{"id":7383,"date":"2019-11-18T17:49:12","date_gmt":"2019-11-18T12:19:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/?p=7383"},"modified":"2021-07-02T15:45:39","modified_gmt":"2021-07-02T10:15:39","slug":"1st-puc-sociology-question-bank-chapter-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/1st-puc-sociology-question-bank-chapter-2\/","title":{"rendered":"1st PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 2 Basic Concepts"},"content":{"rendered":"

Karnataka 1st PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 2 Basic Concepts<\/h2>\n

You can Download Chapter 2 Basic Concepts Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st\u00a0PUC Sociology Question Bank with Answers<\/a>\u00a0Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.<\/p>\n

1st PUC Sociology Basic Concepts One Mark Questions and Answers<\/h3>\n

Question 1.
\nWho was the first person to say \u201cMan is social animal\u201d?
\nAnswer:
\nAristotle was the first person to say \u201cMan is social animal\u201d.<\/p>\n

Question 2.
\nHow is the term society derived?
\nAnswer:
\nThe term Society is derived from Latin word \u2019Socius\u2019 which means \u201ccompanionship or friendship\u2019<\/p>\n

Question 3.
\nWhat does the web of social relations symbolises?
\nAnswer:
\nThe reciprocal contact between two or more persons. Social relationships have a wide range.<\/p>\n

Question 4.
\nWhat is co-operation?
\nAnswer:
\nThe mutual co-operation between male and female is essential for the reproduction of human race and lead to the growth of culture and civilization.<\/p>\n

Question 5.
\nGive one example for community.
\nAnswer:
\nCaste community, Lingnistic community.<\/p>\n

\"KSEEB<\/p>\n

Question 6.
\nWhat is locality?
\nAnswer:
\nLocality means Geographical area.<\/p>\n

Question 7.
\nWhat is association?
\nAnswer:
\nAccording to Maclver and Page \u201cAn association is an organisation deliberately formed for the collective pursuit of some interest or a set of interests, which its members share\u201d.<\/p>\n

Question 8.
\nGive one example for association.
\nAnswer:
\nPolitical parties, trade union, student union, rotary clubs, lion club, professional association etc<\/p>\n

Question 9.
\nWhat is an institution?
\nAnswer:
\nAccording to Kingsley Denis \u201c Institution is a set of interwover of folkways, mores and laws built around one or more functions\u201d.
\nAccording to Maclver and Page \u201cInstitutions may be defined as the \u201cEstablished forms or conditions of procedure characteristics of group activity\u201d.<\/p>\n

Question 10.
\nGive one example for institution
\nAnswer:
\nFamily, marriage, education, religion, school college etc.<\/p>\n

Question 11.
\nGive an example for primary institutions.
\nAnswer:
\nReligious, Morality, Family kinship, Marriage etc.<\/p>\n

Question 12.
\nGive an example for secondary institutions?
\nAnswer:
\nEducation, Law, Legislation etc.<\/p>\n

\"KSEEB<\/p>\n

Question 13.
\nGive an example for evolved institutions?
\nAnswer:
\nFamily, Marriage.<\/p>\n

Question 14.
\nWhat is social groups?
\nAnswer:
\nMarshal Jones is of the opinion that a social group is \u2018two or more people between whom there is an established pattern of interaction\u2019.<\/p>\n

Question 15.
\nWho classified the social groups into \u201cin-groups\u201d and \u201cout-groups\u201d?
\nAnswer:
\nW.GSumner classified the social groups into in-groups and out-groups.<\/p>\n

Question 16.
\nWho introduced the term primary groups.
\nAnswer:
\nC. H. Cooley introduced the term primary groups.<\/p>\n

Question 17.
\nWho classified groups into \u201cGemeinschaft\u201d and \u201cGeselleschaft\u201d?
\nAnswer:
\nGerman Sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies classified groups into Gemeinschaft and Geselleshaft.<\/p>\n

\"KSEEB<\/p>\n

Question 18.
\nGive an example of gemeinschaft
\nAnswer:
\nThe family kin group. Neighborhood, the rural Community, the friend group represent the gemeinschaft.<\/p>\n

Question 19.
\nGive an example of gaselleschaft.
\nAnswer:
\nBusiness contract, legal pacts between individuals represent the geselleschaft relationships, Business companies, corporations, cities, towns, etc.<\/p>\n

Question 20.
\nWho classified groups into voluntary and involuntary groups?
\nAnswer:
\nC.H. Cooley. Classified groups into voluntary and involuntary groups.<\/p>\n

Question 21.
\nWho classified groups into horizontal and vertical groups?
\nAnswer:
\nAmerican sociologist PA Sorokin<\/p>\n

Question 22.
\nGive an example of vertical group.
\nAnswer:
\nEconomic classes, (upper, middle and lower classes) and caste group.<\/p>\n

Question 23.
\nWho classified groups into territorial and non-territorial groups.
\nAnswer:
\nAmerican sociologist Park and Burgess.<\/p>\n

Question 24.
\nGive an example of organized groups.
\nAnswer:
\nCollege, University, Bank, Hospital, Club etc.<\/p>\n

\"KSEEB<\/p>\n

Question 25.
\nGive an example of unorganized groups.
\nAnswer:
\nMob, audience, spectators, group, public etc<\/p>\n

Question 26.
\nWho introduced the concept of social control?
\nAnswer:
\nE.A. Ross introduced the concept of social control.<\/p>\n

Question 27.
\nWho wrote the book of social control?
\nAnswer:
\nE.A. Ross. Written the book of social control.<\/p>\n

Question 28.
\nGive an example of formal control.
\nAnswer:
\nLaws and legislation, courts, police Jail, armed force, Bureaucracy etc.<\/p>\n

Question 29.
\nGive an example of informal control.
\nAnswer:
\nFolkways, mores, customs, morality etc.<\/p>\n

Question 30.
\nWho introduced the concept of folkways?
\nAnswer:
\nW. G. Sumner introduced the concept of folkways.<\/p>\n

\"KSEEB<\/p>\n

Question 31.
\nWhat is a folkway?
\nAnswer:
\nAccording to Land burg says that the \u201cFolkways are the typical or habitual beliefs, attitudes and style of conduct observed within a group or community\u201d.<\/p>\n

Question 32.
\nGive an example of folkways?
\nAnswer:
\nThe ways of eating, talking, dressing, playing, walking, greeting, conversing, expressing love and affection etc.<\/p>\n

Question 33.
\nWhat is more?
\nAnswer:
\nAccording to Maclver and Page. \u201cWhen the folkways have added to them conceptions of group welfare, standards of right and wrong they are converted into morals\u201d<\/p>\n

Question 34.
\nWhat is law?
\nAnswer:
\nAccording to J.S. Roucek \u201cLaws are a form of social rule emanating from political agencies\u201d<\/p>\n

Question 35.
\nWhat do you mean by Food gathering and hunting society?
\nAnswer:
\nHunting and food gathering societies, characterised by small number of people, gaming their livelihood from hunting, fishing, and gathering of edible plants.<\/p>\n

Question 36.
\nGive a feature of agrarian society.
\nAnswer:
\nAgrarians societies based on small rural communities without towns or cities. Lively hood gained through agriculture, often supplemented by hunting and gathering it was ruled by a chief and inequalities exited among themselves\u201d.<\/p>\n

Question 37.
\nDefine Patrol society.
\nAnswer:
\nSize of this society ranges from five hundred people to many thousand depends on the tending of domesticated animals for their subsistence.<\/p>\n

Question 38.
\nLight a feature of traditional society.
\nAnswer:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Traditional societies are large in size.<\/li>\n
  2. This society is based on agriculture.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

    Question 39.
    \nDefine first world societies.
    \nAnswer:
    \n\u201cCompanionship or friendship\u201d.<\/p>\n

    Question 40.
    \nWhat do you mean by second world societies?
    \nAnswer:
    \nIt refers to the social nature of man, companionship thus means sociability.<\/p>\n

    Question 41.
    \nWrite a feature of developing societies.
    \nAnswer:
    \nThese societies existed from 18\u201c century to the present day.<\/p>\n

    Question 42.
    \nName any one country that comes under new industrialized country.
    \nAnswer:
    \nAmerica comes under new industrialized country.<\/p>\n

    Question 43.
    \nWho introduced the concept of the consciousness of kind?
    \nAnswer:
    \nF H Giddings introduced the concept of consciousness of kind.<\/p>\n

    \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

    1st PUC Sociology Basic Concepts Two Marks Questions and Answers<\/h3>\n

    Question 1.
    \nWhat is basic concept?
    \nAnswer:
    \n\u201cA word or set of words that expresses a general idea concerning with the nature of something or the relations between things\u201d is called basic concepts.<\/p>\n

    Question 2.
    \nDefine society.
    \nAnswer:
    \nAccording to Maclver and Page \u201cSociety is the web of social relationship\u201d According to G. D. M. Cole \u201cSociety is a complex of organised association and institutions within the community\u201d.<\/p>\n

    Question 3.
    \nWhat is division of labor?
    \nAnswer:
    \nThe division of labor depends on peoples interest, ability, sex, and age etc. Due to division of labor in various fields task are performed more efficiently. In modem society, skilled and specialized persons have more importance\u201d.<\/p>\n

    Question 4.
    \nWhat do you mean by principles of likeness?
    \nAnswer:
    \nThe principle of \u201cLikeness\u201d is essential for society. It exists among the people who have similarities with regards to their needs, works, aims, ideals, values and so on.<\/p>\n

    Question 5.
    \nWhat do you mean by principles of differences?
    \nAnswer:
    \nIt refers to the physical, mental and social differences found among people. Likeness and differences are like the two faces of the same coin.<\/p>\n

    \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

    Question 6.
    \nWhy society is called dynamic?
    \nAnswer:
    \nSociety is not static it is dynamic. Society is like water in a stream or river that ever flows. It is always in flux. Old men die and new ones born.<\/p>\n

    Question 7.
    \nMention any two characteristics of society.
    \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Society is the group of groups<\/li>\n
    2. Society is a web of Social Relations<\/li>\n
    3. Similarity or Likeness<\/li>\n
    4. Differences in Society.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Question 8.
      \nDefine community.
      \nAnswer:
      \nAccording to Kingsly Devis \u201cCommunity is the smallest territorial group that can embrace all aspects of social life\u201d
      \nAccording to E.S. Bagardus: \u201cCommunity is a Social Group with some degree of \u201cwe feeling\u201d and living in a given area\u201d.<\/p>\n

      Question 9.
      \nWhat are two essential elements of community?
      \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Locality or Geographical area<\/li>\n
      2. Community Sentiment<\/li>\n
      3. Stability or Relative Permanence<\/li>\n
      4. Naturalness.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Question 10.
        \nWhat is community sentiment?
        \nAnswer:
        \nCommunity sentiment is \u201ca feeling of belongingness towards\u201d or \u201ca kind of conscious identification with the local group.<\/p>\n

        \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

        Question 11.
        \nWhat is tribal community?
        \nAnswer:
        \nTribal community consist of mostly Indigenous people living far away from the area of influence of civilisation. It constitutes a group speaking a common dialect inhabiting in a common area and following a common culture.<\/p>\n

        Question 12.
        \nWhat is rural community?
        \nAnswer:
        \nRural community consist of people living in village and depending mainly on agriculture and \u2022 allied occupations. Rural community is homogeneous in nature relatively smaller in size and has a dominance of primary relations.<\/p>\n

        Question 13.
        \nWhat is urban community?
        \nAnswer:
        \nUrban community consist of people living in towns and cities and depending mainly on non- agricultural occupations. This is heterogeneous in nature, relatively bigger in size and has a dominance of non- intimate or secondary relations.<\/p>\n

        Question 14.
        \nDefine association?
        \nAnswer:
        \nAccording to Maclver and Page \u201cAn association is an organization deliberately formed for the collective pursuit of some interest or a set of interests, which its members share\u201d.<\/p>\n

        Question 15.
        \nMention any two characteristics of association?
        \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Association-A Human group<\/li>\n
        2. Specific Interest<\/li>\n
        3. Co-Operative Spirit<\/li>\n
        4. Organized Group.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

          Question 16.
          \nDefine institution.
          \nAnswer:
          \nKingsley Devis says \u201cInstitution is a set of interwoven of folkways, mores and laws built around one or more functions\u201d.
          \nAccording to Maclver and page \u201cInstitutions may be defined as the \u201cestablished forms or conditions of procedure characteristics of group activity\u201d.<\/p>\n

          Question 17.
          \nMention any two characteristics of institution?
          \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Universal<\/li>\n
          2. Institutions are Standardized Norms<\/li>\n
          3. Institutions are Controlling Mechanism<\/li>\n
          4. Abstract in Nature.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Question 18.
            \nWhat is primary institution?
            \nAnswer:
            \nPrimary institutions are those that cater to the primary needs of man.
            \nEx: Religion, Morality.<\/p>\n

            Question 19.
            \nWhat is secondary institution?
            \nAnswer:
            \nSecondary institutions are those that cater to the secondary needs of people.
            \nEx: Education, Law.<\/p>\n

            Question 20.
            \nMention any two characteristics of social groups.
            \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Collection of Interacting Individuals<\/li>\n
            2. Sense of Group Unity and Solidarity.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Question 21.
              \nDefine social groups.
              \nAnswer:
              \nAccording to Marshal Jones opinion that a social group is two or more people between I whom there is an established pattern of interaction.<\/p>\n

              Question 22.
              \nWhat is in-group?
              \nAnswer:
              \nIn group is one to which an individual belongs, or feels that he belongs.<\/p>\n

              Question 23.
              \nWhat is out-group?
              \nAnswer:
              \nOutgroup is one to which an individual does not belong or feels that he does not belong, in a
              \nparticular context. Ex. Religious group, cast group.<\/p>\n

              \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

              Question 24.
              \nWhat is primary group?
              \nAnswer:
              \nC.H. Cooley classified groups into primary group refers to a \u201csocial groups characterized by fact-to-face relationship, mutual aid and companionship\u201d example family neighborhood, friends, club, peer groups etc.<\/p>\n

              Question 25.
              \nWhat is secondary group?
              \nAnswer:
              \nAccording to Ogburn and Nimkoff say that \u201cGroups which provide experience lacking in intimacy can be called secondary groups\u201d. Ex. Schools and Colleges.<\/p>\n

              Question 26.
              \nWhat is voluntary group?
              \nAnswer:
              \nVoluntary groups are those whose membership is not compulsory. Individuals have the freedom to join or not to join them.
              \nExample: Political parties, Recreational clubs, Cultural associations, Sports clubs, Rotary club etc.<\/p>\n

              Question 27.
              \nWhat is organized group?
              \nAnswer:
              \nOrganized groups are also called associationaf group. These group come to be established through a formally articulated process known as organisation.
              \nExamples: political parties, Trade union, college, university, company, club etc.<\/p>\n

              Question 28.
              \nWhat is unorganized group?
              \nAnswer:
              \nSocial groups that conspicuously lack the attribute of organization can be called unorganized group. They are unorganized in the sense.
              \nExamples: Crowd, Mob, audience, spectator\u2019s, group, public etc.<\/p>\n

              \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

              Question 29.
              \nWhat is genetic group?
              \nAnswer:
              \nGenetic groups are involuntary a nature and the individuals are born in them.
              \nEx : Family groups.<\/p>\n

              Question 30.
              \nDefine social control.
              \nAnswer:
              \nAccording to E.A. Ross: Social control refer to the \u201csystem of devices whereby society brings its members into conformity With the accepted standards of behavior\u201d.<\/p>\n

              Question 31.
              \nGive any two objectives of social control.
              \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Social control Brings about Social Conformity<\/li>\n
              2. Social control Brings about Social Solidarity.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Question 32.
                \nMention two types of social control.
                \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. Informal control.<\/li>\n
                2. Formal control.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Question 33.
                  \nWhat is informal control?
                  \nAnswer:
                  \nInformal control refers to that type of social control. Which is not purposefully created, but spontaneously evolved and which includes informal ways and means for maintenance of social control.<\/p>\n

                  Question 34.
                  \nWhat is formal control?
                  \nAnswer:
                  \nFormal control refers to those types of social control which is deliberately created and which includes some fixed formal means and procedure for the maintenance of social control.<\/p>\n

                  Question 35.
                  \nMention any two characteristics of primary groups.
                  \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. Dominance of primary or face to face relationships<\/li>\n
                  2. Small in size<\/li>\n
                  3. Physical Proximity or Nearness<\/li>\n
                  4. Durability of the groups.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

                    Question 36.
                    \nMention any two characteristics of Secondary groups.
                    \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. Dominance of Secondary Relations<\/li>\n
                    2. Large in size<\/li>\n
                    3. No physical basis<\/li>\n
                    4. Nature of Membership.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      Question 37.
                      \nMention any two characteristics of organized groups.
                      \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. Common interests and goals<\/li>\n
                      2. Elements of organization<\/li>\n
                      3. Size of the Groups<\/li>\n
                      4. Nature of social relations.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        Question 38.
                        \nMention any two characteristics of unorganized groups.
                        \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. Lack of organization<\/li>\n
                        2. Spontaneous in origin<\/li>\n
                        3. Shorter life span<\/li>\n
                        4. Lack of organization in social interaction.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          Question 39.
                          \nMention any two characteristics of folkways.
                          \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. Social in Nature<\/li>\n
                          2. Unplanned Origin<\/li>\n
                          3. Informal Enforcement<\/li>\n
                          4. Folkways are Innumerable.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

                            Question 40.
                            \nMention any two characteristics of Mores.
                            \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. 1. Mores are the regulators of social life<\/li>\n
                            2. Mores are relatively more persistent.<\/li>\n
                            3. Mores vary from group to group or time to time.<\/li>\n
                            4. Mores are often backed by values and religion.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              Question 41.
                              \nMention any two characteristics of laws.
                              \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              1. Laws are the general conditions of human activity prescribed by the state for its members<\/li>\n
                              2. Law is called law, only if enacted by a proper law making authority. Hence it is a product of conscious through deliberate attempts and careful planning.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                Question 42.
                                \nWrite any two characteristics of food gathering and hunting society.
                                \nAnswer:
                                \nHunting and food gathering societies, characterized by small number of people, gaining their livelihood from hunting, fishing, and gathering of edible plants.<\/p>\n

                                Question 43.
                                \nWrite any two features agrarian society.
                                \nAnswer:
                                \nAgrarians societies based on small rural communities without towns or cities. Lively hood gained through agriculture, often supplemented by hunting and gathering it was ruled by a chief and inequalities exited among themselves\u201d.<\/p>\n

                                Question 44.
                                \nWrite any two features traditional society.
                                \nAnswer:
                                \nSize of this society ranges from few hundred people to many thousand depends on the tending of domesticated animals for their subsistence.<\/p>\n

                                Question 45.
                                \nWrite any two modern societies.
                                \nAnswer:
                                \nAmerica and Indian societies.<\/p>\n

                                Question 46.
                                \nWrite any two characteristics of New Industrial society.
                                \nAnswer:<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                1. Industrial societies have existed only in the very modem era.<\/li>\n
                                2. The very invention of machines to produce goods has proved to be an event of great historical importance.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  \"KSEEB<\/h3>\n

                                  1st PUC Sociology Basic Concepts Five Marks Questions and Answers<\/h3>\n

                                  Question 1.
                                  \nWhat is society? Explain.
                                  \nAnswer:
                                  \nThe term society is the most fundamental concept in sociology. Sociology is established as a separate science to study human society scientifically. Human life and society are two faces of the same coin. Man cannot live alone. He lives everywhere in groups in society. Society has become an essential condition for all round development of personality. Hence \u201cAristotle\u201d recognized that \u201cMan is a social animal\u201d man has created his own society because of his intellectual capacity. Sociology only deals with human society.<\/p>\n

                                  In simple term, society is very loosely used in their daily life. Thus the expression- the agricultural society, women\u2019s society, rural society, the weaver\u2019s society, Cooperative Society, etc, But in sociology the term society has a specific meaning. The term Society is derived from Latin word \u2018Socious\u2019 which means \u201ccompanionship or friendship\u201d. According to Maclver and page: \u201cSociety is \u201cthe web of social relationships\u201d.<\/p>\n

                                  \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

                                  Question 2.
                                  \nExplain any five characteristics of society.
                                  \nAnswer:
                                  \nCharacteristics of society.<\/p>\n

                                  (a) Society- The Group of Groups: People collect together to form groups. Such groups combine together to give rise to society. Each society has family, neighbor, village, city, labor association, religious gathering, Political Parties etc, H.M.Johnson – Has thus remarked that \u201csociety is the group of groups\u201d, but it is not’just like a crowd. It is a system. It consists of innumerable groups which fulfill the various needs of the people.<\/p>\n

                                  (b) Society is a web of Social Relations: Social relation means -\u2019\u2019The reciprocal contact between two or more persons. Social relationships have a wide range. For example Teacher – student, Parent-children, patient-doctor, husband-wife and so on. One individual enters into several social relationships at the same time. Maclver and Page- Point out that \u201csociety exists only where social beings behave towards one another in ways determined by their recognisation of one another. Thus society is a web of social relations.<\/p>\n

                                  (c) Similarity or likeness: The principal of \u2018 likeness\u2019 is essential for society. It exists among the people who have similarities with regards to their needs, work, aims, ideals, values and so on. these similarities inspire the people to interact and like each other and live together. Hence mutual intimacy, Co-operation, love and affection, Sympathy, sacrifice and feeling of oneness among people develop. Similarly the people of same nature and behavior live together in society.<\/p>\n

                                  (d) Differences in Society: Likeness and differences are two faces of the same coin. Therefore we see natural differences among people in their interest, ability, talent, attitude, intelligence and so on. Thus we find farmers, labors. Teachers, soldiers, businessmen, advocates, doctors, engineers and other working in different capacities, Maclver and page – Said that \u201cPrimary likeness and Secondary differences are the chief features of human society.<\/p>\n

                                  (e) Co-operation and Division of Labor: Human Society is essentially based on \u2018co-operation and division of labour. Due to the feeling of co-operation people share their joys and Sorrows. The division of labour depends on people\u2019s interest, ability, sex, and age etc. Due to division of labor in various fields task are performed more efficiently. In modem society, skilled and specialized persons have more importance. Thus co-operative and division of labor are reciprocal.<\/p>\n

                                  \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

                                  Question 3.
                                  \nExplain the elements of community.
                                  \nAnswer:
                                  \nElements of community E.A. Bogardus identified the following elements by community. Geographical area or locality and community sentiments are considered as the essential elements of community. They are also considered as characteristics of community.<\/p>\n

                                  (a) Locality or Geographical area: A community is a territorial group. It always occupies some geographic area. Locality is the physical basis of a community. Locality Means – \u201ca group of people became a community only when it starts to reside permanently in a definite locality\u201d.<\/p>\n

                                  In contrast with Society a community is more or less locally limited. Living together facilitates people to develop social contacts, provides to fulfill their common interests. In community physical conditions may influence people\u2019s social life, family, religion, belief, employment etc.<\/p>\n

                                  (b) Community Sentiment: Community sentiment: \u201cA feeling of belongingness towards, or \u201ca kind of conscious identification with the local group.\u201d Community sentiment makes the people share their joys and sorrows and brings social integrity in them. Common interests, and similar lifestyles awakens community sentiments in pepple.<\/p>\n

                                  Other Characteristics of community:<\/p>\n

                                  1. Stability or Relative Permanence: A community is not temporary group like a crowd or a mob. It includes a permanent life in a definite territory. As along as there is life on the earth, People continue to reside permanently all through their life in the communities.<\/p>\n

                                  2. Naturalness: Communities are normally established in a natural way. They are not deliberately created. They are not made by planned efforts. The members of a community are the individual who are born in a community. As people live over a period of time in a particular territory naturally the community feeling develops.<\/p>\n

                                  3. Size of the Community: Community has no certain size. A community may be big or small. A village is small community where as a city is a big one. A city and a village may be included in a wider community called the district. Hence there are communities within communities. Nation as a big community, may include communities like, Village, towns cities etc.<\/p>\n

                                  4. Social Control: Every community has its own rules and regulations to control the relationship of its members. The nature of this regulation depends very much on the nature and type of the community. For example. In the rural and tribal communities informal means of regulations such as customs, folkways, mores, beliefs, rites and rituals etc are enough to exercise social pressure on the behavior of the people.<\/p>\n

                                  5. A Specific Name: Every community has some particular name, whether community is a village or a city or a tribe it has its own name and identity, on the basis of these one community is distinguished from the other.<\/p>\n

                                  \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

                                  Question 4.
                                  \nExplain the characteristics of community.
                                  \nAnswer:
                                  \nElements of community E.A. Bogardus identified the following elements by community. Geographical area or locality and community sentiments are considered as the essential elements of community. They are also considered as characteristics of community.<\/p>\n

                                  (a) Locality or Geographical area: A Community is ja territorial group. It always occupies some geographic area. Locality is the physical basis of a community. Locality Means – \u201cA group of people became a community only when it starts to reside permanently in a definite locality.<\/p>\n

                                  In contrast with Society a community is more or less locally limited. Living together facilitates people to develop social contacts, gives fulfill their common interests. In community physical conditions may influence peoples social life, family, religion, belief, employment etc.<\/p>\n

                                  (b) Community Sentiment: Community sentiment: \u201ca feeling of belongingness towards, or \u201ca kind of conscious identification with the local group.\u201d Community sentiment makes the people share their joys and sorrows and brings social integrity in them. Common interests, and similar lifestyles awaken community sentiments in people.<\/p>\n

                                  Other Characteristics of community:<\/p>\n

                                  1. Stability or Relative Permanence: A community is not temporary group like a crowd or a mob. It includes a permanent life in a definite territory. As along as there is life on the earth, People continue to reside permanently all through their life in the communities.<\/p>\n

                                  2. Naturalness: Communities are normally established in a natural way. They are not deliberately created. They are not made by planned efforts. The members of a community are the individual who are born in a community. As people live over a period of time in a particular territory naturally the community feeling develops.<\/p>\n

                                  3. Size of the Community: Community has no certain size. A community may be big or small. A village is small community where as a city is a big one. A city and a village may be included in a wider community called the district. Hence there are communities within communities. Nation as a big community, may include communities like, Village, towns cities etc.<\/p>\n

                                  Question 5.
                                  \nExplain the characteristics of association.
                                  \nAnswer:
                                  \nCharacteristics of Association.<\/p>\n

                                  (a) Association – A Human Group: An association is formed by people. It is basically a social group. Without people there can be no association. However all groups are not associations. Because an association is basically an organized group. An unorganized group like a crowd or a mob cannot be an association.<\/p>\n

                                  (b) Specific Interest or Interests: An association is not only collection of individuals. But also consists of those individuals who have more or less the same interests. According those who have political interests may join political parties and those who have sports interest may join sports association and so on.<\/p>\n

                                  (c) Co-operative Spirit: An association is based on the co-operative spirit of its members. People work together to achieve common purpose. For example: Workers to work together on a co-operative basis in order to fulfill their objective of getting good working conditions.<\/p>\n

                                  (d) Organized Group: Association is not just a collection of individuals. It is an organized collections for some specific ends. Organization gives stability and proper shape to an association. Organization refers to the way in which the status and roles are distributed among its members.<\/p>\n

                                  (e) Regulation of Relations: Every association has its own rules and regulation applicable to its members. These are called associational norms. Organization depends on this elements of regulation. Association reports to formal or informal means to regulate the relations of its members. For Example: Family through the institution of marriage controls the sexual behavior of its members, professional organization have formal norms to control members.<\/p>\n

                                  (f) Element of Stability: An association may be permanent or temporary. There are some long standing association like the political parties, trade union etc. Some associations may be purely temporary in nature, Example: Association that are established to felicitate some great writers, scientists and religious leaders.<\/p>\n

                                  \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

                                  Question 6.
                                  \nExplain any five characteristics of institution?
                                  \nAnswer:
                                  \nCharacteristics of institution
                                  \nUniversal: Social institution are universal in nature. They are found everywhere and at all stages of social development. There can be no society in the absence of institutions. The basic institutions such as marriage, family, property, Religion are observed even in the tribal or primitive societies. Institutions are Standardized Norms: Social institution must be understood as well recognized or standardized procedures and norms. They prescribe the way of doing thing. They also prescribe rules and regulations that are to be followed.<\/p>\n

                                  For example – marriage, as an institution that governs the relation between the husband and wife. Similarly the school or college has its own established or standardized rules and procedures. Institutions are Controlling Mechanism: Institutions like religion, education, morality, state, government, legislation etc Control the behavior of man. These mechanisms preserve the social order and give stability to it. Institutions is the machinery through human society carries on its activities. They are like wheels on which human society marches on towards the desirable goals.<\/p>\n

                                  Institutions are Relatively Permanent: Institutions normally do not undergo sudden or rapid changes. Changes take place gradually. Many institutions are rigid and enduring. They in course of time became the conservative element in society. Examples- caste, religion etc. But under the pressure of circumstances they also undergo changes.<\/p>\n

                                  Abstract in Nature: Institutions are not external visible or tangible things. They are abstract. Thus marriage cannot be kept in a mueseum. Religion cannot be brought to the laboratory experiments and so on. However They can be compared and evaluated on the basis of values and ideologies.<\/p>\n

                                  Question 7.
                                  \nExplain any five characteristics of social groups.
                                  \nAnswer:
                                  \nMarshal Jones is of the opinion that \u201ca social group is two or more people between whom there is an established patter of interaction\u201d.
                                  \nCharacteristics of social group:<\/p>\n

                                  1. Collection of Interacting Individuals: Social groups consists of people. Social interaction is the very basis of group life, hence mere collection of individual does not make a group. The members must have interaction. A social group is, in fact, a system of social interaction. Different interaction patterns exists in different groups such as family, friendship, and recreational associations etc.<\/p>\n

                                  2. Sense of Group Unity and Solidarity: Depending on the nature of the group, its members are tied together by a sense of unity. The solidarity or unity of a group is largely dependent upon the frequency, the variety, and the emotional quality of the interactions of its members. A friends group or a peer group, or a professional association is highly united because its members are related by several common interests.<\/p>\n

                                  3. Group Goals and Interests: The interest and goal of a group are said to be common. Groups are mostly formed or established for the fulfillment of certain interests. In fact, men do not join groups but also form groups for the realization of their objectives or interests. Forms of the group differ depending upon the interests of the groups, educational groups, professional groups, recreational groups and so on.<\/p>\n

                                  4. Groups are Stronger than their Individual Members: A group is more than the sum of its parts. As Durkheim noted a group has a reality of its own or \u201csuigeneris\u201d. For example, the age and size of a group are not simple derived from the ages and sizes of its members. As Wallace and Wallace have pointed out. \u201cgroups are generally stronger and collective than even the strongest individual members\u201d.<\/p>\n

                                  5. Group Norms: Every group has its own rules or norms which the members are supposed to follow. These norms may be in the form of customs, folkways, mores, traditions, conventions, laws etc. They may be written or unwritten norms or standards. Every group has its own ways and means of correcting those who go against the rules. The continued groups-life of man practically becomes impossible without some norms.<\/p>\n

                                  6. Size of the Group: Every group involves an idea of size. Social groups vary in size. A group may be small as that of a dyad as big as that of a political party having lakhs of members. Size will have its own impact on the character of the group. Membership is limited or unlimited depending on its purpose.<\/p>\n

                                  \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

                                  Question 8.
                                  \nExplain the characteristics of primary groups.
                                  \nAnswer:
                                  \nThe concept of \u2018primary groups\u2019 is a significant of C.H. Cooley to the social thought. Building black of human societies throughout the world history.
                                  \nCharacteristics of primary groups.<\/p>\n

                                  (a) Dominance of primary or face-to-face relationships: Primary groups are characterized by close and intimate relationships. These exists a face-to-face relationship among the members. In primary groups everyone knows everyone else; one\u2019s name and fame, one\u2019s status, wealth, occupation, level of education etc.<\/p>\n

                                  (b) Small in size: Primary groups are generally small in size, because its consists of few members. Size of primary groups should be small if the relations among members are to be close personal and intimate.<\/p>\n

                                  (c) Physical Proximity or Nearness: Face-to-face relations can be found only when members reside in particular area more or less permanently. Seeing and talking with each other facilitates the exchange of ideas, opinions and sentiments.<\/p>\n

                                  (d) Durability of the groups: Primary groups are relatively a permanent groups. Other
                                  \nthings equal, the longer the groups remains together, the more numerous and deeper are the contacts between its members.<\/p>\n

                                  (e) Similarity of Background: The members of the primary groups may have more or less the same background, these must be some approximations in their levels of experience. Each must have something to contribute to give as well as to take.<\/p>\n

                                  (f) Shared Interest: The shared interests of the groups also hold them together. Any interest becomes focused and enriched in the group process. Since all are working for a common cause each acquires stimulation and a heightening of the emotional significance of the interest.<\/p>\n

                                  Question 9.
                                  \nExplain the characteristics of secondary groups.
                                  \nAnswer:
                                  \nIn the secondary groups the relationships secondary, relatively impersonal contractual task – oriented, hence I limited focus of its activities.<\/p>\n

                                  (a) Dominance of Secondary Relations: The relationships that are found within secondary groups are formal indirect impersonal and secondary for example the relationship between the teachers and the students.<\/p>\n

                                  (b) Large in size: The secondary groups are generally large in size in comparision to primary groups that may contain thousands of members. Trade union, corporation, international associations, etc. are secondary groups and they have thousands of members.<\/p>\n

                                  (c) No physical basis: Secondary groups are not necessarily characterized by physical proximity. Many secondary groups are not limited to any definite area. The members such a groups are scattered over vast area.<\/p>\n

                                  (d) Nature of Membership: Membership is the case of secondary groups in mainly voluntary. Individuals are at liberty to join or go away from the groups, for example: they are at liberty to join political parties.<\/p>\n

                                  (e) Specific Ends and interest: Secondary groups are formed for the realization of some specific interests ends. They are often called \u2018Special interest groups\u2019. Members are interested in the groups because they have specific ends to aim at.<\/p>\n

                                  (f) Nature of Group control: Informal means of social control are loss effective in regulating the relations of members. Moral control is only secondary formal means of social control such as law, legislation, police, court, etc. are made use of to control the behavior of members.<\/p>\n

                                  Question 10.
                                  \nExplain the characteristics of folkways.
                                  \nAnswer:
                                  \nThe term folkways was introduced to the sociological literature by W.GSummer in his book with the little \u201cFolkways\u201d published in 1906. The word literately means \u201cThe ways of the folk or people\u201d. Folkways are the accepted ways of behavior.<\/p>\n

                                  (a) Social in Nature: Folkways are the product of man\u2019s group life. They are created by the groups for their sustenance and maintenance. Individuals get social recognition by conforming to the folkways. Every new generation absorbs folkways partly by deliberate teaching but mainly by observing and taking part in life about them.<\/p>\n

                                  (b) Unplanned Origin: The origin of folkways are very obscure. Sumner believed that they arise automatically and unconsciously, they are not the result of any advance planning.<\/p>\n

                                  (c) Informal Enforcement: Folkways are not as compulsive and obligatory as those of laws or morals. Conformity to the folkways is neither required by law nor enforced by any special agency of the society.<\/p>\n

                                  (d) Folkways are Innumerable: It is not possible for anyone to enlist all the folkways. No encyclopedia could contain all the folkways observed by all of the people of history. They are very diverse and numerous.<\/p>\n

                                  (e) Folkways are subject to change: Folkways are not static, but dynamic, folkways are change with changing social conditions. Some folkways undergo relatively rapid change, some are resist change very often.<\/p>\n

                                  \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

                                  Question 11.
                                  \nExplain the characteristics of mores.
                                  \nAnswer:
                                  \nAccording to Maclver and Page \u201cWhen the folkways have added to them conceptions of groups welfare, standards of right and wrong are converted into mores\u201d.<\/p>\n

                                  Characteristics of Mores are:<\/p>\n

                                  1. More are the regulators of social life: Mores represent the living character of the group or community. They are always considered right by the people who share them. They are morally right and their violation morally wrong. Hence they are more compulsive in nature. They put restrictions on our behavior.<\/p>\n

                                  2. Mores are relatively more persistent: More are relatively long lasting than ordinary folkways. In fact, they even become conservative elements in society. They also put up resistance to change.<\/p>\n

                                  3. Mores vary from group to group or time to time: What is prescribed in one group is prohibited in another Eskimos for example: often practice female infanticide, whereas such a practice is strictly forbidden in the modern societies. Mores not only differ with culture but also with time. What is right at one time may be wrong at another and vice versa. Ex; the practice of \u201cSat\u201d was \u201cmoral\u201d then, but today it is illegal and immoral.<\/p>\n

                                  4. Mores are often backed by values and religion: More normally receive the sanction and backing of values and religion. When this occurs they become still more powerful and binding. Mores backed by religious sanctions are strongly justified people.<\/p>\n

                                  Question 12.
                                  \nExplain the characteristics of law.
                                  \nAnswer:
                                  \nLaw is the most powerful formal means of social control in the modern society. It is an l indispensable part of the modem social life. Laws appear only in societies where a political organization called \u201cGovernment\u201d is found. According to J.S. Roucek \u201cLaws are a form of social rule emanating from political agencies\u201d.<\/p>\n

                                  Characteristics:<\/p>\n

                                    \n
                                  • Laws are the general condition of human activity prescribed by the state for its members.<\/li>\n
                                  • Law is called law, only if enacted by a proper law making authority. Hence it is a product of conscious thought deliberate attempts and careful planning.<\/li>\n
                                  • Law is written definite, clear, precise and unambiguous.<\/li>\n
                                  • Law applies equally to all without exception in identical circumstances.<\/li>\n
                                  • Violation of law is followed by penalties and punishments determined by the authority of the state.<\/li>\n
                                  • Laws are always written down and recorded.<\/li>\n
                                  • Laws are not the result of voluntary consent of persons against whom they are directed.<\/li>\n
                                  • Laws a dynamic and subject to change. Law. is not a static body of rules handed down from generation to generation. Rather, it reflects continuously changing standards of, what is right and wrong of how violations are to be determined, and of what sanctions are to be applied.<\/li>\n
                                  • Laws differ from country to country. Though the outward pattern of the legal system to be same every where. The content of laws often differ significantly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                    Question 13.
                                    \nExplain the importance of Groups.
                                    \nAnswer:
                                    \nThe study of human society is essentially the study of human groups. Society consists of groups of innumerable kinds and variety. That is why H. M. Johnson calls human society \u201cthe group of groups\u201d No man exists, without a society and no society exists without groups.
                                    \nGroups; have become a part and parcel of our life. Man\u2019s life, to an enormous extent, is lived and controlled by groups of different kinds.<\/p>\n

                                    (a) Survival becomes problematic without groups: Groups have become so necessary that our very survival becomes problematic and doubtful in their absence. Groups are complementary to the development of human nature, human faculties, and capacities.<\/p>\n

                                    Man by birth itself have the biological potentiality of getting transformed into a social being. The biological or physical survival of man has been made possible by groups. The very important needs of man such as the need for protection and security need for companionship or fellowship; need for food, clothing and shelter etc. are fulfilled by the context of the group life of man.<\/p>\n

                                    (b) Man becomes man only among men: Man becomes man only among men. Various studies have convincingly proved that man fails to develop human qualities in the absence of human environment.<\/p>\n

                                    Example: The most interesting feral case of the two Hindu female children Kamala and her sister found in an wolf\u2019s den, and the pitiable case of Anna, an illegitimate American child who was kept away from human contacts for more than five years, and several other similar instances have proved beyond doubts that only a human environment makes a man; a biological animal, a human being.<\/p>\n

                                    (c) Groups help social survival also: Not only from the point of view of physical survival but also from the viewpoint of leading a successful social life man depends on groups. By engaging himself in constant relation with others, he learns things and mends his way. He _ keeps his eyes wide open, lends his ears to what others say, tries to keep his memory ever fresh to remember the good things of the post to refrain from repeating the blunders of the past.<\/p>\n

                                    (d) Groups give us our identity: Social groups are important because they provide us our identity in the larger society. According to Merton, people who interact in a group are also seen by others as belonging to a group. Because, the group acquires an identity in the eyes of outsiders. The social esteem of the group depends on its identity. An urban gang known for rowdism has its own identity in the neighborhood. At the same time, a youth club committed to selfless social service, too has its own identity.<\/p>\n

                                    (e) Groups contribute to the development of personality: Personality is the product of the group life. The self that every individual develops. Though unique, is itself a product of the group. No self arises in isolation. Groups provide scope for the individuals to express their real nature, their talents and abilities. Hidden potentialities can find their expression only in the context of social groups. What is latent in man becomes manifest only in groups. The groups shape man\u2019s attributes, his beliefs, his morals and his ideals.<\/p>\n

                                    (f) Groups help transmission of culture: According to Richard T. Schaefer, social groups \u201cplay a key role in the transmission of culture\u201d. By functioning as the agents of socialisation, groups such as family, peer group, friends group, neighborhood, school and various other formal as well as informal groups, transmit the culture of the group and the larger society to the younger generation. Groups, thus assure the continuity of the cultural tradition.<\/p>\n

                                    \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

                                    Question 14.
                                    \nExplain the pre-modern societies.
                                    \nAnswer:
                                    \nSocieties can be divided into pre-modern and modem societies. In the pre-modem societies<\/p>\n

                                    (1) Hunting and food gathering societies, characterized by small number of people gaining their livelihood from hunting, fishing and gathering of edible plants. There were few differences based on age and gender.<\/p>\n

                                    (2) Agrarians societies based on small rural communities without towns or cities. Lively hood gained through agriculture, often supplemented by hunting and gathering. It is ruled by a chief and inequalities existed among themselves.<\/p>\n

                                    (3) Pastoral Societies Size of this society ranges from few hundred people to many thousands depends on the tending of domesticated animals for their subsistence. It is marked by distinct inequalities and ruled by a chief or warrior kings.<\/p>\n

                                    (4) Traditional societies or civilizations. This kind of societies were existed from 6000B.C to 19th century. These relatively disappeared. Traditional societies were large in size some numbering millions of people though small compared with industrialized societies. Some cities exists in which trade and manufacturing are concentrated.<\/p>\n

                                    Societies in the modern world are divided into<\/p>\n

                                    (1) The first world societies which existed since 18th century to the present. First world societies are based on industrial production and generally free enterprise. The majority of the people live in towns and cities, a few work in rural agriculture persists.<\/p>\n

                                    (2) Second world Societies-These societies period of existence: In early 20th century to the early 1990s. It is based on industry, but the economic system is centrally planned. Small proportion of the population work in agriculture, most live in towns and cities major class inequalities persists. Distinct political communities are Nations State. Until 1989, composed of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. But Social and Political changes began to transform them into free enterprise, economic system according to the model of first world\u2019s societies.<\/p>\n

                                    (3) Developing Societies These societies existed from 18th century to the present day. Majority of the population work in agriculture, using traditional methods of production. Some have free enterprise system while the others are centrally planned distinct political communities are Notions State, including China, India, and most Africa and South American Nations come under this category.<\/p>\n

                                    (4) Newly industrialized societies. These societies came into existence since 1970 onwards. Former developing societies now based on industrial production and generally free enterprises. Majority of the people live in towns arid cities, a few work in agricultural pursuits. Major class inequalities found than the first world societies. Average per capita income is considerably less than first world societies. The countries like Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Brazil and Mexico etc.<\/p>\n

                                    \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

                                    Question 15.
                                    \nExplain the modern societies.
                                    \nAnswer:
                                    \nOur social world consist of thousands of human societies. For the sake of comparison, and analysis, it is necessary for us to classify them on some basis. According to Lenski, these diverse societies which are existing at present can be classified into a limited number of basic.<\/p>\n

                                    types depending upon the technologies or the subsistence strategies that they use to exploit the natural environment. Different societies have used different subsistence strategies, and those societies that have tended to grow larger and more complex! These complex societies often enjoy their success at the expense of societies using more primitive technologies.<\/p>\n

                                    Thus, it is on the basis of the level of technology or reliance on the basic type of subsistence strategy, societies can be generally classified into the following types:<\/p>\n

                                    Hunting and Gathering Societies. Pastoralism or Pastoral Societies. Horticultural Societies<\/p>\n

                                      \n
                                    • Agricultural Societies, and<\/li>\n
                                    • Industrial Societies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                      Hunting and Gathering Societies: As Gerhard Lenki pointed out in his \u201cHuman Societies\u201d the oldest and the simplest type of society is the \u201cHunting and Gathering a nomadic way of life and a very primitive technology. They have the most primitive tools such as stone axes, spears and knives.<\/p>\n

                                      Characteristics: hunting-gathering societies consist of small but scattered groups. They are nomadic in nature. There is limited or no division of labour among them for there is no scope for different occupation roles. Since they are wandering in nature they need to face danger constantly. Family and kinship are the only defined institutions among them and there is no ground for the development of political institutions.<\/p>\n

                                      Even their religious faith is. also very simple and it has. not developed into a complex institution. It is interesting to note that they do not have desire to acquire wealth for sharing a norm in such societies. Also, there is no wealth worth calling, to be acquired among them.<\/p>\n

                                      Herding or Pastoral Societies.\u201cHerding society refers to any form of society whose main subsistence comes from tending flocks and herds of domesticated animals. In practice, subsistence needs are often met by a combination of herding with hunting and gathering and other forms of agriculture\u201d.<\/p>\n

                                      Characteristics: Herding societies are relatively larger in size and their size ranges between some hundred to a few thousands of members. Herding people like the hunters and gatherers, are nomadic because of their seasonal need to find sufficient grazing areas for their herds. Pastoralist has proved to be a better productive strategy than hunting and gathering for it provides an assured food supply and permits the accumulation of surplus resources. Accumulation of surplus resources has contributed to the beginning of inequality among them.<\/p>\n

                                      Horticultural Societies:\u201cA horticultural society is a society system based on horticulture, a mode of production in which digging sticks are used to cultivate small gardens\u201d Horticulturists specialize in the domestication of plants such as wheat, rice etc. the simplest horticulturalists cultivate manually with hoes or digging sticks in relatively small gardens without using the metal tools and weapons. The subsistence\u2019s strategy of the horticulturists is typically based on a \u201cslash and bum\u201d technology. Horticulturalists are better settled than pastoralists.<\/p>\n

                                      This society assures better food supply and the possibility of surplus. Existence of surplus leads to specialization of roles, such as those of Shaman trader, or craft worker. We find the emergence of political allows institutions among these people. The surplus production allows some wealthy individuals to become more powerful than others. This leads to the emergence of political institutions in the form of chieftainships.<\/p>\n

                                      Agricultural or Agrarian Societies: Around 3000 B. C the invention of the plough led to the beginning of the agrarian society. Agrarian societies first arose in ancient Egypt and were based on the introduction of the plough and the harnessing of animal power \u201cAn agricultural society focuses its mode of production primarily on agriculture and the cultivation of large field. Cultivation of land through the plough is the main feature of this society.<\/p>\n

                                      Based on the invention of the plough around 3000 B.C the agrarian revolution marked its beginning. This invention enables animal power to pull the plough enables a person to achieve great productivity. Size of the agricultural societies is much greater than that of horticultural or pastoral communities. The full-time specialists who engage themselves in non agricultural activities tend to concentrate in some compact places which ultimately led to the birth of cities. Agricultural societies, in source of time, lead to the establishment of more elaborate political institutions.<\/p>\n

                                      Industrial Societies: The industrial mode of production began in England about 250 years ago. The very invention of machines of produce goods has proved to be an event of great ” historical importance. Industrial societies have existed only in the very modern era, dating from the industrialization of Great Britain in the late 18 century. Industrial society is associated with Industrial Revolution and industrialism.<\/p>\n

                                      Industrialism is based on the application of scientific knowledge to the technology of production, enabling new energy sources to be harnessed. Technology based on modem scientific knowledge leads to higher rate of technology innovations. These innovations in turn, bring about a flood of social changes.<\/p>\n

                                      Industrial societies have huge populations and large scale division of lab our. Division of labor is also complex for it gives scope for thousand of new specialized jobs. Science and education assume more importance here and at the same time, family and kind ship and religion start losing their hold and control over the members.<\/p>\n

                                      \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

                                      1st PUC Sociology Basic Concepts Ten Marks Questions and Answers<\/h3>\n

                                      Question 1.
                                      \nWhat is society? Explain its characteristics.
                                      \nAnswer:
                                      \nThe term society is the most fundamental concept in sociology. Sociology is established as a separate science to study human society scientifically. Human life and society are two faces of the same coin. Man cannot live alone. He everywhere in groups in society, society has became an essential condition for all round development of personality. Hence \u201cARISTOTLE\u201d recognized that \u201cman is a social animal\u201d man has created his own society because of his intellectual capacity. Sociology only delay with human society.
                                      \nCharacteristics of society<\/p>\n

                                      (a) Society- The Group of Groups: People collects together to form groups. Such groups combine together to give rise to society, each society has family, neighbour, village, city, labor association, religious gathering, Political Parties etc. H.M.Johnson – Has thus remarked that \u201csociety is the group of groups\u201d. But it is not just like a crowd. It is a system. It consists of innumerable groups which fulfill the various needs of the people.<\/p>\n

                                      (b) Society is a web of Social Relations: Social relation means -\u2019\u2019The reciprocal contact between two or more persons. Social relationships have a wide range, for example Teacher – student, parent-children, patient-doctor, husband-wife and so on. One individual enters into several social relationships at the same time. Maclver and Page- Point out that \u201csociety exists only where social beings behave towards one another in ways determined by their recognisation of one another. Thus society is a web of social relations.<\/p>\n

                                      (c) Similarity or likeness: The principal of likeness is essential for society. It exists among the people have similarities with regards to their needs, work, aims, ideals, values and soon. These similarities inspire the people to interact and like each other and live together. Hence mutual intimacy, Co-operation, love and affection, sympathy, sacrifice and feeling of oneness among people develops. Similarly of the people of same nature and behavior live together in society.<\/p>\n

                                      (d) Differences in Society: Likeness and differences are two faces of the same coin. Therefore we see natural differences among people in their interest, ability, talent, attitude, intelligence and so on. Thus we find farmers, labours. Teachers, soldiers, business men, advocates, doctors, engineers and other working in different capacities, Maclver and page – Said that \u201cPrimary likeness and Secondary differences are the chief features of human society.<\/p>\n

                                      (e) Co-operation and Division of Labor: Human Society is essentially based on \u2018Co-operation and divisions of labour. Due to the feeling of Co-operation people share their joys and sorrows. The division of labor depends on peoples interest, ability, sex, and age etc. Due to division of labor in various fields task are performed more efficiently. In modem society, skilled and specialized persons have more importance, thus co-operative and division of labor are reciprocal.<\/p>\n

                                      (f) Interdependence: Interdependence is another characteristic of society. An individual seeks the satisfaction of his wants and the fulfillment of his goals with the co-operation of others. For example \u201cFamily is a primary institution is based on interdependence of members, with the growth of civilization and industrialization the need of interdependence has increased. Today not only individuals are interdependent but even communities are also interdependent.<\/p>\n

                                      (g) Society is Dynamic: Society keeps on changing forever. No society can ever remain constant for a long period. New associations, institutions and groups may come into being and old ones may die a natural death. Changes may take place slowly or suddenly at a rapid pace. For example-in the rural society changes may occur at a slower pace, where as in an urban society changes will occur at a faster pace.<\/p>\n

                                      \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

                                      Question 2.
                                      \nDefine community. Describe the element?
                                      \nAnswer:
                                      \nGenerally the term community is very loosely used Thus the expressions like a caste community, a racial community, a religious community, a linguistic community are used in a very limited since. But its sociological meaning is different and specific. Elements of community E.A. Bogardus identified the following elements by community. Geographical area or locality and community sentiments are considered as the essential elements of community. They are also considered as characteristics of community.<\/p>\n

                                      (a) Locality or Geographical area: A community is a territorial group. It always occupies some geographic area. Locality is the physical basis of a community, locality Means- \u201ca group of people became a community only when they start to reside permanently in a definite locality. In contrasct with Society a community is more or less locally limited. Living together facilitates people to develop social contacts, gives fulfill their common interests. In community physical conditions may influence peoples social life, family, religion, belief, employment etc.<\/p>\n

                                      (b) Community Sentiment: Community sentiment: \u201ca feeling of belongingness towards\u2019’. Or \u201ca kind of conscious identification with the local group.\u201d Community sentiment makes the people share their joys and sorrows and brings social integrity in them. Common . interests, and similar life styles awaken community sentiments in people.<\/p>\n

                                      Other Characteristics of community:<\/p>\n

                                      1. Stability or Relative Permanence: A community is not temporary group like a crowd or a mob. It includes a permanent life in a definite territory. As a along as there is life on the earth, People continue to reside permanently all through their life in the communities.<\/p>\n

                                      2. Naturalness: Communities are normally established in a natural way. They are not deliberately created. They are not made by planned efforts. The members of a community are the individual who are born in a community. As people live over a period of time in a particular territory naturally the community feeling develops.<\/p>\n

                                      3. Size of the Community: Community has no certain size. A community may be big or small. A village is small community where as a city is a big one. A city and a village may be included in a wider community called the district. Hence there are communities within communities. Nation as a big community, may include communities like, Village, towns cities etc.<\/p>\n

                                      4. Social Control: Every community has its own rules and regulations to control the relationship of its members. The nature of this regulation depends very much on the nature and type of the community. For example. In the rural and tribal communities informal means of regulations such as customs, folkways, mores, beliefs, rites and rituals etc are enough to exercise social pressure on the behavior of the people.<\/p>\n

                                      5. A Specific Name: Every community has some particular name, whether community is a village or a city or a tribe it has its own name and identity, on the basis of these one community is distinguished from the other.<\/p>\n

                                      \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

                                      Question 3.
                                      \nDefine Association. Explain its characteristics.
                                      \nAnswer:
                                      \nIn day to day life, associations and institutions are used very commonly. Sometimes these words are used inter changeably to mean one and the same. But in Sociology these words have specific meaning Definition of Association: According to E.S. Bogardus \u201cAssociation is usually working together . of people to achieve some common purpose\u201d.<\/p>\n

                                      Accordingto William P. Scott \u201cAn Association refer to a formal group organised for a specialised and specifically stated pupose\u201d.<\/p>\n

                                      Characteristics of Association.<\/p>\n

                                      (a) Association – A Human Group: An association is formed by people. It is basically a social group. Without people there can be no association. However all groups are not associations. Because an association is basically an organized group. An unorganized group like a crowd or a mob cannot be an association.<\/p>\n

                                      (b) Specific Interest or Interests: An association is not only collection of individuals. But also consists of those individuals who have more or less the same interests. According those who have political interests may join political parties and those who have sports interest may join sports association and so on.<\/p>\n

                                      (c) Co-operative Spirit: An association is based on the co-operative spirit of its members. People work together to achieve common purpose. For example: Workers to work together on a co-operative basis in order to fulfill their objective of getting good working conditions.<\/p>\n

                                      (d) Organized Group : Association is not just a collection of individuals. It is an organized collections for some specific ends. Organization gives stability and proper shape to an association, organization refers to the way in which the status and roles are distributed among its members.<\/p>\n

                                      (e) Regulation of Relations: Every association has its own rules and regulation applicable to its members. These are called associational norms. Organization depends on this elements of regulation. Association resorts to formal or informal means to regulate the relations of its members. For Example: Family through the institution of marriage controls the sexual behavior of its members, professional organization have formal norms to control members.<\/p>\n

                                      (f) Element of Stability: An association may be permanent or temporary. There are some long standing association like the political parties, trade union etc. Some associations may be purely temporary in nature, Example rAssociation that are established to felicitate some great writers, scientists and religious leaders.<\/p>\n

                                      \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

                                      Question 4.
                                      \nWhat is institution? Explain its characteristics.
                                      \nAnswer:
                                      \nThe concept of institution is another important concept in the field to sociology. It is basic to the understanding of society. Therefore French sociologist Durkheim has gone to the extent of defining \u201csociology as the science of social institutions. \u201cF.H.Giddings regards \u201cInstitutions are the organ that conserve what is best in the part of human race.<\/p>\n

                                      Characteristics of institution<\/p>\n

                                      (a) Universal: Social institution are universal in nature. They are found everywhere and at all stages of social development. There can be no society in the absence of institutions. The basic institutions such as marriage, family, property. Religion are observed even in the tribal or primitive societies.<\/p>\n

                                      (b) Institutions are Standardized Norms: Social institution must be understood as well recognized or standardized procedures and norms. They prescribe the way of doing thing. They also prescribe rules and regulations that are to be followed. For example – marriage, as an institution that governs the relation between the husband and wife. Similarly the school or college has its own established or standardized rules and procedures.<\/p>\n

                                      (c) Institutions are Controlling Mechanism: Institutions like religion, education, morality, state, government, legislation etc Control the behavior of man. These mechanisms preserve the social order and give stability to it. Institutions is the machinery through which human society carries on its activities. They are like wheels on which human society marches on towards the desirable goals.<\/p>\n

                                      (d) Institutions are Relatively Permanent:Institutions normally do not undergo sudden or rapid changes. Changes take place gradually. Many institutions are rigid and enduring. They in course of time became the conservative element in society. Examples- caste, religion etc. But under the pressure of circumstances they also undergo changes.<\/p>\n

                                      (e) Abstract in Nature:Institutions are not external visible or tangible things. They are abstract. Thus marriage cannot be kept in a museum. Religion cannot be brought to the laboratory experiments and so on. However They can be compared and evaluated on the basis of values and ideologies.<\/p>\n

                                      (f) Oral and Written Traditions institutions may persist in the form of oral or written traditions. In simple and preliterate societies, institutions, were in the oral form, Institutions are based on either customs and dogmas. But in modem societies, they are found in written as well as oral forms. There may be institutional forms like law, constitution, Sacred text, governmental orders, business contracts, political, educational and economic institutions and so on.<\/p>\n

                                      (g) Symbolic Traits: Every social institution may have their own symbols, material or non-material. Examples: The Nation has flag, emblem and anthem as its symbols. Religion may have its own symbols like Idol, holy cross, crescent, star, swastika, Marriage may have own wedding ring or mangle-sutra and so on: Symbolic traits are common to all well established institutions of the modem society.<\/p>\n

                                      (h) Institutions are Interrelated: Institutions are interrelated. Understanding of one institution requires an understanding of other related institutions. Example: religious, moral, educational, political, economic, and other types of institutions are essentially interlinked.<\/p>\n

                                      \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

                                      Question 5.
                                      \nWhat is social groups? Explain its characteristics.
                                      \nAnswer:
                                      \nAccording to Marshal Jones is of the opinion that a social group is \u2018two or more people between whom there is’an established patter of interaction\u2019.
                                      \nCharacteristics of social group:<\/p>\n

                                      1. Collection of interacting individuals: Social groups consists of people. Social interaction is the very basis of group life, there more collection of individual does not make a group. The members must have interaction. A social group is, in fact, a system of social interaction. Different interaction patterns exists in different groups such as family, friendship, and recreational associations etc.<\/p>\n

                                      2. Sense of group unity and solidarity: Depending on the nature of the group, its members are tied together by a sense of unity. The solidarity or unity of a group is largely dependent upon the frequency, the variety, and the emotional quality of the interactions of its members. A friends group, or a peer group, or a professional association is highly united because its members are related by several common interests.<\/p>\n

                                      3. Group goals and interests: The interest and goal of a group are said to be common. Groups are mostly formed or established for the fulfillment of certain interests. In fact, men not join groups but also form groups for the realization of their objectives or interests. Forms of the group differ depending upon the interests of the groups, educational groups, professional groups, recreational groups and so on.<\/p>\n

                                      4. Groups are stronger than their individual members: A group is more than the sum of its parts. As Durkheim noted a group has a reality of its own or \u201csuigeneris\u201d. For example, the age and size of a group are not simple derived from the ages and sizes of its members. As Wallace and Wallace have pointed out. \u201cGroups are generally stronger collectively than even the strongest individual members\u201d.<\/p>\n

                                      5. Group Norms: Every group has its own rules or norms which the members are supposed to follow. These norms may be in the form of customs, folkways, mores, traditions, conventions, laws etc. They may be written or unwritten norms or standards. Every group has its own ways and means of correcting those who go against the rules. The continued groups-life of man practically becomes impossible without some norms.<\/p>\n

                                      6. Size of the Group: Every group involves an idea of size. Social groups vary in size. A group may be small as that of a dyad as big as that of a political party having lakhs of members. Size will have its own impact on the character of the group. Membership is limited or unlimited depending on its purpose.<\/p>\n

                                      7. Groups are Dynamic: Social groups are but dynamic. They are subject to changes whether slow or rapid. Old members die and new members are bom. Some existing groups may disintegrate and new groups may come to be formed. Small groups may develop into gigantic groups, and the larger ones may shrink in size.<\/p>\n

                                      8. Degree of Stability: Groups are formed to.be stable or unstable: permanent or temporary in character. Some groups like, the crowd, mob, audience, spectators, groups etc. are purely temporary and unstable. But many groups such as political parties, student\u2019s union, professional organizations and trade unions are relatively permanent and stable in character.<\/p>\n

                                      \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

                                      Question 6.
                                      \nWhat is social control? Explain its features.
                                      \nAnswer:
                                      \nSocial control is one of the mechanisms of society. E.A. Ross was the first sociologist to the concept of \u201cSocial Control\u201d in his famous book \u201cSocial Control\u201d published in 1901. Since then, the concept has become quite popular. Society has to make use of its mechanisms to accomplish the necessary order and discipline. RosS has stressed upon the roles of public opinion, law, belief, suggestion, religion, ideals, ceremony, etc., in establishing social control.
                                      \nTypes of Social Control
                                      \n(a) Informal control, (b) Formal control.<\/p>\n

                                      (a) Informal control: Refers to that types of social control. Which is not purposefully created, but spontaneously evolved and which includes informal ways and means for maintenance of social control. Eg Folkways mores, customs, morality etc., \u2018<\/p>\n

                                      (b) Formal control: Refers to those types of social control which is desperately created and which includes some fixed formal means and procedures for the maintenance of social control. Eglaws and legislation, courts, police Jainl, armed force, Bureaucracy etc.<\/p>\n

                                      Question 7.
                                      \nWhat are primary groups? Explain its characteristics.
                                      \nAnswer:
                                      \nThe concept of \u2018primary groups\u2019 is a significant of C.H. Cooley to the social thought. Building black of human societies throughout the world history.<\/p>\n

                                      Characteristics of Primary Group:<\/p>\n

                                      (a) Dominance of primary or face-to-face relationships: Primary groups are characterized by close and intimate relationships. These exists a face-to-face relationship among the members. In primary Groups everyone knows everyone else; one\u2019s name and fame, one\u2019s status, wealth, occupation, level of education etc.<\/p>\n

                                      (b) Small in size: Primary groups are generally small in size, because its consists of few
                                      \nmembers. Size of primary groups should be small if the relations among members are to be close personal and intimate. ‘<\/p>\n

                                      (c) Physical proximity or nearness: Face-to-face relations can be found only when members reside in particular area more or less permanently. Seeing and talking with each other facilitates the exchange of ideas, opinions and sentiments.<\/p>\n

                                      (d) Durability of the groups: Primary groups are relatively a permanent groups. Other things equal, the longer the groups remains together, the more numerous and deeper are the contacts between its members.<\/p>\n

                                      (e) Similarity of background: The members of the primary groups may have more or less
                                      \nthe same background. These must be some approximations in their levels of experience. Each must have something to contribute to give as well as to take.<\/p>\n

                                      (f) Shared interest: The shared interests of the groups also hold them together, any interest becomes focused and enriched in the group process. Since all are working for a common cause each acquires stimulation and a heightening of the emotional significance of the interest.<\/p>\n

                                      \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

                                      Question 8.
                                      \nWhat is secondary groups? Explain its characteristics.
                                      \nAnswer:
                                      \nIn the secondary groups, the relationships secondary, relatively impersonal contractual task oriented, hence limited focus of its activities.
                                      \n(a) Dominance of secondary relations: The relationships that are found with hi secondary groups are formal indirect impersonal and secondary for example the relationship between teacher and students.<\/p>\n

                                      (b) Large in size: The secondary groups are generally large in size incomparision to primary groups that may thousands of members. Trade union, corporation, international association, etc. are secondary groups and they have thousands of members. .<\/p>\n

                                      (c) No physical basis: Secondary groups are not necessarily characterized by physical proximity. Many secondary groups are not limited to any definite area. The members such a groups are scattered over vast area.<\/p>\n

                                      (d) Nature of membership: Membership in the case of secondaiy groups in mainly voluntary. Individuals are at liberty to join or go away from the groups, for example : they are at liberty to join political parties.<\/p>\n

                                      (e) Specific ends and interest: Secondary groups are formed for the realization of some specific interest\u2019s ends. They are often called \u2018Special interest groups\u2019. Members are interested in the groups because they have specific ends to aim at.<\/p>\n

                                      (f) Nature of group control: Informal means of social control are loss effective in regulating the relations of members. Moral control is only secondary formal means of social control such as law, legislation, police, court etc. are made use of to control the behavior of members.<\/p>\n

                                      Question 9.
                                      \nWhat is a folkway? Explain its characteristics.
                                      \nAnswer:
                                      \nThe term folkways was introduced to the sociological literature by W.G. Summer in his book with the little \u201cFolkways\u201d published in 1906. The word literately means \u201cThe ways of the floor people\u201d. Folkways are the accepted ways of behavior.<\/p>\n

                                      Characteristics
                                      \n(a) Social in Nature: Folkways are the product of man\u2019s group life. They are created by the groups for their sustenance and maintenance. Individuals get social recognition by conforming to the folkways. Every new generation absorbs folkways partly by deliberate teaching but mainly by observing and talking part in life about them.<\/p>\n

                                      (b) Unplanned Origin: The origin of folkways are very obscure. Sumner believed that they arise automatically and unconsciously. They are not result of any advance planning.<\/p>\n

                                      (c) Informal Enforcement: Folkways are not as compulsive and obligatory as those of laws or morals. Conformity to the folkways is neither required by law nor enforced by any special agency of the society.<\/p>\n

                                      (d) Folkways are Innumerable: It is not possible for anyone to enlist all the folkways. No encyclopedia could contain all the folkways observed by all of the people of history. They are very diverse and numerous.<\/p>\n

                                      (e) Folkways are subject to change: Folkways are not static, but dynamic; folkways are change with changing social conditions. Some folkways undergo relatively rapid change; some are resist change very often.<\/p>\n

                                      \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

                                      Question 10.
                                      \nWhat are mores? Explain its characteristics.
                                      \nAnswer:
                                      \nAccording to Maclver and Page \u201cWhen the folkways have added to them conceptions of groups welfare, standards of right and wrong they are converted into mores\u201d.<\/p>\n

                                      Characteristics of Mores are:<\/p>\n

                                      More are the regulators of social life: Mores represent the living character of the group or community. They are always considered right by the people who share them. They are morally right and their violation morally wrong. Hence they are more compulsive in nature. They put restrictions on our behavior.<\/p>\n

                                      Mores are relatively more persistent: More are relatively long lasting than ordinary folkways. In fact, they even become conservative elements in society. They also put up resistance to change.<\/p>\n

                                      Mores vary from group to group or time to time: What is prescribed in one group is prohibited in another Eskimos for example: often practice female infanticide, whereas such a practice is strictly forbidden in the modern societies. Mores not only differ with culture but also with time. What is right at one time may be wrong at another and vice versa. Ex; the practice of \u201cSati\u201d was \u201cmoral\u201d then, but today it is illegal and immoral.<\/p>\n

                                      Mores are often backed by values and religion: More normally receive the sanction and backing of values and religion. When this occurs they become still more powerful and binding. Mores backed by religious sanctions are strongly justified people.<\/p>\n

                                      Question 11.
                                      \nWhat is law? Explain its characteristics.
                                      \nAnswer:
                                      \nLaw is the most powerful formal, means of social control in the modem society. It is an indispensable part of the modem social life. Laws appear only in societies where a political organization called \u201cGovernment\u201d is found.
                                      \nAccording to J.S. Roucek \u201cLaws are a form of social rule emanating from political agencies\u201d<\/p>\n

                                      Characteristics:<\/p>\n

                                        \n
                                      • Laws are the general condition of human activity prescribed by the state for its members.<\/li>\n
                                      • Law is called law, only if enacted by a proper law making authority. Hence it is a product of conscious thought deliberate attempts and careful planning.<\/li>\n
                                      • Law is written definite, clear, precise and unambiguous.<\/li>\n
                                      • Law applies equally to all without exception in identical circumstances.<\/li>\n
                                      • Violation of law is followed by penalties and punishments determined by the authority of the state.<\/li>\n
                                      • Laws are always written down and recorded.<\/li>\n
                                      • Laws are not the result of voluntary consent of persons against whom they are directed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                        Laws a dynamic and subject to change. Law is not a static body of rules handed down from generation to generation. Rather, it reflects continually changing standards of what is right and wrong of how violations are to be determined, and of what sanctions are to be applied.<\/p>\n

                                        Laws differ from country to country. Though the outward pattern of the legal system to be same every where the content of laws often differ significantly.<\/p>\n

                                        \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

                                        Question 12.
                                        \nExplain briefly pre-modern society.
                                        \nAnswer:
                                        \nSocieties can be divided into pre-modem and modem societies. In the pre-modem societies<\/p>\n

                                        (1) Hunting and food gathering societies, characterized by small number of people gaining their livelihood from hunting, fishing and gathering of edible plants. There were few differences based on age and gender.<\/p>\n

                                        (2) Agrarians societies based on small rural communities without towns or cities. Lively hood gained through agriculture, often supplemented by hunting and gathering. It was ruled be a chief and inequalities existed among themselves.<\/p>\n

                                        (3) Pastoral Societies Size of this society ranges from few hundred people to many thousands depends on-the tending of domesticated animals for their subsistence. It is marked by distinct inequalities and ruled by a chief or warrior kings.<\/p>\n

                                        (4) Traditional societies: This kind of societies were existed from 6000B.C to 19th century. These were relatively disappeared. Traditional societies were large in size some numbering millions of people though small compared with industrialized societies. Some cities exists in which trade and manufacturing are concentrated.<\/p>\n

                                        Societies in the modern world are divided into:<\/p>\n

                                        (1) The first world societies which existed since 18th century to the present. First world societies are based on industrial production and generally free enterprise. Majority of the people live in towns and cities, a few work in rural agricultural persists.<\/p>\n

                                        (2) Second world societies-These societies period of existence: In early 20th century to \u2019 the early 1990s. It is based on industry, but the economic system is centrally planned. Small proportion of the population work in agriculture, most live in towns and cities major class inequalities persists. Distinct political communities are Nations State. Until 1989, composed of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. But Social and Political changes began to transform them into free enterprise, economic system according to the model of first world\u2019s societies.<\/p>\n

                                        (3) Developing societies These societies existed from 18th century to the present day. Majority of the population work in agriculture, using traditional methods of production. Some have free enterprise system while others are centrally planned distinct political communities are Notions State, including China, India, and most Africa and South American Nations come under this category.<\/p>\n

                                        (4) Newly Industrialized societies: These societies come into existence since 1970 onwards. Former developing societies now based on industrial production and generally free enterprises. Majority of the people live in towns and cities, a few work in agricultural pursuits. Major class inequalities found than the first world societies. Average per capital income considerably less than first world societies. The countries like Hong Kong, South, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Brazil, and Mexico etc.<\/p>\n

                                        \"KSEEB<\/p>\n

                                        Question 13.
                                        \nExplain briefly the types of modern societies.
                                        \nAnswer:
                                        \nOur social world consists of thousands of human societies. For the sake of comparison, and analysis, it is necessary for us to classify them on some basis. According to Lenski, these diverse societies which are existing at present can be classified into a limited number of basic types depending upon the technologies or the subsistence strategies that they use to exploit the natural environment. Different societies have used different subsistence strategies, and those societies that have tended to grow larger and more complex. These complex societies often enjoy their success at the expense of societies using more primitive technologies.<\/p>\n

                                        Thus, it is on the basis of the level of technology or reliance on the basic type of subsistence\u00a0 strategy, societies can be generally classified into the following types:<\/p>\n

                                          \n
                                        • Hunting and Gathering Societies.<\/li>\n
                                        • Pastoralism or Pastoral Societies.<\/li>\n
                                        • Horticultural Societies<\/li>\n
                                        • Agricultural Societies, and Industrial Societies<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

                                          Hunting and Gathering Societies.
                                          \nAs Gerhard Lenki pointed out in his \u201cHuman Societies\u201d the oldest and the simplest type of society is the \u201cHunting and Gathering a nomadic way of life and a very primitive technology. They have the most primitive tools such as stone axes, spears and knives.<\/p>\n

                                          Characteristics: Hunting-gathering societies consist of small but scattered groups. They are nomadic in nature. There is limited or no division of labour among them for there is no scope for different occupation roles. Since they are wandering in nature they need to face danger constantly. Family and kinship are the only defined institutions among them and there is no – ground for the development of political institutions. Even their religious faith is also very simple and it has not developed into a complex institution. It is interesting to note that they do not have desire to acquire wealth for sharing is a norm in such societies. Also, there is no wealth worth. calling, to be acquired among them.<\/p>\n

                                          Herding or Pastoral Societies.
                                          \n\u201cHerding society refers to any form of society whose main subsistence comes from tending flocks and herds of domesticated animals. In practice, subsistence needs are often met by a combination of herding with hunting and gathering and other forms of agriculture\u201d.<\/p>\n

                                          Characteristics: Herding societies are relatively larger in size and their size ranges between some hundred to a few thousands of members. Herding people like the hunters and gatherers, are nomadic because of their seasonal need to find sufficient grazing areas for their herds. Pastoralism has proved to be a better productive strategy than hunting and gathering for it provides an assured food supply and permits the accumulation of surplus resources. Accumulation of surplus resources has contributed to the beginning of inequality among them.<\/p>\n

                                          Horticultural Societies: \u201cA horticultural society is a society system based on horticulture, a mode of production in which digging sticks are used to cultivate small gardens\u201d<\/p>\n

                                          Characteristics: Horticulturists specialize in the domestication of plants such as wheat, rice etc. the simplest horticulturalists cultivate manually with hoes or digging sticks in relatively , small gardens without using the metal tools and weapons. The subsistence\u2019s strategy of the horticulturists is typically based on a \u201cslash and bum\u201d technology. Horticulturalists are better settled than pastoralists.<\/p>\n

                                          This society assures better food supply and the possibility of surplus. Existence of surplus leads to specialization of roles, such as those of Shaman trader, or craft worker. We find the emergence of political allows institutions among these people. The surplus production allows some wealthy individuals to become more powerful than others. This leads to the emergence of political institutions in the form of chieftainships.<\/p>\n

                                          Agricultural or Agrarian Societies
                                          \nAround 3000 B. C, the invention of the plough led to the beginning of the agrarian society. Agrarian societies first arose in ancient Egypt and were based on the introduction of the plough and the harnessing of animal power \u201cAn agricultural society focuses its mode of production primarily on agriculture and the cultivation of larga fields”<\/p>\n

                                          Characteristics: Cultivation of land through the plough is the main feature of this society. Based on the invention of the plough around 3000 B.C the agrarian revolution marked its beginning. This invention enables animal power to pull the plough enables a person to achieve great productivity. Size of the agricultural societies is much greater than that of horticultural or pastoral communities. The full-time specialists who engage themselves in non agricultural activities tend to concentrate in some compact places which ultimately led to the birth of cities. Agricultural societies, in source of time, lead to the establishment of more elaborate political institutions.<\/p>\n

                                          Industrial societies
                                          \nThe industrial mode of production began in England about 250 years ago. The very invention of machines of produce goods has proved to be an event of great historical importance. Industrial societies have existed only in the very modem era, dating from the industrialization of Great Britain in the late 18th century.<\/p>\n

                                          Characteristics: Industrial society is associated with Industrial Revolution and industrialism. Industrialism is based on the application of scientific knowledge to the technology of production, enabling new energy sources to be harnessed. Technology based on modern scientific knowledge leads to higher rate of technology innovations. These innovations in turn, bring about a flood of social changes.<\/p>\n

                                          Industrial societies have huge populations and large scale division of lab our. Division of labor is also complex for it gives scope for thousand of new specialized jobs. Science and education assume more importance here and at the same time, family and kind ship and religion start losing their hold and control over the members.<\/p>\n

                                          \"KSEEB<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                          Karnataka 1st PUC Sociology Question Bank Chapter 2 Basic Concepts You can Download Chapter 2 Basic Concepts Questions and Answers, Notes, 1st\u00a0PUC Sociology Question Bank with Answers\u00a0Karnataka State Board Solutions help you to revise complete Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations. 1st PUC Sociology Basic Concepts One Mark Questions and Answers Question 1. …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[81],"tags":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7383"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7383"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7383\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7383"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7383"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7383"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}