Karnataka 1st PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 10 Comparative Development Experience of India with its Neighbours

1st PUC Economics Comparative Development Experience of India with its Neighbours Textbook Questions and Answers

I. Fill in the blanks (Each question carries 1 mark)

Question 1.
The Great Leap Forward campaign was initiated in the year_________
Answer:
1958.

1st PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 10 Comparative Development Experience of India with its Neighbours

Question 2.
_____has the largest workforce in agriculture.
Answer:
India

Question 3.
Both India and Pakistan have followed __________models of development.
Answer:
Five-year plan

Question 4.
Life expectancy at birth (years) is highest in__________
Answer:
China

II. Answer the following questions in a word /sentence (each question carries 1 mark)

Question 1.
What type of economic system is followed in Päkistan?
Answer:
Pakistan is following a mixed economic system.

Question 2.
Mention some examples of regional and global economic groupings.
Answer:
SAARC. European Union. ASEAN. G-8. G-20. BRICS.

Question 3.
When were reforms introduced in all three economies India, China and Pakistan?
Answer:
China in 1978: Pakistan in 1988 and India in 1991.

1st PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 10 Comparative Development Experience of India with its Neighbours

Question 4.
Give the meaning of infant mortality rate. (N – 2018)
Answer:
The infant mortality rate is the death of babies per thousand live births.

Question 5.
Who introduced the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution?
Answer:
Mao in China introduced the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution.

Question 6.
Between India and China, which country has a higher value of the human development index?
Answer:
China has a higher value of the human development index.

Question 7.
Mention the major reason for the low population growth in China.
Answer:
The major reason for the low population growth in China was the introduction of the one-child norm.

Question 8.
Name the campaign initiated in China with the aim of industrialisation.
Answer:
The Great Leap Forward campaign was initiated in 1958 with the aim of industrialization.

1st PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 10 Comparative Development Experience of India with its Neighbours

Question 9.
Which country has the highest life expectancy?
Answer:
China has the highest life expectancy.

Question 10.
Among China, Pakistan and India, which country has the largest contribution of the service sector to the GDP?
Answer:
India has the largest contribution of the Service Sector to the GDP.

Question 11.
Why are regional and economic groupings formed?
Answer:
The major reasons for forming regional and economic groupings were as follows:

  • Nations have been primarily trying to adopt various means which will strengthen their own domestic economies
  • There is an increasing eagerness on the parts of various nations to try and understand the developmental processes pursued by their neighbouring nations
  • To comprehend their own strengths and weakness with neighbouring countries
  • Understanding of the other economies in our neighbourhood is also required as all major common economic activities in the region impinge on overall human development in a shared environment.

1st PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 10 Comparative Development Experience of India with its Neighbours

Question 12.
What is a commune system?
Answer:
Under the commune system, all individual ownerships of lands was done away with in favour of communal ownership. People collectively cultivated lands. People were encouraged to set up industries in their backyards. In rural areas, communes were started.

Question 13.
Give the meaning of liberty indicator.
Answer:
Liberty indicator is defined as the measure of the extent of demographic participation in social and political decision making. Examples are:

  • Measures taken towards constitutional protection rights
  • The extent of protection of the independence of the judiciary.

Question 14.
Write two implications of the ‘ one child norm’ in China
Answer:
The important implications of one child norm for China are as follows:

  • It has successfully reduced the growth rate of the population
  • After a few decades in China, there will be more elderly people in proportion to young people
  • This will force China to take steps to provide social security measures with fewer workers.

1st PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 10 Comparative Development Experience of India with its Neighbours

IV. Answer the following questions in twelve sentence (each question carries four marks)

Question 1.
What are the various indicators of human development? (S-2018)(Board Paper)
Answer:
The various indicators of human development are as follows:
(a) Human development index: It consists of the standard of living index, life expectancy at birth and educational attainment. If the HDI is high it is a good indicator of human development.

(b) Life expectancy at birth: It is the average number of years a person is expected to live. In other words, it is the longevity of life. A high value of life expectancy better indicates a quality of human development.

(c) Adult literacy rate: It is the average number of persons who have reading and writing skills with basic local knowledge. It is expressed in percentages. The high literacy rate shows high human development.

(d) GDP per capita: The gross domestic product per head is also one of the indicators of human development. The high value of GDP per capita indicates better human development.

(e) Infant mortality rate: It means the death of babies per thousand live births. If the IMR . is high it indicator’s low human development.

(f) Maternal mortality rate: It shows the death of mothers per 1 lakh live births. If MMR is low, it indicates better human development.

(g) Population using improved sanitation: If the percentage of the population using improved sanitation is more, it is a good indicator of human development.

(h) Population with sustainable access to improved water sources: If the percentage of the population using sustainable access to an improved water source is high, it is a good indicator of human development.

1st PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 10 Comparative Development Experience of India with its Neighbours

(i) People living below the poverty line: If fewer people are living below7 the poverty line, then it is a good indicator of human development.

(j) Percentage of children undernourished: If the number of undernourished children is diminishing, then it is a good indicator of human development.

Question 2.
What similar development strategies have India and Pakistan followed for their respective development paths?
Answer:
India and Pakistan have been following similar developmental strategies for their respective developmental paths.

They are as follows:
(a) Both the countries have started their path of economic development after 1947 by starting five-year plans. India started its first five-year plan in 1951 and Pakistan started in 1956.
(b) Both the countries are following a mixed economic system
(c) Both the countries have given importance to the public sector with huge investments.
(d) Both the countries introduced economic reforms rear about the same time, India in 1991 and Pakistan in 1988.
(e) Both the countries have adopted economic policies as per the instructions of IMF.

1st PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 10 Comparative Development Experience of India with its Neighbours

Question 3.
Compare and contrast the development of India, China and Pakistan with respect to some salient human development indicators. (N-2018)
Answer:
The development of India, China and Pakistan in respect of salient human development indicators can be explained with the help of the following table.
1st PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 10 Comparative Development Experience of India with its Neighbours 1
It is clear from the above table, that China is moving ahead of India and Pakistan. This is true for many indicators viz., income indicators such as GDP per capita or proportion of population below the poverty line or health indicators such as mortality rates, access to sanitation, literacy, life expectancy or malnourishment.

Pakistan is ahead of India in reducing the proportion of people below the poverty line and also its performance in sanitation.

1st PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 10 Comparative Development Experience of India with its Neighbours

But neither India nor Pakistan is able to save women from maternal mortality. In China, for lakh births, only 27 women die whereas, in India and Pakistan, about 178 and 174 women die respectively. Surprisingly all three countries report providing improved drinking water sources for most of their population.

Question 4.
Write a note on the Great Leap Forward Campaign of China.
Answer:
The Great Leap Forward was initiated in 1958 by the Communist Party of the Peoples’ Republic of China. After the establishment of the people’s Republic of China under one-party rule, all the critical sectors of the economy, enterprises, and lands owned and operated by the individuals were brought under government control.

The Great Leap Forward campaign aimed at industrializing the country on a massive scale. People were encouraged to set up industries in their backyards. In rural areas, communes were started. Under the commune system, people collectively cultivated lands. In 1958, there were 26,000 communes covering almost all the farm population.

The Great Leap Forward campaign met with many problems. A severe drought caused havoc in China killing about 30 million people. When Russia had conflicts with China, it withdrew its professionals who had earlier been sent to China to help in the industrialization process.

1st PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 10 Comparative Development Experience of India with its Neighbours

Question 5.
Give the reasons for the slow growth and re-emergence of poverty in Pakistan.
Answer:
The proportion of poor in Pakistan during 1960 was more than 40% which was reduced to 25% in the 1980s and started rising again in 1990.

The main reasons for the growth and re-emergence of poverty in Pakistan are as follows:

  • In Pakistan, agricultural growth and food supply situation were based not on an institutionalized process of technical change
  • In Pakistan, maximum foreign exchange earnings came from Pakistani workers in the Middle East and export of highly volatile agricultural products
  • There was also growing dependence on foreign loans and increasing difficulties in their repayment.

V. Answer the following questions in twenty sentences (each question carries 6 marks)

Question 1.
China’s rapid industrial growth can be traced back to its reforms in 1978. Do you agree? Elucidate.
Answer:
The present-day fast industrial growth in China can be traced back to the reforms introduced in 1978. The leadership at that time in China was not happy with the slow pace of growth and lack of modernization in the Chinese economy under Maoist rule. They felt that the Maoist vision of economic development based on decentralization, self-sufficiency and shunning of foreign technology, goods and capital had failed.

1st PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 10 Comparative Development Experience of India with its Neighbours

Despite extensive land reforms, collectivization, the great keep forward and other initiatives, the per capita grain output in 1978 was the same as it was in the mid-1950s.

The following points prove that China’s rapid industrial growth can be traced back to its reforms in 1978:
(a) China introduced reforms in phases: In the initial phase, reforms were initiated in agriculture, foreign trade and investment sectors. In agriculture, for instance, commune lands were divided into small plots which were allocated to individual households. They were allowed to keep all income from the land after paying stipulated taxes.

(b) In a later phase, reforms were initiated in the industrial sector: Private sector firms, in general, and township and village enterprises, i.e., those enterprises which were owned and operated by local collectives, in particular, were allowed to produce goods. At this stage, enterprises owned by the government which w e. in India call public sector enterprises were made to face competition.

(c) The reform process also involved dual pricing: This means fixing the prices in two ways i.e, farmers and industrial units were required to buy and sell fixed quantities of inputs and outputs on the basis of prices fixed by the government and the rest were purchased and sold at market prices. Over the years, as production increased, the proportion of goods or inputs transacted in the market also increased. In order to attract foreign investors, special economic zones were established.

Question 2.
What are the various factors that led to the rapid growth in economic development in China?
Answer:
China’s economic growth can be attributed to two factors viz.,

  • Large scale investments financed by domestic savings and foreign investment
  • A rapid growth in productivity.

The economic reforms have increased economic efficiency and the capacity to acquire resources necessary for the growth in agricultural and industrial output. The benefits to productivity were due to the reallocation of resources in sectors, once they were state-run, such as agriculture, commerce and the service sector.

The major factors which led to rapid growth in the economic development of China are as follows:
(a) Structural changes: The Republic of China shifted from being an agricultural country into a highly productive industrial economy and a significant exporter.

(b) Foreign capital: Technological innovation developed abroad was brought by importing industrial equipment and from foreign direct investment.

1st PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 10 Comparative Development Experience of India with its Neighbours

(c) Dual pricing: China adopted a price equalization mechanism, i.e., dual pricing. This means fixing the prices in two ways farmers and industrial units were required to buy and sell fixed quantities of inputs and outputs on the basis of prices fixed by the government and the rest were purchased and sold at market prices. Over the years, as production increased, the proportion of goods or inputs transacted in the market also increased. In order to attract foreign investors, special economic zones were established.

Further, it was found that the establishment of infrastructure in the areas of education and health, land reforms long existence of decentralized planning and the existence of small enterprises had helped positively in improving the social and income indicators in the post-reform period.

Through the commune system, there was a more equitable distribution of food grains. Experts also point out that each reform measure was first implemented at a smaller level and then extended on a massive scale. The experimentation under decentralized government enabled us to assess the economic, social and political costs of success or failure.

For instance, when reforms were made in agriculture, as pointed out earlier, handing over plots of land to individuals for cultivation, brought prosperity to a vast number of poor people. It created conditions for the subsequent phenomenal growth in rural industries and built up a strong support base for further economic reforms.

1st PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 10 Comparative Development Experience of India with its Neighbours

Question 3.
Explain the path of developmental strategies followed in Pakistan.
Answer:
The path of development strategies taken by Pakistan can be pointed out as follows:
(a) Pakistan followed a mixed economic system with the coexistence of public and private sectors.
(b) Between 1950-60, Pakistan introduced a variety of regulatory policy framework for the growth of domestic industries. In agriculture, they adopted green revolution technology to increase agricultural production and thereby increasing industrial production.
(c) There was an increase in public investment in agriculture, which led to rising in the production of food grains.
(d) In the 1970s, capital goods industries were nationalized. But, few industries were again de-nationalized. During the 1980s, encouragement was given to increase the role of the private sector through many incentives. At the same time, Pakistan received financial support from the USA, UK, IMF and World Bank, which helped the country in increasing economic growth.
(e) During 1988, much before India, Pakistan adopted new economic reforms.

Question 4.
Compare and contrast India and China’s sectoral contribution towards GDP in 2013. What does it indicate?
Answer:
The structural contribution towards GDP in India and China during 2013. can be explained with the help of the following table.

Sector Contribution to GDP
India China
Agriculture 17 9
Industry’ 30 43
Services 53 48

 

1st PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 10 Comparative Development Experience of India with its Neighbours
From the above table, we can conclude as follow’s:

  • In India, agriculture contributes more towards GDP when compared to China.
  • Agricultural contribution to the GDP of China is very low when compared to other sectors like industry and services.
  • The contribution of the industrial sector to GDP in China is more than that of India
  • The contribution of services to GDP in India is more than that of China
  • The contributions of industry and services to GDP in both India and China are almost similar.

1st PUC Economics Question Bank Chapter 10 Comparative Development Experience of India with its Neighbours

VI. Project-oriented question (Five marks)

Question 1.
Group the following features pertaining to the economies of India, China and Pakistan under three heads.
(a) Single child norm
(b) Low fertility rate
(c) High rate of urbanization
(d) Mixed economy
(e) High fertility rate
(f) Large population growth.
(g) High density of population
(h) Growth due to manufacturing sector.
(i) Growth due to service
(j) Low rate of literacy
Answer:

India China Pakistan
Mixed economy Single child norm Mixed economy
Large population growth Low fertility rate High fertility rate
High density of population High rate of urbanization Low rate of literacy
Growth due to service Growth due to manufacturing sector.

 

1st PUC Economics Question Bank with Answers