliny, and Tacitus were the ones.<\/p>\n

    Question 35.
    \nWhat is Pax Romana?
    \nAnswer:
    \nPax Romana means Roman peace. The Roman Empire under Augustus Caesar brought about a period of great peace in the Mediterranean World as never before.<\/p>\n

    Question 36.
    \nWhat are the \u2018Twelve Tables\u2019?
    \nAnswer:
    \nEarlier, laws were interpreted by the priests. The first written code came in the form of \u2018Twelve Tables\u2019 in 150 BCE.<\/p>\n

    \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

    Question 37.
    \nWhat is Jus Gentium?
    \nAnswer:
    \nJus Gentium was one part of the Roman law applying to foreigners in Rome and to others within Roman lands, who were not given citizenship.<\/p>\n

    Question 38.
    \nName any two historians of ancient Rome.
    \nAnswer:
    \nLivy and Virgil.<\/p>\n

    Question 39.
    \nWhat is Pantheon?
    \nAnswer:
    \nIt is the most famous and best-preserved of Roman buildings. It was built during the time of Augustus and later rebuilt during the time of Hadrian.<\/p>\n

    Question 40.
    \nFrom where did the first inhabitants of Italy come?
    \nAnswer:
    \nThe first inhabitants of Italy came from North Africa, Spain, and France.<\/p>\n

    Question 41.
    \nName any two hills on which Rome was built.
    \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. The Palatine<\/li>\n
    2. The Capitoline<\/li>\n
    3. The Caelian<\/li>\n
    4. The Esquiline<\/li>\n
    5. The Aventine<\/li>\n
    6. The Viminal<\/li>\n
    7. The Quirinal. (Any two)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Question 42.
      \nWhat is World State?
      \nAnswer:
      \nHaving a uniform system of administration and common laws in all the countries is the idea behind \u2018World State\u2019. This was first mooted by Alexander, and the Romans gave the first practical demonstration of it.<\/p>\n

      \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

      Question 43.
      \nWho was Galen?
      \nAnswer:
      \nHe was the greatest Physician of the Roman period. Galen made a scientific study of the many parts of the human body and wrote on human anatomy. He was the first to discover the circulation of blood.<\/p>\n

      Question 44.
      \nWho were Etruscans?
      \nAnswer:
      \nThey were a group of people who settled in around 1000 BCE on Tiber. They were skilled architects and engineers. Romans learnt from them how to drain swamps and to construct roads.<\/p>\n

      1st PUC History Establishment of Greek and Roman Empires – Contributions Five Mark Questions and Answers<\/h3>\n

      Question 1.
      \nWrite a short note on City-States of ancient Greece.
      \nAnswer:
      \nThe city-state was the outstanding political achievement of the Greeks. Topographical features of the country and the tribal characteristics of the people were important factors in the development of the City-States. The Polis originated as a fortified site but later was interpreted as a Sovereign State. It included the fort, the city, and the surrounding country side. Around 800 B.C.E, a group of Greek villages began joining into larger units to form City-States.<\/p>\n

      At the highest point in a city-state, an Acropolis or Citadel was built for defence and the city spread around the Acropolis. Sparta, Athens, Macedonia, Corinth, and Thebes were important City-States. Though the Greek City-States were independent, jealous and quarrelsome, all the Greeks strongly believed that they were all Hellenes. Another bond that united them was the common language and literature. One more factor that united them was the worship of Gods like Zeus, Apollo, and Athena.<\/p>\n

      Question 2.
      \nExplain briefly how democracy developed in Athens.
      \nAnswer:
      \nAt first, the City-States were ruled by Monarchs. Each Monarch began to govern his City State with the assistance of a council, consisting of nobles. Then wealthy land owners took over the political power and abolished Monarchy. With the increase in the population of the cities, trade, commerce and industry expanded and middle class developed.<\/p>\n

      This class joined with poor farmers to lessen the power of the land owners. This conflict resulted in the rise of. \u2018Dictators\u2019 or \u2018Tyrants\u2019 as Greeks called them. But there were changes particularly with regard to Sparta and Athens. Sparta turned into a Military State, her government was ruled by few nobles. Two of these nobles became Kings.<\/p>\n

      Athens registered a remarkable progress in Politics, Laws, Literature, Art, Science and Philosophy. Athenians were fond of trying political experiments. Monarchy and Oligarchy did not suit their temperament. So they discarded them. With the contributions of law givers like Draco, Solon, and Cleisthenes, democracy came into existence at Athens.<\/p>\n

      \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

      Question 3.
      \nWhy is the Periclean age called as the Golden Age?
      \nAnswer:
      \nAthenian democracy reached its greatest height, under the leadership of Pericles. He was a great radical in politics. It was he who completed the work of laying the foundation for democracy in Athens. He deprived the \u2018Areopagus\u2019 of its political powers and transferred the same to the council of five hundred. This body suggested measures to the Acclesia the assembly. It was freely discussed by all the citizens of Athens and laws were passed.<\/p>\n

      Another important feature of the Periclean age was the jury system. Every year about 5000 jurors were elected for a term of one year. Being a great lover of democracy, he wanted even the poorest citizen to take an interest in political affairs. This is what we call today, the Direct Democracy.<\/p>\n

      Athens which was destroyed during the Persian war was rebuilt by Pericles. Athens became a centre of progress in art and architecture. Very large public buildings were constructed, which beautified Athens. The famous Parthenon or the temple of Virgin was built of coloured marble stones. It was the most beautiful temple. Pericles also patronized music.<\/p>\n

      To protect his beautiful city from foreign invaders, he built Tong walls\u2019 connecting the city with the port Piraeus. The age of Pericles produced great Philosophers like Socrates and his pupil, Plato. Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides were the dramatists of Periclean age. Hippocrates is regarded as the \u2018Father of Medicine\u2019. Herodotus is regarded as \u2018The Father of History\u2019. Thucycidides was another famous historian of the Periclean age. Sappho and Pindar lived during this period. Periclean age of Athens is regarded as the \u2018School of Hellas\u2019 and \u2018The Golden Age\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Question 4.
      \nWhat are the contributions of the Greeks to Literature?
      \nAnswer:
      \nIn the field of literature, Greeks contributed to Epics, Poetry, Drama and History. \u2018Iliad\u2019 and \u2018Odyssey\u2019 are the two works of Homer. These Epics give us a fairly faithful account of the social, economic and political conditions of early Greek Culture. The shorter Greek poems were called Lyrics. Pindar and Sappo were the two lyric poets of Greek Civilization. The drama is the most familiar of the Greek forms of literature. The remains of Greek theatres can be still be seen all over the Aegean region.<\/p>\n

      The founder of Greek tragedy was Aeschylus, author of \u2018Prometheus Bound\u2019 and \u2018Agamemnon\u2019. Sophocles, the greatest of the Greek tragedians, wrote \u2018Oedipus Rex\u2019, \u2018Antigone\u2019 and \u2018Electra\u2019. These plays are admired all over the world even today. Euripides the third of the great tragic Poets believed that in life people were more important than Gods.<\/p>\n

      Hence he concerned himself with the passions and emotions of human beings. One of his best-known plays is the \u2018Trojan Women\u2019. Aristophanes was the greatest comic poet. World\u2019s first great historian Herodotus, Thucydides who wrote he \u201cPeloponnesian Wars\u2019 and Plutarch known for his biographies \u2018Lives of illustrious men\u2019 all lived during this period. Oratory is the art of making public speeches. The most famous orator was Demosthenes.<\/p>\n

      \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

      Question 5.
      \nBriefly explain the contributions of the Greeks to Science.
      \nAnswer:
      \nGreek Philosophers furnished the impetus for the beginning of the study Of science. Aristotle laid the foundation for the study of natural science. Theophrastus, a pupil of Aristotle established Botany as a recognized science. The Periclean age produced great men. Hippocrates laid the foundations for modern Medicine. He taught that diseases have a natural origin and are not caused by evil spirits, as many believed in those days. He is known as the \u2018Father of Medicine\u2019. Herophilus is called as the \u2018Father of Anatomy\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Ptolemy believed that the Earth was the centre of the Universe. But Aristarchus propounded the theory that Earth and other planets, revolved around the Sun. Eratosthenes calculated the approximate circumference of Earth within a small degree of error of 320 Kilometres. He also prepared a fairly accurate map of the world and he was the first to suggest that one could reach India from Europe by sailing west. Pythagoras and Euclid made many contributions to mathematics, especially to Geometry. Archimedes was also a famous scientist of ancient Greece.<\/p>\n

      Question 6.
      \nWhat are the contributions of the Greeks to Art and Architecture?
      \nAnswer:
      \nIn the early times, the Greeks used wood, and later they used sun-dried bricks and marbles to built their temples. The Greek architecture consists of three styles namely Doric, Ionic, and the Corinthian styles. The Parthenon is said to be the most beautiful temple ever built out of the coloured marble stones. We find a tall marble statue of Goddess Athena carved by Phidias inside the temple.<\/p>\n

      The temple consists of 46 Doric columns, each 34 feet high. Actinus the famous architect of this temple blended Doric, Ionian and Corinthian styles to make this temple a wonder of the world. It was built by King Pericles. The majestic and beautiful temple is now in ruins. Alexander\u2019s conquest initiated several centuries of cultural exchange between Greece and Central Asia. The Gandhara art in Ancient India developed due to the Greek influence.<\/p>\n

      The Greeks expressed the human values like beauty and courage in the sculptures. They portrayed naked, well built and muscular bodies. Even Gods were portrayed as human beings. Myron and Phidias were the best-known sculptors. Myron is famous for the Statue of Discus Thrower. Greeks also excelled in Paintings on vases.<\/p>\n

      \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

      Question 7.
      \nExplain the religion of the ancient Greeks.
      \nAnswer:
      \nIdeas and practices of the Greeks in the field of religion were quite different from those of other people in the world. They did not believe in God. On the other hand, they tended to glorify men who were powerful and beautiful. The Greek Gods were the Twelve Olympians of them three were very important, Zeus, Apollo, and Athena.<\/p>\n

      Zeus was the master of God’s and father of men. Apollo was the son of Zeus. Athena was the Protectress of cities. They had their abode at Mount Olympus. Greeks believe that they would often visit the earth. Unlike other religions, the Greeks had no established Church or any particular Holy Book. The Greeks practiced the celebration of festival Olympia as early as 776 BCE. The Oracles were specially sought after to predict events or to pronounce judgment. The Oracle Apollo of Delphi was the most famous.<\/p>\n

      Question 8.
      \nWhy is Aristotle regarded as the \u2018Walking University\u2019?
      \nAnswer:
      \nThe greatest of Greek philosophers was Aristotle, a student of Plato at his Academy and he was the teacher of Alexander the Great. He was both a Philosopher and a Scientist and wrote on many subjects. He is regarded as the father of three branches of knowledge, namely Philosophy, Biology and Political Science. He said that \u2018Man is a social animal\u2019. He encouraged constitutional Governments. He classified and organized the different branches of knowledge segregating Physics, Metaphysics, Logic, and Ethics. His important works were \u2018The Politics\u2019 and \u2018History of Animals\u2019. That is why he is considered as the \u2018Walking University\u2019.<\/p>\n

      Question 9.
      \nExplain briefly the Roman wars with Carthage.
      \nAns.
      \nThe wars between the Roman Republic and Carthage (near modern Tunis) were called as the Punic Wars. It was the struggle for the supremacy over the Western Mediterranean region. This was a long drawn conflict and took place in three stages. (264-146 BCE).<\/p>\n

      The first Punic war was basically a naval war, in which Rome emerged triumphant. In the second Punic war, Carthage was led by the brilliant General Hannibal. He scored many ouTstanding victories, but could not capture Rome. The Romans adopted a sort of guerrilla warfare and delaying tactics. Finally, Carthaginians were decisively beaten and Hannibal committed suicide. In the third Punic war, Rome invaded Carthage and totally destroyed them. Rome became the undisputed master of the Mediterranean.<\/p>\n

      \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

      Question 10.
      \nWrite a short note on Julius Caesar.
      \nAns.
      \nJulius Caesar was a great General, Dictator, Reformer and the symbol of ancient Rome. He was bold and powerful. Pompey, Julius Caesar, and Crassus formed the First Triumvirate.<\/p>\n

      They divided the Empire among themselves:
      \nCaesar in Gaul, Crassus in Parthia (Iran) and Pompey in Spain and ruled the Roman Empire. Pompey and Caesar were at loggerheads and Crassus had acted as a mediator between them. The Triumvirate disintegrated after Crassus\u2019s death. Caesar was victorious in several battles in Gaul and Britain. He advanced towards east and overthrew his opponents in Asia Minor. This was the occasion, he sent his famous message to the Senate \u201cVini, Vidi Vici\u201d, which means \u201cI came, I saw, I conquered\u201d.<\/p>\n

      Pompey looked upon Caesar\u2019s progress with suspicion and envy. He asked Caesar to return to Rome without his army. Caesar forestalled Pompey, reached Rome and defeated him at Pharsalus. Later, chased Pompey to Egypt where he was killed. Egypt under Queen Cleopatra became an ally of Rome. Later Caesar became the Dictator of Rome. But he was murdered in 44 BCE by the Liberators-headed by Brutus in a Senate meeting.<\/p>\n

      Caesar increased the strength of the Senate and reduced its power. He distributed public lands and provided employment to the poor.<\/p>\n

      His reforms include the following:
      \nImprovement in Agriculture, reduction of taxes, removal of corrupt and oppressive Governors, and improvement in the coinage system and the introduction of the Julian calendar. He was also a great orator and a writer.<\/p>\n

      Question 11.
      \nExplain briefly the rise of Eastern Roman Empire.
      \nAns.
      \nMost of the immediate successors of Augustus Caesar except for Marcus Aurelius were weak, incompetent and tyrants. Caligula and Nero were the worst examples for a bad Ruler. Roman Civilization was on a decline and Diocletian and his successors checked it to some extent.<\/p>\n

      Emperor Constantine shifted the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Constantinople, a city named after him in 330 CE which marked the beginning of the Eastern Roman Empire. Constantinople was built on the ancient site of Byzantium which is now called Istanbul, located in Turkey. He issued the edict of Milan, which granted liberty to Christians to profess their religion and began the Christianization of the Empire.<\/p>\n

      Justinian was the last great Emperor who had control over both the Eastern and the Western halves of the Empire. His long-lasting achievements were the \u2018Justinian code\u2019 and his buildings in Constantinople. The Eastern Roman Empire with Constantinople as its capital continued to exist till it was overthrown by the Turks in 1453 CE.<\/p>\n

      \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

      Question 12.
      \nWhat is Pax Romana? Explain.
      \nAns.
      \nThe Roman Empire covered a vast stretch of territory that touched three continents namely Europe, Asia, and Africa. The establishment of the Empire brought about great peace over these places, called Pax Romana, which made the growth of Roman civilization possible. The entire Mediterranean world was a place of constant wars and battles among the petty Rulers. Rome with the might of its army maintained peace there.<\/p>\n

      For about two centuries from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius the Empire enjoyed peace. As a result, trade and commerce flourished. People began to lead a prosperous life because of peace and prosperity. Cities were built, temples were constructed and remarkable development took place. Roman citizenship was granted to all those who came under the hegemony of Rome. It was a guarantee enough for them to be treated on par with all the others.<\/p>\n

      Question 13.
      \nWrite a short note on Roman law.
      \nAns.
      \nThe most outstanding intellectual contribution of Romans was the formation of a body of laws. Their laws have made a profound impact on almost all the civilized nations of the world today. It was largely their system of law and administration that enabled the Romans to maintain order over a vast Empire which the Greeks were unable to do. Laws encouraged travel and boosted trade. English words like Taw\u2019, \u2018legal\u2019, \u2018legislation\u2019, \u2018Justice\u2019, \u2018equality\u2019 and \u2018judge\u2019, have all been derived from Latin. Much of the early laws were interpreted by priests. The first written code came in the form of Twelve Tables in 150 BCE. In order to keep abreast of changing economic conditions, the commercial transactions were legalised and all were equal before law.<\/p>\n

      Roman law can be divided into two parts.<\/p>\n

      1. The Jus-civil law, which applied only to Roman citizens.<\/p>\n

      2. Jus Gentium, originally applying to foreigners in Rome and to others within Roman lands, codified by the great Roman Emperor Justinian. Rome saw a series of legal reforms and the creation of principles of legal science. Practically all the later legal systems-from the common law of England to the Napoleonic code owed much to the Roman legal systems.<\/p>\n

      Question 14.
      \nWhat are the contributions of Romans to language and literature?
      \nAns.
      \nLatin was the language of the ancient Roman Empire. It belongs to the family of Indo-European languages. The native sons of Latium saw the superiority of the Greek languages and proceeded to use its style, formulating their own. Before the fall of Rome, Latin became the accepted language of much of the civilized world. Latin remained the language of the Church, science, medicine, law, and education. It was used for most of the written transactions in Europe, throughout the middle ages.<\/p>\n

      In the field of literature, the Romans tried to imitate the Greeks. The \u2018Golden Age\u2019 of Latin literature was heralded in the Prose works of Cicero and the Poetry of Catullus and Lucretius. Julius Caesar wrote \u2018Gallic Wars\u2019 and \u2018Civil wars\u2019. The dawn of Augustinian age saw writings of Virgil, Horace, Livy, and Ovid, Virgil has been given the title, the most splendid \u2018Voice of Rome\u2019.<\/p>\n

      He wrote \u2018Aeneid\u2019. Augustinian age saw the Lyrics of Horace and the \u2018Natural History\u2019 of Livy. Livy\u2019s another great work was \u2018History \u201dof Rome\u2019. The \u2018Silver Age\u2019 (198 BCE- 138 CE) saw the Tragedies of Seneca, the Satire of Juvenal and the sceptical Histories of Tacitus. Tacitus also wrote \u2018Annals\u2019 and, \u2018Histories\u2019. Pliny, the Elder wrote \u2018Natural History\u2019. The other well-known Historians were Sallust and Plutarch. Marcus Aurelius wrote \u2018Meditation\u2019 and was a great orator on philosophy.<\/p>\n

      \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

      Question 15.
      \nExplain briefly the contributions of Romans to Science.
      \nAns.
      \nRoman Contributions in science were very limited. Most of the conclusions reached by Roman scientists were philosophical, and not the result of careful experimentation. They were the first to provide free medicine to poor patients. They maintained personal cleanliness, and for this purpose they built baths. They constructed hospitals and patients were treated by qualified Physicians.<\/p>\n

      The greatest Physician was Galen (130-200 CE). He wrote on Human Anatomy and Physiology. The knowledge of Human Anatomy enabled them to conduct operations and to remove goitres and tonsils. Galen was one of the first to discover the circulation of blood. The \u2018Natural History\u2019 of Pliny was a large Compendium of all known Science. Aretacus was the first to describe the symptoms of Diabetes and Diphtheria. The Romans borrowed the Etruscan rotation system, but it was not developed much above the level of arithmetic. Roman numerals I, X, L, C, etc. are still used today. The ancient Romans used numerals for commercial mathematics.<\/p>\n

      Question 16.
      \nWhat are the contributions of Ancient Romans to Art and Architecture?
      \nAns.
      \nThe Romans were stupendous builders. Temples, Theatres, fine Public Buildings, Baths, and homes were built in large numbers. Pompey\u2019s Theatre (55 BCE) was a magnificent structure. Augustus erected the Imperial Palace on the Palatine, one of the seven Hills of Rome. Vespasian built the Coliseum, where gladiatorial contests were held. Probably the most famous and best-preserved of Roman buildings is the Pantheon. It was originally built during the time of Augustus and it was fully rebuilt during the time of Hadrian. Justinian Church of Saint Sophia at Constantinople is still regarded as the most magnificent building of its kind in the near east. Romans were the inventors of concrete. They also introduced two architectural improvements.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Arches<\/li>\n
      2. Cupolas or Domes.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        An efficient water distribution system and well paved and durable roads are examples of Roman engineering. Roads were primarily built for the movement of armies and for trade with distant parts of the world. So complete was Rome\u2019s system of roads, linking all parts of the Empire, that there is a saying that \u2018All roads lead to Rome\u2019. Frontinus wrote a pioneering work on engineering.<\/p>\n

        Romans developed their sculptures on Greek models. Buildings were decorated with Sculptures and Bas Reliefs. Most of the Sculptures depicted Emperors, placed in-City squares as symbols of their authority and power. The Unknown Roman is the best-known example of their. sculpture. Most of the Roman paintings have disappeared. The best of the surviving murals are found in Pompeii. The art of painting was revived through Christian influence in Church Frescoes in the later period.<\/p>\n

        \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

        Question 17.
        \nWrite about the History of Rome.
        \nAns.
        \nThe city of Rome was founded by the twin brothers, Romulus, and Remus in 753 BCE, on the Palatine hill on the banks of river Tiber. It was named Rome (Roma) after Romulus. In its early history, Italy faced formidable enemies such as Aquinas, Etruscans, and Volscians. Under the leadership of Romulus, their attacks were effectively repulsed. But the Gauls attacked Rome and the city was burnt down. It was rebuilt later.<\/p>\n

        Republic or Monarchy was the usual form of Government. Roman Republic was supposed to have been established around 509 BCE. Even though it was a Republic, real power was enjoyed by the Patricians, the Aristocrats. The Plebeians comprised of the workers, small farmers, artisans, small traders, and soldiers. The Senate enjoyed the most important position. Rome fought the Punic wars with Carthage and destroyed it. The City of Rome expanded into an Empire.<\/p>\n

        A powerful Oligarchy dominated the Senate and the powerful army created super Generals like Marius, Sulla, Pompey, and Caesar. Marius became a Dictator of Rome. Later, the \u2018First Triumvirate\u2019 of Crassus, Pompey and Caesar took over. Caesar defeated Pompey and*became the Dictator. Julius Caesar brought in many reforms. After he was killed by the Brutus led Liberators, Augustus Caesar became the Emperor and took the Roman Empire to greater heights.<\/p>\n

        Question 18.
        \nWrite about the Rise of Dictatorship in Rome.
        \nAns.
        \nThe city of Rome expanded into an Empire. But it was still called Rome. In the Senate a powerful Oligarchy dominated. Misgovernment and despotism became common features in parts of the Empire. The Roman army which was now professional created super Generals like Marius, Sulla, Pompey, and Caesar. Marius was the first of the new leaders of Rome. He became a Dictator of Rome and one-man rule took root with him. After Marius, it was the turn of Sulla and he acted like a Monarch. Then came the \u2018First Triumvirate\u2019 of Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar.<\/p>\n

        1st PUC History Establishment of Greek and Roman Empires – Contributions Ten Mark Questions and Answers<\/h3>\n

        Question 1.
        \nExplain the achievements of Pericles.
        \nAnswer:
        \nAthenian democracy reached its greatest height, under the leadership of Pericles. He was a great radical in politics. He was the great-grandson of Clisthenes. It was he who completed the work of laying the foundation for democracy in Athens. He deprived the \u2018Areopagus\u2019 the legislative body of its political powers and transferred the same to the council of five hundred.<\/p>\n

        This body suggested measures to the Acclesia- the Assembly. It was freely discussed by all the citizens of Athens and laws were passed. A board of ten Generals elected by the Assembly acted as a kind of Cabinet. Pericles was the President of this board. The generals were responsible to the Assembly and thus could not become Dictators.<\/p>\n

        Another important feature of the Periclean age was the jury system. Every year about 5000 jurors were elected for a term of one year. Being a great lover of democracy, he wanted even the poorest citizen to take interest in the political affairs of the State. This was the forerunner for the present day\u2019s Direct Democracy.<\/p>\n

        Athens which was destroyed during the Persian war was rebuilt by Pericles. Athens became a centre of progress in Art and Architecture. Very large public buildings were constructed, which beautified Athens. The famous Parthenon or the temple of Virgin was built of coloured marble stones. It was the most beautiful temple. To protect this beautiful city from foreign invaders, he built \u2018Longwalls\u2019 connecting the city with the port Piraeus.<\/p>\n

        Pericles patronised music and artistes. The age of Pericles produced great Philosophers like Socrates and his pupil, Plato. It was the Golden age of Greek plays. Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides were the great dramatists who wrote tragic plays. Hippocrates who is regarded as the Father of Medicine, Herodotus who is regarded as the Father of History and Thucycidides another famous historian all lived under the patronage of Pericles.<\/p>\n

        \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

        Question 2.
        \nDiscuss the contributions of Greeks.
        \nAnswer:
        \n1. Cultural Contributions:
        \nThe Greeks contributed to human civilization immensely. They believed in the principles of a sound mind in a sound body. They imagined the human body as a thing of beauty and had great curiosity and thirst for knowledge. They made great contributions to Literature, Sports, Philosophy, Politics, Ethics, Science, Music, Drama, . Religion, Art and Architecture. Greek ideology so completely dominated European culture that, the western culture today is predominantly Hellenic in its inspiration and ideas. So the legacy of Greece is vital and universal.<\/p>\n

        2. Literature:
        \nIn the field of literature, Greeks contributed to Epics, Poetry, Drama and History. \u2018Iliad\u2019 and \u2018Odyssey\u2019 are the two works of Homer. These epics give us a fairly faithful account of the social, economic and political conditions of early Greek culture. The shorter Greek poems were called Lyrics, as they were primarily sung to the music of lyres. Pindar and Sappo the poetess were two great lyric poets of Greek Civilization.<\/p>\n

        The drama is the most familiar of the Greek forms of literature. The founder of Greek tragedy was Aeschylus, author of Prometheus Bound\u2019 and \u2018Agamemnon\u2019. Sophocles, the greatest of the Greek tragedians, wrote \u2018Oedipus Rex\u2019, \u2018Antigone\u2019 and \u2018Electra\u2019. These plays are admired all over the world even today. Euripides the third of the great tragic poets, believed that in life people were more important than Gods. Hence he concerned himself with the passions and. emotions of human beings. One of his best-known plays is the \u2018Trojan women\u2019. Aristophanes was the greatest comic poet. Famous historians of the period were Herodotus, Thucydides, and Plutarch. Demosthenes was famous for his oratory skills, the art of making public speeches.<\/p>\n

        3. Science:
        \nGreek philosophers furnished the impetus for the beginning of the study of science. Aristotle laid the foundation for the study of natural science. Theophrastus established Botany as a recognized science. Hippocrates known as the \u2018Father of Medicine\u2019 laid the foundations . of modern medicine. He taught that diseases have a natural origin and not caused by evil spirits. Herophilus is called as the \u2018Father of Anatomy\u2019.<\/p>\n

        Ptolemy believed that the Earth was the centre of the Universe. But Aristarchus propounded the theory that Earth and other planets, revolved around the Sun. Eratosthenes calculated the approximate circumference of earth within a small error of 320 Kilometres. He also prepared a fairly accurate map of the world and he was the first to suggest that one could reach India from Europe by sailing westwards. Pythagoras and Euclid made many contributions to mathematics, especially to Geometry. Archimedes was also a famous scientist of ancient Greece.<\/p>\n

        4. Art and architecture:
        \nIn the early times, the Greeks used wood, and later they used sun-dried bricks and marbles to build their temples. Greek architecture consists of three styles viz., Doric, Ionic, and the Corinthian styles. The Parthenon is said to be the most beautiful temple ever built out of the coloured marble stones. A tall marble statue of Goddess Athena carved by Phidias is inside the temple. The temple consists of 46 Doric columns, each 34 feet high Actinus, the famous architect of this temple blended Doric, Ionian, and Corinthian styles to make this temple a wonder of the world.<\/p>\n

        It was built by King Pericles. Alexander\u2019s conquest initiated several centuries of cultural exchange between Greece and Central Asia. The Gandhara art in Ancient India developed due to Greek influence. The Greeks expressed the human values like beauty and courage in their sculptures. They portrayed naked, well built and muscular bodies. Even Gods were portrayed as human beings. Myron and Philidias were the best-known sculptors. Greeks also excelled in Paintings on vases.<\/p>\n

        \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

        Question 3.
        \nWrite about Alexander the Great (336-323 B.C.E).
        \nAnswer:
        \nAlexander is one of the greatest names in the history of the world. He owed much to his father Philip II of Macedonia. He became greater than his father. He succeeded his father at the age of 20 and wanted to conquer the world.<\/p>\n

        He was tutored by one of the greatest Philosophers, Aristotle. He compelled the entire Greece to accept his leadership with his martial skills and industriousness. With 35,000 soldiers, he marched against the Persian Empire and defeated them in the battles of Granicus, Issus, and Arable.<\/p>\n

        Alexander conquered Egypt and built a new city called \u2018Alexandria\u2019 at the mouth of Nile delta. With this success, he marched into India, across the Karakorum Mountains. He defeated King Porus in the battle of \u2018Hydaspes\u2019 or battle of Jhelum (326 B.C.E). He sailed down of Indus, but he could not bring his Indian campaign to a victorious conclusion.<\/p>\n

        The army exhausted, refused to march forward. They were scared of facing the powerful Nandas. His efforts to inspire the soldiers to continue the expeditions became futile. At the height of his power, he died of fever at the age of 33 in Babylon.<\/p>\n

        Alexander\u2019s concept of World Empire could not stand the test of time, as it had no firm political or economic basis. Nevertheless, he aided in the admirable task of spreading Hellenic civilization. He founded nearly seventy cities. He and his soldiers married Persian women and worshipped Persian Gods.<\/p>\n

        He encouraged Greek merchants to trade with Asiatic countries. A happy union of east and west led to the development of Greece- oriental culture. Alexander\u2019s conquest initiated several centuries of cultural exchange between Greece and Central Asia. The Gandhara School of Architecture of Ancient India developed due to the Greek influence.<\/p>\n

        Question 4.
        \nExplain the life and achievements of Augustus Caesar.
        \nAnswer:
        \nHe was a great ruler and a wise Statesman. After several years of political turmoil, Rome enjoyed more than three decades of peace. He not only built an Empire but also was a great patron of Art and Literature. His reign is called as the \u2018Golden Age\u2019 in the history of Rome. Julius Caesar\u2019s assassination by the Brutus led Liberators, caused great political and social turmoil in Rome. The power passed into the hands of Mark Antony, Lepidus and Octavian who formed the \u2018Second Triumvirate\u2019.<\/p>\n

        The conspirators were defeated in the battle of Philippi and Brutus and Cassius were killed. The Triumvirate divided the Empire amongst themselves-Lepidus was in charge of Africa, Antony ruled in the Eastern Province and Octavian remained in Italy and controlled Gaul (France and Belgium). However, the relationship between Octavian and Antony deteriorated. Lepidus was forced to retire (after betraying Octavian in Sicily). Antony was living in Egypt and in the battle of \u2018Actium\u2019 was defeated by Octavian.<\/p>\n

        With the conquest of Egypt, anew Era began for Romans. By 27 BCE, Octavian was the sole Roman leader. His leadership brought the Zenith to Roman civilization that lasted for two centuries. He ruled the Roman Empire for 44 years with the titles \u2018Augustus\u2019, \u2018Imperator\u2019 and \u2018Princeps\u2019.<\/p>\n

        The Government established by him was known as the \u2018Principate\u2019- \u2018Government by the Princeps’ – The first citizen.
        \nAugustus introduced many reforms which had far-reaching consequences in Rome. He gave, \u2018A centre to the System, a Chief to the Civil service, a Head to the Army, a Sovereign to the Subjects, a Protector to the Provinces and Peace to the Empire\u2019.<\/p>\n

        He recognized the Governments of the conquered territories, stopped plunder and corruption and strengthened law and order. New Courts and Postal Services were established. Augustus continued the calendar promoted by Julius Caesar and the month \u2018August\u2019 is named after him. The Emperor kept the poor people happy by supplying food grains.<\/p>\n

        He spent money lavishly on the construction of public buildings, roads, bridges, amphitheaters, and fountains. The most important Amphitheatre was the Coliseum built at Rome. This could accommodate about 50000 people. Due to the construction of the well-paved interlinking system of roads, Rome became the nerve centre of trade and commerce in the Mediterranean world.<\/p>\n

        He maintained diplomatic and commercial contacts with a number of countries including India and China. There were the Generals Agrippa and Maecenas, and Writers, Poets, and Historians like Livy, Horace, Virgil, Ovid, Pliny and Tacitus in his time. Jesus Christ was born during his reign.<\/p>\n

        Augustan age is popularly called as \u2018Golden Age\u2019 in the history of Rome. It was known for peace and prosperity. This period is known as \u2018Pax Romana\u2019 or Roman peace. He gave the idea of the \u2018World State\u2019. His imperial system lasted for nearly 500 years and saved the great treasures of Greco-Roman civilization.<\/p>\n

        \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

        Question 5.
        \nDescribe the contributions of Roman Civilization.
        \nAnswer:
        \nIt is said that but for the Romans, the Greek culture would not have spread to the Western World. Directly or indirectly, Romans acted as the agents. Rome has made its own distinct contributions such as the formation of Republics and Governments. Laws, Legal procedures and Systems, Principles of Taxation, Citizenship Rights, Setting up of Hospitals and Sanitation Systems and construction of Public Buildings and Baths.<\/p>\n

        The greatest gift of the Romans was the \u2018Pax Romana\u2019 or the Roman Peace. The Roman Empire covered a vast stretch of territory touching three continents, namely Europe, Africa, and Asia. By the might of its army, Rome gave peace to the entire Mediterranean World. Prior to that, it was a place of constant wars between the petty Rulers.<\/p>\n

        But for the peaceful atmosphere, the growth of the Roman Civilization would not have been possible. It was Romans who gave the first practical demonstration of the idea of \u2018World State\u2019. They showed the world not only how to build an Empire, but also how to Govern it efficiently. They introduced a uniform system of Administration and common laws throughout the Empire.<\/p>\n

        The most outstanding intellectual contribution of the Romans was the formation of a body of laws. These laws have made a profound impact on almost all the civilized nations of the world today. Earlier, it was the Priests who were interpreting the laws for the common people.<\/p>\n

        The first written code came in the form of \u2018Twelve Tables\u2019 in 150 B.C. It established \u2018Equality before Law\u2019. It was of two parts Jus Civile applied to the Roman citizens and Jus Gentium applicable to all living on Roman lands that were not given citizenship. Justinian codified them completely.<\/p>\n

        Romans were the inventors of concrete. They introduced Arches and Cupolas (Domes) in their Architecture and built many fine Public Buildings, Amphitheatres and Temples. The Coliseum built by Vespasian and the Pantheon are fine examples for that. Romans built miles and miles of very good, well-paved highways like Via Appia, Via Latina and Via Valeria.<\/p>\n

        The roads were for the fast movement of their armies across the Empire and for trade with distant parts. Their system of interlinking roads connecting Rome with all the major parts of their Empire and the importance of Rome gave rise to the saying that \u201cAll roads lead to Rome\u201d.<\/p>\n

        Roman Contributions in science were very limited. Most of the conclusions reached by Roman scientists were philosophical, and not the result of careful experimentation. They were the first to provide free medicine to poor patients. They maintained personal cleanliness, and for this purpose they built baths. They constructed hospitals and patients were treated by qualified physicians.<\/p>\n

        The greatest physician was Galen (130-200 CE). He wrote on Human Anatomy and Physiology. The knowledge of human Anatomy enabled them to conduct operations and to remove goitres and tonsils. Galen was one of the first to discover the circulation of blood. The natural history of Pliny is a large Compendium of all known science. Aretacus was the first to describe the symptoms of diabetes and diphtheria. The Romans borrowed the Etruscan rotation system, but it was not developed much above the level of arithmetic.<\/p>\n

        Roman numerals like I, X, L, C, etc. are used even today. The ancient Romans used numerals for commercial mathematics. Most of the Roman paintings have disappeared. The best of the surviving murals are found in Pompeii. The art of painting was revived through Christian influence in Church Frescoes in the later period.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

        You can Download Chapter 4 Establishment of Greek and Roman Empires – Contributions Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st PUC History Question Bank with Answers\u00a0Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations. Karnataka 1st PUC History Question Bank Chapter 4 Establishment of Greek and Roman Empires – …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[81],"tags":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7836"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7836"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7836\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7836"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7836"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7836"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}