{"id":13808,"date":"2019-12-20T16:56:08","date_gmt":"2019-12-20T11:26:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/?p=13808"},"modified":"2021-07-02T15:35:45","modified_gmt":"2021-07-02T10:05:45","slug":"2nd-puc-sociology-previous-year-question-paper-march-2017","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/2nd-puc-sociology-previous-year-question-paper-march-2017\/","title":{"rendered":"2nd PUC Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2017"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Students can Download 2nd PUC Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2017, Karnataka <a href=\"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/2nd-puc-sociology-model-question-papers-with-answers\/\">2nd PUC Sociology Model Question Papers with Answers<\/a> helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.<\/p>\n<h2>Karnataka 2nd PUC Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2017<\/h2>\n<p>Time: 3 hrs 15 min<br \/>\nMax. Marks: 100<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">I. Answer the following questions in a sentence each. (10 \u00d7 1 = 10)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Question 1.<br \/>\nWho introduced the word \u201cDemography\u201d?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nAchilleGuillard.<\/p>\n<p>Question 2.<br \/>\nWhich year is referred as the \u201cDemographic Divide\u201d?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\n1921.<\/p>\n<p>Question 3.<br \/>\nName any one \u2018Backward Classes Commission\u2019 of Karnataka.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nL.G. Havanour Commission.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/KSEEB-Solutions-300x28.png\" alt=\"KSEEB Solutions\" width=\"172\" height=\"16\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 4.<br \/>\nExpand LAMPS<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nLarge Area multipurpose societies.<\/p>\n<p>Question 5.<br \/>\nWhat is \u201clllom\u201d.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nNambudary Brahmins Patriarchal Joint family.<\/p>\n<p>Question 6.<br \/>\nWho called Indian villages as \u201cLittle Republic\u201d?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nCharl, Metcalf.<\/p>\n<p>Question 7.<br \/>\nWho is the author of the book \u201cRural &#8211; Sociology in India\u201d?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nA.R. Desai.<\/p>\n<p>Question 8.<br \/>\nWhich is the first newspaper of Karnataka?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nMangalour Samachar.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/KSEEB-Solutions-300x28.png\" alt=\"KSEEB Solutions\" width=\"172\" height=\"16\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 9.<br \/>\nWhich organization founded by \u201cJyothiraophule\u201d against caste system?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nSathya Shodaka samaja.<\/p>\n<p>Question 10.<br \/>\nWho introduced the term \u201cGlobalisation\u201d?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nTheodore Levitt.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">II. Answer any ten of the following questions in 2-3 sentences each. (10 \u00d7 2 = 20)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Question 11.<br \/>\nWrite any two racial groups of India.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nNegritos and Mongoloids.<\/p>\n<p>Question 12.<br \/>\nMention the types of \u201cDemography\u201d.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nFormal Demography and Social Demography.<\/p>\n<p>Question 13.<br \/>\nWhat is \u2018Dominant Caste\u2019?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nAccording to M.N. Srinivas \u201cA caste is dominant when it preponderates numerically over the other castes, when it also wields preponderant economic and political power, and when it enjoys a high ritual status in local caste hierarchy\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Question 14.<br \/>\nWhat is stree shakthi?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe programme was launched during 2000-01 and it is being implemented throughout the state to empower rural women and make them self reliant is called as Stree Shakthi.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/KSEEB-Solutions-300x28.png\" alt=\"KSEEB Solutions\" width=\"172\" height=\"16\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 15.<br \/>\nMention the types of Joint family.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nMatriarchical and Patriarchical Joint Family.<\/p>\n<p>Question 16.<br \/>\nWhat is \u201cGreen Revolution\u201d?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nA farm practice through New Scientific method to grow high yielding varieties of crops.<\/p>\n<p>Question 17.<br \/>\nWrite any two finctions of \u201cGrama Panchayath\u201d?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nProvision of water supplay and maintenance of minor Irrigation.<\/p>\n<p>Question 18.<br \/>\nName any two Kannada daily newspapers.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nKannada Prabha and Vijaya kamataka.<\/p>\n<p>Question 19.<br \/>\nWhat is \u201cVirtual market\u201d?<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe new form of marketing and transactions are of taking place through online with the help of Information and Communication technology. E-commerce, online purchase, online trading of stocks and shares are the latest in the market activities. Such transactions and activities are called as virtual activity of market.<\/p>\n<p>Question 20.<br \/>\nMention any two major components of social movements.<br \/>\nAnswer:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ideology<\/li>\n<li>Collective mobilization<\/li>\n<li>Leadership and organization<\/li>\n<li>Change Orientation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/KSEEB-Solutions-300x28.png\" alt=\"KSEEB Solutions\" width=\"172\" height=\"16\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 21.<br \/>\nName any two women&#8217;s organizations in India.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nVimochana and Shree Shakti Sangatana.<\/p>\n<p>Question 22.<br \/>\nDefine Westernisation.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\n\u201cThe changes brought about in Indian society and culture as a result of over 150 years of British rule, and the term subsumes changes occurring at different levels; technology, institutions, ideology, values\u201d.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">III. Answer any four of the following questions in 15 sentences each: (4 \u00d7 5 = 20)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Question 23.<br \/>\nBriefly analyse the nature of diversities in India.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe term Diversity denoting collective differences so as to find out dissimilarities among the people: geographical, religious, linguistic, etc. Thus all these differences presuppose collective differences or prevalence of variety of groups and culture. Indian society is characterized by unity as well as diversity.<\/p>\n<p>The Nature of Diversities in India.<\/p>\n<p>Primarily there are major four types of diversities in India, which are;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Regional Diversities<\/li>\n<li>Linguistic Diversities<\/li>\n<li>Religious Diversities<\/li>\n<li>Cultural and Ethnic Diversities<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>1. Regional Diversities:<br \/>\nIt is evident that there are extreme regional diversities in its geographic features. Indian territory contains huge mountains, thick forests, numerous rivers, and etc. ft is only in India that there are different regions, different types of climates and the temperatures. India is a vast country.<\/p>\n<p>From the Himalayas in the North to the Indian Ocean in the south. There are difference in altitude, temperature, Flora, and Fauna. India has every conceivable type of climate, temperature, and physical configuration. There is the scorching heat of Rajastan and the biting cold of the Himalayas, Rainfall varies from 1200 to 7.5 cms per year.<\/p>\n<p>The result is that India has some of the wettest and driest areas in die world. India also possesses arid desserts and fertile riverine lands, bare and hilly tracts, and luxuriant open plain.<\/p>\n<p>2. Linguistic Diversities:<br \/>\nLanguage is another source of diversity. It contributes to collective identities and even to conflicts. The Indian Constitution has recognized 22 languages in the 8<sup>th<\/sup> schedule for its official purposes but as many as 1652 languages and dialects are spoken in the country.<\/p>\n<p>According to Grierson\u2019s Linguistic Survey of India, these languages belong to five linguistic families, namely; Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Austric languages, Tibeto &#8211; Burman languages and European languages.<\/p>\n<p>a. The Indo-Aryan languages including in the Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marati, Gujarathi, Oriya, Panjabi, Bihari, Rajasthani, Assami, Sindhi and Kashmiri languages spoken by 3\/4<sup>th<\/sup> of Indian population.<\/p>\n<p>b. The Dravidian languages include Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, and Malayalam.<\/p>\n<p>c. The Austric languages include Mundari, Santhali, Maithili, Dogri and etc.<\/p>\n<p>d. Tibeto &#8211; Burman languages:<br \/>\nTribal languages and dialects of North and North-East India belong to this category. For example Manipuri, Bodo, Ladiki, Khuki, etc.<\/p>\n<p>e. The European languages include English, Portuguese and French. These last two languages are spoken mostly people in Goa and Pondicherry.<\/p>\n<p>This makes language planning and promotion difficult. But the mother tongue does evoke strong sentiments and reactions. As a consequence of this multiplicity, there is considerable bilingualism and administration has to use more than one language. Linguistic diversity has posed administrative and political challenges.<\/p>\n<p>3. Religious Diversities:<br \/>\nThere are eight major religious communities in India. Hindus constitute 82.7%, Muslims 11.8%, Christians 2.6%, Sikhs 2%, Buddhists 0.7%, Jains 0.4%, Zoroastrians 0.3%, and Jews 0.1%. Each major religion is subdivided along the lines of religious documents, sects, and cults.<\/p>\n<p>The Hindus are now broadly divided into Shaivite (worshippers of Shiva), Vaishnavaite (worshippers of Vishnu and his incarnations), Shakta (worshippers of the Mother Goddess in various manifestations). Even among them, there are subdivisions based on doctrinal arid ritual differences.<\/p>\n<p>Buddhism was spread widely in India once, it lost its hold in the country of its birth and remained confined only to a few pockets. Jainism too once held wide sway in India, and though its followers are now numerically small, they are found in both the northern and southern States. They have two main divisions: Digamber-unclothed, and Shwetamber. The Indian Muslims are divided broadly into the Sunni and Shia communities.<\/p>\n<p>Indian Christians are divided into Roman Catholics and Protestants and into many denominational churches. Sikhism is synthesizing religion that emphasizes egalitarianism. Grantha Sahib is the holy book and Amritsar Golden Temple is one of their holy piligrimage. The Parsis are a small community, but they have played an important role in India\u2019s industrial development. The Jewish has been established in India for over a millennium.<\/p>\n<p>They also had White and Black divisions and prohibition on inter-marriage and inter-dining, but they all worshipped in the same synagogues. The Jati-like restrictions are much less in Bombay and Cochin, to where many Jews have migrated.<\/p>\n<p>4. Cultural and Ethnic Diversities:<br \/>\nAnother important source of diversity is the cultural diversity. The people differ considerably in their social habits. Cultural difference varies from state to state. The conflicting and varying shades of blood, strains, culture, and modes of life, the character, conduct, beliefs, morals, food, dress, manners, social norms, Socio-Religious customs, rituals and etc.<\/p>\n<p>Causes cultural and ethnic diversities in the country. Dr. R.K. Mukherji rightly said that \u201cIndia is a museum of cults and customs, creeds and culture, faiths and tongues, racial types and social systems\u201d. Another important source Of diversity is the cultural identity of particular communities and region.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/KSEEB-Solutions-300x28.png\" alt=\"KSEEB Solutions\" width=\"172\" height=\"16\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 24.<br \/>\nExplain \u201cTribal Panchasheela\u201d.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nJawaharlal Nehru laid down the policy of Integration to five principles (1957) in his foreword note to Verrier Elwin\u2019s book, called \u201cThe Philosophy of NEFA\u201d (NEFA &#8211; North East Frontier of Assam).<\/p>\n<p>The tribal panchasheela as enunciated by him as follows:<\/p>\n<p>1. People should \u2018develop along the lines of their own genius\u2018 and we should avoid imposing anything on them. We should try to encourage in every way their own traditional &#8211; arts and culture.<\/p>\n<p>2. Tribal rights in land and forests should be respected.<\/p>\n<p>3. We should try to train and build up a team of their own people to work, administration and development. Some technical personnel from outside will, no doubt be needed especially in the beginning. But we should avoid introducing too many outsiders into tribal territory.<\/p>\n<p>4. We should not over-administer these areas or overwhelm them with a multiplicity of schemes. We should rather work through and not in rivalry to their own social and cultural institutions.<\/p>\n<p>5. We should judge the results not by statistics or the amount of money spent but by the quality of human character that is evolved.<\/p>\n<p>Question 25.<br \/>\nDescribe the developmental programmes for the upliftment of scheduled castes.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\n1. Appointment of a National Commission for the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Tribes:<br \/>\nA National Commission for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes has been set up by the Central Government to safeguard the interests of the SCs and STs. It functions as an advisory body on issues and policies related to the development of the SCs and STs.<\/p>\n<p>2. Educational Opportunities:<br \/>\nDue attention is paid to extend the educational opportunities of SCs and STs and hence special provisions have been made in this regard. Free education, free distribution of books, stationery, uniform, etc. giving scholarships, educational loan facilities, providing mid-day meal, arranging for free boarding and lodging facilities, reserving seats for SCs and STs in all the government and government-aided g institutions, etc.<\/p>\n<p>3. Expansion of Economic Opportunities:<br \/>\nThe government has taken up economic programmes also for the benefit of SCs and STs. Examples: Landless SC labourers are allotted land. Land reforms have been undertaken to bring benefits of land ownership for them. Poor SC farmers are supplied with seeds, agriculture implements, fertilizers, pesticides, interest-free loans, pair of bullocks for ploughing, subsidy for developing dairy farming, poultry farming, piggery, animal husbandry, handicrafts, spinning, and weaving.<\/p>\n<p>4. Expansions of Employment Opportunities and Reservation:<br \/>\nIn order to enhance the economic position of the SCs and STs, the Constitution has provided for the reservation in services. Reservation exists in all these for the SCs and STs to the extent of 15% and 7.5% respectively.<\/p>\n<p>5. Upliftment of Scheduled Castes through Five Year Plans:<br \/>\nThe welfare of the Scheduled Castes has been given special attention in the Five Year Plan. The Central Government sponsored a comprehensive three strategies for the development of the SCs during the 6<sup>th<\/sup> Five Year Plan [ 1980-85].<\/p>\n<p>This consisted of three schemes:<\/p>\n<p>a. Special Component Plan [SCPs]<br \/>\nb. Special Central Assistance [SCA]<br \/>\nc. Scheduled Development Corporation (SCDCs).<\/p>\n<p>a. Special Component Plan [SCP]:<br \/>\nThe main objective of this plan is to assist the SC families to improve their income substantially. This plan envisages identification of schemes of development which would benefit SCs, quantification of funds from all programmes of specific targets as to the number of families to be benefited from these programmes.<\/p>\n<p>b. Special Central Assistance [SCA]:<br \/>\nThe main purpose of this scheme is to provide additional assistance to the States from the Centre to help the economic advancement of the maximum possible number of Schedule Caste families living below the poverty line.<\/p>\n<p>c. Scheduled Caste Development Corporation (SCDC):<br \/>\nThese SCDCs provide money and loan assistance to SC families and help them to increase the. flow of funds from financial institutions to SC families. These Corporations established in the States are expected to act as interface between the SC families and financial institutions including banks. Both the Central and the State Governments contribute grants to these SCDCs.<\/p>\n<p>Question 26.<br \/>\nDiscuss any five characteristics of Indian Villages.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\n1. Small in Size:<br \/>\nIndian villages are small in size. Due to that, the density of population is less in Indian villages.<\/p>\n<p>2. Importance to Primary Relations:<br \/>\nA small number, of people, share a common and Face to face relationships are common in village.<\/p>\n<p>3. Social Homogeneity:<br \/>\nVillage is more homogeneous in language, belief, mores, and pattern of behavior. In their occupation villagers participate together and share common interests.<\/p>\n<p>4. Informal Social Control:<br \/>\nIndividual behaviour is controlled by family, traditions, customs, religion, etc.<\/p>\n<p>5. Agriculture and It&#8217;s Allied Occupations:<br \/>\nAgriculture is the main source of livelihood. Along with agriculture, animal husbandry, floriculture, fishing, mining and apiculture, and cottage industries are the other occupations.<\/p>\n<p>6. Role of Neighborhood and Simplicity of Life:<br \/>\nNeighborhood relation plays important role in social life of village people and simple way of life is common. There is an interdependent neighbourhood relations.<\/p>\n<p>7. Village Autonomy:<br \/>\nEach village is relatively self\u00acsufficient and independent. Charles Metcalfe called \u201cIndian villages as Little Republics\u201d. Recent studies proved that the Indian villages were never self-sufficient and Republic.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/KSEEB-Solutions-300x28.png\" alt=\"KSEEB Solutions\" width=\"172\" height=\"16\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 27.<br \/>\nExplain the characteristics of market.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nA market is one of the social institutions, whereby parties engage in exchange of goods and services. Markets rely on sellers offering their goods or services in exchange for money from buyers. It can be said that a market is the process by which the prices of goods and services are established.<\/p>\n<p>In the field of Sociology, the concept of a market is a structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange any type of goods, services, and information. The exchange of goods or services for money is a Transaction.<\/p>\n<p>The features of Market are as follow;<\/p>\n<p>1. Market is a place where things are bought and sold:<br \/>\nIn common usage, the word \u2018market\u2019 may refer to particular markets that we may know of, such as the market next to the railway station, the fruit market, or the wholesale market.<\/p>\n<p>2. Market is not just a physical place, but the gathering of people &#8211; buyers and sellers:<br \/>\nThus, for example, a weekly market may be found in different places on different days of the week in neighbouring villages or urban neighbourhoods.<\/p>\n<p>3. Market is a type of trade or business:<br \/>\nMarket refers to an area or category of trade or business, Such as the market for cars or the market for readymade clothes.<\/p>\n<p>4. Market includes the entire spectrum of economic activities and institutions:<br \/>\nIn this very broad sense, then, \u2018the market\u2019 is almost equivalent to \u2018the economy\u2019. We are used to thinking of the market as an economic institution, but this chapter will show you that the market is also a social institution. In its own way, the market is comparable to more obviously social institutions like caste, religion or family.<\/p>\n<p>Question 28.<br \/>\nAnalyse the factors facilitating \u201cMalaprabha Movement\u201d.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nA dam was to construct over Malaprabha in 1960 at an estimated cost of Rs. 30 crores. But, it had consumed 162 crores up to 1980 and yet was incomplete. The project which was considered to be a boon for the three districts of Belgavi, Vijayapurand Dharwad. The catchment area under Malaprabha project had been a part of the chronically draught-prone region.<\/p>\n<p>Into this traditional agriculture, irrigation was introduced in 1973-74 under Malaprabha project lead to salinity and water-logging. Factors Facilitating Malaprabha Agitation. We may analyse the factors responsible for Malaprabha agitation as follows:<\/p>\n<p>1. The Issue of Price Stability:<br \/>\nFarmers were encouraged to grow Varalaxmi cotton and hybrid varieties of war. The market price of these crops was appealing and hence farmers did not mind purchasing costly seeds, manure, pesticides, etc. Despite the poor quality of seeds, new techniques of cultivation which they were unaware of, etc., their hopes soared high.<\/p>\n<p>In 1978-79 the price of Varalaxmi cotton came down form Rs. 1000 to Rs. 350 per quintal. As if fuelling to this situation there was a steep hike in the prices of fertilizers.<\/p>\n<p>2. The Levy Issue:<br \/>\nOther causes of Malaprabha agitation is imposition of betterment levy with retrospective effect on the basis of increase in land value following irrigation. It varies from Rs. 500 to Rs. 1,500 per acre, to be paid in 20 years. What caused resentment was the peasants were asked to pay levy on all their land in the catchment area without considering whether or not the whole area was under cultivated or irrigated, etc. Apart from this inadequate channel management created the problems of water-logging and salinity.<\/p>\n<p>3. The Role of Local Bureaucracy:<br \/>\nThe most important factors to be noticed are &#8211; corruption, apathy of the Bureaucrats, Redtapism, forced recoveries and failure of political leadership.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">IV. Answer any four of the following questions in 15 sentences each: (4 \u00d7 5 = 20)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Question 29.<br \/>\nExplain any five disadvantages of joint family.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\n1. Promotes Idleness:<br \/>\nJoint family is the home for idlers and drovers as the non-earning members do not want to earn their livelihood. In the joint family it happens that some people have to, exhaust themselves while the others lead a life of utter lethargy.<\/p>\n<p>2. Hindrance to the Development of Personality:<br \/>\nIn joint family, there is a very little opportunity for the fostering of individual autonomy or self-dependence.<\/p>\n<p>3. Encourages Litigation and Nepotism:<br \/>\nThe joint family may encourage litigation at the time of partition of common property; generally disputed crop up peaceful life is disturbed by such litigation, quarrels, and conflicts. It is that joint family systems are the root cause of Nepotism and discrimination of The Head of the family (Karta).<\/p>\n<p>4. Unfavourable for Savings and Investments:<br \/>\nIt is not favourable to accumulation of capital. When one has to share one\u2019s income with large family, it is not possible to save much. A joint family has to spend large amount of money on marriage and other uneconomic activities leads to unfavorable for Investment.<\/p>\n<p>5. Hinders Social Mobility and Low Status of Women:<br \/>\nJoint family damages individual initiative and enterprise and it does not provide proper opportunity for the members to develop their talents. Any new enterprise or adventure on the part of the young people is discouraged by the head of the family.<\/p>\n<p>Question 30.<br \/>\nExplain the reasons of farmer suicide given by R.S Deshpande and Saroja Arora.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nR.S. Deshpande and Saroj Arora\u2019s methodically analysed the causes of Farmers suicides areas<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Events,<\/li>\n<li>Stressors,<\/li>\n<li>Actors,<\/li>\n<li>Triggers<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>1. Events:<br \/>\nAmong the \u2018events\u2019, crop loss, failure of a bore well, price crash, daughter\u2019s marriage, family problems, and property disputes are included.<\/p>\n<p>2. Stressors:<br \/>\nThese become \u2018stressors\u2019 (stress creators) when two or more such \u2018events\u2019 cluster together: Specifically, illness of the individual or any of the family members, heavy borrowings, continued disputes in the family or land-related problems usually act as \u2018stressors\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>These become lethal in combination with the \u2018events\u2019 but further ignition comes through the \u2018actors\/catalysts\u2019 and \u2018trigger\u2019 incidence.<\/p>\n<p>3. Actors:<br \/>\nActors\/catalysts create a sense of \u2018insecurity\u2019 or \u2018insult\u2019 to the potential victim. These include the moneylender, banker, spouse, relatives and close friends.<\/p>\n<p>4. Triggers:<br \/>\nOn the background of the \u2018events\u2019 and &#8216;stressors\u2019, the \u2018actors\/catalysts\u2019 fire the final act by forcing an occasion to be the \u2018Trigger\u2019 for the unfortunate incident. Given this complex nature of the phenomena, it certainly becomes difficult to pinpoint one particular reason for the suicide.<\/p>\n<p>Emile Durkheim\u2019s monograph on Suicide indicates growing alienation of individual from the family, society and religion as a factor responsible for suicide. According to Durkheim suicides indicate social disintegration. Among the reasons cited in various studies associated with suicides, indebtedness is one of the reasons but it is not the only risk factor.<\/p>\n<p>Multiple risk factors feed into each other and reinforce each other. In addition to the weather-related uncertainties, the farmer is also faced with market (increasing costs and output price shocks), technology, spurious inputs, and credit-related vulnerabilities. In the absence of risk mitigation strategies, the farmer is at the receiving end. Under stress, some farmers end up committing suicide.<\/p>\n<p>Studies indicate that suicides are occurring in the high and medium growth states and are conspicuously absent in the backward states like BIMARU (Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh). Scholars have articulated \u2018High Aspirations\u2019 or the thrust for upward mobility in the absence of public policy support, as a major, causation for suicides in the backward areas of medium growth states.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/KSEEB-Solutions-300x28.png\" alt=\"KSEEB Solutions\" width=\"172\" height=\"16\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 31.<br \/>\nWrite a short note on \u201cPushkar Annual Fair\u201d.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe Pushkar Fair is the annual camel and livestock fair, held in the town of Pushkar in the state of Rajasthan. It is one of the world\u2019s largest camel fairs, and apart from buying and selling of livestock, it has become ah important tourist attraction. Thousands of people go to the banks of the Pushkar Lake where the fair takes place. Men buy and sell their livestock, which includes camels, cows, sheep, and goats.<\/p>\n<p>The women go to the stalls, full of bracelets, clothes, textiles, and fabrics. A camel race starts off the festival, with music, songs, and exhibitions to follow. It is celebrated for five days from the Kartik Ekadashi to Kartik Poornima, the full moon day of Kartik in the Hindu calendar.<\/p>\n<p>The full moon day is the main day and the day, according to legend, when the Hindu god Brahma sprung up the Pushkar Lake, thus numerous people swim in its sacred waters.<\/p>\n<p>There are many such fairs having socio, economic and Religions importance taken place in Karnataka also. For example fair at Yamanur in Dharwad Dt, Bavashankari in Bagalkote and Tippe Swamy fair in Dhavanagere (dt), Ground Nut fair in Bangalore, Cauvery Theerthodbhava at Bhagamandala, Antarajgange fair in Kolar, etc.<\/p>\n<p>Question 32.<br \/>\nDiscuss the functions of mass media.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\n1. Information:<br \/>\nThe media provides a continuous flow of information about the world, from T.V., Newspapers and radio reports the political, sports, entertainment and weather reports, the stock market and news stories and issues that affect us personally.<\/p>\n<p>2. Correlation:<br \/>\nThe media explains and helps us to understand the meaning of the information. It provides support for established social norms and has an important role in the socialization of children.<\/p>\n<p>3. Continuity:<br \/>\nThe media has a function in expressing the culture, recognizing new social developments and forging common values.<\/p>\n<p>4. Entertainment:<br \/>\nThe media provides amusement, diversion and reduces social tension.<\/p>\n<p>5. Mobilization:<br \/>\nTo encourage economic development, work, religion or support in times of war, the media can campaign to mobilize society to meet these objectives.<\/p>\n<p>6. Social Reformation:<br \/>\nThe beginnings of the print media and its role in both the spread of the social reform movement and the nationalist movement have been noted. After independence, the print media continued to share the general approach of being a partner in the task of nation-building by taking up developmental issues as well as giving voice to die widest section of people.<\/p>\n<p>The gravest challenge that the media faced was with the declaration of Emergency in 1975 and censorship of the media. Fortunately, the period ended and democracy was restored in 1977. India with its many problems can be justifiably proud of a free media.<\/p>\n<p>7. National Consciousness:<br \/>\nIt was only in the mid 19<sup>th<\/sup> century, with further development rm technologies, transportation, and literacy that newspapers began to reach out to a mass audience. People living in different comers of die country found themselves reading or hearing the same news. It has been suggested that this was in many ways responsible for people across a country to feel connected and develop a sense of belonging or\u2018we feeling\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>Question 33.<br \/>\nAnalyse the Dalit Movement in the Pre-Independent period.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe Dalit movement mobilises Dalits to fight against social, economic, religious and political inequalities. Dalits or the oppressed classes are seeking solutions for their problems like oppression and exploitation through organised efforts. Achieving self-respect and self-reliance are the main objectives of the dalit movement.<\/p>\n<p>In Karnataka, Dalit movement may be studied under two phases; the pre-independent and the post-independent. Further, the pre-independent movement is subdivided into three phases. They are,<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Basaveshvara and the Dalit movement<\/li>\n<li>Dalit movement in the old Mysore region<\/li>\n<li>Dalit movement in the Mumbai &#8211; Karnataka region<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>1. Basaveshvara and the Dalit Movement:<br \/>\nBasaveshvara\u2019s religious reform movement in the 12<sup>th<\/sup> century may be seen as an inspiration to the dalits and the oppressed classes. Basaveshvara was against dogmatic religious practices and caste hierarchy; and involved people belonging to the lower classes in his reformist movement.<\/p>\n<p>Such involvement was a morale booster to the oppressed classes. Madivala Machayya, Ambigara Chowdayya, Medar Kakayya, Madara Channayya, Samagara Haralayya &#8211; all from the lower classes, were actively, involved in the reformist movement and this may be seen as the beginning of new era m the lives of the dalits.<\/p>\n<p>Likewise, this movement saw the active participation of women from the lower castes. Kottanada Somawa, amuge Rayamma, Aaydakki Lakkamma are some of them.<\/p>\n<p>2. Dalit Movement in the Old Mysore Region:<br \/>\nIn the old Mysore region, the dalit movement did not happen as an independent movement, but, it had the inspiration of the Mysore Maharaja and Praja Mithra mandati and miller committee.<\/p>\n<p>3. Dalit, Movement in the Mumbai Karnataka:<br \/>\nThe social, economic, educational and political conditions of Dalits of the Mumbai Karnataka region were no different from those of other parts of India. Majority of them were very poor and were unable to educate their children. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, spent a considerable time in organising and reforming dalits in order to improve their social, economic and educational conditions.<\/p>\n<p>Two major dalit movements emerged in Karnataka in the post-independent period. They are;<\/p>\n<p>a. Bhimsena<br \/>\nb. DalitSangharshasamiti(DSS)<\/p>\n<p>a. Bhiipasena:<br \/>\nIn the year 1970, B. Shamsundar started an organization called Bhimsena in the Hyderabad Karnataka region. Bhimsena had an Ideology to fight against untouchability and oppression in a radical way. Dalits were trained to defend themselves against oppression. The then government banned activities of Bhimsena in order to avoid caste conflicts.<\/p>\n<p>After the demise of Shamsundar in the year 1975, due to the lack of leadership, activities of the Bhimsena movement came to a standstill. B. Basavalmgappa was one of the prominent Dalit politician. In a programme, he stated that Kannada literature is like fodder (boosa) because; Kannada writers are not sympathetic to the woes of dalits and thus are dishonest in their writings.<\/p>\n<p>This statement sparked controversy and led to violent protests throughout the state. In the year 1975, a state-wide meeting of the members of various Dalit organizations was called and a committee was formed to frame manifesto for the organization.<\/p>\n<p>In the year 1977, a state-level meeting of all Dalit organizations was held and a unified \u2018Karnataka Dalita Sangharsha Samiti was born\u2019. The first convention of the DSS was held in Bhadravati and Prof. B Krishnappa was chosen as the State convenor of DSS.<\/p>\n<p>b. Karnataka.Dalit Sangharsha Samiti:<br \/>\nSince it\u2019s inception, it was not interested in affiliation to any political.party and maintained distance from politicians. The organization grew strong, some of the leaders began to establish relationships with, politicians.<\/p>\n<p>But, Devartoor Mahadeva, a prominent leader of DSS expressed support to Janata Party when he was the State convenor of DSS, meanwhile Prof. Siddalingaiah, a think tank of DSS was nominated to Karnataka legislative council. Interestingly, at a later stage, Prof. Krishnappa himself contested Kolar Loksabha election through DSS and lost in 1991.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/KSEEB-Solutions-300x28.png\" alt=\"KSEEB Solutions\" width=\"172\" height=\"16\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 34.<br \/>\nExplain any five factors of \u2018Sanskritisation\u2019.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\n1. Ritual:<br \/>\nIn spite of the Theoretical existence of certain restrictions, the low castes or other groups did manage to imitate the customs and rites of \u201cTwice-born\u201d (DWIJAS) castes. This is the best way of claiming a higher position in the caste hierarchy.<\/p>\n<p>2. Marriage:<br \/>\nAccording to a strict rule of Brahminism, a Brahmin should give his daughter in marriage before she attains puberty. Pre-puberty marriages were commonly practiced. It was foremost, duty of a Brahmin father to give his daughter in marriage before she attains puberty, otherwise, he would be committing a great sin. And marriage among the Brahmin was Indissoluble.<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, among the low Hindu castes, post-puberty marriages were very common and the dissolution of marriage was possible. Now in order to rise up in the caste Hierarchy, the low Hindu castes started practicing pre-puberty marriages and marriage also become Indissoluble.<\/p>\n<p>3. Treatment of Widows:<br \/>\nA Brahmin widow, for instance, was not allowed to re-marry; and receives miserable treatment. She required to shave her head and should not allow wearing any ornaments. She was regarded inauspicious, and not allowed to attend any important functions. On the other hand, among the low castes, marriage is dissoluble and widow re-marriages are practiced.<\/p>\n<p>Widows are not required to shave their heads. The codes which regulate sexual behaviour are not as strict as those among the higher castes. In the imitation process these groups, they banned widow- remarriage and started treating the widow in the same way on that of the \u2018High\u2019 Hindu castes.<\/p>\n<p>4. Treatment of Women:<br \/>\nComparatively, women among the high Hindu castes receive bad treatment and hold secondary position. Virginity in brides and chastity in wives is preferred. A wife is expected to treat her husband as the God. Women perform a number of \u201cVratas\u201d or Religious vows with the aim of successing long life for the Husband.<\/p>\n<p>Hence they are not allowed to attend important functions. Whereas women among the lower castes generally receive good treatment and occupy good position. In order to imitate the higher castes, they started treating women in a bad manner and gave them the secondary position.<\/p>\n<p>5. Kinship:<br \/>\nAccording to M.N.Srinivas, \u201cIn the sphere of kinship, sanskritization stresses the importance in the patrilineal lineage, sanskritization results in increasing the importance of sons. The members of higher castes prefer sons to daughters, whereas among the lower castes both boys and girls are preferred.<\/p>\n<p>For instance, among Non-Brahmin though son is preferred, a daughter is also demanded. The treatment that receives is not as harsh as that of Brahmins. Nowadays lower castes prefer sons to daughters.<\/p>\n<p>6. Ideology:<br \/>\nSanskritization also resulting in the use of New Ideas and values which have been frequently expressed in Sanskrit literature. The ideas and values such as Karma, Dharma, Papa, Punya, Maya, Samskara, Moksha etc. The Twice-born castes use these ideas in their conversation. Through the process of Sanskritization lower caste groups were exposed to these ideas and values which are frequent in their conversation.<\/p>\n<p>7. Food Habits:<br \/>\nBrahmins in India are by and large strict vegetarian except Kashmiri, Sarhwath and Bengali Brahmin. The lower castes usually are Non-vegetarian. Sanskritization results in the change of food habits in the direction of high, frequently twice-born caste. Some of the lower castes become strict vegetarian and practice teetotalism in order to raise the caste hierarchy.<\/p>\n<p>8. Dress Habits:<br \/>\nIt has already pointed out that Dwijas, as they are entitled to wear the sacred thread \u201cJANWAR\u201d at the Vedic rite of upanayana while Shudras do not. Some low castes wear the sacred thread and also imitated their dress style such as wearing dhoti, shalya, turban, kachche, panache, and so on.<\/p>\n<p>9. Nomenclature:<br \/>\nMany of the low castes started giving names to Newborn members of the Higher castes. For example in the place of traditional and typical names such as Kariya, Kempa, Kempi, Kala, Honni, Thimmi, etc., they started giving names such Rama, Krishna, Shankara, Madhava, Gowri, Parvathi, Lakshmi, Shobha, Radha and so on.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">V. Answer any two of the following questions in 25-30 sentences each: (2 \u00d7 10 = 20)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Question 35.<br \/>\nExplain challenges to \u201cNational integration\u201d.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe term Diversity denoting collective differences so as to find out dissimilarities among the people: geographical, religious, linguistic, etc. Thus all these differences presuppose collective differences or prevalence of variety of groups and culture. Indian society is characterized by unity as wefias diversity.<\/p>\n<p>The Nature of Diversities in India<\/p>\n<p>Primarily there are major four types of diversities in India, which are;<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Regional Diversities<\/li>\n<li>Linguistic Diversities<\/li>\n<li>Religious Diversities<\/li>\n<li>Cultural and Ethnic Diversities<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>1. Regional Diversities:<br \/>\nIt is evident that there are extreme regional diversities in its geographic features. Indian territory contains huge mountains, thick forests, numerous rivers, and etc. ft is only in India that there are different regions, different types of climates and the temperatures. India is a vast country.<\/p>\n<p>From the Himalayas in the North to Indian Ocean in the south. There are difference in altitude, temperature, Flora, and Fauna. India has every conceivable type of climate, temperature, and physical configuration. There is the scorching heat of Rajastan and the biting cold of the Himalayas, Rainfall varies from 1200 to 7.5 cms per year.<\/p>\n<p>The result is that India has some of the wettest and driest areas in die world. India also possesses arid desserts and fertile riverine lands, bare and hilly tracts, and luxuriant open plain.<\/p>\n<p>2. Linguistic Diversities:<br \/>\nLanguage is another source of diversity. It contributes to collective identities and even to conflicts. The Indian Constitution has recognized 22 languages in the 8<sup>th<\/sup> schedule for its official purposes but as many as 1652 languages and dialects are spoken in the country.<\/p>\n<p>According to Grierson\u2019s Linguistic Survey of India, these languages belong to five linguistic families, namely; Indo-Aryan languages, Dravidian languages, Austric languages, Tibeto &#8211; Burman languages and European languages.<\/p>\n<p>a. The Indo-Aryan languages including in the Sanskrit, Hindi, Bengali, Marati, Gujarathi, Oriya, Panjabi, Bihari, Rajasthani, Assami, Sindhi and Kashmiri languages spoken by 3\/4<sup>th<\/sup> of Indian population.<\/p>\n<p>b. The Dravidian languages include Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, and Malayalam.<\/p>\n<p>c. The Austric languages include Mundari, Santhali, Maithili, Dogri and etc.<\/p>\n<p>d. Tibeto &#8211; Burman languages:<br \/>\nTribal languages and dialects of North and North-East India belong to this category. For example Manipuri, Bodo, Ladiki, Khuki, etc.<\/p>\n<p>e. The European languages include English, Portuguese and French. These last two languages are spoken mostly people in Goa and Pondicherry.<\/p>\n<p>This makes language planning and promotion difficult. But the mother tongue does evoke strong sentiments and reactions. As a consequence of this multiplicity, there is considerable bilingualism and administration has to use more than one language. Linguistic diversity has posed administrative and political challenges.<\/p>\n<p>3. Religious Diversities:<br \/>\nThere are eight major religious communities in India. Hindus constitute 82.7%, Muslims 11.8%, Christians 2.6%, Sikhs 2%, Buddhists 0.7%, Jains 0.4%, Zoroastrians 0.3%, and Jews 0.1%. Each major religion is subdivided along the lines of religious documents, sects, and cults.<\/p>\n<p>The Hindus are now broadly divided into Shaivite (worshippers of Shiva), Vaishnavaite (worshippers of Vishnu and his incarnations), Shakta (worshippers of the Mother Goddess in various manifestations). Even among them, there are subdivisions based on doctrinal arid ritual differences.<\/p>\n<p>Buddhism was spread widely in India once, it lost its hold in the country of its birth and remained confined only to a few pockets. Jainism too once held wide sway in India, and though its followers are now numerically small, they are found in both the northern and southern States. They have two main divisions: Digamber &#8211; unclothed, and Shwetamber. The Indian Muslims are divided broadly into the Sunni and Shia communities.<\/p>\n<p>Indian Christians are divided into Roman Catholics and Protestants and into many denominational churches. Sikhism is synthesizing religion that emphasizes egalitarianism. Grantha Sahib is the holy book and Amritsar Golden Temple is one of their holy piligrimage. The Parsis are a small community, but they have played an important role in India\u2019s industrial development. The Jewish has been established in India for over a millennium.<\/p>\n<p>They also had White and Black divisions and prohibition on inter-marriage and inter-dining, but they all worshipped in the same synagogues. The Jati-like restrictions are much less in Bombay and Cochin, to where many Jews have migrated.<\/p>\n<p>4. Cultural and Ethnic Diversities:<br \/>\nAnother important source of diversity is the cultural diversity. The people differ considerably in their social habits. Cultural difference varies from state to state. The conflicting and varying shades of blood, strains, culture, and modes of life, the character, conduct, beliefs, morals, food, dress, manners, social norms, Socio-Religious customs, rituals and etc.<\/p>\n<p>Causes cultural and ethnic diversities in the country. Dr. R.K. Mukherji rightly said that \u201cIndia is a museum of cults and customs, creeds and culture, faiths and tongues, racial types and social systems\u201d. Another important source Of diversity is the cultural identity of particular communities and region.<\/p>\n<p>Question 36.<br \/>\nExplain the characteristics of \u2018caste system\u2019.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe life of every member of the Indian society is to a large extent influenced by three systems viz., joint family, caste system and village community. They influence one\u2019s occupation, food dress, habits, philosophy, and marriage, etc. The study of caste system is important because caste in India is an all-pervasive and deep-rooted social institution.<\/p>\n<p>Definitions of Caste:<\/p>\n<p>1. Herbert Risley has defined caste as \u201cA collection of families of or a group of families, bearing a common name, claiming a common descent from a mythical ancestor, human or divine, professing to follow the same hereditary calling and regarding by those who are competent to give an opinion as forming a single homogeneous community\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>2. S. V. Kethkar in his Work \u201cHistory of Caste in India\u201d, \u201cA caste is a group having two characteristics<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Membership is confined to those who are born of members.<\/li>\n<li>The members are forbidden by an inexorable social law to marry outside the group (Endogamy)\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>G. S. Ghurye explains the features of caste system in his book \u201cCaste arid Race in India\u201d, which are as follow;<\/p>\n<p>1. Caste as a Segmental Division, of Society:<br \/>\nThe society is divided into various castes with a well-developed life of their own. The membership in caste is determined by birth. Caste has hereditary status, which is determined by birth. Each caste has a council of its own known as caste panchayat.<\/p>\n<p>Caste panchayts imposed certain restriction on social intercourse marriage commensal, occupational. These restrictions each caste had its own way of life. Violation of caste norms attached punishment from the caste panchayath depending on violation of caste norms.<\/p>\n<p>2. Hierarchy:<br \/>\nThe whole society is divided into distinct castes with a concept of high and low, or superior and inferior is associated with this gradation or ranking. The Brahmins were placed at the top of the hierarchy and regarded as pure. The degraded castes or untouchables have occupied the other end of the hierarchy. They were subjected to manifold disabilities.<\/p>\n<p>3. Restrictions on Feeding and Social Intercourse:<br \/>\nThere are minute rules as to what sort of food or drink can be accepted by a person and from what castes, who should accept food or drink at the hands of whom is defined by caste.<\/p>\n<p>4. Civil and Religious Disabilities and Privileges of the Different Sections:<br \/>\nSegregation of individual castes or groups of castes in a village is the most obvious mark of civil privileges and disabilities and it has prevailed in a more or less definite form all Over India.<\/p>\n<p>Generally, untouchables were made to live on the outskirts. Certain parts of the town or village are inaccessible to certain castes. Restriction on using of public, roads, water facilities, and Hotels, etc.<\/p>\n<p>5. Restrictions on Occupations:<br \/>\nAccording to GS, Ghurye every caste was associated with a traditional occupation. The technical skill of the occupation was made hereditary. Since a distinction was made between occupation being clean and unclean. The hereditary occupations reflected a caste status.<\/p>\n<p>6. Restrictions on Marriage (Endogamy):<br \/>\nFinally, every caste also maintained its rank and status upon marriage relation. Inter caste marriages were prohibited. Hence they practiced endogamy. Caste is an endogamous group. \u201cEndogamy is the essence of the caste system. Every caste was segmented into subcastes, and these sub-castes were the units of endogamy.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/KSEEB-Solutions-300x28.png\" alt=\"KSEEB Solutions\" width=\"172\" height=\"16\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 37.<br \/>\nExplain the strategies for \u201cEmpowerment\u201d of women.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe strategies for empowerment of women can be classified as legal, social and economic.<\/p>\n<p>1. Legal Strategies:<br \/>\nAfter Independence, several laws were drafted with the aim to treat women on par with men. Some of the legislation are as follows:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Hindu Marriage Act of 1955<\/li>\n<li>Hindu Succession Act of 1956.<\/li>\n<li>Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act of 1956.<\/li>\n<li>Dowry Prohibition (Amendment) Act 1984<\/li>\n<li>Domestic Violence Act 2005 etc.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>2. Social Strategies:<br \/>\nSocial strategies are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Establishment of Women Welfare Services.<\/li>\n<li>Legal literacy of women through mass media.<\/li>\n<li>Help of neighbours to be sought in the cases of abused women.<\/li>\n<li>Conducting public education and awareness programmes in order to help women.<\/li>\n<li>Males are also to be educated to realize their new roles in the changed times and the necessity of their own contribution to family life.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>3. Economic Strategies:<br \/>\nEconomic strategies are as follows:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Educational and vocational training for women which will enable them to seek jobs and become economically dependent.<\/li>\n<li>Technological aids that will be labor-saving devices and will lighten women\u2019s burden, of heavy daily tasks.<\/li>\n<li>Training for women in both formal and non-formal education.<\/li>\n<li>Credit facilities to start small-scale industries\/self-employment.<\/li>\n<li>Programmes of placing women in important positions at various levels.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Question 38.<br \/>\nDescribe the problems of Indian Cities.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nProblems of Indian cities can be classified into the following ways:<\/p>\n<p>1. Urban Poverty:<br \/>\nUrban poverty is the by-product of industrialization and urbanization. Poverty and overcrowding are the two most visible features of Indian cities. About half of the urbanites are poor and lives in a substandard of life, because of cost of living, lack of regular income, low wages, pro-rich economic policies, and inflation, etc.<\/p>\n<p>India has issued its first-ever report on the nature and dynamics of urban poverty in the country undertaken with the support of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), India: Urban Poverty Report 2009 which, identifies the problems faced by the poor and focuses on the systematic changes that are needed to address them.<\/p>\n<p>The report examines various issues related to urban poverty, such as migration, labour, the role of gender, access to basic services and the appalling condition of India\u2019s slums. It also looks at the dynamics of urban land and capital market, urban governance, and the marginalisation of the poor to the urban periphery.<\/p>\n<p>2. Slums:<br \/>\nThe magnitude of the problem of slums is alarming. The Government of India, Inorder to implementation of various schemes to urban development, has defined a slum area as follows: \u201cA slum area means any area where such dwellings predominate of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement of buildings, narrowness and faulty arrangement of street, lack of ventilation, lack of sanitation facilities, inadequacy of open spaces and community facilities or any combination of these factors, are detrimental to safety, health or morale.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>These \u2018slum areas are also referred to as the \u2018Blighted area\u2019; \u2018Renewal area\u2019; \u2018deteriorated area\u2019, &#8216;Gray OH area\u2019; \u2018Lower class neighbourhood\u2019; \u2018Lower income area\u2019, etc.<\/p>\n<p>3. Problem of Urban Housing:<br \/>\nThe bulk of the people in the Indian cities live in one-room or in thatched huts in the sprawling slums dr on the pavements. Another sad feature is total lack of essential municipal services like water supply, drainage, sewage, lighting, roads, etc.<\/p>\n<p>Further, large proportion of the rural migrants have been bringing with them unskilled persons who take up unskilled jobs in the services, trade, industries, etc. Further, the room has generally to meet all the requirements of the family including cooking, living, sleeping, confinement, it is difficult to keep it reasonably clean and sanitary washing and bathing facilities.<\/p>\n<p>The inconvenience they have to undergo is aggravated during the rainy days. Almost all the above-mentioned conditions are found in chawals of Bombay, that as of Kanpur, Bastis of Calcutta, Cheris Of Madras as well as in Dhowrahas of the mining centres and barracks of the plantations in India.<\/p>\n<p>These are made of brick walls and iron roof or the huts consisting of bamboo walls and thatched roofs. The lanes are too narrow and the huts rebuilt back to back. These lack the facilities like bathing, washing, and toilets, etc.<\/p>\n<p>4. Sanitation and Pollution:<br \/>\nIt is accompanied with corrupt municipal administration and inefficiency. According to UNICEF, lakhs of urban children in India die or suffer front diarrhea, diphtheria, tetanus, and measles, etc.,<\/p>\n<p>5. Transportation and Traffic:<br \/>\nTransportation and traffic picture in Indian cities is troublesome. The majority of people use buses and other vehicles, while a few use rails as a transport system. The increasing number of two-wheelers and other types of vehicles make the traffic problem worse.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">VI. Answer any two of the following questions in 15 sentences each: (2 \u00d7 5 = 10)<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Question 39.<br \/>\nMention the \u201cDr. Sampurnananda Committee\u201d recommendations to strengthen National Integration.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nThe Central Education Ministry organized a \u2018Committee for National Integration\u2019 in 1961 under the Chairmanship of Dr. Sampurnanand. The Integration Committee. gave some recommendations to promote and strengthen national integration. Some of them are stated below:<\/p>\n<p>1. Re-organization of the syllabi at various levels primary, secondary, college and university level to promote national integration.<\/p>\n<p>2. Giving due encouragement to extracurricular activities besides imparting formal knowledge to the students with the intention of promoting national unity.<\/p>\n<p>3. Improvement of textbooks helps a great deal in giving a true national perspective to the students. They can be made to understand their rich cultural heritage and feel proud of their nation.<\/p>\n<p>4. Conducting Community programmes such as mass prayers, mass meetings, speeches by respected leaders, etc., to help to bring the people together.<\/p>\n<p>A part from the governmental efforts to achieve the goal of national unity various stakeholders such as educational institutions, religious\/cultural associations and mass media should involve in Chalking out action-based programmes to enhance awareness\/dissemination of traditional values among the masses and increase cultural exchange banking on the richness of our cultural heritage and diversity.<\/p>\n<p>Special steps should be taken by various interest groups to speed up the development of economically and socially backward groups who are the easy victims of violent activities.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/KSEEB-Solutions-300x28.png\" alt=\"KSEEB Solutions\" width=\"172\" height=\"16\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 40.<br \/>\nWrite a short note on \u2018Tarawad\u2019.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nTarawads were matrilineal institutions. Fathers had no significant properties separate from their own Tarawads to&#8217; give their children, and fathers held no special claims over their children. The Tarawad institutions included family, household, and lands maintained a status and a life beyond any individual. Material support for the household . was drawn from the inseparable lands of the Tarawad.<\/p>\n<p>Properties of Tarawad were managed by a senior male called a \u2018Karanavan\u2019. The karanavan as the head of a large extended family. The internal management of the affairs of the tarawad was in fact directed by a senior female &#8211; a mother, aunt, of a grandmother of all sharing the wealth and status of the Tarawad.<\/p>\n<p>Both males and females had a whole-life security within their mother\u2019s tarawads; fathers visited only on occasion. The kamavan is an absolute ruler of the family. On his death the next senior male member becomes kamavan.<\/p>\n<p>He can invest money in his own name, can mortgage property, can give money on loan, can give land as gift and is not accountable to any member in respect of income and expenditure. WhenTarwad becomes too large, it is divided into Tavashis. A Tavashis in relation . to a woman is \u201ca group of persons consisting of a female, her children and all descendents in the matrilineal.<\/p>\n<p>Question 41.<br \/>\nExplain the major issues of karnataka Rajyo Raijtha Sangha\u2019s Movement.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\n1. Loan Recovery Issue and Banning Corrupt Officials and Politicians into Villages:<br \/>\nKRRS took up this issue and led the farmers\u2019 movement. Boards were put up banning officials and corrupt politicians from entering villages without prior permission. They also launched a counter-seizure of property of those officers who they thought were corrupt, in addition to their own properties attached for non-payment of loans.<\/p>\n<p>2. Environmental Issue:<br \/>\nFarmers have agitated over issues related to environment. KRRS saw some commercial interest in expanding the area under eucalyptus for use by the paper and pulp industry and hence, has opposed it. KRRS demanded promotion of trees which are of relevance to farmers and other rural sections.<\/p>\n<p>3. Mining Issue:<br \/>\nKRRS has also taken up granite quarrying issue. Granite was extracted and exported with no benefit to the villagers. KRRS opposed this and made them pay royalties for village betterment in addition to clearing of government dues.<\/p>\n<p>In due course, sand, timber, etc., were also included in their list. They demanded nationalization of these resources and exploitation in a rational way so as to preserve the environment and bring benefits to rural people.<\/p>\n<p>4. Opposing KFC and MNCs:<br \/>\nVery recently, KRRS has taken up the issue of patenting of seeds. It has opposed the entry of multi-nationals and patenting of seeds. It laid siege to Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) and MNC seed companies in Bangalore.<\/p>\n<p>5. Neera Movement:<br \/>\nDuring the 1990\u2019s, the coconut farming belt of Karnataka was affected by pests and no amount of pesticide or conventional methods could save the trees. The pest affected coconut trees were unable to produce coconuts.<\/p>\n<p>The Neera Movement demanded assistance from the government by allowing Neera tapping and producing neera by-products such as jaggery, chocolates, etc. Famers opined that the government must lend helping hand to coconut farmers just like Srilanka, Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia.<\/p>\n<p>Farmers believed that the liquor lobby is obstructing the government in favouring the formers. As the agitation intensified, attuned violent, and the conflict between the agitators and the police led to golibar which claimed two lives in Vithalenahalli of Channapatna.<\/p>\n<p>At a later stage, the pest epidemic was controlled and yield from coconut trees improved considerably. With this development, the heat of the neera agitation was lost.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/11\/KSEEB-Solutions-300x28.png\" alt=\"KSEEB Solutions\" width=\"172\" height=\"16\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Question 42.<br \/>\nDiscuss the process of modernisation in India.<br \/>\nAnswer:<br \/>\nModernization in India is undergoing the following processes:<\/p>\n<p>1. At the economic level, there is a persistent and growing tendency to adopt the rational, mechanized industrial economy in place of older communal \u2014 familistic tool economy. This is even responsible for the breakdown of traditional systems like jajmani system.<\/p>\n<p>2. At the political level, the change in the power structure is being introduced through the abolition of semi-feudal group-oriented power structure of the past and by replacing it by a rational parliamentary democratic structure of power.<\/p>\n<p>3. At the cultural level, the change in the realm of values is from sacred value system to secular value system.<\/p>\n<p>4. At the social level, there is a decline in the traditional principle of ascribed status and role to achieve status and role. Yogendra Singh in his work \u201cModernization of Indian Tradition\u201d is of the opinion that a unique feature of modernization in India is that it is being carried forward through adaptive changes in the traditional structures rather than structural dissociation or breakdown.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Students can Download 2nd PUC Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2017, Karnataka 2nd PUC Sociology Model Question Papers with Answers helps you to revise the complete Karnataka State Board Syllabus and score more marks in your examinations. Karnataka 2nd PUC Sociology Previous Year Question Paper March 2017 Time: 3 hrs 15 min Max. Marks: &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[82],"tags":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13808"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13808"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13808\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13808"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13808"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/kseebsolutions.guru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13808"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}