Competition and affluence.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nQuestion 5.
\nState any one importance of competition.
\nAnswer:
\nSocial competition.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Question 6.
\nWhat is monogamy?
\nAnswer:
\nMonogamy restricts the individual to one spouse at a time under this system, at any given time a man can have one husband and women can have only one husband.<\/p>\n
Question 7.
\nWho introduced the concept \u2018cultural lag\u2019?
\nAnswer:
\nCultural lag was introduced by W.F. Ogburn.<\/p>\n
Question 8.
\nWhat is migration?
\nAnswer:
\nMigration is one of the most influential activities which brings changes in the society.<\/p>\n
Question 9.
\nWhat is observation?
\nAnswer:
\nP.V. Young defines observation as \u201ca systematic and a deliberated study through the eye of occurrences at the time they occur\u201d.<\/p>\n
Question 10.
\nWhat is water pollution?
\nAnswer:
\nAny activity of human beings resulting in variations in the water quality is known as water pollution.<\/p>\n
II. Answer any ten questions. ( 2 \u00d7 10 = 20 )<\/span><\/p>\nQuestion 11.
\nName the two books of August Compte.
\nAnswer:
\nPositive Philosophy and Positive polity.<\/p>\n
Question 12.
\nMention any two characteristics of society.
\nAnswer:<\/p>\n
\n- Society is the group of groups.<\/li>\n
- Society is a web of social relations.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 13.
\nMention any two types of Social Processes.
\nAnswer:
\nCo-operation, competition, conflict, accommodation and assimilation.<\/p>\n
Question 14.
\nMention any two features of assimilation.
\nAnswer:<\/p>\n
\n- Assimilation is not confined to single field only.<\/li>\n
- Assimilation is a slow and gradual process.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 15.
\nWhat is peer groups?
\nAnswer:
\nThe peer group consists of his age mates, play mates, status maters, those who form the inner circle of friends, class mates, work mates etc.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Question 16.
\nMention any two functions of religion.
\nAnswer:
\nThe two functions of religion are :<\/p>\n
\n- Supernatural and sacred<\/li>\n
- Provides moral prescriptions<\/li>\n
- Beliefs and practice<\/li>\n
- Methods of salutation.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 17.
\nMention any two types of social control.
\nAnswer:<\/p>\n
\n- Informal social control<\/li>\n
- Formal social control<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Question 18.
\nDefine development.
\nAnswer:
\nAccording to the Oxford English Dictionary, development means a gradual unfolding a fallen working out of details of anything, it is in this sense that we often speak of the development of a child or of a disease, but the case of social development it is difficult to speak in the same way.<\/p>\n
Question 19.
\nGive any two examples for technological change.
\nAnswer:
\nMobile phone, computers.<\/p>\n
Question 20.
\nState two types of sources of primary data. ,
\nAnswer:
\nThe major sources of primary data are observation, interview, questionnaire, social survey.<\/p>\n
Question 21.
\nWhat is greenhouse effect?
\nAnswer:
\nDeforestation is one of the main reasons for this global warming. C02, Methane, carbon Monoxide, Nitric acid etc. results in increase in temperature of the globe. Joseph Fourier found out this fact and called it as Green House effect.<\/p>\n
Question 22.
\nWhat is \u2018Electra complex?
\nAnswer:
\nIf a girl develops the \u2018Electra complex\u2019 that is a feeling of jealousy towards her mother and love towards her father.<\/p>\n
III. Answer any four following question. ( 5 \u00d7 4 = 20 )<\/span><\/p>\nQuestion 23.
\nExplain the difference between Physical science and Social science.
\nAnswer:
\n
\n
\n<\/p>\n
Question 24.
\nExplain the characteristics of secondary groups.
\nAnswer:
\nIn the secondary groups the relationships secondary, relatively impersonal contractual task – oriented, hence I limited focus of its activities.<\/p>\n
(a) Dominance of Secondary Relations: The relationships that are found within secondary groups are formal indirect impersonal and secondary for example the relationship between the teachers and the students.<\/p>\n
(b) Large in size: The secondary groups are generally large in size in comparision to primary groups that may contain thousands of members. Trade union, corporation, international associations, etc. are secondary groups and they have thousands of members.<\/p>\n
(c) No physical basis: Secondary groups are not necessarily characterized by physical proximity. Many secondary groups are not limited to any definite area. The members such a groups are scattered over vast area.<\/p>\n
(d) Nature of Membership: Membership is the case of secondary groups in mainly voluntary. Individuals are at liberty to join or go away from the groups, for example: they are at liberty to join political parties.<\/p>\n
(e) Specific Ends and interest: Secondary groups are formed for the realization of some specific interests ends. They are often called \u2018Special interest groups\u2019. Members are interested in the groups because they have specific ends to aim at.<\/p>\n
(f) Nature of Group control: Informal means of social control are loss effective in regulating the relations of members. Moral control is only secondary formal means of social control such as law, legislation, police, court, etc. are made use of to control the behavior of members.<\/p>\n
Question 25.
\nExplain the characteristics of law.
\nAnswer:
\nLaw is the most powerful formal means of social control in the modern society. It is an l indispensable part of the modem social life. Laws appear only in societies where a political organization called \u201cGovernment\u201d is found. According to J.S. Roucek \u201cLaws are a form of social rule emanating from political agencies\u201d.<\/p>\n
Characteristics:<\/p>\n
\n- Laws are the general condition of human activity prescribed by the state for its members.<\/li>\n
- Law is called law, only if enacted by a proper law making authority. Hence it is a product of conscious thought deliberate attempts and careful planning.<\/li>\n
- Law is written definite, clear, precise and unambiguous.<\/li>\n
- Law applies equally to all without exception in identical circumstances.<\/li>\n
- Violation of law is followed by penalties and punishments determined by the authority of the state.<\/li>\n
- Laws are always written down and recorded.<\/li>\n
- Laws are not the result of voluntary consent of persons against whom they are directed.<\/li>\n
- Laws a dynamic and subject to change. Law. is not a static body of rules handed down from generation to generation. Rather, it reflects continuously changing standards of, what is right and wrong of how violations are to be determined, and of what sanctions are to be applied.<\/li>\n
- Laws differ from country to country. Though the outward pattern of the legal system to be same every where. The content of laws often differ significantly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
<\/p>\n
Question 26.
\nDescribe the two types classification of Co-operation.
\nAnswer:
\nTypes of Co-operation:
\nThe types of co-operation can be discussed in the following ways:<\/p>\n
1. Direct Co-operation: In the direct cooperation action the individual involved to do the identical function. Ex. Playing together worshiping together, tilling the field together, taking out a cut from the mud, etc., people do work in company with other members, performance of a common task with joint efforts brings them social satisfaction.<\/p>\n
2. Indirect Co-operation: In this case people work individually for the attainment of a common end. People do tasks towards a similar end. This is based on the principle of division of labor and specialization. For ex. Farmers, spinners, weavers, dyers, tailors are different and engaged in different activities. But their end remains the same, that of producing clothes. The modem technological age requires specialization of skill and functions, hence it depends on Co-operation.<\/p>\n
Sociologi st have also spoken of three other types of Co-operation, namely Primary Co\u00acoperation Secondary Co-operation and tertiary Co-operation. These types are witnessed in primary groups, secondary groups and between two or more groups respectively.<\/p>\n
Question 27.
\nWhat is competition? Explain its major types:
\nAnswer:
\nCompetition plays an important role in social life. Competition performs a number of useful functions in society.
\nThe major types are:<\/p>\n
(a) Social Competition: People always compete to get into higher status and position, Competition of this kind is mostly observed in \u2018open\u2019 societies. Wherever individual ability, merit, talents and capacities are recognized.<\/p>\n
(b) Economic Competition: The most important and at the same time the most vigorous forms of Competition is the economic Competition. It is witnessed in the processes of production, distribution and consumption of goods<\/p>\n
(c) Political Competition: In the modern world Competition for political power is always present. Political parties are always engage in Competition to secure power. Such a Competition becomes apparent especially during elections.<\/p>\n
(d) Cultural competition: Some sociologists have also spoken of cultural competition. It may take place between two or more cultural groups. Human history provides various example of such a Competition.<\/p>\n
(e) Racial competition: Competition may also take place between racial groups such as the Blacks and the Whites, Aryans and Dravidians etc.<\/p>\n
Question 28.
\nDescribe briefly different stages of socialisation.
\nAnswer:
\nH.M. Johnson, in his treatise \u201cSociology-A Systematic Introduction\u201d has listed four stages of socialization. These stages are<\/p>\n
\n- The oral stage<\/li>\n
- The anal stage<\/li>\n
- The oedipal stage<\/li>\n
- Stage of Adolescence.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
1. The oral stage: The oral stage commences at birth arid continues till the completion of first year. At birth the child faced the first crisis that is he must breath, exert himself to fed, exposed to conditions of wet and other discomforts. Here the child cries a lot for everything, by this the child establishes oral dependency and also learns to signal his needs for care.<\/p>\n
In this stage the child is founding sub system consisting of two persons himself and his mother. For others the child is little more than a possession. The child cannot differentiate the role of others from the mother. Thus in this stage in the personality of the child, his role and that of the mother are not probably clearly distinguished. Hence the infant and mother are merged. Sigmund Freud called the stage as the stage of a \u201cprimary identification\u201d.<\/p>\n
2. The Anal stage: According to Sigmond Freud the Anal Stage normally begins after first year. Completed during the third year. The crisis of this period is called anal crisis and is caused by imposition of new demands. In this stage the child is asked to take over some degree of care for himself. Anal disciplines are learned through what in ordinary termed as \u201cToilet Training\u201d.<\/p>\n
In this stage the child internalizes to clearly separated roles- his own and that of the mother. The child now apart from receiving love and care also starts giving love in return. In this stage the child becomes capable of discriminating between correct and incorrect performances in two ways. Firstly by the training from the socializing agent and secondly by being rewarded for correct actions and punished for incorrect or wrong actions.<\/p>\n
3. The Oedipal stage: The third stage begins from the fourth year of the child and lasts up to puberty, that is the age of twelve or thirteen years. At this stage he starts taking himself as the member of the family. He also becomes familiar with his or her roles. Sigmund Freud has suggested that at this stage the boy develops \u201cOedipus complex\u201d. That is a feeling of Jealousy towards his father and love towards his mother.<\/p>\n
Likewise a girl develops the \u201cElectra complex\u201d that is a feeling of jealousy towards her mother and love towards her father. These feeling in both the cases are believed to be sexual. Moreover indentifying different role models is an important thing to be observed in this stage.<\/p>\n
In this stage the child joins the group of his playmates. Interest in the opposite sex in this period in relatively content. In this stage the boy makes three kinds of identification. They are.<\/p>\n
\n- Sex role identification that is identification with the father and brother.<\/li>\n
- Role of the child in the family that is identification with his siblings.<\/li>\n
- Identification with the family as a member.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
4. The Stage of Adolescence: The fourth stage begins roughly at puberty. This is an important stage of socialization because of changes like physiological and psychological start taking place within the individual. In this stage the young ones would like to free themselves from parental control. This stage is said to be very sensitive for boys and girls because they pass through various types of emotional crisis. Sex instinct which was latent till now is aroused and an interest in the opposite sex is heightened. But the sexual norms prevailing in the society will not allow them to satisfy it as and when they wish.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
IV. Answer any four following questions in 15 sentences each. ( 4 \u00d7 5 = 20 )<\/span><\/p>\nQuestion 29.
\nExplain any four features of culture.
\nAnswer:
\nAccording to Malinowski: \u201cculture is the handiwork of man and the medium through which he achieves his ends\u201d<\/p>\n
Characteristics of culture are:<\/p>\n
Culture is learnt: Culture is often understood as learned ways of behaviors. Culture is not an inborn tendency. It is acquired or learnt. It includes those learned patterns for thinking, feeling and acting that are transmitted from one generation to the next. Therefore what is learned through socialization and are acquired in group life are what is called culture.<\/p>\n
Culture is Social: Culture is not the property of any individual. It is the social heritage of man. It is a way of group life. It originates in and develops through social interaction. It consists of a number of behavior patterns that are common to a group of people. It is the inclusive of all expectation of the members of the groups. Thus culture is a social products shared by most of the members of the group.<\/p>\n
Culture is Shared: Culture is a social property. It belongs to the group. The elements of culture such as customs beliefs, idea, folkways, mores, and language are all belonged to the people of a group. These are commonly shared by the members of a group. So culture is the product of groups life. Culture cannot be hidden and used by one individual. According to Robert Bierstadt. \u201cCulture is something adopted, used believed, practiced or possessed by more than one person\u201d.<\/p>\n
Culture is Transmissive: Culture is the total social heritage. It is linked with the past. The past continues because it lives in culture. Culture is something that can be transmitted from one generation to the next. Culture is passed through language. Language is the chief vehicles of culture. Culture is also passed from one generation to another through traditions and customs. It is a product of human experience.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
Question 30.
\nBriefly explain the types of marriage.
\nAnswer:
\nMarriage is an important and universal social institution. As a social institution, it provides a recognized form for entering into a relatively enduring sexual relationship for the bearing and rearing of children. It is thus primarily a way of regulating human reproduction it forms are:
\nMore marriage has mainly three forms :<\/p>\n